Eon jahrbuch 2014

Page 1

Annual Report 2014

Annual Report 2014

Content ERC

E.ON Energy Research Center

Foreword

4

E.ON Energy Research Center

6

Key Research Areas of the E.ON ERC

8

Infrastructure

10

Large Joint Research Projects

18

Cooperative Research

26

CentraO OfƄces 7eaP

48

Chronicle

50

ACS

Institute for AutoPation of CoPple[ Power 6ystePs

Preface

54

7eaP

56

Research Projects

57

6elected PuElications

60

Chronicle

64

EBC

Institute for Energy EfƄcient %uildings and Indoor CliPate

Preface

70

7eaP

72

Research Projects

73

6elected PuElications

78

Chronicle

83

2 | ERC | Content

FCN

Institute for Future Energy ConsuPer Needs and %ehavior

Preface

88

7eaP

90

Research Projects

91

6elected PuElications

97

FCN :orNing Paper 6eries

101

Chronicle

104

GGE

Institute for Applied *eophysics and *eotherPal Energy

Preface

110

7eaP

112

Research Projects

113

6elected PuElications

115

Chronicle

118

PGS

Institute for Power *eneration and 6torage 6ystePs

Preface

124

7eaP

126

Research Projects

127

6elected PuElications

131

Chronicle

133

Content | ERC | 3

Foreword :ith this seventh annual report the E.ON Energy Research Center looNs EacN on another successful year. 7he Tuantity and Tuality of our tasNs rose again in 2014 as in years past. Interest in our worN is growing Eoth within *erPany and internationally a developPent that EecoPes clear froP a nuPEer of factors including the steadily rising nuPEer of cooperative initiatives with renowned research institutions and enterprises worldwide. 7he increasing use of renewaEle energy sources and especially their rapidly growing share of power generation in particular in Europe dePand rapid and reliaEle renovation and Poderni]ation of the infrastructure. 7he e[aPples of our worN outlined Eelow offer a gliPpse at the diversity and coPple[ity of the reTuirePents associated with this developPent. 7he Eroad range of our scientiƄc approaches also shows how iPportant it is in light of present-day challenges to thinN outside the Eo[ and Eeyond the Eoundaries of speciƄc disciplines t all of which is part of our everyday working philosophy at E.ON ERC. 7he E.ON ERC Annual 0eeting for 2014 centered on the topic of innovation and energy Parkets. Key technologies Eusiness Podels Parkets and research prograPs that are paving the way for a sustainaEle energy supply were presented and discussed at the event which was held in early 0arch. At the saPe tiPe we succeeded in installing and testing a test Eench for power electronic converters and high-speed drives in the Pegawatt range at our testing hall. 7his new test Eench allows the P*6 institute to conduct detailed testing of generators with the associated power electronic coPponents such as drive trains of powerful wind turEines or high-speed gas turEines Eut also pure power electronic coPponents such as inverters and 'C-'C converters. 0any of these coPponents are crucial to the iPplePentation of *erPanyps qenergy transitionr. Also in early 0arch researchers froP the 815 820 initiative t in which 15 Canadian universities and 20 *erPan ones have joined forces t Pet in Aachen at the invitation of the **E institute with the aiP of raising the proƄle of geotherPal energy as a renewaEle energy source in terPs of puElic support for research. 7hen in Pid-August the EPpirical 0ethods in Energy 4 | ERC | Foreword

Contact E.ON Energy Research Center R:7+ Aachen 8niversity 0athieustraÂźe 10 52074 Aachen *erPany 7 49 241 80 49660 F 49 241 80 49669 post_erc@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Further inforPations www.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

EconoPics ENEE workshop organi]ed and hosted Ey the FCN institute was held for the seventh tiPe. And in 6eptePEer the AC6 institute organi]ed the 5th IEEE International Workshop on Applied 0easurePents for Power 6ystePs A0P6 2014 . In 2014 as in years past the positive trend in raising e[ternal funding for research at the Ƅve institutes of E.ON ERC continued. NuPerous research projects were continued or newly initiated. For e[aPple AC6 and P*6 are working on real-tiPe siPulation of large-scale wind farPs. 7he teaPs aiP to use a jointly developed testing platforP to siPulate the electrical Eehavior of large offshore wind turEines with as Puch accuracy as possiEle. In another joint project involving two institutes at E.ON ERC AC6 and E%C are developing coordinated versatile operating strategies and control processes to optiPi]e coPEined operation of P9 and C+P or heat puPp systePs. In one study FCN showed that well-inforPed consuPers are especially efƄcient in their use of energy. %eyond that a survey of our scholars of Eusiness and econoPics and social science shows that low energy consuPption and environPental iPpact alone are not enough to Eoost the Parket prospects of vehicles with alternative drives. 7he purchase price and range also have to Ee acceptaEle. AC6 is working to develop an architecture for autoPation of distriEution networks especially in Ƅve E8 FP7 research projects FINE6CE COOPERa7E 0ERLIN *E<6ER and I'E4L. 0eetings were held at E.ON ERC on individual suEprojects. E%C has also successfully raised funds for new research projects including qE[ergy-Eased Control 6trategies for +eating and Air Conditioning 7echnologyr and qNon-6tationary Energy Evaluation of +eat PuPps and 0icro-C+P 6ystePsr.

Director E.ON ERC 8niv.-Prof. Dr. ir. Dr. h. c. Rik W. De Doncker 7 49 241 80 49667 post_erc@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

All Ć„ve institutes at E.ON ERC are involved in the ForschungscaPpus Future Electrical Networks FEN . 7he goal here is to study electrical networks for a future energy supply with a high proportion of volatile renewaEle and decentrali]ed energy generation. 7hanks to a persuasive research concept and well-known industrial partners, FEN received approval to start the FEN project, valued at ten Pillion euros in funding froP the *erPan Federal 0inistry of Education and Research %0%F and ten Pillion euros support froP industry, in late 6eptePEer. A research consortiuP t coPprising 15 chairs of RW7+ Aachen 8niversity and eleven well-known industrial partners so far t will spend the ne[t Ć„ve years studying what role direct current technology can play in the developPent and e[pansion of distriEution grids. If work on the project is successful, two additional funding phases could follow. 7he 2015 Annual 0eeting will Ee held on 0arch 26. 8nder the overall topic of qFuture 8rEan Energy 6ystePsr, the Peeting will e[plore the challenges faced Ey urEan planners and energy suppliers when rehaEilitating and redeveloping urEan regions in highly developed countries. 7hen, froP June 22 to 25, 2015, we will host a gathering of the international speciali]ed world in Aachen for the 6th International 6yPposiuP on Power Electronics for 'istriEuted *eneration 6ystePs PE'*2015 . 7he event is a platforP for discussing the increasingly iPportant role of power electronics in distriEution and storage systePs and in the integration of renewaEle energy sources. I would like to thank all colleagues and co-workers at E.ON ERC for their continued support. Last Eut not least, we are indeEted to E.ON 6E and RW7+ Aachen 8niversity for supporting the center through the E.ON ERC g*PE+ Advisory %oard. In particular, I aP thankful to 'r. L. %irnEauP, C7O E.ON 6E for chairing the Advisory %oard on Eehalf of E.ON 6E. We appreciate greatly the support of the RW7+ faculties, that are represented in the center, and the industry and puElic partners, in particular the NRW 0inistry of Education and 6cience, for their support, trust and fruitful cooperation. 6incerely yours

Rik W. De Doncker Foreword | ERC | 5

E.ON Energy Research Center 0ission and 9ision 7he priPary Pission of the E.ON Energy Research Center is to develop a coPprehensive understanding of how a sustainaEle energy supply can Ee reali]ed. It is our vision that this aiP can Ee reali]ed Ey interdisciplinary research on reducing energy consuPption with energy-saving Peasures and iPproving the efƄciency of e[isting systePs, as well as using Pore environPentally friendly energy sources and renewaEles.

6trategic Direction 7o advance research on sustainaEle energy supply systePs, Ƅve institutes froP four faculties, i.e. Eusiness and econoPics, georesources and Paterials engineering, Pechanical engineering, and electrical engineering and inforPation technology, work closely together in one research center. Research and innovation at E.ON ERC takes a holistic approach on energy savings, energy efƄciency and sustainaEle energy supplies. 7he institutes Painly cooperate in projects related to urEan energy supply systePs, energy dePand PanagePent and autoPation, distriEution grids and storage systePs, energy efƄcient cliPati]ation systePs for hoPes, Euildings and city Tuarters, as well as decentrali]ed heat and power plants. Novel technologies, technology choices and their diffusion in Parkets are assessed in light of consuPer Eehavior, policies, regulatory and social aspects. 7he Institute for AutoPation of CoPple[ Power 6ystePs AC6 researches the autoPation, Poderni]ation and restructuring of electrical energy distriEution systePs. 7his coPprises intelligent control of power capacities and of consuPer power dePands. FurtherPore, the Chair on 0onitoring and DistriEuted Control for Power 6ystePs at AC6 investigates PeasurePent and instruPentation techniTues with distriEuted intelligence and agent-Eased control. 7he Institute for Energy EfƄcient %uildings and Indoor CliPate E%C aiPs at reducing the energy dePand of hoPes and Euildings, while Paintaining indoor air Tuality. %uilding research encoPpasses energy generation and energy distriEution, energy storage and its distriEution into rooPs, as well as the therPal Eehavior of the Euilding core and envelope. 7he Institute for Future Energy ConsuPer Needs and %ehavior FCN investigates topics of energy econoPics and PanagePent. 7he needs and Eehavior of energy consuPers are taken into account in all assessPents 7he Institute for Applied *eophysics and *eotherPal Energy **E is focusing on the developPent of new technologies for investigating so-called qengineered reservoirsr. 7his involves the e[ploration and reali]ation of geotherPal energy, as well as large underground reservoirs for gasses and heat. At the chair on Power Electronics and Electrical Drives PED of the Institute for Power *eneration and 6torage 6ystePs P*6

power sePiconductors, converters and electrical drives for PediuP-voltage applications are designed, Euilt and tested. 7he Chair on ElectrochePical 6torage 6ystePs E66 at P*6 conducts research on electrochePical storage and energy conversion systePs, e.g. large Eattery storage systePs and electroly]ers.

6tatistics 6ince 2007 the center has grown rapidly. 7otal R D project funding reached alPost 10 Pillion euros in 2014. 7his is reƅected in the steady growth of personnel Fig. 1 and puElications Fig. 3 . In 2014, 105 papers were puElished in international peer reviewed conference proceedings. 7he center puElished 55 journal papers in international renowned journals. In total, 8 Eooks and PhD theses were puElished and 1 patent was applied for. 7he visiEility of the Center rePains high in Pass Pedia Painly Ey newspaper, Paga]ine and televised interviews. In addition, the Center continues Paking signiƄcant contriEutions, often Ey invited presentations, to the professional engineering and e[pert coPPunity at national and regional conferences.

6 | ERC | E.ON Energy Research Center

Staff 6tudent Assistants 7rainees Non-6cientists Research Assistants PostDoc 6cientists Professor

Fig. 1 DevelopPent of staff

Alumni 6tudy 7heses PhD DiploPa 7heses 0.6c. %.6c.

Fig. 2 AluPni Ƅgures

Publications 0ass 0edia, National Conferences, others Patents %ooks Phd 7heses 6cientiƄc Conference Proceedings 6cientiƄc Journals

Fig. 3 Display puElications

E.ON Energy Research Center | ERC | 7

Grids and Storage Conversion and 6torage 6ystePs for Direct Current 7ransPission and DistriEution *rids Fle[iEle *rids CoPponents and Control for Fle[iEle *rid Architectures 6uitaEle for Pore Decentrali]ed Power 6ources Control, AutoPation, and Protection Integrated Electrical +eat and *as 6torage and DistriEution and 6torage 6ystePs

Buildings and City Quarters RetroƄt 6trategies Future +oPe Energy 6ystePs Air Conditioning and CoPfort DePand 6ide 0anagePent *eotherPal +eating and Cooling CoPPunity Energy 6ystePs

Heat and Power Plants *eotherPal Engineering CO2 Reservoir Engineered *eotherPal 6ystePs *eneration and Electrical Conversion 6ystePs RenewaEle Energy CoPponents for Fle[iEle Power Plants and +eat 6torage

Energy Markets and Policy ConsuPer, ProsuPer, Policy and 6ocial Aspects EconoPics of 7echnological Diffusion 7echnology Choices, CoPEinations and Fle[iEility Long-lived InvestPent under 8ncertainty Energy 0arkets and LiEerali]ation, 0arket Design Regional and 8Eran Energy Analysis

8 | ERC | Key Research Areas of the E.ON ERC

Key Research Areas of the E.ON ERC 7he priPary Pission of research at E.ON ERC is to develop a coPprehensive understanding on how a sustainaEle energy supply can Ee reali]ed, in particular in the urEan environPent. It is our vision that this can Ee achieved Ey reducing energy consuPption, while Paintaining and even increasing the standard of living and Ey using environPentally friendly energy sources. Research in the area of a sustainaEle energy supply is coPple[ and has Pany facets. It covers Paterials science, coPponents developPent, systeP engineering and a deep understanding of all social, environPental and econoPic aspects needed to develop sustainaEle energy Parkets. 7he Ƅve E.ON ERC institutes Ering together coPpetences and e[pertise, which can Ee categori]ed in four Pain research trusts, i.e. 1 ƅe[iEle grids and storage systePs, 2 energy-efƄcient Euildings and city Tuarters, 3 renewaEle heat and power plants, as well as 4 energy Parkets and policies. 6ee Figure on the left for Pore details. 6peciƄc coPpetencies of the Ƅve E.ON ERC institutes AC6 I Institute for AutoPation of CoPple[ Power 6ysteP DistriEuted Ponitoring and control of power grids Future Power *rids as CyEer-physical Infrastructures Electrical power distriEution and usage in hoPe, neighEorhood and urEan energy systePs IC7 solutions for advanced energy services Advanced siPulation Pethods Eased on +igh PerforPance CoPputing approaches Real tiPe siPulation and +ardware in the Loop testing E%C I Institute for Energy EfƄcient %uildings and Indoor CliPate Energy concepts and control strategies for Euildings +oPe energy PanagePent services 8rEan energy systePs +eat Cold generation, -storage and -distriEution systePs OEject-oriented siPulation for energy systePs Indoor-rooP cliPate design therPal coPfort and air Tuality

FCN I Institute for Future Energy ConsuPer Needs and %ehavior Energy econoPics, -PanagePent and -policy Needs and Eehavior of energy consuPer prosuPers, structural change EconoPics of technical change, esp. technology adoption, -diffusion, and -transfer

Energy InvestPent and Ƅnancing under uncertainty, spatial aspects Risk analysis, risk PanagePent, portfolio optiPi]ation in the energy sector 4uantitative Podeling and analysis ePpirical and e[periPental research in econoPics **E I Institute for Applied *eophysics and *eotherPal Energy *eotherPal heating and cooling systePs *eotherPal energy usage Geological CO2 storage Petrophysics %orehole geophysics Reservoir siPulations PG6 I Institute for Power Generation and 6torage 6ystePs Power electronic converters including DC converters, power converter control technology DC 7echnology for 6Part Grids, offshore wind parks +igh-power sePiconductor devices, packaging and design of sePiconductors +igh-power drive systePs, control of high-speed electric Potors and generators Decentrali]ed generators, C+P and renewaEles P9, Wind

ElectrochePical storage systePs for grid applications Analysis of coPponents and Podeling for a sustainaEle energy supply Key Research Areas of the E.ON ERC | ERC | 9

Infrastructure 7he E.ON Energy Research Center ERC is proud to own an e[cellent research infrastructure which is hosted in the laE space divided in 1.000 P2 in our e[periPental hall, 650 P2 in our Pain Euilding and 50 P2 in the 6EN6E Euilding. 7he e[periPental hall offers a wide range of capaEilities for e[periPental work in the areas of heating and airconditioning systePs, generation and storage systePs, energy concepts for Euildings and coPPunities as well as rooP airƅows. 7he laE space in the Pain Euilding hosts several infrastructures a coPfort rooP with the aspects of therPal coPfort, air Tuality and acoustics and a laE for variaEle test Eenches a laE with the real-tiPe siPulation infrastructure, along with coPPunication and autoPation eTuipPent a laE with highTuality technical eTuipPent for Peasuring a variety of rock physical properties and geophysical paraPeters in the Ƅeld and in Eoreholes. 7he 6EN6E Euilding offers the 6Part Energy LaE which is currently Eeing Euilt and it will host coPputing facilities, work places for electronics developPent, a visuali]ation systeP for City District Energy 6ystePs as well as coPponents of the FI-laE cloud systeP aiPing at providing a test Eed for cloudEased Energy 6ervices for 6Part Cities.

Fig. 1 %orehole heat e[changer shaft with sensors and actors

Apart froP the facilities in the direct vicinity of the E.ON ERC, the Energy 6torage Group Paintains an e[tensive test- and analysis facility in the eastern part of Aachen. 7here is a wide range of test setups ranging froP aEout 500 prograPPaEle electric test Eenches for Eattery cells, to high power test stands for Eattery packs to a +IL-setup for P9-storagesystePs to therPographic instruPentation and a shock and viEration test Eench.

Indoor CliPate via GeotherPal and RenewaEle Energy Integration 7he E.ON Energy Research Center ERC is a Pulti-disciplinary research institution of RW7+ Aachen 8niversity. 7he Pain Euilding of the Center has Eeen designed and Euilt to Ee an e[periPent in itself including an advanced %uilding Energy 6ysteP %E6 integrating different options for heating and cooling including geotherPal storage, CoPEined +eat and Power C+P units, and cold via an open sorption process. 7he Euilding is also eTuipped with a set of solar panels on the roof. 7wo Pore Euildings one e[periPental hall and the 6EN6E Euilding coPplete the scenario together with a sPall Wind 7urEine Enercon 500 kW . 7he %E6 is planned to Ee e[panded and enriched to integrate other source and storage energy systePs.

Fig. 2 IPpressions froP the Euilding energy systeP integrated into the E.ON ERC 0ain %uilding

%orehole +eat E[changer Field One of the Pain goals of the %E6 is the optiPal integration of the E.ON ERC 0ain %uildingps geotherPal Ƅeld into its energy systeP. 7his is going to Ee achieved via an integrated approach for the geotherPal Ƅeld and the energy conversion systeP. 7he geotherPal Ƅeld consists of 40 Eorehole heat e[changer %+E , Figure 3. 7hese %+Es are PE-100 douEle 8-tuEes, each %+E of 100 Peter depth and operate with an ethylene-glycol ƅuid. Figure 10 shows the end-cap of a %+E. InforPation on the %+E Ƅeld is provided Ey different kinds of PeasurePent eTuipPent. A DistriEuted 7ePperature 6ensing systeP provides Eoth tePperature data of the geotherPal Ƅeld for a long-terP Ponitoring and tePperature data within the Euilding. 7his tePperature Peasuring systeP is Eased on the RaPan Effect, whereEy tePperature changes provide a change in the refraction inde[ of optical ƄEers, resulting in changes of Eackscattered laser light. 7he systeP provides tePperature data with a special resolution of one Peter and a tePperature resolution of 0.2 Kelvin accuracy. For this reason all 40 %+Es are eTuipped with optical ƄEer caEles which allow the direct PeasurePent of the %+E tePperature.

10 | ERC | Infrastructure

Fig. 3 %orehole heat e[changer Ƅeld

Fig. 4 %+E Filed 6iPulation

%uilding Energy 6ysteP Concept 7he %uildung Energy 6ysteP %E6 consists of three layers energy conversion layer, energy distriEution layer and energy dePand layer. 7he energy conversion layer is Eased on geotherPal energy and heat displacePent in connection with a heat puPp process. 7he geotherPal serves as a source of environPental energy and as energy storage at the saPe tiPe. A glycol cooler offers the possiEility to dissipate energy directly to the environPent. On the 80 C tePperature level a gas-Ƅred C+P unit provides process heat and electric power for heat puPp operation. 7he power production is supported Ey photovoltaic installed on the Euildingps roof. A condensing Eoiler systeP serves as a Eackup systeP for the heat puPp and as a generation unit of process heat, e[ceeding the heat contriEuted Ey the gas-Ƅred C+P unit. A sorption-supported air-handling unit converts process heat directly into cooling energy for laEoratories, CIP-Pools and conference spaces.

+eating,

9entilation

and

Cooling

7esting

and

Geophysical 6ystePs 7est %ench for +eating and Cooling 6ystePs 7he test Eench for heating and cooling systePs consists of a cliPate chaPEer with single tePperature-controlled wall elePents. 7hese controlled surrounding walls enaEle various wall Eoundary conditions like adiaEatic or Ƅ[ed tePperature condition. +ence, the test Eench enaEles a constant and repeataEle PeasurePent environPent. With the aid of the test Eench the cooling and heating capacity of +9AC coPponents like radiators and fan coils can Ee deterPined and the control algorithPs of these coPponents can Ee developed and tested.

Fig. 5 7est %ench

6torage 6ystePs A test facility for heat storage devices provides the connections of up to four different storage tanks to a tePperature-controlled water circuit. 7he test Eench enaEles the reproduction of charge discharge cycles of the storage under deƄned conditions. 7he current research is focused on the integration of latent heat storages in heating systePs together with solar heat. Different phase change Paterials and storage constructions are analy]ed. 7he test Eench can Ee iPplePented in hardware in the loop environPent.

Aachen 0odel RooP Fig. 6 Aachen 0odel RooP

In the Aachen 0odel RooP Easic e[periPents on rooP airƅow structures and therPal coPfort can Ee conducted. 7he rooP is eTuipped with high resolution tePperature and velocity instruPentation. Different air distriEution systePs like Pi[ing ventilation with slot or swirl diffusers and displacePent ventilation can Ee tested with various internal heat loads and variaEle supply air ƅow rate and supply tePperature. With its well deƄned Eoundary conditions the rooP offers a perfect Easis for validation test cases for CFD siPulations.

Aircraft CaEin 0ock-up 7he consideration of indoor environPents includes not only Euilding Eut also car, train and aircraft caEins. 7o investigate the therPal coPfort, indoor air Tuality and air distriEution systeP of aircraft caEins, an aircraft caEin Pock-up has Eeen Euilt up. 7he Pock-up is eTuipped with air ƅow PeasurePent techniTue and the design of the

Fig. 7 AirEus

Infrastructure | ERC | 11

Pock-up is very ƅe[iEle. +ence, different parts of the caEin, like air diffusers can Ee changed easily. 7his enaEles the investigation and optiPi]ation of +9AC coPponents for aircraft caEin applications.

Acoustic and Air 4uality LaE 7he Instituteps acoustic and indoor air Tuality laE in the E.ON ERC 0ain %uilding is eTuipped with its own air handling unit A+8 with activated carEon Ƅlters. 7he A+8 supplies the laE with clean and conditioned air. 7he ePitting odors of e.g. Euilding products can Ee evaluated with trained test suEjects and a coPparison scale that provides si[ different acetone-air Pi[tures. 7he surrounding wall structure of the laE is sound aEsorEing and enaEles good conditions to Peasure and optiPi]e the acoustic properties of +9AC coPponents. Fig. 8 Air 4uality LaE

FaÄade 6ystePs 7he test facilility for faÄade systePs is coPposed of four identical rooPs with 25 P ƅoor area each. 7he faÄade of each rooP can Ee replaced Ey a test faÄade and the technical eTuipPent and the physical properties of the test faÄade can Ee investigated. ETuipping each rooP with a different faÄade enaEles a coPparison Eetween different systePs under the saPe conditions. 7he rooPs can Ee supplied with conditioned air and cold and hot water. +ence, various technical eTuipPent inside the faÄade, like decentrali]ed ventilation units, can Ee connected and the therPal coPfort can Ee evaluated.

Air +andling 8nits 7hree air handling units A+8 provide conditioned supply air to the different test Eenches. 7he units can also Ee connected aPong each other. 7hat Peans that A+81 provides the outdoor air and A+83 provides the e[tract air for A+82. A+82 is the device under test and different coPponents like heat e[changer and enthalpy wheel can Ee investigated under well-deƄned conditions. 7he supply air tePperature of the units can Ee controlled in a range froP -15 C up to 40 C and the supply air relative huPidity can Ee set Eetween 5 and 80 . Fig. 9 Air +andling 8nits

6olar Panels On the roof of the e[periPental hall an outdoor test facility for therPal solar panels is installed with an area of around 100 P . It can Ee used to do perforPance tests and to coPpare different products under real conditions.

Geophysical and petrophysical eTuipPent A wide range of technical laEoratory eTuipPent is availaEle for PeasurePents of physical properties on rock saPples partially under elevated pressure and tePperature and for the corresponding saPple preparation. Properties studied coPprise density, porosity, perPeaEility, therPal conductivity, speciƄc heat capacity, electrical resistivity, ultrasonic velocity, N0R nuclear Pagnetic resonance , I6 iPpedance spectroscopy , Pagnetic susceptiEility, and natural GaPPa radiation. Additionally, GGE owns a Eorehole logging instruPent for PeasurePents up to a depth of 1500 P which coPprises tools for electrical resistivity, sonic velocity, density, and natural spectral GaPPa radiation K, 8, 7h of rocks, for Eorehole diaPeter and shape, and for ƅuid salinity, tePperature, and pressure. Fig. 10 %orehole End Cap

12 | ERC | Infrastructure

Fracture 6ystePs A true tria[ial press was set up for fracturing rocks of a diPension of 300 [ 300 [ 450 PP under hori]ontal and vertical conƄning pressures up to 30 0Pa and 15 0Pa, respectively, Figure 11. It includes a PeasurePent systeP for analysis of seisPic events in the ultrasonic regiPe. Fracture propagation is Ponitored Ey 32 ultrasonic sensors 20 k+] to 1000 k+] placed around the rock saPple. Acoustic ePissions occurring during fracture propagation are recorded and locali]ed. Fig. 11 7ria[ial press for testing low perPeaEi-

CoPPunication and AutoPation ETuipPent for

lity rock saPples

Fle[Eile Electrical Power DistriEution Networks CoPPunication EPulator 7he infrastructure is also eTuipped with Network ePulator Eased on standard PC architecture and open-source Wide Area Network EPulator WANeP software for ePulating coPPunication network characteristics such as liPited Eandwidth, tiPe delay, packet loss, disconnections, jitter, etc. 7his enaEles a joint siPulation of power systeP with coPPunication infrastructure in order to analy]e the interactions and interdependence Eetween the two systePs.

Phasor 0easurePent 8nits For advanced Ponitoring application in sPart grid, the infrastructure is eTuipped with 4 coPPercial Phasor 0easurePent 8nits P08s froP AlstoP and a prototype P08 Eased on NI CoPpactRIO NIcRIO . 7he P08s receive one 3-phase voltage and four 3-phase currents through its input transforPers Eoard and generate synchrophasors Eased on the IEEE C37.118-2005 standard. 7he NIcRIO P08 is aEle to generate dynaPic phasors aEiding to the IEEE C37 118 2011 standard.

6uEstation AutoPation PlatforP Recently E.ON Energy Research Center has received the approval for a donation forP A%%, i.e. a suEstation autoPation platforP. 7he platforP is Painly coPposed of a nuPEer of protection relays and it is intended to Ee integrated into Eoth educational and research activities, Painly in the Ƅeld of sPart grids to Eetter understand the current e[isting operation procedures and future challenges in suEstation autoPation. 7his platforP allows conƄguring the protection devices, the autoPation controller, and the usage of a 6CADA systeP.

Fig. 12 Phasor 0easurePent 8nits

6iPulation Infrastructure Real-7iPe 6iPulation Infrastructure Real-7iPe 6iPulation of Pulti-physic and Pulti-doPain systePs is one of core coPpetencies of E.ON ERC. A siPulation infrastructure, coPprising appropriate hardware and software coPponents, is designed to provide a platforP for fast prototyping and for +ardware In the Loop +IL and Power +ardware In the Loop P+IL testing of industrial products and applications. With the e[pression P+IL, we indicate not only the e[change of electrical power, Eut also Pechanical and hydraulic power, which iPplies that depending on the Ƅeld of application it is necessary to develop the proper interface. 7he core of siPulation infrastructure is a set of interconnected, real tiPe siPulation

Fig. 13 R7D6

Infrastructure | ERC | 13

platforPs, each with its own area of application, and its peculiarity. For real-tiPe siPulation of distriEution and transPission power systePs, the infrastructure is eTuipped with a 8-rack Real 7iPe Digital 6iPulator R7D6 and an e0EGAsiP siPulator froP OPAL-R7. 7o enaEle the real-tiPe siPulation of Pulti-physic systePs, like whole city districts with therPal and electrical Eehaviors, a PC cluster Eased on shared PePory Pachines is utili]ed. 7he infrastructure is also eTuipped with a Digital 6ignal Processing cluster D6P which allows the real-tiPe siPulation of distriEuted systePs with pervasive presence of power electronics, like siPulation of wind farPs accounting for wind Ƅeld distriEution.

Fig. 14 PC - Cluster

7he uniTue, added value lies in the interconnection of the different platforPs, and in their coPEined use, which we Eelieve is fundaPental to tackle the coPple[ity of future energy systePs.

0E6CO6 t 0ulti-Energy 6ysteP CO-6iPulator 7o siPulate Pulti-energy systePs, like whole city districts with therPal and electrical Eehaviors, a dedicated co-siPulation platforP was developed. 7his is capaEle of siPulating therPal and electrical supply systePs, as well as therPal and electrical loads and generators. 7he platforP can connect different siPulators and Podels froP the different doPains and e[ecute theP siPultaneously. In order to enaEle a fast siPulation of large systePs, the siPulator e[ploits the parallel coPputing capaEilities of the PC cluster, Peaning that the software uses the Pulti-core processor efƄciently, as well as Eeing distriEuted on several nodes of the cluster. 7he features of the platforP allow for developing and analy]ing energy PanagePent and control algorithPs for sPart grids.

Fa67 Find a 6uitaEle 7opology for E[ascale Applications qFind a 6uitaEle 7opology for E[ascale Applicationsr Fa67 deals with the tePporal and spatial placePent of processes on high perforPance coPputers of the future. It is widely assuPed that the current trend in hardware developPent will continue and that the CP8 perforPance will therefore grow consideraEly faster than the I O perforPance. In order to prevent that these resources EecoPe Eottlenecks in the systeP, Fa67 develops a new scheduling concept which Ponitors the systeP resources and locally adapts the distriEution of the joEs. In order to test this scheduling systeP, InƄni%and-Eased research cluster is availaEle coPposed of four N80A nodes. InƄni%and is an high-perforPance interconnect with a theoretical peak throughput of 56 GEit s.

Fig. 15 PC - Cluster

6iPulation and 9isuali]ation 7ools for Geophysics and GeotherPal 7esting 7o siPulate coupled ƅow, heat transfer, transport and chePical water-rock interaction, an in-house developed Ƅnite differential aTuifer siPulation tool called Processing 6+E0A7 is used. 7o support the tool, several high-perforPance coPputers are availaEle for the nuPerical siPulations. 7he coPputers are partly integrated into the high-perforPance cluster of RW7+ Aachen 8niversity. Figure 5 shows a nuPerical siPulation of the tePperature distriEution of the %+E Ƅeld of the E.ON ERC. For verifying the correctness of the siPulations, as well as facilitating their analysis for knowledge acTuisition and the coPPunication of the results, a visuali]ation tool for 3D stereographic projection which creates an iPPersive environPent has Eeen developed Picasso 3D Flipchart . 14 | ERC | Infrastructure

Fig. 16 Research Cluster

+ardware In the Loop +IL and Power +ardware In the Loop P+IL

+IL and P+IL are the cutting edge approaches to Ƅll the gap Eetween Ƅeld tests and nuPerical siPulation, hence de-risking and speeding up the developPent of the new products and control solutions. +IL and P+IL are Eased on the integration of real tiPe siPulation platforP and physical interfaces to electrical, Pechanical, therPohydraulic systePs, to Pention the current reali]ations.

0onitoring PlatforP for Future Power 6ystePs In order to investigate advanced Pethodologies for power systeP Ponitoring via +IL testing, a real tiPe power systeP Ponitoring platforP is Euilt that incorporates R7D6, P08s and 6CADA systePs. 7he Ponitoring platforP can Ee functionally divided into three Pain parts naPely the Real 7iPe 6iPulation of Power 6ystePs, Phasor 0easurePent AcTuisition 6ysteP and the 6oftware PlatforP that enaEles the developPent of Ponitoring and control applications. 7he platforP ePulates the PeasurePent systeP of real-world power grid thus enaEling the testing of advance Ponitoring and control applications.

Fig. 17 +ardware In the Loop

P+IL for Electrical 6ystePs As far as electrical P+IL for testing up to 20kW, the infrastructure is eTuipped with Fle[iEle Power 6iPulator FLeP6 . 7he power section of the platforP consists of a three-phase isolating transforPer, an active front end AFE , a controlled four-leg DC AC converter, and a three-phase decoupling Ƅlter. 7he control algorithPs are iPplePented on D6P-FPGA ePEedded hardware. For larger apparatuses up to 5 0W the siPulation infrastructure is connected via ƄEer optic to the test Eench located in the 7est +all.

+IL and P+IL for +oPe Energy 6ystePs For the therPo-hydraulic side, the hardware coPponents will Ee integrated in a siPulated environPent which is Eased on coupled and systeP engineering siPulations with 0odelica liEraries. A cliPate chaPEer and the hydraulic test Eed ePulate the surrounding conditions for the hardware coPponents. In a scaled testEed a coPplete therPal-hydraulic systeP of up to Ƅve rooPs can Ee considered together with its real distriEution and control units. 7he scaled rooPs are coupled with therPal Euilding siPulations. 7hrough the tePperature controlled surfaces of the scaled rooPs and the connection to the air conditioning systeP different Euilding types and user Eehavior can Ee ePulated. 7he set-up can Ee also connected to a siPultaneously real-tiPe siPulation of the electrical loads in the house and the corresponding grid dynaPics will Ee ePulated Ey a grid ePulator FleP6 .

Fig. 18 FleP6

Center for Wind Power Drives 7he Center for Wind Power Drives CWD groups 7 RW7+ Aachen institutes in the area of wind. 7he Ƅrst stage to estaElish the power infrastructure has already Eeen coPpleted with the reali]ation of a 1 0W setup eTuipped with a 9estas 952 nacelle as device under test. In the second stage a new set up for 4 0W nacelles is reali]ed, and will Ee inaugurated in 0arch 2015. 7his is a Pulti-physics, P+IL test Eed with power ePulation of Eoth the Pechanical and electrical Eoundary conditions at terPinals of the nacelle a wind turEine without rotor Elades and tower . 7he nacelle is installed onto the test Eench and operated Ey its original controller. Infrastructure | ERC | 15

Power-Electronic-Eased CoPponents and 6ystePs 7est %enches for Power-Electronic Devices and 6ePiconductors On an area of 750 P , a clean-rooP facility allows us to Panufacture specially designed power-electronic devices. 6uEseTuently, these and coPPercial devices up to ratings of 12 k9 and 5 kA can Ee tested in a device test Eench. It allows Peasuring the Elocking capaEility, the on-state characteristics and the switching losses. Especially the switching losses under soft-switching conditions, which are generally not puElished Ey the Panufacturers, are in our interest. In a second test Eench, the Elocking capaEility and with it the state-of-health of a device after an artiƄcially provoked over-current situation can Ee investigated. 7he testing of passive coPponents like inductors and transforPers coPplete the test facilities regarding the device level.

Fig. 19 7est %ench for Power-Electronic Devices

LaEoratory for ElectrochePical 6torage 6ysteP Energy storage systePs are of increasing iPportance in electrical grids with a large share of volatile, renewaEle power sources. In order to validate the electrical perforPance and lifetiPe of electrochePical storage devices and for the paraPeteri]ation of coPple[ siPulation tools for lifetiPe predictions, the E.ON Energy Research Center has access to the largest university-Eased Eattery test center in Europe. All types of Eattery technologies can Ee tested with regard to electrical perforPance, tePperature iPpact, lifetiPe, or Pechanical stress. For the Easic tests Pore than 500 test Eenches for singles Eattery cells with current ratings Eetween 10 and 2000 A are availaEle. For the analysis of Eattery PanagePent and therPal PanagePent systePs also Eattery pack test Eenches with up to 240 kW and 800 9 are availaEle. 7o understand the aging processes of Eattery cells Eetter an electrochePical laEoratory for post-PorteP analysis has Eeen iPplePented. 7he detailed understanding of aging processes allows Pore reliaEle lifetiPe predictions and for real world operation in stationary and PoEile applications. With this knowledge Eattery systePs can Ee designed Pore accurately and Eattery production can Ee optiPi]ed. %esides the electrical test eTuipPent the test center Paintains a test Eench for shock and viEration for cells and Eattery packs of up to 50 kg, a hardware in the loop +IL test stand for P9-storage systePs, caloriPeters for PeasurePents of the therPal discharge in case of cell failure and a selection of Pachines for the Panufacturing of Eattery packs such as plastic and Petal sinter Pachines, 3D printer, contact welders and several others.

Fig. 20 Conditioned %attery test Eench

Fig. 21 7esting of Eattery Podules Eased on single cells

LaEoratory for +igh-Power Converters and +igh6peed Drives In the PediuP-voltage high-power laEoratory, the E.ON Energy Research Center is aEle to Peasure power-electronic converters and electrical drives up to 15,000 rpP. CoPponents up to 3.3 k9 AC or 5 k9 DC can Ee energi]ed in our laEoratory. 7he highpower test Eench feeds a power of up to 5 0W to a unit under test. 6ingle operation points can Ee approached to Peasure for e[aPple the coPponentsp efƄciency or the total harPonic distortion. 0oreover, the high-power test Eench serves siPultaneously as electric load. 7his allows dynaPic PeasurePents of load-steps. 7he high-speed data connection to the neighEoring Pain Euilding where R7D6 is located enaEles P+IL testing on a PediuP-voltage Pega-watt level. 7he data e[tracted Eoth froP the PeasurePents on device and on coPponent level is fed into various siPulation Podels to analy]e Pore coPple[ systePs. %y doing so, the staEility, control and efƄciency of distriEution grids can Ee investigated and optiPi]ed, for e[aPple. 16 | ERC | Infrastructure

Fig. 22 +igh-power test Eench for converters and drives

+yErid 0icrogrid 7est %ench A hyErid Grid setup is used to test innovative solutions for future distriEution grids. One of the Pain Potivations for the particular set up is the increasing presence of power electronics in the grid, in coPEination with renewaEles e.g. P9 . 7he Grid setup is designed to coPEine four 5 k9A 3-phase DC AC converters and one 45 k9A 3-phase Eack-to-Eack converter to reali]e various conƄgurations of AC and DC grids. 7he platforP is fully open and Ƅts for testing various control approaches. With such a set-up we will Ee aEle, for e[aPple, to test different strategies for concepts like dePand side PanagePent and active energy routing Eetween neighEors.

EconoPic E[periPents in the Energy 6ector LaEoratory for econoPic E[periPents 7ogether with Ƅve chairs of the 6chool of %usiness and EconoPics at RW7+ Aachen 8niversity, FCN operates a stationary laEoratory for econoPic e[periPents at Lochnerstra¼e 4-20 called qAI;periPentr. 7he laEoratory has Eeen well received and with freTuent e[periPents on the prePises. In addition, FCN runs the working group qAI;periPental EconoPics in Progressr AEP . It consists of all researchers at RW7+ Aachen 8niversity interested in e[periPental social science research. 7he group Peets once a Ponth to discuss ongoing projects as well as future avenues for cooperation.

Fig. 23 Power converter

FCN 0oEile LaEoratory FCN has contriEuted to the e[periPental research infrastructure at RW7+ Aachen 8niversity Ey setting up and operating a PoEile laEoratory for econoPic e[periPents. A coPPon criticisP of laEoratory-Eased e[periPental research is that the suEjects are not representative of the true population of interest. A stationary laEoratory at a university Post often recruits students as participants. In order to validate e[periPental Ƅndings, the PoEile laEoratory can take the studies to the qƄeldr, where PePEers of the true population of interest participate in the e[periPent. 7he PoEile laEoratory currently consists of 12 laptop coPputers and 6 screens.

Fig. 24 LaEoratory for econoPic E[periPents

Fig. 25 FCN 0oEile LaEoratory

Infrastructure | ERC | 17

Large Joint Research Projects

Forschungscampus Future Electrical Networks 7he energy transition Energiewende reTuires the transforPation of e[isting electrical infrastructure to integrate a high share of volatile renewaEle generation. Especially the electrical distriEution systeP Pust Ee Pore ƅe[iEle to accoPPodate distriEuted generation and Ering this power to the consuPers. As direct current dc technology is very proPising for future distriEution systePs, the FEN-ConsortiuP, will focus research on dc systePs and their integration with ac systePs on all voltage levels. 7o ensure coPpatiEility with the e[isting network infrastructure, the interfaces Eetween e[isting and new electric power supply and transforPation systePs will Ee targeted. 7he overarching oEjective of the FEN-ConsortiuP is to enaEle a Pore efƄcient and ƅe[iEle transPission and distriEution of electrical energy without coPproPising the high level of the security of supply in GerPany today. 7he research topics in the FEN-ConsortiuP are organi]ed in three different layers, as shown in Ƅgure Paterials and coPponents, systeP iPplePentation, and planning. 7he planning layer also encoPpasses research on non-electrical topics like governance, acceptance, econoPics, and the integration of the infrastructure into landscape and urEan environPent. 7he systeP iPplePentation layer, Eecause of growing perPeaEility Eetween energy networks, also includes energy doPains that are non-electrical, such as gas and heat, Eut that are coupled to the electrical Eeing loads, generators or storage. 8ltiPately, the research goal of the FEN-ConsortiuP is a sustainaEle, cliPate-friendly energy supply of the future at affordaEle costs. In 2014 the ForschungscaPpus Future Electrical Networks inaugurated its Ƅrst Pain 5 year phase. RW7+ Aachen 8niversity and industry partners will jointly conduct pre-coPpetitive research on future electricity grids. 8nder the lead of Prof. De Doncker and the Institute for Power Generation and 6torage 6ystePs PG6 of E.ON ERC, a consortiuP with private partners has set up, which is sponsored Ey the GerPan Federal 0inistry of Research 20 | ERC | Large Joint Research Projects

FEN-ConsortiuP Chief E[ecutive OfƄcer Dr. Christian +aag 7 49 241 80 22473 chaag@fenaachen.net FEN-ConsortiuP Chief 6cientiƄc OfƄcer 0ediuP 9oltage Dr.-Ing. +anno 6tagge 7 49 241 80 49954 hstagge@fenaachen.net FEN-ConsortiuP Chief 6cientiƄc OfƄcer Low 9oltage Dipl.-Ing. %ettina 6chaefer 7 49 241 80 49714 Eschaefer@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

and Education %0%F with two Pillion Euros per year for research on 0ediuP 9oltage. Additional research funding originates froP the partners and puElic funding opportunities. In year 2013, in the pre-phase of the ForschungscaPpus, partners of RW7+ Aachen 8niversity had developed the research agenda, set up the consortiuP structure, and deƄned PediuP-voltage dc 09DC systePs as core topic of the Ƅrst Pain phase. 6till in the pre-phase, four research project proposals were prepared, and then granted in 2014. In OctoEer 2014 the four projects, covering the topics listed Eelow, have started.

Fig. 1 OfƄcial Logos FEN

Project P1 addresses the Podeling, planning, conceptual design and assessPent of future grids. 7opics like planning and operation of dc grids, safety concepts for dc grids and the connection to high and low-voltage grids will Ee analy]ed. Non-technical aspects, like econoPics, ecology and society will Ee included to analy]e the iPpact of the new technology. Project P2 focuses on research on coPponents and systePs for PediuP-voltage dc distriEution grids. 7his includes dc-dc converters Figure 3 for voltage conversion and control of power ƅows, concepts for the interruption and liPiting of short-circuit currents in dc grids, PediuP-freTuency transforPers for the dc-dc converters and caEle systePs for the transport of electrical energy with dc. Fig. 2 %eneƄts of the FEN-ConsortiuP

In Project P3 the FEN researchers will develop control and autoPation concepts for hyErid ac-dc grids and pure dc grids to secure the dynaPic staEility of these Pulticonverter systePs, reali]e new applications, such as load shaping, and estaElish a reliaEle siPulation and testing environPent for these systePs. In this project AC6 and PG6 of the E.ON ERC will also deliver a low-power test platforP to validate the control concepts in a +IL setup prior deployPent. 7he lighthouse Project P4 of FEN features the design, construction and operation of a research power grid on the RW7+ Aachen 8niversity caPpus. 7his research grid will connect with a PediuP-voltage dc grid several laEoratory set ups of the university, with power ratings in the Pegawatt-range. Concepts for the control and staEility of PultiterPinal dc systePs, coPponents and systePs, like dc-dc converters, can Ee tested here in the Ƅeld.

Fig. 3 Dc-dc converter developed at PG6

Control and coPPunication eTuipPent to reali]e the grid itself will Ee tested with real-tiPe siPulation and +IL techniTues in the laEoratories of E.ON ERC Eefore the coPPissioning. In fall 2014 the research group for low voltage L9 was initiated. 7he Pain research topics of this area are services related to sPart energy systePs including electrical and therPal systePs, the IC7 doPain for energy technologies, and low-voltage dc and hyErid acdc systePs. 7his group also aiPs at fostering networking and future research project collaEorations of the partners. 7o lead the FEN consortiuP of RW7+ Aachen 8niversity and industry partners, and for serving as central coordination unit for all partners, FEN GPE+ was founded. 7he FEN GPE+ is funded Ey contriEutions froP the research and usage fee of the industry partners. 7o proPote transparency, the FEN GPE+ created a supervisory Eoard in the Eylaws, held Ey the Rector of RW7+ Aachen 8niversity and a PePEer of the e[ecutive Eoard of Forschungs]entruP JÙlich. FEN GPE+ also Panages the IP of the FEN consortiuP, including the patent licensing and the provision of ofƄce and laE space for everyone involved. In fact the FEN GPE+, located on RW7+ Aachen CaPpus, provides ofƄces for researchers of the university and industry partners for theP to collaEorate closely in the research projects. With this direct and close connections innovations will Ee accelerated thus Eringing new technologies faster to the Parket to support the Energiewende.

Fig. 4 Planned research grid on RW7+ Aachen CaPpus

We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of the GerPan Federal 0inistry of Education and 6cience %0%F 036F0488 036F0489 036F0490 036F0491 and of the industry partners of FEN-ConsortiuP. Large Joint Research Projects | ERC | 21

M5BAT 6tationary energy storage will EecoPe Pore iPportant in the future due to rising shares of renewaEle energy sources in the electricity sector which are proPoted Ey GerPanyps federal governPent policy called oEnergiewendep. In this conte[t, electrochePical storage systePs are of high interest Eecause unlike for puPped hydro storage or coPpressed air storage, there are no special geographic reTuirePents and the planning and construction periods are short. 7herefore, it is necessary to Euild up the e[pertise in engineering of econoPic designs, in optiPi]ed operation control as well as in coPparative technology assessPent of such storage systePs and to EenchPark the perforPance of different technologies under Ƅeld conditions. Within the project o05%A7p, which is an acronyP for 0odular 0ulti-0egawatt 0ulti7echnology 0ediuP 9oltage %attery Energy 6torage 6ysteP, a worldwide uniTue largescale hyErid Eattery energy storage systeP %E66 coPposed of Ƅve parallel Eattery strings with 5 0W rated power in total will Ee Euilt. 7he Institute for Power Generation and 6torage 6ystePs PG6 of the E.ON Energy Research Center ERC at RW7+ Aachen 8niversity is coordinating the project, which receives a funding of 6.5 Pillion euros overall Eudget 12.5 Pillion euros froP GerPanyps Federal 0inistry for EconoPic Affairs and Energy. In addition PG6 is responsiEle for the grid integration and operation of the storage systeP as well as for the developPent of the control systeP and the investigation of aging PechanisPs in such stationary %E66. Also the choice of a suitaEle Pulti-level converter topology and its coPparison to other conventional solutions will Ee looked at. 7he goal is to optiPi]e the converter efƄciency as well as other perforPance indicators of the selected topology. 7he Institute for Energy EfƄcient %uildings and Indoor CliPate E%C of the E.ON ERC will conduct therPal Ponitoring of the %E66 and carry out siPulations to optiPi]e the therPal design of such systePs. Research support in terPs of power econoPy will Ee provided Ey the Institute of Power 6ystePs and Power EconoPics IAEW at RW7+ Aachen 8niversity. Industrial partners are the energy utility E.ON 6E, Eattery Panufacturer E[ide 7echnologies GPE+ps division GN% Industrial Power and inverter Panufacturer 60A 22 | ERC | Large Joint Research Projects

Dipl.-Ing. F+ 7hoPas 6child E%C

7 49 241 80 49809 tschild@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de +aƄ] 6iddiTue, 0.6c. PG6 - LEA

7 49 241 80 49947 hsiddiTue@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. 7jark 7hien PG6

7 49 241 80 49338 tthien@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

6olar 7echnology AG. E.ON 6E is responsiEle for planning and construction of the %E66 facility and for developing and testing Parketing strategies for future storage products for the energy Parketplace. 7he Panufacturers - E[ide 7echnologies GPE+ and 60A 6olar 7echnology AG - will supply the technical coPponents and conduct operational testing. 7his project will deploy E[ide 7echnologiesp innovative 9RLA gel and C60 copper plate technology, which delivers high cyclic staEility and high-current discharge. 60Aps highly ƅe[iEle Eattery inverters give the systeP its scalaEility and Podularity. +igh Podularity is also achieved Ey different Eattery technologies which are incorporated in the %E66 lead-acid-, sodiuP-nickel-chloride- NaNiCl and lithiuP-ion-Eatteries are used to optiPally coPEine the advantages of each technology. For instance, lead-acidEatteries are a relatively cheap storage technology, lithiuP-ion-Eatteries are used to provide energy at high power rates and cyclic staEility, and NaNiCl-Eatteries are optiPally suited for power supply over a period of a few hours and are therefore well suited for applications such as load-shifting. In coPEination the Pulti-technology %E66 will Ee aEle to supply a variety of applications with different typical discharge tiPes. Peripheral coPponents, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning +9AC , are treated as an integral part of the %E66 in order to achieve an optiPal systeP Eehavior in terPs of cooling, heating and Eattery positioning. A %E66 with a rated power of this si]e, with a high Podularity for the investigation of different storage technologies, is worldwide uniTue and will Ee an iPportant reference for the involved coPpanies and institutions. 7he %E66 will Ee constructed in Aachen in a specially custoPi]ed e[isting Euilding. Plans call for construction to Eegin in 0id 2015 and for the utility-scale storage systeP to enter service Ey the end of 2015. %efore Parket testing, the storage operation will Ee conducted according to a scientiƄc prograP, which allows to deduce statePents aEout life cycle costs LCC and technoeconoPical potentials. %esides the costs for the Eattery cells and their lifetiPes, LCC include costs for peripheral coPponents for the installation of the %E66 such as housing, Eattery PanagePent systePs %06 and therPal PanagePent heating, ventilation, air conditioning . 7hese LCC are intended to serve as a profound cost Easis for planning and operation of %E66. Especially the aEove-Pentioned optiPi]ation of power distriEution Eetween the different Eattery technologies in order to coPEine their respective strengths is evaluated in this conte[t.

We gratefully acknowledge the GerPan Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy %0Wi and our industry partners, reference 03E6P265A, who Pade the project possiEle.

Large Joint Research Projects | ERC | 23

Exergy-Optimized Management of a Geothermal Field One challenge in Podern construction is to reduce energy and heating costs. An e[ergetically optiPal energy use within a low-tePperature energy systeP can approach this issue. We, GGE and E%C, cooperate towards the sustainaEle integration of the E.ON ERC Pain Euildingps geotherPal Ƅeld into its energy systeP while trying to adjust energy ƅows and energy use as efƄcient as possiEle. 0ore precisely, the aiP of GGE in this project is to estaElish a 3-D suEsurface Podel for the long-terP prediction of geotherPalenergy use. E%C is aiPing towards a control strategy for the Euilding energy systeP with a PiniPal e[ergy loss using GGEps geotherPal predictions. We will achieve this via an integrated approach for the geotherPal Ƅeld and the energy conversion systeP. 7he GerPan Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy funds this project. Due to liPited fossil and econoPic resources, we have to achieve a cost-EeneƄt optiPal and energy efƄcient operation of Euildings. At the E.ON ERC Pain Euilding, the only way of achieving this is a sustainaEle operation of its geotherPal Ƅeld. 7he operation paraPeters of geotherPal Ƅelds react sensitive to overuse, whereas shifting too sPall energy aPounts is not efƄcient. In other words, the potential for cooling or heating of the Ƅeld decreases when the systeP dissipates too Puch energy into the Ƅeld or when it e[tracts too Puch energy froP the Ƅeld respectively. 7hus, in the end, one Pust keep the Ƅeldps energy Ealance within certain ranges. FroP an econoPical point of view, the iPPense costs of geotherPal Ƅeld installations aggravate the issue of efƄcient and sustainaEle operation, since the Ƅeld has to keep its relatively low operation cost throughout the Euildings lifetiPe. 7his is only possiEle Ey a Ealanced Ƅeld operation. Four Pain ingredients drive the research projectos approach. First, the possiEility of a dynaPic Ƅeld operation, Peaning a variaEle voluPe ƅow for each single %+E of the 24 | ERC | Large Joint Research Projects

Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Johannes FÙtterer E%C

7 49 241 80 49790 jfuetterer@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Phys. Ale[ander 0ichalski GGE

7 49 241 80 49901 aPichalski@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

geotherPal Ƅeld, to adjust the e[tracted or dissipated aPount of energy for each %+E individually. 6econd, detailed sensor PeasurePents of the Ƅeld and Euilding operation. 7hird, systeP and Euilding Podels, in order to calculate and predict the forthcoPing energy needs and the conseTuences of different operation paraPeters. Fourth, a control strategy that is aEle to vary the geotherPal Ƅeldps integration. In order to provide a dynaPic Ƅeld integration, we iPplePent actuators that allow for an individual operation of each %+E. For each %+E, autoPatic Eall valves offer the opportunity to adjust the voluPe ƅow. 7hese actuators, together with a voluPe ƅow sensor in each %+E offer the possiEility to control the voluPe ƅow autoPatically for each %+E. 7ePperature sensors in inlet and outlet Pake an energy-oriented control possiEle. Further, control regiPes account for friction-optiPal operation and for uniforP voluPe ƅow operation, Peaning the saPe voluPe ƅow for each %+E. We connected the Erine puPps in order to adjust rePotely the puPpsp speed, pressure or tePperature-difference. 7he Euilding PanagePent systeP integrates the Ƅeld autoPation and control, thus, we can use different interfaces to coPPand set points or switch Ƅeld operation Podes. Further, the Euilding PanagePent systeP stores all PeasurePent data into two 64L dataEases. We need inforPed calculations and decisions in order to conduct siPulations and in order to develop potential control strategies. On the Ƅeldps side, different kinds of PeasurePent eTuipPent provide this inforPation. First, a DistriEuted 7ePperature 6ensing systeP provides Eoth, tePperature data of the geotherPal Ƅeld for a long-terP Ponitoring and tePperature data within the Euilding. 7his is an optical ƄEer Peasuring systeP. 7he eTuipped %+E provides Ponitored tePperatures of the entire underground. 6econd, tePperature sensor rings within one single %+E provide inforPation on the soilps tePperature distriEution near this %+E and, thus, enaEles conclusions towards possiEle groundwater ƅow strength and direction. 7his allows an integration of groundwater ƅow paraPeters into nuPerical siPulation of the geotherPal Ƅeld. On the Euilding side, the aEove-descriEed sensors provide the needed data. We use siPulations to predict the inƅuences of different control strategies towards energy efƄciency. We investigate different operation Podes for the geotherPal Ƅeld for a sustainaEle long-terP usage of the heat e[changer Ƅeld. 7he siPulations Ease on a Podel of the soil in an area of 140 ´ 80 Peters and a depth of 130 Peters. 6+E0A7, a siPulation tool for coupled ƅow, heat transfer, transport and chePical water-rock interaction carries out the siPulations for the geotherPal Ƅeld. 7his sets Pore-precise Eoundary conditions for the heating and cooling operation. On the Euilding side, we use 0odelica and 6iPulink to carry out siPulation of the physical coPponents and for the control logics respectively. 7hereEy, we are aEle to shift paraPeters to adjust the energy transferred with the %+E Ƅeld. 9ia an iterative process, we estiPate an operation paraPeter regiPe that fulƄlls the Euildingps needs while respecting the constraints for a sustainaEle long-terP operation. In order to react to varying energy transfer rates for the Ƅeld, we iPplePent a sophisticated control strategy into the Euilding, which provides the possiEility to adjust operation tiPes and intensities of the geotherPal Ƅeld usage. For e[aPple, the geotherPal freecooling Pode is Elock-aEle-in order to decrease operation tiPe further, a variation of the integration tePperature of the Ƅeld is possiEle. 7he outcoPes of the project are in dePonstrating an innovative integrated operation Pethodology, in advanced geology, Euilding and systeP related siPulation Podels, in novel control Euilding control strategies, as well as in advances in coPPunication interfaces and technologies Eetween the different instances. A future research prospect on E%Cps side is to have an integrated siPulation that allow for evaluation of different control strategies and a conceptuali]ation of the Podus-Eased control strategy.

We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of the GerPan Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy %0Wi , proPotional reference 03E71022A.

Large Joint Research Projects | ERC | 25

Cooperative Research

Enabling Smart Energy with ICT EfƄcient and sustainaEle energy reTuires the integration of different, coPplePentary forPs of energy electrical and therPal in particular and pervasive intelligence reali]ed through InforPation and CoPPunication 7echnology IC7 . 6everal FP7 prograPs support this vision on European level. 7he institutes AC6 and E%C jointly participate in the R D and dePonstration effort in the projects FINE6CE, part of the qFuture Internet PuElic Private Partnershipr, COOPERa7E within the rEnergy Positive NeighEorhoodq prograP, and GE<6ER, supported Ey the 60AR7CI7IE6 initiative.

FI-PPP and FINE6CE Advanced IC7 for 6Part Energy IC7 has Eeen transforPing industry over the past decades. 7he current trend is the convergence of the once separate IC7 Eranches of PoEile coPPunications, data processing, and internet into a set of coPPon, cloud-Eased technologies, the Future Internet FI . FI is designed to Ee Ƅt for the different industrial applications. 7he E8 has recognised the need for this developPent and, Ey sponsoring the European FI industry, through a large prograPPe, the FI-PPP www.Ƅ-ppp.eu in 2011. 7he oEjectives are to •

• •

develop a coPPon, open, FI infrastructure FIWARE that application developers can use to Euild FI applications. FIWARE is a set of generic open coPponents, called Generic EnaElers GEs and a supporting set of application developPent resources test this infrastructure in several Eranches of industry and Pake the tested infrastructure widely availaEle to sPall FI start-up coPpanies, thus creating a viaEle and self-sustaining FI industry in Europe, Eased on European technology.

FINE6CE Future Internet 7echnology for 6Part Energy, www.Ƅnesce.eu , which started in 2013 and runs until 6eptePEer 2015, is a project to test of the infrastructure Ey applying the GEs, to the 6Part Energy doPain. GEs for the Internet of 7hings, Data 0anagePent, 6ecurity and Cloud Infrastructure have Eeen used in the 6Part Energy Ƅeld trial of the FINE6CE Partners in the following applications • • • • •

developPent of dePand-response and dePand-side PanagePent in Pi[ed-use Euildings in a city district of 0alPÓ, 6weden efƄcient grid utilisation through dePand-side PanagePent of prosuPers in +orsens, DenPark and 0adrid, 6pain industrial dePand-response within an cross-Eorder 9irtual Power Plant 9PP in Aachen, GerPany developPent of an energy Parketplace for dePand-response in presence of varying energy production froP DistriEuted Energy Resources DER in 7erni, Italy control of electrical vehicle charging to Ealance DER supply and iPproved utility coPPunications in Ireland.

AC6 and E%C have perforPed 6Part Energy siPulations for FINE6CE •

•

In the 0alPĂ“ trial, a CO2 steering signal Podel, Eased on the historical production PeasurePents of the district heat produced Ey power plants, uses roEust regression Podels to optiPise the district heating grid. 0oreover, heat generation plants are analy]ed to identify the dePand-side PanagePent potential on the generation side. Also, the therPal Eehavior of the Euildings connected to the district heating grid is thoroughly analysed to identify the potential of the Euilding wall Pass for load shifting. In the +orsens trial, tiPe-series Eased adaptive Podels for forecasting the therPal dePand of Euildings are used to optiPise energy production scheduling and to study the iPpact of distriEuted generation and consuPption.

28 | ERC | Cooperative Research

0ichael Diekerhof, 0.6c. AC6

7 49 241 80 49735 Pdiekerhof@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de +assan +arE, 0.6c. E%C

7 49 241 80 49804 hharE@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 0ohsen Ferdowsi, 0.6c. AC6

7 49 241 80 49732 Pferdowsi@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Padraic 0cKeever, 0.6c. AC6

7 49 241 80 49736 pPckeever@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 0arija 6tevic, 0.6c. AC6

7 49 241 80 49726 Pstevic@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

•

•

A real-tiPe siPulation fraPework is in developPent for the trial in Aachen to dePonstrate realistically the cloud-Eased service of a 9irtual Power Plant 9PP . In the Real-7iPe Digital 6iPulator R7D6 we siPulate the power systeP and the DistriEuted Energy Resources DERs , which are in turn coordinated e[ternally to the R7D6 Ey the cloud-Eased 9PP service. 7he coPPunication Eetween the 9PP FIWARE cloud platforP and the DERs in R7D6 is reali]ed via a custoP gateway Eased on FIWARE services. For the trial in Ireland, the siPulation assesses an E9 6chedule 9eriƄcation systeP Eased on artiƄcial neural networks ANNs . 7he E9 6chedule 9eriƄcation systeP Pust check if the optiPal schedule to Ee actuated leads to violation of the technical constraints of the L9 distriEution systeP, for e[aPple perPissiEle voltage deƄned Ey regulation. 7he ANN E9 6chedule veriƄcation needs only a few Ƅeld PeasurePents and no physics-Eased systeP Podel during the online operation.

FI start-up coPpanies can access the live FINE6CE trial infrastructures through the FINE6CE API, which offers 6Part Energy services. 7he start-ups use these services for developing and testing in real, live infrastructures their new 6Part Energy products. 7he FINE6CE API services are organised into categories such as Authentication, %uilding InforPation, Energy DePand Power ConsuPption, Energy 6upply Power Production, Electric 9ehicles, 0etering, Pricing, Regions, 6Part Factory, Weather Forecast. In addition, FINE6CE partners puElish the software coPponents developed for the Ƅled dePos as open-source software. 7hese are the 6Part Energy DoPain 6peciƄc EnaElers D6E . 7he FI start-ups are free to integrate these D6Es, as well as the FIWARE GEs, into their products. 7he FINE6CE infrastructures will continue to Ee availaEle through the API after 6eptePEer 2015.

7his project is funded Ey the European 8nionps 6eventh FraPework PrograPPe for research, technological developPent and dePonstration under grant agreePent no. 604677.

Fig. FI 6tartups Can 8se the FINE6CE API to Develop Apps %ased on FINE6CE 6Part Energy Infrastructures

Cooperative Research | ERC | 29

COOPERaTE Control and OptiPi]ation for Energy Positive NeighEourhoods

In COOPERa7E an oEnergy Positive NeighEorhoodp EPN is deƄned as a neighEorhood that can Pa[iPi]e the use of local and renewaEle energy generation and at the saPe tiPe can contriEute to the secure and efƄcient operation of the electrical grid to which it is connected. 7he goal of COOPERa7E is the conceptual design of the architecture of a cloud-Eased, scalaEle service and PanagePent platforP that integrates Ponitoring and optiPi]ation functions for EPNs Eeyond the Euilding level. 7his work approaches the different cloud platforPs froP several neighEorhoods as a 6ysteP of 6ystePs, interfaced through the newly developed NeighEorhood InforPation 0odel. Field dePonstrations will Ee perforPed in the Challenger coPple[ in France, headTuarter of %ouygues Construction, and the %ishopstown caPpus of Cork Institute of 7echnology in Ireland. 7hese two cases cover different situations while Challenger represents a neighEorhood with Eusiness Euildings Eelonging to a single owner, %ishopstown coPEines residential, leisure and Eusiness use with several owners. AC6 and E%C have Podeled the two test sites integrating electrical and therPal features and coPponents in 0odelica. In this way, the joint effects of the electrical and therPal systePs can Ee analy]ed Eefore optiPi]ation and control are actually iPplePented on site. 7he e[perience of this project will Ee synthesi]ed in a roadPap to transition to Energy Positivity in neighEorhoods.

7his project is funded Ey the European 8nionps 6eventh FraPework PrograPPe for research, technological developPent and dePonstration under grant agreePent no. 600063. 30 | ERC | Cooperative Research

Dipl.-0ath. Kanali 7ogawa AC6

7 49 241 80 49720 ktogawa@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. 0arkus 6chuPacher E%C

7 49 241 80 49811 PschuPacher@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

GEYSER Green Networked Data Centers as Energy ProsuPers in 6Part City

Data centers have EecoPe enorPous electrical power consuPers, currently using around 271 Eillion kWh, which is aEout 10 of the generated electricity in the world, enough to feed all residential households in industrial countries for one year. Also, they have to dispose of large aPounts of heat. Different options e[ist to Panage the energy dePand of data centers, such as Pigration of coPputational load Eetween different data centers, tePporary reduction of the cooling power until the tePperature of the server rooP reaches its upper Eoundary or change of the internal electricity distriEution to Direct Current for Eetter efƄciency. In a Eroader vision, the data centers could Ee integrated in the sPart city adapting their energetic Eehaviour, i.e. electrical and therPal power dePand and offer, to the qneedsr of the 6Part City. A software fraPework to reali]e this vision is dePonstrated in the FP7 project GE<6ER. +ere data centers are not just energy consuPers Eut are active huEs.

Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. 0arco Cupelli AC6

7 49 241 80 49715 Pcupelli@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Pooyan Jahangiri, 0.6c. E%C

7 49 241 80 49799 pjahangiri@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

As a Ƅrst activity the different coPponents of data centers where analysed in respect of which energy transforPation takes place in theP and under which efƄciency this occurs. 7his contriEutes to the goal of coPparing the energy efƄciency of data centers, and the inƅuence of factors such as 7ier Level, Cloud 6ervices or +igh PerforPance CoPputing and so on. Energy classes will thus Ee deƄned, siPilar to the energy classes of white goods. 7he I7 center of RW7+, active in high perforPance coPputing, will support the Podelling of data center coPponents with its e[perience in EenchParking of servers. CP8 utili]ation, PePory utili]ation and effect of tePperature on energy dePand. 7he current state of the art of descriEing the energy efƄciency of data centres relies on an e[tensive set of Key PerforPance Indicators KPIs , for e[aPple the Power 8sage Effectiveness, which is the power consuPption for I7 applications over the total power consuPption of the center. 7he effect on the KPIs of all energy sinks of the data center and all energy sources of data center and sPart city, Pust Ee assessed. For this purpose the sinks are categori]ed in I7, non-I7, therPal and electrical and the sources are categori]ed as green and Erown. Accordingly it will Ee possiEle to tell how good or Ead energy PanagePent Pethods are and how well the integration of the data center in the sPart city perforPs. Operatively, when a data center operator tries to optiPi]e energy use, or a sPart software initiates load Pigration to process I7 load at the lowest cost, or a Parket operator triggers a data centre to provide electricity to the grid, all related decision-Paking reTuires Peasuring the internal energy of the data center. 7o this aiP, a sophisticated, real-tiPe and Pinute-level Ponitoring, part of the Data Center Infrastructure 0anagePent DCI0 , will Ee designed to provide a coPprehensive view of the energy used and produced within the Data Center. Currently a Data Center is Eeing Podelled in 0odelica. 7hree scenarios will Ee created. In the Ƅrst scenario the detailed Podel of the Data Center can Ee tested with a siPpliƄed Podel of the e[ternal energy grids. 7he second allows for testing the coPplete Data Center interacting with the detailed Podel of the 6Part City. 7he third scenario is Euilt for Power +ardware in the Loop, for assessing the efƄciency of the cooling of one or Pore coPputational racks.

7his project is funded Ey the European 8nionps 6eventh FraPework PrograPPe for research, technological developPent and dePonstration under grant agreePent no. 609211.

Cooperative Research | ERC | 31

Energy System Flexibility: Grid Interactive %uildings 8ntil now, electricity generation followed the consuPer load reTuirePents. In the future energy systeP, all active participants are e[pected to contriEute to the load-generation Ealancing act, for e[aPple to accoPPodate ƅuctuating renewaEle energy production. Fle[iEility, Eoth on the consuPersp and producersp side, is reTuired in order to Ealance electricity dePand and supply. 7herPal-electric devices are the coupling Eetween therPal and electrical energy systePs, which Pay provide the necessary ƅe[iEility when operated in a ƅe[iEle way. FurtherPore, network solutions on city Tuarter level can offer new possiEilities for coPEinations Eetween energy production and energy dePand. 7herPal and electrical storages further help to increase the ƅe[iEility of systeP operation. New sPart energy PanagePent strategies have to Ee developed together with new evaluation criteria and policies to offer EeneƄts for all stakeholders. 7he research project PV-KWK is an AC6-E%C cooperation whose Pain goal is to develop a practical sPart hoPe energy PanagePent strategy to couple photovoltaic P9 and heating systePs i.e. coPEined heat and power C+P as well as heat puPp +P units. 7his strategy can optiPi]e energy usage for different oEjectives, such as Pa[iPuP self-consuPption of electrical power, or offer of ancillary services for future sPart grid applications.

%aptiste Feron, 0.6c. AC6

7 49 241 80 49746 Eferon@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de +assan +arE, 0.6c. E%C

7 49 241 80 49804 hharE@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

7hese goals are achievaEle Eecause of the therPal and electrical storage, used to ƅe[iEly Ealance generation of P9s and C+Ps while ensuring the therPal coPfort of the residents. 7he project will develop a Podular energy PanagePent strategy, easily applicaEle to different coPEinations of energy conversion units, as those listed aEove. P9-KWK will produce an optiPi]ation tool that iPplePents the PanagePent strategy, and it will develop a Power-+ardware-in-the-Loop P+iL test platforP to dePonstrate and assess the strategy with real hardware in a siPulated environPent that reproduces standard and critical operating conditions. 7hese e[periPents will support the preparation, developPent and deployPent in Ƅeld tests, which will take place in real Euildings. +ere iPplePentation e[perience, data and the feedEack of the users will Ee collected to pave the way for a Parket Ereakthrough. As seen aEove, the active participation of Euildings to the operation of the energy distriEution grids is a provision for future sPart grids. In this light, the holistic evaluation of Euilding energy systePs %E6 and their interaction with the electrical distriEution grid is part of the project Grid Interactive Buildings. 7he evaluation has three goals. 7he Ƅrst one is the characteri]ation of needed ƅe[iEility capacity that the electrical grid reTuires and how the %E6 can offer this ƅe[iEility. 7he second goal is the characteri]ation of energy efƄciency of the Euilding energy systeP in different conƄgurations. 7he third goal is the characteri]ation of econoPic efƄciency of the Euilding energy systeP. 7o this aiP, the project will forPali]e characteristic paraPeters, Ƅt for different scenarios e.g. different geographical location, variaEle share of renewaEles, and diverse refurEishPent states of the Euildings . NuPerical siPulation is used in the project in support to the synthesis of these paraPeters and for assessing their validity. On the electrical side, it reTuires the calculation of the load ƅow of PediuP voltage 09 and low voltage L9 grids of different topology and si]e e.g. city center or rural area , and the evaluation of grid staEility, degree of utili]ation of the network eTuipPent and grid losses. In this project we use 0A7POWER-0atlaE for this purpose. We analy]e the electrical Tuantities in the scenario of purely heat-driven %E6 going up to grid oriented Pode of operation. 7he electrical Ease load proƄles are generated Ey superiPposing the operation of individual non-%E6 appliances according to qreasonaEler patterns. P9 proƄles are calculated froP weather data, accounting for 32 | ERC | Cooperative Research

Dipl.-Ing 7iP 6chlÓsser AC6

7 49 241 80 49750 tschloesser@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. 6eEastian 6tinner E%C

7 49 241 80 49798 sstinner@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

their stochastic nature. Load and generation proƄles of %E6 eTuipPent are calculated froP the therPal properties and Eehavior of the %E6. 7o Ee prepared for possiEly offering voltage staEili]ation services, the electrical Podels of %E6 and P9 allow for controlled reactive power into the grid. On the therPal side, we use the dynaPic siPulation platforP in DyPola 0odelica to analy]e the dynaPic Eehavior of the Euilding energy dePand and in particular the storage potential. 7his could Ee provided Ey the %E6 to the electrical grid in a controllaEle Panner, Eased on their heat-driven operation, under the constraint of the satisfaction of the user needs in terPs of heat dePand. 7he outcoPe of the project is a holistic systeP evaluation within a siPulation fraPework for %E6, independent on policies, to show the opportunities that are technically possiEle in the introduction of grid interacting %E6. 7he project will produce recoPPendations for the design of %E6 and their storage capacities for grid-interactive Euildings intended for supporting researchers, regulators and practitioners. 7he project Eneff:Stadt - Bottrop, Welheimer Mark analyses the opportunities for optiPal energy usage of heterogeneous city Tuarters, with coe[isting industrial, coPPercial and residential areas. 7he saPple region WelheiPer 0ark, oEject of this analysis, is part of the InnovationCity Ruhr t 0odellstadt %ottrop. 7his work relies on a co-siPulation fraPework with therPal and electrical Podels and tools. A geographical inforPation systeP GI6 dataEase Euilds the center of the overall systeP siPulation. It includes Euilding, energy supply systeP and electrical grid infrastructure data. 7he GI6 dataEase is essential for data PanagePent of a heterogeneous area. 6iPulation results, e.g. Euilding heat dePand or node voltage, can Ee analy]ed in a GI6 interface. 0oreover those results can Ee saved Eack to the GI6 dataEase to provide an easy way of Panaging siPulation result data.

0ichael Diekerhof, 0.6c. AC6

7 49 241 80 49735 Pdiekerhof@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de APir Pasha Javadi, 0.6c. E%C

7 49 241 80 49768 ajavadi@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. Jan 6chiefelEein E%C

7 49 241 80 49733 jschiefelEein@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

7he dynaPic therPal siPulations in 0odelica incorporate strategies for scheduling the operation of individual %E6 eTuipPent and investigating the interactions Eetween Euildings and the therPal grid. 7he iPpact of distriEuted energy supply units on the electricity distriEution grid is nuPerically evaluated in NEPLAN. 0odels of residential Euildings are autoPatically generated according to 9DI 6007 froP the GI6 dataEase. Industrial and coPPercial ]one Euildings are taken into account Ey either using electrical and therPal consuPption Petering data or calculated proƄles Eased on %DEW standard load proƄle paraPeters. 7he volatility and forecast uncertainty of renewaEle energy generation will Ee taken into account through prediction Pethods Eased on tiPe series analysis, which will Ee integrated into the co-siPulation fraPework.

7he project P9-KWK is perforPed in cooperation with 60A 6olar 7echnology AG and 9aillant GPE+. Grateful acknowledgePent is Pade to %0%F GerPan Federal 0inistry of Education and Research for providing Ć„nancial support, proPotional reference 13N13297. 7he project Grid Interactive %uildings is perforPed in cooperation with Fraunhofer Institute for 6olar Energy I6E and Fraunhofer Institute for %uilding Physics I%P . Grateful acknowledgePent is Pade to %0Wi GerPan Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy for providing Ć„nancial support, proPotional reference 03E71111%. Within the research project WelheiPer 0ark the institutes E%C and AC6 collaEorate together with the city of %ottrop, the industrial partners IPtech, infas enerPetric Consulting GPE+ and the InnovationCity 0anagePePent GPE+ %ottrop. Grateful acknowledgePent is Pade to %0Wi for providing Ć„nancial support, proPotional reference 03E71138D.

Cooperative Research | ERC | 33

From Smart Home to Smart City 7he transforPation towards sPart cities aiPs at Pastering current and future urEani]ation together with environPental challenges. 7he key is to integrate the electrical, therPal and coPPunication resources of the sPart hoPe, sPart neighEorhood and sPart city in a holistic Panner. Our projects in this area are developing the energy PanagePent strategies at all levels, the validation tools, the service developPent platforP, and the doPestic practical reali]ation. 7he foundation of our work was laid Ey the project Dual Demand Side Management (2DSM). 2D60 has yielded an energy PanagePent strategy to e[ploit the Ć…e[iEility of energy storage and of coupled therPal and electrical supply systePs to react to the needs of the supply grid with an increasing integration of volatile renewaEle energy sources. 7he storage technologies, including the therPal storage capacity of water tanks and the therPal Pass of the Euilding itself, act as cushion when therPal dePand cannot Ee Pet in real tiPe Ey the suppliers. 7he coupled electro-therPal heating systePs, including coPEined heat and power units C+P , heat puPps +P and heating rods, can shift their operation to tiPes when their electrical dePand or generation Eest Patches the supply Ey renewaEle energy resources. 7his operation supports the integration of interPittent, renewaEle, energy sources at the qcostr of scheduling these doPestic systePs on city district level. 7he analysis and validation of this type of energy PanagePent strategies reTuires a new concept of Pulti-doPain siPulation, which we have iPplePented in the platforP 0E6CO6 -0ulti-Energy 6ysteP Co-6iPulator-, developed in the 2D60 project. 0E6CO6 enaEles the analysis on city district scale of energy systePs, Ey providing the siPulation of such large systeP for up to a full year of operation. 7he siPulated systeP coPprises a large nuPEer of Euildings, including their therPal Eehavior, internal energy suppliers and energy conversion systePs, in coPEination with puElic energy grids. 7he Euilding energy systePs %E6 can Ee Podeled in 0E6CO6 in great detail, down to the hydronic heat 34 | ERC | Cooperative Research

+assan +arE, 0.6c. E%C

7 49 241 80 49804 hharE@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. Peter 0atthes E%C

7 49 241 80 49782 pPatthes@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. Christoph 0olitor AC6

7 49 241 80 49717 cPolitor@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. Ivelina 6toyanova AC6

7 49 241 80 49729 istoyanova@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. +enryk Wolis] E%C

7 49 241 80 49808 hwolis]@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

distriEution, using 0odelica language NEPLAN is instead used for the siPulation of the electrical energy distriEution grid. Controls and energy PanagePent algorithPs for Pultienergy systePs are also integrated in the platforP. 7he 2D60 control strategy is organi]ed in two phases scheduling phase for day-ahead planning, Eased on forecasts of the electrical and therPal dePand, and short-terP phase, in which deviations froP forecast are coPpensated for. 7he scheduling proEleP is forPulated as a Pi[ed integer linear optiPi]ation prograP 0ILP , suEject to the technical constraints of the electro-therPal heating systePs and the therPal coPfort of the residents. In the short-terP phase, deviations froP the day-ahead schedule are detected, evaluated, analy]ed and classiƄed continuously, and coPpensated Ey re-dispatching resources. 7he actuation, in terPs of switching on and off of the heating systePs, is coordinated to avoid transient effects due to siPultaneous switching. Another step forward is taken in the project SCoOP (Smart City quarters OPerating system), which will deliver a test Eed and Euildings Elocks to create and test easily cloud Eased 6Part Energy 6ervices for 6Part Cities. 7he 6CoOP platforP will Ee Euilt on the Future Internet cloud services to guarantee coPpatiEility with other services that use the FILA% technology. APong these services, we can picture for e[aPple the scheduling of the therPo-electrical systePs however the perspective of 6CoOP is Puch Eroader. 7he test Eed is designed to accoPPodate in the testing loop physical devices as well, such as gateways and controllers, or +P, C+Ps.

Dipl.-Ing. Christoph 0olitor AC6

7 49 241 80 49717 cPolitor@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Nicolas %err, 0.6c. AC6

7 49 241 80 49716 nEerr@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 7hoPas 6chÙt], 0.6c. E%C

7 49 241 80 49627 tschuet]@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

7he 6CoOP platforP will test new services and coPponents on different levels froP pure software testing to +ardware and Power-+ardware-in the-Loop testing. 7he pure software testing is suitaEle for cloud-Eased algorithPs, services and interfaces. 7o analy]e the integration and interaction of real hardware with the cloud, the testing Pust include real 6Part +oPe Gateways and Control 8nits, and this is achieved with the +ardwarein-the-Loop technology. FurtherPore, Power +ardware-in-the-Loop technology reali]es physical power e[change aPong coPponents of the 6Part +oPe systeP. Eventually the 6CoOP testing platforP developed at the E.ON Energy Research Center validates the 6Part City 4uarter froP the energy supply unit up to the cloud-Eased services. 7he transforPation to sustainaEle sPart cities, however, will not occur without innovative concepts at hoPe level. 7he project eHome develops a fully electrical hoPe energy systeP, which includes new concepts for electric heat supply and a local low voltage DC power distriEution. While the heating dePand of Euildings decreases continuously with the increasing effectiveness of insulation, a large share of the heat dePand varies with occupancy, interior loads and doPestic hot water consuPption. As a result, energy efƄcient Euildings have large ƅuctuations of heating power dePand and accordingly the heat generators operate often in partial loading conditions, thus with distinctly lower efƄciency. In this situation fast electrical heating systePs could Ee EeneƄcial. FurtherPore, considering the decreasing prices of photovoltaic P9 systePs and Eatteries, the full electrical hoPe Pay even EecoPe econoPically convenient, especially considering the self-consuPption of local P9 generation. In this project, different systeP conƄgurations of direct electric and hydraulic electric supply systePs will Ee deƄned, siPulated and evaluated.

Pooyan Jahangiri, 0.6c. E%C

7 49 241 80 49799 pjahangiri@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 0ohsen Ferdowsi, 0.6c. AC6

7 49 241 80 49732 Pferdowsi@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Antonino RiccoEono, Ph.D. AC6

7 49 241 80 49751 ariccoEono@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. +enryk Wolis] E%C

7 49 241 80 49808 hwolis]@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

In the electrical doPestic world, DC distriEution yields efƄcient power transfer to alPost all devices of a sPart hoPe. 7hree scenarios for the increPental integration of a DC distriEution systeP will Ee considered AC, hyErid, and pure DC. For the pure DC systeP, a DC Picrogrid setup using DC power distriEution coPprising power electronic converters has Eeen conceived and will Ee interfaced to the therPal doPain within the house. 7he control architecture will Ee Eased on a Pulti-agent systeP.

We gratefully acknowledge the support of E.ON ERC gGPE+ in these projects. Cooperative Research | ERC | 35

Multi-Agent Systems for Energy in Buildings and their interconnecting Grids 7he coordination of a swarP of energy resources reTuires reconciliation of individual and gloEal goals, and hustle-free set-up and tuning. 7his iPplies that each resource Pust have enough intelligence to understand its condition and needs, pursue its goals, actively contriEute to collective goals, and hence Ee aEle to coPPunicate. 7his way, only the inforPation and data that are really necessary are shared aPong resources and the operation can continue even losing soPe of the participants. 7his view Ć„ts well the distriEuted agent fraPework, where each agent controls one resource and all work together as a Pulti-agent systeP. 7his vision is applicaEle to resources within Euildings or grids and Euildings together. 7hese are the applications of agent control in the projects A%C and 67AGE respectively.

67andard AGents EnvironPent 67AGE

67AGE is an AC6-E%C cooperation research project, whose Pain goal is the reali]ation of a decentrali]ed control architecture that integrates DistriEuted Energy Resources DERs

in the energy PanagePent of low voltage grids using 0ulti-Agent 6ystePs.

Dipl.-Ing. 0a[ +uEer E%C

7 49 241 80 49796 PhuEer@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

7he Pain outcoPe of 67AGE is to create a control platforP for low voltage grids. PriPe use is voltage control, Eut the platforP Pust Ee open to accoPPodate fast and easy iPplePentation of new functionalities and the integration of new energy resources. +ence, the platforP itself Pust Ee independent froP the nature of the DERs and capaEle of autonoPous reconƄguration.

Artur LĂ“wen AC6

7 49 241 80 49730 aloewen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

In the iPplePentation, each DER is eTuipped with a controlling software entity called agent. 7he agents provide voltage regulation services to the grid Ey negotiating aPong theP to Ƅnd the Eest way DER operation to react to a voltage violation. In addition, the agents provide services to the Euilding using grid inforPation to shift electrical loads e.g. water heater, heat puPps, white goods and or supplies e.g. CoPEined +eat and Power units while guaranteeing therPal coPfort and econoPic efƄciency at all tiPes.

Antonino RiccoEono, Ph.D. AC6

7 49 241 80 49751 ariccoEono@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

7his 0A6 is tested in real-tiPe co-siPulation of different platforPs, which are Ć„t for Euildings, the electrical grid and the 0A6. A prospective Ć„eld test is currently in the planning phase.

We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of E.ON New %uild 7echnology Ltd and the E.ON Innovation Centers for DistriEution and 6Part +oPes.

Agent %ased Control 6trategies for non-residential %uildings A%C

Non-residential Euildings with coPple[ energy systePs often do not reach the e[pected energy efƄciency and indoor coPfort Eecause of lack of effective coordination Eetween resources coordination of when, how long and how Puch each device should operate

and Eecause of iPplePentation issues of the centrali]ed control systeP Ć…aws in wiring and setting . 7his project proposes the use of 0A6 as a solution to this proEleP. Each agent is responsiEle for one piece of eTuipPent or for assessing coPfort conditions. %y negotiating to achieve PiniPuP cost and Eest coPfort, the agents deterPine tiPe Ey tiPe, how Puch heat Pust Ee generated, Ey which device, and how this heat should Ee distriEuted around the Euilding. FurtherPore, the 0A6 Pust accoPPodate the introduction 36 | ERC | Cooperative Research

Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Ana Constantin E%C

7 49 241 80 49793 aconstantin@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. 7iPo IserPann AC6

7 49 241 80 49731 tiserPann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

of new agents with new coPponents of the energy systeP without Panually reconƄguring the e[isting architecture or changing the coPPunication protocols. What these agents do can Ee seen as a new type of Euilding service, that the pieces of eTuipPent installed in the Euilding Pust Ee intelligent enough to support. 7he new Pain Euilding of the E.ON ERC will serve as a dePonstration site for this new technology. 7his project focuses on the air conditioning systeP of the ofƄces, as the e[isting eTuipPent can easily accoPPodate the agent coPPunication. Each ofƄce rooP is eTuipped with a user interface and a faÄade ventilation unit. 7he energy for heating and cooling is delivered Ey water air heat e[changers supplied Ey an array of central generation units a heat puPp, a coPEined heat and power unit, and a Eoiler.

Artur LĂ“wen AC6

7 49 241 80 49730 aloewen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Prof. Ferdinanda Ponci AC6

7 49 241 80 49700 fponci@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

7he Ƅrst step of the project has yielded the ontology, which is the forPal knowledge of the world in the agentps view, for Pulti-agent systePs perforPing energy PanagePent in Euildings. 7his ontology is an e[tension of ontologies in literature Perged with e[isting standards, in particular %I0 Euilding inforPation Podel , the NI0 neighEorhood inforPation Podel and the 6GA0 sPart grid architecture Podel standards. 7he agents are installed in each energy supply coPponent that can Ee e[ternally controlled, i.e. heat puPps, coPEined heat and power units, puPps, fans, and in rooPs. Each ofƄce user persons or laEoratory Pachines, servers also gets his her its own agent, which Panages inforPation aEout user presence, location in the Euilding and coPfort preferences. Operatively, the agents can take on, Ey own initiative, Eehaviors like qPonitoringr, qnorPal operationr, qplug-in of a new coPponentr, qfault detectionr, and qadaptation to changing surrounding conditionsr. 7he Ƅeld of 0A6 for Euilding services is new hence it reTuires e[tensive analysis in near-real world conditions prior deployPent. 7o this aiP a Podel of the physical systeP together with the 0A6 is Ƅrst tested in co-siPulation, using DyPola 0odelica for the Euilding and eTuipPent Podels , and JADE for the agents. Agents and siPulation Podels are connected via 7CP IP thus easing the Pigration to Ƅeld iPplePentation where the saPe coPPunication protocol will Ee used. 7he pervasive Ponitoring systeP already installed in the Euilding, and particularly in reference rooPs where the energy supply to the rooP is Peasured in detail, allows assessing the perforPance of the Pethod in the Ƅeld.

We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of E.ON gGPE+.

Cooperative Research | ERC | 37

Occupant Behavior in Energy (IĆƒFLHQW UHWURĆƒWWHG 'ZHOOLQJV Who is to blame for the deviation between calculated energy rating and actual consumption in energy efĆ„cient retroĆ„tted multi-dwelling units" One third of CO2-EPissions and aEout 40 of total energy consuPption accrue in the Euilding-sector. 7hree-Tuarters of all e[isting Euildings were Euilt Eefore 1979 and have Eeen retroĆ„tted if at all, to only a PiniPal level energy efĆ„ciently. Despite nuPerous policy incentives the annual retroĆ„tting Tuota rePains at a low 1,1 . 7o validate the efĆ„ciency of advanced energy efĆ„cient retroĆ„tting, three Pulti-dwelling units froP the 1950s were retroĆ„tted in 2010. EconoPic, ecological and energy issues are addressed collectively in this ePpirical research project. 7he Institute for Energy EfĆ„cient %uildings and Indoor CliPate E%C , as a specialist for energy efĆ„cient retroĆ„ts, as well as the Institute for Future Energy ConsuPer Needs and %ehavior FCN with its e[pertise in econoPic Eehavioral research, are working hand in hand on this research topic. 7he retroĆ„ts were coPprehensive. 7hey included structural as well as Euilding systeP Peasures. 7o cover a Eroad spectruP, seven different retroĆ„t designs were iPplePented. A high resolution Ponitoring systeP provides to the Peans to track the technical functioning as well as user Eehavior, collecting precious inforPation aEout oEserved energy Ć…ows, coPfort conditions and air Tuality in the apartPents. In addition to the Ponitoring systeP, interviews with the occupants gathered further data. 7he coPEination of data allows profound insights into the overall situation on site. 7he real consuPption of the Euildings is, as e[pected, strongly affected Ey the occupantsp Eehavior. 7he distriEution of the speciĆ„c, related to one sTuare Peter Ć…oor space, energy consuPption for doPestic hot water D+W and heat energy +E of all apartPents for the year 2012 is shown in Figure 1. 7he spread for the +E is larger than for D+W, despite D+W is strongly affected Ey the nuPEer of occupants of the apartPent varying Eetween 1 and 4 . Further, evaluation of energy e[penditures show clear differences Eetween the different types of retroĆ„ts. As a result, it is evident that two of the si[ retroĆ„t designs perforP signiĆ„cantly Eetter than the others, as seen in Ć„gure 3. Future work will involve identifying the individual success-patterns in these two designs and Ć„nding the reasons underlying their therPal perforPance. First results show that occupants living in Eadly insulated Euildings Eehave Puch Pore energy aware than those in energy efĆ„cient Euildings. AcadePic literature coined the terP qPreEound-Effectr to descriEe this. 7he energy perforPance gap EGP inde[ is deĆ„ned as the fraction of the difference Eetween oEserved and e[pected consuPption and the e[pected consuPption. 7he e[pected consuPption here presented has Eeen calculated each year, using the Peasured weather data aPEient tePperature and solar radiation . 7he EPG of Euilding 2 and 3, illustrated in Ć„gure 2 for the year 2012 and Ć„gure 3 for the year 2013, is only related to the heating energy +E, which does not include transportation, storage, and conversion losses and is therefore a good inde[ to reveal how occupants use the heating and ventilation systeP. 7he EPG varies Eetween 27 and 342 in 2012, and Eetween -11 and 214 in 2013. 7he EPG is consistently lower in 2013 if coPpared to 2012 the occupantsp interviews and surveys leading to conseTuential occupantsp inforPation as well as technical iPprovePents contriEuted to this result. Nevertheless, in %3E2 the gap is still Eig one reason for this can reside in the ventilation heat recovery systeP, whether not used, or not working properly .

Davide CalÉ, 0.6c. E%C

7 49 241 80 49774 dcali@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 9eronica Galassi, 0.6c. FCN

7 49 241 80 49842 vgalassi@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Florian +eesen, 0.6c. FCN

7 49 241 80 49841 fheesen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. 7anja Osterhage E%C

7 49 241 80 49783 tosterhage@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Fig. 1 6peciƄc energy consuPption for D+W and +E of all apartPents in 2012

Fig. 2 Energy perforPance gap, related +E, of %2 and %3, in 2012

Fig. 3 Energy perforPance gap, related to the +E, of %2 and %3, in 2013

7he project is one of the Post e[tensive e[isting, Eased on its conƄguration and coPple[ity. It has proƄted greatly froP coPEining social with engineering sciences and offers new insights into a coPple[ research Tuestion area.

We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of %0Wi Federal 0inistry of EconoPics and Energy under proPotional reference 03E71105A and 03E74004. 38 | ERC | Cooperative Research

Fig. 4 E[pected and oEserved priPary energy of the Euildings in 2012

Testing E-Mobility in Fleet Operations t CO2-Free Delivery in %onn t qCO2 Go Greenr Ongoing Project 7 2012 - 6 2016 , funded Ey the Federal 0inistry for the EnvironPent, Nature Conservation and Nuclear 6afety %08 , Ref. No. 16E01032. Electric drivetrain technologies are playing an iPportant role for delivery ƅeets in the light of rising fossil fuel prices and steadily tightening CO2 ePission and urEan air Tuality legislation. In addition, parcel shipPents are escalating due to increasing electronic coPPerce. 7herefore, FCN is assessing the proƄtaEility as well as the life-cycle costs and ePissions of electrifying a postal delivery vehicle ƅeet in inner city districts for coPpeting Eattery technologies and different charging strategies. 7he total costs of the electric ƅeet are then coPpared with those of a diesel-powered ƅeet.

6tefanie Wolff, 0.6c. FCN

7 49 241 80 49838 swolff@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. Ilka %rePer PG6

7 49 241 80 49374 iErePer@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 6arah 8EEer, 0.6c. DPOR

7 49 241 80 96502 uEEer@or.rwth-aachen.de

7he overall goal of this joint research project with two further institutes at the RW7+ Aachen 8niversity PG6 Deutsche Post Chair of OptiPi]ation of DistriEution Networks

and two industrial partners Deutsche Post AG, LangPat] GPE+ is to identify the operational suitaEility of a large-scale Ć…eet of electric delivery vans under a variety of operating span, conditions seasonality, daily Pileage, charging strategies , and over a long operating life span. In particular, FCN aiPs at 1. 0easuring the total cost of ownership 7CO of electrifying a delivery Ć…eet in inner city districts, with respect to vehicle lifetiPe. 7wo Eattery technologies are considered, which differ, inter alia, in capacity and thus coverage, price, as well as in duraEility. Along with direct vehicle costs, indirect vehicle costs, such as installation and operating e[penses of the charging infrastructure, and environPental costs life-cycle analysis, LCA are also Eeing considered. 2. Finding a technological, econoPic and ecological optiPi]ation of charging strategies. 3. Assessing, additionally to purely Ponetary factors, CO2 and nitrogen o[ides NO[

ePissions of the postal electric delivery Ć…eet froP construction of the vehicles including Eattery production to usage Painly power generation and recycling, Ey Peans of a life-cycle analysis. It will thereEy Ee possiEle to identify potentials for cutting indirect CO2 and NO[ ePissions of electric delivery vans even further.

Fig. 1 Five out of 137 Electric vehicles, that are operated in the electric vehicle Ć…eet for delivery service, Deutsche Post, %onn 6ource DPD+L, J. =uPEusch

7he research at PG6 covers the electric installation infrastructure for large electric vehicle ƅeets, acTuisition and analysis of telePetric data, and the estiPation of technical, econoPic and ecological effects of ƅeet operation in respect to Eattery degradation and perforPance. In particular, PG6 aiPs at 1. EstiPating the daily driving cycles and hence driving distance. A Podel for consuPption in electric vehicle operated in distriEution services is developed considering not only purely vehicle characteristics such as weight and Potor power rating, Eut also the driversp proƄles, Eattery type and recuperation, and a varying energy consuPption depending on the prevailing aPEient and Poad conditions. 2. OptiPi]ing charging strategies regarding lower Eattery degradation and PiniPuP electricity charging cost. 7he infrastructure design and the vehicle infrastructure coPPunication setup have a Pajor iPpact on practicaEility. 3. Evaluating the iPpact of different charging strategies on grid and grid staEility as well as the possiEilities for ancillary services of electric vehicle ƅeets and Ponetary effect on Eattery ageing and costs.

Fig. 2 Depreciation of a light duty delivery vehicle without Eattery over the lifetiPe in years and distance travelled in tonne kP, 7K0

6ource 7ejada and 0adlener 2014

EPpirical data are taken froP a Ć„eld trial of Deutsche Post D+L in %onn, in three operational areas of delivery systePs including letters, packets, and Eo[es.

Cooperative Research | ERC | 39

,'( / t ,GHDO *ULG IRU $OO IDE4L is a 3 year dePonstration project funded Ey the European CoPPission 7th FraPework PrograP. 7he project will prove heuristically that active electrical distriEution networks, i.e. those that host generation, are PanageaEle and can even achieve Eetter reliaEility and continuity of service. 7o this aiP, project partners are designing and developing the ne[t generation autoPation architecture for distriEution grids that enaEles ancillary services froP distriEuted energy resource DER providers and technical and coPPercial aggregators. An array of new solutions for Ponitoring, control, and network planning, are designed, developed, prototyped and tested in the laEoratories of universities and research centers, and in the Ƅeld, hosted Ey the partner DistriEution 6ysteP Operators D6O . During this Ƅrst year of the project AC6 has led the developPent of a coPprehensive autoPation concept, which deƄnes the high level reTuirePents of the architecture. 7he concept, e[pressed in terPs of actors, functions and coPPunication links, was e[tracted froP the synthesis of the use cases of all the new applications in IDE4L. 7his includes the interaction of other stakeholders Eesides the D6O, naPely the 7ransPission 6ysteP Operator 76O , CoPPercial Aggregator and 6ervice Providers. 7his high level, draft autoPation architecture has Eeen deƄned following the 6Part Grid Architecture 0odel 6GA0 and constitutes the coPPon Eackground for developing consistent and interoperaEle IDE4L applications. 7he forPat of the draft architecture is ready for Ƅlling out the details Eased on e[isting standards, in particular the IEC 61850 series. If e[isting standards prove to Ee insufƄcient, the project partners will forPulate a suggestion for e[tension. Operatively, use cases of the applications are going to Ee forPali]ed as qdetailed use casesr in the 6GA0 tePplate, thus e[tending the Ƅrst description that has led to the draft architecture. 7his Peans that seTuences of operations, triggers, etc. will Ee well deƄned and allocated to physical devices. CoPPunication interfaces, functions and devices will, in turn, Ee deƄned in terPs of the IEC 61850 standards. 0erging these two sets of inforPation Peans deterPining for each step of each application what data is generated or needed, according to what data Podel, Ey what device, and coPPunicated with what protocol. 7he synthesis of these details yields the IDE4L architecture. 7his is an iterative process, which keeps in the loop 1 aEstract architecture developPent, 2 application developPent, 3 application iPplePentation and 4 Ƅeld test dePonstration. As a result, the IDE4L architecture is guaranteed to Ee Ƅt for the operations that are dePonstrated in the Ƅeld, as well as those that are conceptually Eut realistically

conceived. 7his Peans that the IDE4L architecture will Ee a solid reference for European distriEution grids, suEject of course to local adaptations Eut aEle to accoPPodate the foreseeaEle autoPation needs of the ne[t decade. AC6 plays a Pajor role in the developPent and testing of the autoPation architecture, Eut it is also involved in the deƄnition of Ponitoring reTuirePents, and e[tensively involved in the dePonstrations, serving as real-tiPe testing laEoratory. For this purpose, AC6 is upgrading its testing platforP for PeasurePent and Ponitoring systePs. 7his will host +ardware-in-the-Loop tests of pieces of eTuipPent to Ee deployed in the Ƅeld dePos, and used evaluate soPe of the IDE4L key perforPance indicators. In particular, the platforP will test real tiPe Ponitoring, state estiPators, secondary and tertiary control strategies. 7hese dePonstrations will Ee carried out using Podels of the distriEution grids of partner D6Os, thus yielding a key support prior to Ƅeld deployPent, and creating testing conditions that are not physically possiEle in the Ƅeld.

7his project is funded Ey the European 8nionps 6eventh FraPework PrograPPe for research, technological developPent and dePonstration under grant agreePent no. 608860. 40 | ERC | Cooperative Research

Antonino RiccoEono, Ph.D. AC6

7 49 241 80 49751 ariccoEono@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

MeProRisk II OptiPi]ation and Risk Analysis for Deep GeotherPal Reservoirs 0eProRisk is a scientiƄc network project of Ƅve GerPan universities RW7+ Aachen, F8 %erlin, Christian-AlErecht-8niversity Kiel, %ergakadePie FreiEerg, and 6chiller-8niversity Jena and a private coPpany. Within the second phase of the project, three different e[ploration ventures are Eeing evaluated with respect to their geotherPal energy potential. +eat froP in the Earthos crust can Ee harvested Ey circulating water for geotherPal heat and energy supply, Eut econoPically feasiEle utili]ation dePands sufƄcient tePperature and water ƅow. If this is the case, geotherPal heat provides a clean and sustainaEle contriEution to the renewaEle energy Pi[. +owever, since kiloPeter-deep drilling is an e[pensive endeavor, reliaEle inforPation aEout the suEsurface conditions is needed Eefore drilling. Geophysical Pethods allow sophisticated e[ploration of the suEsurface and the generation of realistic Podels Eoth regarding the geological structure and the physical properties see Figure . 7wo regions in Italy, one in Australia, and one in DenPark have Eeen identiƄed as possiEle geotherPal reservoirs. NuPerical siPulations of the suEsurface speciƄc heat ƅow, optiPi]ed Ey Peans of inversion, are carried out on discreti]ed Podels in order to achieve realistic tePperature and ƅow estiPates and evaluate the geotherPal potential. Further e[ploration is guided Ey identifying preferaEle sites for geotherPal heat e[traction and siPulations of possiEle utili]ation scenarios.

Dr. GaEriele 0arTuart GGE

7 49 241 80 49895 gParTuart@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Jan Niederau 0.6c. GGE

7 49 241 80 49894 jniederau@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dr. Ano]ie EEigEo GGE

7 49 241 80 49895 aeEigEo@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

7his project is funded Ey the GerPan Federal 0inistry for EconoPy %0Wi for a tiPe period of three and a half years.

Cooperative Research | ERC | 41

Characterizing Flow Properties of Soils by Geophysical Measurements 7his research project is part of the interdisciplinary 7ransregional CollaEorative Research Centre 32 7R32 and hosted at the Institute of Applied Geophysics and GeotherPal Energy GGE . In 7R32, the soil-vegetation-atPosphere systeP is studied Ey research groups at the 8niversities of Aachen, %onn, and Cologne and the Research Centre JÙlich in the Ƅelds of soil and plant science, rePote sensing, hydrology, geophysics, Peteorology, and PathePatics. 7he soil, vegetation and the lower atPosphere are key coPpartPents of the earth, where alPost all activities of Pankind take place. 7his region is characteri]ed Ey e[trePely coPple[ patterns, structures and processes acting at different scales in tiPe and space. 7he Tuantitative prediction of the systeP Eehavior, the research aiP in 7R32, constitutes a Pajor challenge to scientists and policy-Pakers, especially in view of the gloEal cliPate change see www.tr32.de for Pore inforPation . 7R32 was forPed in 2007 to integrate Ponitoring with Podeling and data assiPilation in order to develop a holistic view of the terrestrial systeP. Recently, the 3rd funding period froP Jan. 2015 until Dec. 2018 was granted Ey the GerPan science foundation, DFG. Process forPulations, e.g. for descriEing water transport in the partiallly water saturated ]one of the suEsurface, often rely on so-called paraPeteri]ations that replace coPple[ sPall-scale processes with Pacroscopic siPpliƄed descriptions. 7hese descriptions typically contain additional Tuantities that we refer to as paraPeters, which need to Ee deterPined ePpirically. Our project %8 aiPs at characteri]ing ƅow properties of partially water saturated soils without ePpirically deterPined paraPeter Eut Ey estaElishing direct relations Eetween structural soil paraPeters e.g., pore si]e distriEution and geophysical PeasurePents. In particular, the geophysical Pethods N0R nuclear Pagnetic resonance

rela[oPetry and IP induced polari]ation are considered in our project Eecause they provide coPplePetary inforPation aEout si]e and connectivity of the water Ć„lled pores. We perforP Eoth laEoratory PeasurePents and nuPerical Podeling at the Picro-scale e.g. 0ohnke et al. 2014E to attain our goal of characteri]ing Ć…ow properties of partially water saturated soils using these non-invasive Pethods. We study the spatial distriEution of water and gas at the pore scale together with their Ć…ow properties. 0oreover, we develop and apply siPulation tools for forward and inverse Podeling of water distriEution in the pores together with the N0R and electrical signals of these pores 0ohnke 2014 and 0ohnke et al. 2014a which enaEles us to predict soil properties such as water retention Fig. 2 . In the ne[t project phase, starting in Jan. 2015, we will estiPate Ć…ow properties in the Ć„eld for paraPeteri]ing hydrological Podels used for siPulating water and gas Ć…ow in the vadose ]one at larger scales Ey other 7R32 projects. For that, N0R and IP data will Ee utili]ed to proEe the suEsurface using a sliP-line logging tool Fig. 3 developed Ey project A1. 7he estiPation of Ć…ow properties reTuires the add-on of additional sensors as well as the further developPent of an joint inversion approach developed in the previous project phase.

Dr. NorEert Klit]sch PI GGE

7 49 241 80 49887 nklit]sch@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Fig. 1 Energy, CO2, and water Ć…u[es Eetween soil, vegetation and atPosphere govern weather evolution and cliPate. 7hese e[change processes are siPulated in 7R32 to provide Pore reliaEle weather, Ć…ooding and cliPate predictions

Fig. 2 Water retention pf curve predicted Ey the joint inversion of Pultiple N0R PeasurePents in coPparison to Peasured data

7he project is funded Ey the GerPan science foundation, DFG.

Fig. 3 7he N0R sliP-line logging tool developed Ey project A1 will Ee applied in the ne[t project phase 42 | ERC | Cooperative Research

'HYHORSPHQW RI D 'HVLJQ 7RRO IRU +RW 'U\ 5RFN )UDFWXUH 6\VWHPV In a joint project together with two other departPents at RW7+ Aachen 8niversity the Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and the Institute for CoPputational Analysis of 7echnical 6ystePs efforts are Eeing undertaken to iPprove the technology of deep geotherPal energy e[ploration. 7he controlled siting and creation of a fracture systeP in deep and dense forPations needs to Ee developed to the point where the engineered fracture systeP is designed as to serve the purpose of an efƄcient heat e[changer Eetween the hot dry rock and the water cycle driving a steaP power plant aEove ground. At the current stage of the project we develop a fracture propagation code Eased on the E[tended Finite ElePent 0ethod which will Ee veriƄed against large-scale hydraulic fracturing e[periPents in the laEoratory. A future stage envisages veriƄcation of the code at shallow depth in the Ƅeld and its coupling with an e[tensively tested nuPerical heat and Pass transport code on the reservoir scale. On a long perspective we intend to arrive at a nuPerical lay-out design tool for fracture systePs which evaluates different engineered heat e[changer geoPetries and ƅow scenarios according to their energetic, econoPic and environPental viaEility.

Dr. Karen WillErand GGE

7 49 241 80 49899 kwillErand@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Work has Eeen devoted this year to the optiPi]ation of the tri-a[ial testing facility for repeataEility in the e[periPental results. On the nuPerical side veriƄcation for the radialsyPPetric scenario of a penny shaped crack has Eeen started and is on-going.

7he project is Ć„nanced Ey the Federal 0inistry for EconoPic Affairs and Energy.

Cooperative Research | ERC | 43

+DUGZDUH LQ WKH /RRS +,/ E[tension of the +igh-6peed 7est %ench 7he facilities of the E.ON Energy Research Center include a 5 0W PediuP-voltage test Eench, which is specially designed for high-speed drives, up to 15,000 rpP. 7he supply voltage of the device under test qpower-electronicr converters or electrical drives is up to 5,000 9. CoPplePentary to the Center for Wind Power Drives CWD , where entire nacelles are tested, this high-speed test Eench is intended rather for individual coPponents cf. qPage 46, CWD articler . 7he uniTue ƅe[iEility of the test Eench allows studying various coPponents inverters, dc-dc converters, PediuP-freTuency transforPers and generators including their power-electronic converters or separately . 7he special gear Eo[ of the test Eench Pakes it especially interesting for high-speed generators. +owever, it can also accoPPodate coPPon industrial drives operated at 1,800 rpP. 7he e[tension for +IL testing includes the interconnection of the high-speed test Eench with the R7D6 real tiPe siPulator to enaEle closed loop testing of devices. 7o ensure an accurate and staEle operation during the +IL e[periPents, low latency Eetween the R7D6 and the device under test is critical. 7herefore, the connection Eetween the ERC test facility and the neighEoring ERC Pain Euilding, where the R7D6 is located, is reali]ed with high-speed ƄEer optic. FurtherPore, the R7D6 directly interfaces the control units of the power-electronic converters of the test Eench. 7his PiniPi]es the delay of data e[change, since internal coPPunication Euses of the test Eench are Eypassed. +IL e[tension of the test Eench enaEles testing of various devices in virtual environPents. 7hese include the siPulation of grids, e.g. to analy]e the operation of a converter in a weak grid scenario, and the siPulation of electrical Pachines. 7esting and certiƄcation are key aspects of the successful deployPent of wind turEines. We gratefully acknowledge the support of E.ON ERC gGPE+ in this project. 44 | ERC | Cooperative Research

Dipl.-Ing. Nils 6oltau PG6

7 49 241 80 49957 nsoltau@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 0arija 6tevic, 0.6c. AC6

7 49 241 80 49726 Pstevic@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

&HQWHU IRU :LQG 'ULYHV &:'

7he Center for Wind Drives CWD RW7+ Aachen is developing a 4 0W full-si]e nacelle test Eench that helps to spot and Pitigate design proElePs at early stages, and accelerates the certiƄcation process. 7he test Eench consists of ePulation interfaces, to which the nacelle is connected, that reproduce realistic Ƅeld conditions at Eoth the Pechanical and the electrical terPinals of the nacelle. A torTue controlled, direct-drive Potor transforPs the siPulated shaft torTue to the power level. A Non-7orTue Load N7L unit applies the forces and PoPents accordingly in si[ degrees of freedoP. 7hus all effects of wind Ƅeld can Ee ePulated at the shaft. At the electrical terPinals, a PediuP-voltage power electronic converter reproduces the conditions of the point of connection of the turEine to the electrical power grid. 7he electrical Tuantities at this interface are driven Ey real-tiPe siPulation of the grid. 7he real-tiPe siPulation of the electrical power grid is perforPed Ey the R7D6 hardware at a tiPe step of 50 ’s for representing fast grid dynaPics. 7he Pechanical real-tiPe siPulation iPplePented in a d6pace systeP, at a tiPe step of 10 Ps.

Nurhan Ri]Ty Averous, 0.6c. PG6

7 49 241 80 49958 raverous@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. Ale[ander +elPedag AC6

7 49 241 80 49713 ahelPedag@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. 0arco 6tieneker PG6

7 49 241 80 49956 Pstieneker@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

7he actual control of the converter driven Ey the siPulation is very challenging, Eecause of the dePanding dynaPic features and Eecause of the possiEle instaEility linked to the interaction, in closed loop, with the siPulation. 7he iPplePentation of a three-level claPped Podulation techniTue 3LC together with an LC-Ć„lter installation achieves at present tiPe a total harPonic distortion 7+D of voltage of less than 8 , while guaranteeing 3.5 09A power capaEility at the grid terPinal. Grateful acknowledgePent is Pade to North Rhine Westfalia for providing Ć„nancial support in the fraPe of the =iel2 prograP, co-Ć„nanced Ey the EFRE fund for regional developPent, proPotional reference 005-1012-0015.

$ *,6 EDVHG 'HFLVLRQ 6XSSRUW 6\VWHP for the Optimal Siting of Wind Farm Projects 7he diffusion of wind energy involves negative environPental iPplications due to various adverse effects on landscape, noise level, and wildlife. 7herefore, siting procedures related to wind facilities often trigger puElic protest. As locational choice is crucial for the success of wind farP projects, the goal of this study is to iPprove siting procedures Ey providing a holistic GI6-Eased Decision 6upport 6ysteP D66 . %ased on a two-step approach, the joint research project of FCN and PG6 aiPs at optiPi]ing wind farP siting procedures Ey Peans of a GI6-Eased Decision 6upport 6ysteP D66 .

+aƄ] AEu %akar 6iddiTue, 0.6c. PG6

7 49 241 80 49947 hsiddiTue@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de <asin 6unak, 0.A. FCN

7 49 241 80 49831 ysunak@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

In a Ƅrst step, optiPal locations are identiƄed Ey applying a coPprehensive Pulti-criteria approach that incorporates techno-econoPic, socio-political, and environPental criteria. 7hese criteria are weighted Ey Peans of the Analytic +ierarchy Process A+P according to their overall iPportance regarding the goal of Ƅnding the Post suitaEle sites for wind farP developPent. A speciƄc focus is on the incorporation of social acceptance-related paraPeters, such as visual iPpacts, in order to iPprove the siting procedure. 7he application of the A+P approach enaEles a classiƄcation of which sites are econoPically Pore viaEle, socially Pore acceptaEle, and environPentally Pore Eenign. In a second step, the econoPic utili]ation of areas identiƄed as Post suitaEle is optiPi]ed with respect to si]ing and layout of wind farPs. +ere, the Pain focus lies on the optiPi]ation of wind farP si]e with regard to energy yield and project costs. 7his generic D66 is a versatile and innovative planning tool for coPPunities and energy providers to iPprove land-use planning to Ƅnd optiPal locations for wind energy projects and, through the incorporation of social acceptance-related aspects, to avoid unanticipated project costs due to puElic resistance. In a pilot application the D66 tool has Eeen applied to the district of Aachen. We gratefully acknowledge the support of E.ON ERC gGPE+ in this project.

Fig. Wind farP siting optiPi]ation procedure 6ource FCN

Cooperative Research | ERC | 45

Enhancing the Flexibility of Conventional Power Plants 7he increased use of technologies for renewaEle electricity production has a signiƄcant iPpact on the Perit order of power plant dispatch. Conventional power plants are increasingly reTuired to operate as reserves to cover sudden ƅuctuations in volatile uncontrolled power generation, e.g. froP wind and solar power. In order to rePain qin the Poneyr, conventional power plants should Ee altered so as to work ƅe[iEly and proƄtaEly. 7herefore, this interdisciplinary research project evaluates the possiEilities of enhancing the ƅe[iEility of conventional power plants froP Eoth a technical and an econoPic perspective. In recent years, soPe Podern and highly energy-efƄcient power plants have e[perienced unfavoraEle conditions which have led to unproƄtaEle operation. 7he saPe factors have led to the shutdown of over-aged gas-turEine power plants. Also, Pany conventional steaP power plants have proElePs with the ƅuctuating generation of renewaEle power plants and cannot adjust their power generation to Patch the dePand as Tuickly as necessary. As operating a power plant Pore ƅe[iEly can iPprove its proƄtaEility, several innovative ideas for increasing the ƅe[iEility of conventional gas-turEine and steaP power plants are analy]ed in this project. On the PanagePent side, this leads to two possiEle actions either decide to divest and liTuidate the plant real options Podel with disinvestPent option , or invest in soPe cost-effective technology enhancePents that enaEle Pore ƅe[iEle operation, so as to Ee aEle to enter a larger variety of Parkets use of a real options Podel with option to upgrade the e[isting technical infrastructure .

Dr. rer. oec. %arEara Glensk FCN

7 49 241 80 49833 Eglensk@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dr. rer. pol. Christiane Rosen FCN

7 49 241 80 49838 crosen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 6edigheh RaEiee, 0.6c. PG6

7 49 241 80 49952 sraEiee@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

In the Ƅrst phase of the project, a real options disinvestPent Podel was developed. 6uch a Podel can answer the Tuestion of how long the power plant can still Ee operated and what is the optiPal point in tiPe to shut it down. We Ƅnd that this decision is highly dependent on the initial capacity factor the actual hours of operation in coPparison to the potential hours of operation and its suEseTuent developPent the Ƅnal decision is pathdependent . Our Ƅrst results suggest that stopping the plantps operation can Ee optiPal at very diverse values of the capacity factor. We also plan to further investigate the iPpact of the residual value of the power plant, including a thorough analysis aiPed at deterPining its value, as well as sensitivity analyses of the other Podel paraPeters for a roEustness check of the Podel. As part of the project, a selection of ƅe[iEility Peasures in the area of steaP generator, Ƅring systeP, and ƅue gas cleaning for the therPal power plants are suPPari]ed. 7hese Peasures are evaluated, Eased on incoPe, while considering the Parket price for electricity as well as the investPent and down-tiPe costs. 7he result of the study shows PodiƄcations in related to steaP generator in hard coal-Ƅred and lignite-Ƅred power plants lead to the highest investPent costs. A precise evaluation of the Peasures is achieved in a detailed Parket Podel including the technical fraPework and all Parket participants. Au[iliary systeP retroƄt with the utili]ation of power electronic devices and the resulting iPprovePent in the overall ƅe[iEility and efƄciency of the plant will Ee further investigated. As a ne[t step, a second real options Podel will Ee developed, which considers the Perits of operating the e[isting power plant Pore ƅe[iEly using additional coPponents, such as power electronic converters, storage systePs, or upgrades of e[isting coPponents. 7his can have several effects. %y Eeing aEle to control the power plant Pore efƄciently, Parkets where raPp-up tiPes are crucial Pight Ee entered Pore easily. FurtherPore, when sPaller Pagnitudes of power are reTuired, the turEine can Ee adjusted Tuickly without suEstantial loss of the plantps efƄciency. At the saPe tiPe, the ƅe[iEle operation of a power plant can lead to Pore and earlier Paterial fatigue, increasing the repair and Paintenance costs reTuired over tiPe. 7he investPent in upgrading eTuipPent can Ee regarded as irreversiEle, again justifying the real options approach.

We gratefully acknowledge the support of E.ON ERC gGPE+ in this project.

46 | ERC | Cooperative Research

Fig. 7he need for Pore Ć…e[iEility of conventional power plants due to interPittent renewaEles 6ource FCN

Technology-Based Energy Systems Analysis %y Peans of systeP-analytical Pethods, the potentials and iPplications of new technologies can Ee deterPined via 7echnology-%ased Energy 6ystePs Analyses 7E6A with regard to technical as well as ecological, econoPic, and sociological criteria. 8ltiPately, these assessPents provide soPe guidance for decision-Paking processes in politics, private econoPy and research.

Dr. rer. pol. Giovanni 6orda FCN

7 49 241 80 49837 gsorda@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

At present, the analysis and evaluation of energy technologies is strongly inƅuenced Ey the energy and cliPate deEate, which leads to the need for technological innovations with a focus on clean and low-carEon energy conversion, transPission, and storage solutions. In this respect the reduction of greenhouse gas G+G ePissions reTuires great efforts in research and technological developPent, though societal and econoPic constraints Pust also Ee accounted for in the analysis of energy systePs. In turn, G+G ePission reduction is a highly coPple[ issue that needs to Ee addressed Ey considering a Eroad set of technologies and interdisciplinary issues. All these elePents are consistent with the research coPpetences availaEle at Eoth the RW7+ Aachen 8niversity and JARA Energy www.jara.org . In an attePpt to foster interdisciplinary collaEorations and Euild capacity in this research area, FCN is taking part in a seed fund project JARA Energy 6eed Fund initiated Ey the RW7+ proƄle area qEnergy and ChePical Process Engineering ECPE q www.ecpe.rwthaachen.de . In particular, FCNps Pain task at the initial stage of this research consortiuP focuses on the qEconoPic Evaluation of CO2 Avoidance Costs of Different Energy Producing and Energy 6torage 7echnologies with an Outlook to 2050r. %uilding on the coPpetences and e[pertise gained via the seed-fund project, FCN plans to take part in long-terP research projects within the 7E6A project house, and in collaEoration with various other RW7+ and JARA institutes. In particular, FCN is involved in three working groups within the 7E6A research project focus their attention on the following issues 1 CO2 reduction costs of catalytic process 2 ƅe[iEility options for renewaEle energy technologies and Parkets and 3 optiPal conƄguration of wind energy facilities in coPEination with energy storage systePs.

Fig. ParaEolic collectors 6ource http iPages.nrel.gov

Cooperative Research | ERC | 47

&HQWUDO 2IƃFHV 7HDP ERC I E.ON Energy Research Center Director E.ON ERC

Rik W. De Doncker

+ead of Central OfƄces

6aEine 9ogel

AdPinistration

0artha Gorecki RoPina Reddig

+ead of IC7

Andreas GuEernat

IC7

Florian %echholt] 0urat 6even

+ead of 0echanical Workshop

+artPut 0oosPayer

0echanical Workshop

Jan Niklas Frant]en

+ead of Electrical Workshop

AchiP ReiPer

Electrical Workshop

Christian Eschhol]

48 | ERC | Central OfƄces 7eaP

Daniela Gorissen

6ilvia Kroll

0iriaP Ludwgis

Rafael Kocurek AndrÆ 7reEels

0arkus 6chPit]

Christoph 6pringenEerg

7hoPas +enn

0ichele +er]og

Wolfgang 7schÓp

David 6tenten

0arco 7hoPas

7he AdPinistration of the Central OfƄce acts as an interface Eetween the directors, professors and scientists of the E.ON ERC and their industry and puElic partners, students of RW7+ Aachen 8niversity and of other national and international universities, as well as the interested general puElic. 7he contacts Eetween partners and e[perts within the E.ON ERC and e[ternal interests aEout research projects or general inTuiries are arranged Ey the AdPinistration.

Dr. 6aEine 9ogel 7 49 241 80 49667 F 49 241 80 49669 svogel@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

In 2014, over 5200 Eilling orders were conducted Ey the AdPinistration OfƄce, which supports all Ƅve institutes with the daily accounting and Eook keeping. Projects like the relaunch of the new E.ON ERC +oPepage and the Annual Report 2014, the Energy Landscape dataEase, the dataEase for the RW7+ ProƄle Areas, as well as the design of Erochures and ƅyers are supported Ey the AdPinistration OfƄces. A new logo for the E.ON ERC and the Institutes has Eeen introduced to Ƅt in the corporate design of the RW7+ Aachen. 7his <ear, the AdPinistration organi]ed the Annual 0eeting, oGirlsp Dayp and the o6cience Nightp for E.ON ERC at RW7+ Aachen 8niversity again. New projects have started like the introduction of a center wide Tuality PanagePent and the puElication of a welcoPe Erochure for new ePployees. For 2015, the puElication of the new revised International Energy Cooperation PrograP is planned. 7he IC7 infrastructure of the E.ON ERC features a special coPple[ity Ey now, due to 600 processors, 100 server systePs and a wide range of different network conƄgurations of the Ƅve institutes. 7he institutes reTuire a high ƅe[iEility in Patter of data access. 7herefore, a 24h [ 7 Pode on all IC7 systePs including the IC7 Easic service as servers, storages, PCs, telephones and audio, video and Euilding technology is indispensaEle. 7he operational concept, which has Eeen developed for this purpose Ey the center IC7, is Eased on the operation of virtuali]ation technologies and intelligent storage systePs. 7his concept Peets the reTuirePents and has Eeen successfully estaElished within the scope of the replacePent of overaged IC7 systePs, at the Eeginning of the year 2014. 7hanks to the thereEy reduced systeP inspection window, the data availaEility has reached 99.97 , in the year 2014.

Dipl.-Ing. F+ Andreas GuEernat 7 49 241 80 49666 F 49 241 80 49669 aguEernat@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Along with nuPerous projects, the IC7-service-desk handled aPongst others over 5000 service reTuests over the course of the year and perforPed over 120 software installations every Ponth. At events, sePinars and video-conferences all institutes have Eeen supported in the Ƅeld of audio and video technology. In addition, the IC7 teaP assisted the institutes in nuPerous research projects. 7he Pechanical workshopps duty is the construction of coPple[ test Eenches and the creation of functional Podels for the researchers of the E.ON ERC. 6ingle parts are custoP-Pade or Pechanically forPed to Ƅt the speciƄcations of the e[periPental setups. 7he regular joE includes Euilding Paintenance and Paintenance work for the electrical installation. In 2014, the Pechanical workshop focused on a project in cooperation with the PG6 institute on wind turEine test Eenches for the new Center for Wind Drives CWD .

+artPut 0oosPayer 7 49 241 80 49677 F 49 241 80 49669 hPoosPayer@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

0ain task of the electrical workshop is to support the scientists of the E.ON ERC in the conception and reali]ation of test Eenches of different types. Design and Panufacture of tailored Picro controllers, e[actly to the needs of scientists as well as the review and repair of all electrical eTuipPent, according to the safety guidelines of 9DE. Projects in 2014 included the construction of the 6olar Declaton +ouse in F= JÙlich and the electrical installation at CWD in the new CaPpus. 7o iPprove their work the electrical and the Pechanical workshop have their own test halls inside and outside of the E.ON ERC 0ain %uilding.

AchiP ReiPer 7 49 241 80 49678 F 49 241 80 49669 areiPer@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

We are looking forward to continuing and intensifying the good cooperation in our teaP and with the directors and staff of the Ć„ve E.ON ERC institutes in the coPing years.

Central OfƄces 7eaP | ERC | 49

Chronicle January 15.

0ichÅle 0Ùller joins the E.ON ERC AdPinistration after passing their apprenticeship.

15.

RenÆ an 9oort joins the E.ON ERC IC7 after passing his apprenticeship.

February 05.

6trategy Peeting of the Central OfƄces.

27.

7he Central OfƄceos teaP celeErated Carnival with all colleagues froP the E.ON ERC.

Carnival

March 13.

E.ON FEN ColloTuiuP Dr. Erik Delarue froP K8 Leuven, gave a talk on q0odeling Electricity Generation 6ystePs On Integration of RenewaEles and CO2 AEatePentr.

20.-21. 7he EnO% 6yPposiuP 2014 with the topic qInnovations in the new-Euild and refurEishPent sectorsr takes place in Essen. 7he E.ON Energy Research Center was present with several topics. Girlos Day

27.

E.ON ERC hosted the Girlso Day. A group of 13 young girls froP different schools around Aachen and the sourrounding area attended work-shops in our Ƅve different institutes.

29.

After reaching the third place last year, the E.ON Energy Research Center indoor soccer teaP ranked third at the RW7+ Indoor 6occer Cup again.

04.

7he new E.ON Energy Research Center Annual Report 2014 is availaEle as a printed and online. Indoor 6occer Cup

April 02.-04. 7he 7th Annual 0eeting and 6cientiƄc Advisory %oard 0eeting of the E.ON Energy Research Center took place. 7he topic was qInnovation and Energy 0arketsr. 15.

E.ON ERC ColloTuiuP Fereidoon P. 6ioshansi, Ph.D froP 0enlo Energy EconoPics California, 86A, gave a presentation aEout q7he IPpact of DistriEuted Generation on 8tility %usiness 0odels +ow IPPinent, +ow 6erious"r.

50 | ERC | Chronicle

Annual 0eeting

May 14.

E.ON ERC ColloTuiuP 0areike 6chenk and Christop Loef gave a workshop aEout the Issue qPatentwesenr in the conte[t of the E.ON Energy Research Center.

Juni 6uPPer Party and %arEecue

24.

6uPPer Party and %arEecue at E.ON ERC.

July 04.

Central OfƄce has a workout to the =oo in Cologne.

31.

RenÆ an 9oort left the E.ON ERC IC7.

August RW7+ Fellow award

18.

0arkus 0aria 6chPit] joins E.ON ERC IC7 as a trainee.

Septemper 23.-24.

E.ON ERC ColloTuiuP Dennis %rinckPann presented his Paster thesis at PG6 on qE[plorative analysis of scenarios for wind energy in GerPany Eased on a visionary view of the energy supply systePr. 0arkus Plewnia closed the PG6 colloTuiuP Ey his Paster thesis presentation on q7he iPpact of ƅe[iEili]ation Peasures on the operation of conventional power plantsr.

October 01.

qWissenschaftsnacht 5 vor 12q

0ichÅle 0Ùller left the E.ON ERC AdPinistration.

November 11.

Professor De Doncker receives RW7+ Fellow award.

14.

E.ON ERC attended qWissenschaftsnacht 5 vor 12r for the fourth tiPe.

Dezember E.ON ERC ChristPas Party

12.

E.ON ERC ChristPas Party.

Chronicle | ERC | 51

ACS Institute for AutoPation of CoPple[ Power 6ystePs

Preface It is aPa]ing how every year at E.ON ERC Erings so Pany good news. 7he Ƅrst and Pain highlight of 2014 occurred in January, when we started the Perge with the Chair for Operating 6ystePs Lehrstuhl fÙr %etrieEssystePe . I consider this process the Post iPportant strategic achievePent wepve reached this year. 7here are Pany reasons for this statePent. 7he Post iPportant is aEout people AC6 has Eeen enriched with new PePEers, in particular Dr. 6tefan Lankes, who has Erought a new way of thinking in our Institute. 7his has Tuite an iPpact, Eecause for us, the AutoPation of CoPple[ Power 6ystePs is a very interdisciplinary challenge, at the crossroad Eetween Energy and IC7. One point of view alone is not enough to tackle this challenge, which instead reTuires daily interaction of researchers of Eoth doPains. 7his is what we have now at AC6 and I Eelieve I can claiP this is really uniTue for our Institute. 7he results have not Eeen slow in coPing. Our partners in the projects have recogni]ed iPPediately that AC6 can contriEute to research in a way that is Tuite uniTue. In our laEoratory we can apply approaches that are really difƄcult to replicate elsewhere. A good e[aPple is the project, funded Ey our internal foundation, and called 6CoOP 6Part City OPerating systeP , in which we are creating an innovative laEoratory where Future Internet 7echnology Peets Energy 6ystePs. 7his is a very good e[aPple of interdisciplinarity aPong power engineering, Pechanical engineering thanks to E%C and IC7. %ut 2014 has Eeen also an iPportant year for our funding schePe. It is the Ƅrst year when calls for +ori]on 2020 have Eeen opened. 6o far we could not have done Eetter after only one year we are already in three successful Consortia. 7he Ƅrst of these Consortia is called EL6A and it deals with IC7 solutions enaEling local Pulti-energy storage. I aP particularly happy of how this project was Eorn froP the collaEorations with partners such as %ouygues Energy 6ervices, 8nited 7echnology 54 | AC6 | Preface

Contact AC6 I Institute for AutoPation of CoPple[ Power 6ystePs 0athieustraÂźe 10 52074 Aachen GerPany 7 49 241 80 49700 F 49 241 80 49709 post_acs@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Further inforPations http www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Center Ireland and Engineering Ingegneria InforPatica, which are already our partners in other E8 projects. It is for us the Eest outcoPe when industry sees the value of a continuing collaEoration with us. 7he second project, IN2RAIL, is a good continuation of our e[perience in the railway doPain started with 0ERLIN in FP7. Again, it is rewarding for us to see that AC6 is a partner invited to join in follow up projects. Last Eut not least coPes FLE;0E7ER, which has Eeen our Ƅrst +2020 funded project and also the opportunity to start collaEorations with new partners, such as Politecnico di 7orino and the JRC, the research center of the European CoPPission. In parallel our current 5 FP7 projects are running very well. I would like to Pention in particular FINE6CE, proEaEly the project with the highest visiEility where AC6 has the technical PanagePent, and COOPERa7E, the project where I aP acting as Coordinator. In general I aP also very pleased with the teaPing effort with all our partners around Europe. 0ore projects proposals are currently under review. I aP looking forward to report Pore good news in this area ne[t year. Our network of collaEorations has Eeen growing signiƄcantly also at national level. First of all, 2014 has Eeen the year of the ofƄcial start of the ForschungscaPpus initiative. After one year of preparation, we are now fully operational. I aP fascinated Ey this coPpletely new way of doing research we are learning day Ey day the endless opportunities opened Ey this new funding schePa. 0ost iPportant, the closest link to industry is a key elePent for any engineering research. While the 0ediuP 9oltage consortiuP is already up to speed, 2015 will Ee the year of the Low 9oltage consortiuP. %ut ForschungscaPpus is not the only great result. 0any other projects funded in the schePes of the 0inistry of EconoPy %0Wi and Education %0%F

created new fantastic research opportunities for AC6.

Director AC6 8niv.-Prof. Antonello 0onti, Ph.D. 7 49 241 80 49700 aPonti@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

On the industrial side, I aP particularly happy aEout our collaEoration with Ericsson. 7he e[periPent perforPed in our laE evaluates if and how the ne[t generation of wireless networks, the so-called 4G under deployPent right now, fulƄlls the need of the energy systeP. 7his work is soPething really uniTue that can happen only in Aachen, thanks to the co-presence of our 8niversity and of EurolaE research center froP Ericsson. Our acadePic results too have Eeen e[trePely positive this year. Our puElication rate has Eeen draPatically iPproving this year, while the outlook for ne[t year is even Eetter. FurtherPore, three Pore assistants earned their doctoral degree Eringing the nuPEer of AC6 AluPni to 6. Out of theP, 5 have oEtained an acadePic position, 3 of which Eeing selected as professors in foreign institutions. All these positive results Erought a further growth of our Institute. AC6 is now larger than I could ever iPagine at the Eeginning of Py adventure at RW7+. 7his is a fantastic outcoPe that also Erings challenges. In our last strategy Peeting, at the end of 2014, a new organi]ational structure for the Institute has Eeen discussed and is Eeing iPplePented.

apl. Professorin Dr. Ferdinanda Ponci 7 49 241 80 49700 fponci@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

I also e[pect 2015 to Ee the year in which our joint initiative with E%C, 6EN6E, will take off to EecoPe a great reality in the landscape of our university Pore projects are e[pected to coPe enriching our e[perience in city Tuarters energy PanagePent. 2015 will also Ee the year of the ofƄcial release Ƅnal docuPent of the 9DE task force on 6Part City that I have had the pleasure to coordinate in the last two years also thanks to the trePendous support of Ivelina 6toyanova and 0ichael Diekerhof. We start 2015 with a new of way working that will Pake all our internal processes sPoother and Pore effective. I want to take this opportunity to thank all the people who play a leading role in this structure Prof. Ferdinanda Ponci, 0rs. %ettina 6chà fer, Dr. 6tefan Lankes, Dr. Ale[ander +elPedag, Dr. Antonino RiccoEono and 0rs. Nicole %ielders. 7hank you all for your good work and I aP looking forward to a new year of working together for that great challenge called Energiewende. Preface | AC6 | 55

Team ACS I Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems Director AC6

Antonello 0onti

apl. Professor

Ferdinanda Ponci

Chief engineer

%ettina 6chÁfer

AcadePic senior councilor

6tefan Lankes

OfƄce

Nicole %ielders

6ylvia 0eurers

Evelyne 6iPon

Research associates

Andrea Angioni 0arco Cupelli 0ichael Diekerhof 0ohsen Ferdowsi %aptiste Feron Ale[ander +elPedag 7iPo IserPann

6arah KhayyaPiP AsiPenia KoroPpili JunTi Liu Padraic 0cKeever Christoph 0olitor Aysar 0usa Fei Ni

Leonard OnwuegEuna 6iPon Pickart] Antonino RiccoEono =i[uan Rui AEhinav 6adu 7iP 6chlÓsser 0arija 6tevic

Ivelina 6toyanova Junjie 7ang Kanali 7ogawa RoEert 8hl Jing Wang ;iang Wu Lin =hu

6oftware developPent

Nicolas %err Jan +eiducoff

+akiPa Lakhdar Artur LÓwen

Jonas Otten

Lukas Walk

9isiting associate professor

=haohui Gao

Guest researchers

7oPPaso Caldognetto

Flavio Costa

7oPoyuki +atakeyaPa 0oein 0anEachi 0arco Pau 6tefano Lissandron

56 | AC6 | 7eaP

Research Projects Investigating L7E for DistriEuted AutoPation and Wide Area 0onitoring, Protection Control As contriEution to the EI7 project L7E46E L7E for 6Part Energy , an investigation of the potential use of L7E network 4th generation wireless for power systeP operation and control is perforPed jointly with the partner Ericsson GPE+. 7wo scenarios will dePonstrate if L7E can prioriti]e the energy coPPunication trafƄc under network overload conditions. 7he Ƅrst scenario is the rePote control of a wind farP using the IEC61850 006 Pessages, the second scenario is Wide Area Protection with IEC61850 GOO6E Pessages. 7his project is funded Ey EI7 IC7 LaEs under activity 14145, L7E 4 6Part Energy.

AEhinav 6adu, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49743 asadu@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

New 0onitoring Approach for DistriEution 6ystePs A novel Ponitoring solution for distriEution systePs, Eased on a scalaEle, data-driven approach, is in developPent. 7he distriEution systeP is divided into sections, which are estiPated separately. 7he oEject of the estiPation is the voltage Pagnitude at all nodes, as this is the relevant variaEle for Post applications, rather than the coPplete systeP state. 7he use of a data-driven techniTue enaEles estiPation in real-tiPe with only few PeasurePents at 09 and L9 levels and without using a Podel of the systeP. 7he iPplePentation is designed for ready, ine[pensive deployPent in e[isting suEstations.

0ohsen Ferdowsi, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49732 Pferdowsi@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Padraic 0cKeever, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49736 pPcKeever@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

A PlatforP for 7esting 0onitoring 6ystePs for Power 6ystePs 0onitoring systePs for power grids include sensors, PeasurePent units, tiPe synchroni]ation units, a coPPunication infrastructure, data concentrators and Ponitoring applications. A testing platforP has Eeen reali]ed, in the AC6 LaE, to assess the inĆ…uence of individual parts on the total perforPance of the Ponitoring systeP and to test the interoperaEility of coPponents. 7he power systeP is siPulated in R7D6, and the calculated variaEles, used as Peasurands, are sent to the Ponitoring systeP with industrial protocols GOO6E, 006 . 7he platforP includes the PeasurePent collection and storage for processing via Ponitoring applications, such as state estiPators.

Andrea Angioni, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49737 aangioni@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de AEhinav 6adu, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49743 asadu@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

An EPEedded 6olution for 0ulti-Agent Control of Power Electronic 6ystePs 7he optiPal use of availaEle energy via coordination of distriEuted resources challenges the centrali]ed systeP control. As distriEuted agents are instead a viaEle technology, we are developing a 0ulti-Agent solution iPplePented in ePEedded hardware, to control the converters that interface distriEuted resources to the grid.

Artur LĂ“wen 7 49 241 80 49730 aloewen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Fa67 - Find a 6uitaEle 7opology for E[ascale Applications Fa67 is a research project funded Ey the %0%F dealing with the process placePent in +PC clusters. It is assuPed that the current trend in hardware developPent will continue, i.e. the CP8 perforPance will grow consideraEly faster than the I O perforPance. 7o prevent these resources froP EecoPing a Eottleneck, Fa67 develops a new scheduling concept

Dr. rer. nat. 6tefan Lankes 7 49 241 80 49740 slankes@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | AC6 | 57

Eased on Ponitoring the systeP resources and locally adapting the distriEution of the joEs Ey Peans of process Pigration. 7he effectiveness of the concept will Ee dePonstrated in a prototype iPplePentation using applications like LA0A and Ppi%LA67. We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of %0%F Federal 0inistry of Education and Research under proPotional reference 01I+13004.

6iPon Pickart], 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49711 spickart]@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Geographically DistriEuted Real-7iPe 6iPulation of Power 6ystePs In this project we develop a geographically distriEuted siPulation platforP to operate two rePote real-tiPe digital siPulators, in particular OPAL-R7 located at 6IN7EF, Norway and R7D6 located at AC6, GerPany in real-tiPe co-siPulation. 7his new Pethodology for nuPerical siPulation of large-scale power systePs integrates rePote siPulation resources to Peet coPputational reTuirePents. FurtherPore, it enaEles rePote testing of devices Ey integrating hardware in the loop in this platforP. 6iPulation of an off-shore wind farP interacting with the Pain grid will Ee the Pain dePonstrator. We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of the project qProtection and Fault +andling in Offshore +9DC Gridsq ProOfGrids , nr. 215942, Ey the Research Council of Norway under the prograP Renergi - Knowledge-Euilding Project for Industry KPN .

0arija 6tevic, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49726 Pstevic@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

6iPulation PlatforP to 9alidate a Cloud-Eased 9irtual Power Plant 7he real-tiPe siPulation fraPework developed in the project FINE6CE enaEles realistic testing and validation of a Cloud-Eased 9irtual Power Plant 9PP . 7he Cloud-Eased 9PP coordinates DistriEuted Energy Resources DERs within a power systeP, all siPulated with a Real-7iPe Digital 6iPulator R7D6 . 7o provide coPPunication Eetween the 9PP platforP and the DERs, the infrastructure of the AC6 laEoratory is e[tended with a gateway that enaEles data e[change Eetween the FI-WARE Cloud platforP of the 9PP and R7D6, where the DERs are siPulated. 7his project is funded Ey the European 8nionps 6eventh FraPework PrograPPe for research, technological developPent and dePonstration under grant agreePent no. 604677.

Nicolas %err, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49716 nEerr@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 0arija 6tevic, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49726 Pstevic@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Developing the Railway Energy 0anagePent 6ysteP RE0-6

7he FP7 0ERLIN project develops and dePonstrates the viaEility of an integrated RE0-6 for Pore sustainaEle and optiPi]ed energy usage in European electric Painline railway systePs. 7he new hyErid centrali]ed-decentrali]ed RE0-6 architecture, links intelligent digital suEstations to the Energy 0anagePent 6ysteP in the control center, to reali]e coordinated day-ahead and Pinute-ahead optiPi]ation of energy usage. 7he architecture is developed on the 6GA0 fraPework, using e[isting technologies and standards and guiding their future harPoni]ation. 7his project is funded Ey the European 8nionps 6eventh FraPework PrograPPe for research, technological developPent and dePonstration under grant agreePent no. 314125.

58 | AC6 | Research Projects

6ara KhayyaPiP, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49723 skhayyaPiP@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

0ulti-Agent Driving Range Prediction and Energy OptiPi]ation for Electric 9ehicles 7odayps driving range of electric vehicles is very liPited. 7his issue is addressed Ey AC6 in the project RACE Ey utili]ing the availaEle energy at Eest. 7o this aiP, we have developed an intelligent prediction and energy PanagePent systeP to Ee installed on Eoard to e[tend the driving range. 7his systeP Pust Ee safe, reliaEle and highly efƄcient. 7o Peet all these reTuirePents, we designed it Eased on 0ulti-Agent technology. Results show that a driving range e[tension of 40 can Ee achieved. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of %0Wi Federal 0inistry of EconoPics and 7echnology under proPotional reference 010E12007.

Dipl.-Ing. 7iPo IserPann 7 49 241 80 49731 tiserPann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Load 7ypes and their Challenges to 6taEility 7his project investigates the inĆ…uence of control Eandwidth on the staEility of a power systeP with DC sources and loads interfaced through power electronic converters. 7he tight control of a converter Pakes it Eehave like constant power load CPL type, which Pay cause instaEility of the Eus voltage. +owever, load types with other characteristics Pay cause the PiniPuP staEility Pargin to occur at an operating point different froP that of the CPL case.

Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. 0arco Cupelli 7 49 241 80 49715 Pcupelli@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

DevelopPent of a PlatforP for +ardware-in-the-Loop 7esting of 0icrogrids In this project we have coPEined power-+IL P+IL and signal-+IL 6+IL into one coPprehensive platforP. 7his platforP is designed for testing the systeP level controller Energy 0anagePent 6ystePs E06 and hardware controllers in 6+IL, together with power converters and loads at power level in P+IL. 7his universal platforP not only can test the individual coPponents of a Picrogrid Eut also their perforPance as a systeP.

Jing Wang, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49718 jwang@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

An EfƄcient 0ethod for ProEaEilistic Load Flow Analysis In this project, a Pethod is developed for proEaEilistic load ƅow PLF analysis to efƄciently incorporate e[isting and ePerging uncertainty sources, particularly those arising froP load dePand and renewaEle generation. 7his proEaEilistic load ƅow analysis coPEines stochastic response surface Pethod 6R60 and traditional deterPinistic load ƅow calculation. +ence it achieves coPputational and analytical efƄciency, whilst Paintaining high accuracy, coPpared with 0onte Carlo siPulation 0C6 and analytical approaches. FurtherPore, this Pethod is widely applicaEle to Eoth transPission and distriEution networks.

Fei Ni, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49727 fni@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | AC6 | 59

Selected Publications 6cientiƄc peer reviewed journals J. Liu, F. Ponci, A. 0onti, C. 0uscas, P.A. Pegoraro, 6. 6ulis, qOptiPal 0eter PlacePent for RoEust 0easurePent 6ystePs in Active DistriEution Gridsq, IEEE 7ransactions on InstruPentation and 0easurePent, 9oluPe 63, Issue 5, PuElication <ear 2014, Pages 1096-1105. A. +elPedag, 7. IserPann A. 0onti, qFault Ride 7hrough CertiƄcation of Wind 7urEines %ased on a +ardware in the Loop 6etup,q IEEE 7ransactions on InstruPentation and 0easurePent, 9oluPe 63, Issue 10, PuElication <ear 2014, Pages 2312-2321. A. +elPedag, 7. IserPann, 8. JassPann, D. Radner, D. AEel, G. JacoEs, and A. 0onti, q7esting nacelles of wind turEines with a hardware in the loop test Eenchq, InstruPentation 0easurePent 0aga]ine, IEEE, 9oluPe 17, Issue 5, PuElication <ear 2014, Pages 26-33. C. 0uscas, 6. 6ulis, A. Angioni, F. Ponci, A. 0onti, qIPpact of Different 8ncertainty 6ources on a 7hree-Phase 6tate EstiPator for DistriEution Networksr, IEEE transactions on instruPentation and PeasurePent I0, 9oluPe 63, Issue 9, PuElication <ear 2014, Pages 2200-2209. G. 6ulligoi, D. %osich, G. Giadrossi, L. =hu, 0. Cupelli, A. 0onti, q0ulticonverter 0ediuP 9oltage DC Power 6ystePs on 6hips Constant-Power Loads InstaEility 6olution 8sing Lineari]ation via 6tate FeedEack Controlr, IEEE transactions on sPart grid, PuElication <ear 2014, 9oluPe 5, Issue 5, Pages 2543-2552. N. 6oltau, +. 6tagge, R. W. De Doncker, 0. 6tevic, A. +elPedag, A. 0onti, qCoPPissioning of a +igh-Power 7est %ench and E[tension for +IL 7estingr, Aachen E.ON Energy Research Center, RW7+ Aachen 8niv. 2014 , 9oluPe 6, Issue 4. W. Li, 0. Ferdowsi, 0. 6tevic, A. 0onti, F. Ponci, qCo-siPulation for 6Part Grid CoPPunicationsr, IEEE 7ransactions on Industrial InforPatics, 9oluPe 10, Issue 4, PuElication <ear 2014, Pages 2374-2384. A. %enigni, A. 0onti, R. A. Dougal, qLatency-%ased Approach to the 6iPulation of Large Power Electronics 6ystePsr, IEEE 7ransactions on Power Electronics, 9oluPe 29 , Issue 6, PuElication <ear 2014, Pages 3201-3213. W. Li, A. 0onti, F Ponci, qFault Detection and ClassiƄcation in 0ediuP 9oltage DC 6hipEoard Power 6ystePs With Wavelets and ArtiƄcial Neural Networksr, 7ransactions on InstruPentation and 0easurePent, 9oluPe 63, Issue 11, PuElication <ear 2014, Pages 2651-2655. P. Castello, J. Liu, C. 0uscas, P.A. Pegoraro, F. Ponci, A. 0onti, qA Fast and Accurate P08 AlgorithP for P 0 Class 0easurePent of 6ynchrophasor and FreTuencyr, IEEE 7ransactions on InstruPentation and 0easurePent, 9oluPe 63 , Issue 12, 2014 , Pages 2837-2845. D. Della Giustina, 0. Pau, P.A. Pegoraro, F. Ponci, 6. 6ulis qDistriEution 6ysteP 6tate EstiPation PeasurePent issues and challengesr, IEEE InstruPentation and 0easurePent 0aga]ine, Dec. 2014, Pages 36-42. A. 0onti, F. Ponci, J. Liu , A. Angioni, qDistriEution Grid 0onitoring challenges and related coPple[ityr Pr]eglad Elektrotechnic]ny Review on Electrical Engineering , No 9oluPe 12, 2013, Pages 7.

60 | AC6 | 6elected PuElications

J. Wang, <. 6ong, W. Li, L. Guo, A. 0onti, qDevelopPent of a 8niversal PlatforP for +ardware In-the-Loop 7esting of 0icrogridsr, IEEE 7ransactions on Industrial InforPatics, 9oluPe 10, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 2154-2165. 0. Cupelli, L. =hu, L. A. 0onti, qWhy Ideal Constant Power Loads Are Not the Worst Case Condition FroP a Control 6tandpointr, IEEE 7ransactions on 6Part Grid, 9oluPe PP, Issue 99, 2014, Pages 11 already availaEle on IEEE ;plore . A. %enigni, A. 0onti, qA Parallel Approach to Real-7iPe 6iPulation of Power Electronics 6ystePsr, IEEE 7ransactions on Power Electronics 9oluPe PP, Issue 99, 2014, Pages 1 already availaEle on IEEE ;plore . C. 0olitor, 6. Gross, J. =eit], A. 0onti, q0E6CO6 - A 0ultienergy 6ysteP CosiPulator for City District Energy 6ystePsr, IEEE 7ransactions on Industrial InforPatics, PuElication <ear 2014, 9oluPe 10, Issue 4, Pages 2247-2256. C. 0uscas, 0. Pau, P. A. Pegoraro, 6. 6ulis, F. Ponci, A, 0onti, q0ultiarea DistriEution 6ysteP 6tate EstiPationr, IEEE 7ransactions on InstruPentation and 0easurePent, 9oluPe PP, Issue 99, 2014, Pages 1 already availaEle on IEEE ;plore .

6cientiƄc peer reviewed conference proceedings papers 7. 6chloesser, A. Angioni, F. Ponci, A. 0onti, qIPpact of Pseudo-0easurePents froP new Load ProƄles on 6tate EstiPation in DistriEution Gridsr, IEEE 2014 International InstruPentation and 0easurePent 7echnology Conference I207C , Pages 625-630. 0. Ferdowsi, A. Loewen, P. 0cKeever, F. Ponci, A. 0onti, qNew 0onitoring Approach for DistriEution 6ystePsr, IEEE 2014 International InstruPentation and 0easurePent 7echnology Conference I207C , Pages 1506-1511. C. 0uscas, 0. Pau, P. A. Pegoraro, 6. 6ulis, F. Ponci, A. 0onti, q7wo-6tep Procedures for Wide-Area DistriEution 6ysteP 6tate EstiPationr, IEEE 2014 International InstruPentation and 0easurePent 7echnology Conference I207C , Pages 1517-1522. I. 6toyanova, 0. %iglarEegian, A. 0onti, qCooperative Energy 0anagePent Approach for 6hort-terP CoPpensation of DePand and Generation 9ariationsr, 8th Annual IEEE 6ystePs Conference 6ysCon 2014, Pages 559-566, 0arch 31 2014 - April 3 2014. 7. 6chloesser, 6. 6tinner, A. 0onti, D. 0Ùller, rAnaly]ing the iPpact of +oPe Energy 6ystePs on the electrical gridr, 18th Power 6ystePs CoPputation Conference P6CC

2014, August 18-22, 2014, Pages 1-7. A. 6adu, A. Angioni, J. Liu, F. Ponci, A. 0onti, qA platforP for testing Ponitoring systePs for the power distriEution gridr, IEEE Workshop on Applied 0easurePents in Power 6ystePs A0P6 2014, Pages 92-98. 0. Ferdowsi, %. =argar, F. Ponci, A. 0onti, qDesign considerations for artiƄcial neural network tEased estiPators in Ponitoring of distriEution systePsr, IEEE Workshop on Applied 0easurePents in Power 6ystePs A0P6 2014, Pages 115-121. 0. Ferdowsi, A. 0onti, F. Ponci, G. Fathi, rDePand side PanagePent veriƄcation systeP for electric vehiclesr, IEEE Workshop on Applied 0easurePents in Power 6ystePs A0P6 2014, Pages 149-155. A. %enigni, +.L. Ginn, A. Lowen, F. Ponci, A. 0onti, qAn ePEedded solution for Pultiagent control of PE%% Eased power electronic systePsr IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Energy 6ystePs IWIE6 2014, Pages 12-17.

6elected PuElications | AC6 | 61

0., Diekerhof, J. 6chiefelEein, A. Javadi, A. 0onti, D. 0Ùller, rIntegrated planning tool for dynaPic Pulti-physics siPulation of Pi[ed-use areasr, 9DE- Kongress 6Part Cities 2014, Pages 1-6. J. 6chiefelEein, A. Javadi, 0. Diekerhof, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, A. 0onti, rGI6 supported city district energy systeP Podelingr, 9th International Conference on 6ysteP 6iPulation in %uildings 66% 2014, Pages 1-17. 7. IserPann, 6. 6ester, A. 0onti, rA 0ulti-Agent %ased Energy 0anagePent 6ysteP for Electric 9ehiclesr, IEEE 9ehicle Power and Propulsion Conference 9PPC 2014, 6preading E-0oEility Everywhere, OctoEer 27-30, 2014, Pages 1-6. J. Wang <. 6ong, A. 0onti, qA study of feedforward control on staEility of grid-parallel inverter with various grid iPpedancer IEEE 5th International 6yPposiuP on Power Electronics for DistriEuted Generation 6ystePs PEDG 2014, Pages 1-8. 0. Diekerhof, 6. 9orkaPpf, A. 0onti, qDistriEuted OptiPi]ation AlgorithP for +eat PuPp 6chedulingr 2014 5th IEEE PE6 International Conference and E[hiEition on Innovative 6Part Grid 7echnologies I6G7 Europe , OctoEer 12-15 2014, Page 1-6. P. Gugale, J. Wang, %. Alt, +. 0Ùller, A. 0onti, rDevelopPent of Network DiPensioning Guidelines for RenewaEle Islandr 2014 5th IEEE PE6 International Conference and E[hiEition on Innovative 6Part Grid 7echnologies I6G7 Europe , OctoEer 12-15 2014, Pages 1-6. 0. Cupelli, 0. 0oghiPi, A. RiccoEono, A. 0onti, qA CoPparison Eetween 6ynergetic Control and FeedEack Lineari]ation for staEili]ing 09DC 0icrogrids with Constant Power Loadr, 2014 5th IEEE PE6 International Conference and E[hiEition on Innovative 6Part Grid 7echnologies I6G7 Europe , OctoEer 12-15 2014, Pages 1. I. 6toyanova, 0. %iglarEegian, A. 0onti, qCooperative energy PanagePent approach for short-terP coPpensation of dePand and generation variationsr, 8th Annual IEEE 6ystePs Conference 6ysCon , 2014, Pages 559-566. J. Wang, D.D. Konikkara, A. 0onti, rA generali]ed approach for harPonics and unEalanced current coPpensation through inverter interfaced distriEuted generatorr, IEEE 5th International 6yPposiuP on Power Electronics for DistriEuted Generation 6ystePs PEDG , 2014, Pages 1-8. 6. Pickart], P. ReEle, C. Claus, 6. Lankes, q6WIF7 A 7ransparent and Fle[iEle CoPPunication Layer for PCIe-Coupled Accelerators and Co- Processorsr, Parallel DistriEuted Processing 6yPposiuP Workshops IPDP6W , 2014 IEEE International, Pages 371-380. 6. Repo, F. Ponci, D. Della Giustina, q+olistic 9iew of Active DistriEution Network and Evolution of DistriEution AutoPationr, IEEE PE6 I6G7 Europe 2014 Innovative 6Part Grid 7echnologies, OctoEer 13-15 2014, IstanEul, 7urkey, Pages 1-6. I. 6toyanova, A. 0onti, R. 6peh, r0odulares Kon]ept fÙr die 0odellierung, 6iPulation und OptiPierung von 6Part Citiesq, 9DE-Kongress 2014, Frankfurt.

62 | AC6 | 6elected PuElications

%ooks and chapters Chapter qElectric Power 6ystePsr, Pages 31-66, authors A. 0onti, F. Ponci %ook title qIntelligent 0onitoring, Control, and 6ecurity of Critical Infrastructure 6ystePsr 6eries 6tudies in CoPputational Intelligence, 9oluPe 565, Elias Kyriakides, 0arios Polycarpou, Eds. 2015, ;II, 359 p. 6pringer 9erlag. Chapter q0igration 7echniTues in +PC EnvironPentsr, authors 6. Pickart], R. Gad, 6t. Lankes, L. Nagel, 7. 6Ù¼, A. %rinkPann, 6t. KrePpel %ook titel Euro-Par 2014, Parallel Processing Workshops, 9oluPe 8806, Pages 486497, 6pringer 9erlag. Editors LuÊs Lopes, Julius nilinskas, Ale[andru Costan, RoEerto G. Cascella, GaEor KecskePeti, EPPanuel Jeannot, 0ario Cannataro, Laura Ricci, 6iegfried %enkner, 6alvador Petit, 9ittorio 6carano, JosÆ Gracia, 6ascha +unold, 6tephen L. 6cott, 6tefan Lankes, Christian Lengauer, Jes×s Carretero, Jens %reitEart, 0ichael Ale[ander, %ook title Euro-Par 2014 Parallel Processing Workshops, Euro-Par 2014 International Workshops, Porto, Portugal, August 25-26 2014, Revised 6elected Papers, Part II, 9oluPe 8806, 6pringer 9erlag. Editors LuÊs Lopes, Julius nilinskas, Ale[andru Costan, RoEerto G. Cascella, GaEor KecskePeti, EPPanuel Jeannot, 0ario Cannataro, Laura Ricci, 6iegfried %enkner, 6alvador Petit, 9ittorio 6carano, JosÆ Gracia, 6ascha +unold, 6tephen L. 6cott, 6tefan Lankes, Christian Lengauer, Jes×s Carretero, Jens %reitEart, 0ichael Ale[ander, %ook title Euro-Par 2014 Parallel Processing Workshops, Euro-Par 2014 International Workshops, Porto, Portugal, August 25-26 2014, Revised 6elected Papers, Part I, 9oluPe 8805, 6pringer 9erlag.

6elected PuElications | AC6 | 63

Chronicle January Prof. 0onti and Padraic 0cKeever participate in the workshop on sPart grid reTuirePents on coPPunication for 5G. Prof. 0onti and 6ara KhayyaPiP participate in a workshop on E8 FP7 project 0ERLIN. Evelyne 6iPon joins the institute to support the AC6 ofƄce. 6tefano Lissandron joins AC6 for a research stay of nine Ponths. Prof. =haohui Gao starts her twelve Ponth stay at AC6 as a visiting scholar. Prof. Ponci starts a new terP as elected AdCoP PePEer of the IEEE InstruPentation and 0easurePent 6ociety.

February A workshop for E8 FP7 project COOPERA7E is held in Aachen. 7he E8 FP7 project GE<6ER holds a project Peeting in =Ùrich with participation of Prof. 0onti and 0arco Cupelli. Prof. 0onti and 6ara KhayyaPiP present the project 0ERLIN at the Railway Working group of DKE. Prof. 0onti and Ivelina 6toyanova participate at the 9DE task force 6Part City Peeting in Frankfurt.

March Prof. 0onti serves as e[ternal PePEer of Ph.D. dissertation defense CoPPittee at the Ecole Centrale de Paris. 7he general Peeting of E8 FP7 project FINE6CE is held in 0adrid with the participation of AC6 as 7echnical 0anagePent of the project and research representatives. 7he general Peeting of E8 FP7 project Cooperate is held in 0anchester with AC6 participation as Coordinator of the project and research representatives. %ettina 6chĂ fer and Ale[ander +elPedag participate in the industry workshop on the Center for Wind Power Drives CWD held in Aachen on RW7+ CaPpus. Prof. 0onti attends the Grid 0eeting in %russels and presents qFINE6CEr. 6tefan Lankes, 6iPon Pickart], Nicolas %err and Jan +eiducoff join the institute. AC6 graduate Dr. JunTi Liu leaves the institute to work in industry. 7oPoyuki +atakeyaPa froP +itachi joins AC6 as guest researcher for one year.

64 | AC6 | Chronicle

%owling Event

Prof. Ponci participates in the Advisory %oard of the project INCREA6E, sponsored Ey the E8 7th FraPework PrograPPe. Antonino RiccoEono and Andrea Angioni participate to a three day IDE4L project Peeting in 6tockholP.

April Prof. 0onti visits the Joint Research Council Facilities of the European CoPPission in Petten NL . Prof. 0onti, Padraic 0cKeever and 0ohsen Ferdowsi attend ECFI in %russels in support of FP7 project FINE6CE. Prof. 0onti gives a talk in the Energy 6ession. 7he yearly E.ON ERC Annual 0eeting takes place on April 3rd and 4th with the focus on qInnovation and Energy 0arketsr.

Annual 0eeting

Prof. 0onti gives a 6ePinar on Future Grids at F+ Aachen in JÙlich. Prof. 0onti serves as E[ternal CoPPittee 0ePEer of a Ph.D. dissertation defense at 78 Eindhoven NL . Prof. 0onti attends the 6Part Grid 6uPPit in 0alaga and presents the FP7 project qFINE6CEr.

May 7he E8 FP7 project FINE6CE holds the First <ear Review in 0alPÓ with participation of Prof. 0onti and Padraic 0cKeever. 7he ForschungscaPpus for Fle[iEle Electrical Networks is visited Ey the reviewers froP 8niversity Kassel Prof. %raun and 78 IlPenau Prof. WesterPann as well as representatives froP 6iePens and ProjekttrÁger JÙlich. Prof. 0onti and 0arco Cupelli attend the General 0eeting of E8 FP7 Project GE<6ER in DuElin. Prof. 0onti, Ivelina 6toyanova and 0ichael Diekerhof participate in the 9DE task force 6Part City Peeting in Frankfurt.

June Prof. 0onti, %ettina 6chÁfer and 0arija 6tevic visit the EDF R D laE close to Paris. 7he General 0eeting of the E8 FP7 project FINE6CE is held in Aachen. Prof. 0onti, Padraic 0cKeever and %ettina 6chÁfer attend the Ericsson Innovation day, where Prof. 0onti runs a creative session on sPart grids. 6ara KhayyaPiP attends the FP7 project 0ERLIN Conference in Antwerp.

Grill Party

AEhinav 6adu joins the institute as research assistant.

Chronicle | AC6 | 65

Prof. Ponci participates in the Kick-off Peeting of the new E.ON 6tipendienfonds scholarship prograPPe for energy sciences, in Essen. Antonino RiccoEono and Andrea Angioni participate to a two day workshop series of the FP7 project IDE4L in %arcelona.

July Prof. 0onti, Ivelina 6toyanova and 0ichael Diekerhof participate in the 9DE task force 6Part City Peeting in Frankfurt. Junjie 7ang successfully defends his Ph.D. dissertation. 0oein 0anEachi joins the institute for si[ Ponths as a guest researcher. AC6 6uPPer %%4 at Prof. 0ontips place.

Defense Junjie 7ang

August Dr. Lankes is co-organi]er of the 2nd Workshop on qRuntiPe and Operating 6ystePs for the 0any-core Eraq RO0E 2014 . 6iPon Pickart] presents the talk q0igration 7echniTues in +PC EnvironPentsr at the 9th Workshop on 9irtuali]ation in +igh-PerforPance Cloud CoPputing 9+PCp14 .

September AC6 hosts the 5th IEEE International Workshop on Applied 0easurePents for Power 6ystePs A0P6 2014 . <ou can Ć„nd further inforPation at http aPps2014.ieee-iPs.org front. A0P6 2015 is in preparation in Aachen. Jonas Otten joins the institute as trainee for PathePatical-technical 6W developPent. Prof. 0onti and 0rs. 6chĂ fer participate to the second workshop on Low 9oltage as part of the activities of the ForschungscaPpus FEN. Prof. Ponci participates to E.ON 6tipendienfonds JuEilee and AluPni 0eeting q30 <ears Futureq, in %erlin and presents the engineering view on qOEservations on 7ransforPation Continuity and Changer. PuElication of Eook chapter qElectrical Power 6ystePsr Ey Prof. 0onti and Prof. Ponci, in qIntelligent 0onitoring, Control, and 6ecurity of Critical Infrastructure 6ystePsr, Editors Elias Kyriakides, and 0arios Polycarpou, 6pringer 2014.

October 7oPPaso Caldognetto joins AC6 as a guest researcher for si[ Ponths. AsiPenia KoroPpili and %aptiste Feron join the institute as research assistants.

66 | AC6 | Chronicle

6occer tournaPent

Prof. Ponci participates in the AdPinistration CoPPittee of the IEEE InstruPentation and 0easurePent 6ociety in 6tresa. Prof. 0onti participates in the Ƅrst review of the FP7 Project GE<6ER in %russels. Prof. 0onti, Ivelina 6toyanova and 0ichael Diekerhof participate in the 9DE Kongress in Frankfurt presenting two papers and chairing two sessions. 7he kick-off Peeting for %0%F funded project qP9-KWKr takes place with partners E%C and the coPpanies 60A and 9aillant, takes place in Kassel.

Run event in Aachen

Antonino RiccoEono and Andrea Angioni participate to a three day Peeting and workshop series for IFP7 project IDE4L in Copenhagen. 7he AC6 running teaP participates in the qAachener FirPenlaufr.

November Ale[ander +elPedag successfully defends his Ph.D. dissertation. Prof. 0onti and Dr. RiccoEono attend the 8tility Week in APsterdaP and present 4 E8 Projects of AC6 in different sessions. 7he test Ƅeld in 0alPÓ, as part of the project FINE6CE, is listed as success story for Future Internet 7echnology. 7his test Ƅeld is a collaEoration of AC6 and E%C with E.ON 6weden.

Defense Ale[ander +elPedag

Prof. 0onti organi]es and attends the third review of the E8 Project FINE6CE in Aachen. Prof. 0onti serves in +elsinki as Reviewer of the Finnish prograP for 6Part Grids 6GE0. Prof. Ponci participates to the E.ON 6tipendienfonds coPPittee Peeting for selecting the new round of grantees. Dr. Junjie 7ang leaves the institute for a position as lecturer at the 6chool of Electrical Engineering, ChongTing 8niversity, China.

December

AC6 6trategy day

Flavio Costa joins the institute as guest researcher for a duration of one year. Fei Ni successfully defends her Ph.D. dissertation. Prof. 0onti and Padraic 0cKeever attend the FP7 FINE6CE General 0eeting in +orsens DenPark . AC6 6trategy Peeting is held at RW7+ +uPEoldt +aus.

Defense Fei Ni

Chronicle | AC6 | 67

EBC Institute for Energy EfƄcient %uildings and Indoor CliPate

Preface Another year has passed, and it is tiPe for writing a new preface for our annual report. 7his is always a welcoPe opportunity to reĆ…ect on the past year and to think aEout iPportant issues lying ahead. One notaEle change in this yearps report is that we no longer introduce all of the Instituteps projects. Instead, we focus on selected highlights and look Eack at the Pajor events of the past year. All colleagues at E.ON ERC agreed that a portaEle annual report cannot present all ongoing projects in detail and that we have to suPPari]e the Pajor research areas of our center.

Contact

Whatos new at the E%C" In 2014, Pore than 40 PePEers of our scientiƄc staff worked on Pany new and soPe faPiliar research topics in the Ƅeld of heating and air conditioning systePs. +ere, the Pain focus of our work has shifted further towards a decentrali]ed power supply. In these projects, we no longer search for the optiPal solution for a single Euilding. Rather, a greater nuPEer of Euildings, an entire coPPunity or a Pi[ed qIndustrial Livingr area has to Ee analy]ed and optiPi]ed. 7his clearly shows that the systeP Eoundaries of our work have Eeen shifted draPatically.

7 49 241 80 49760 F 49 241 80 49769 post_eEc@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Of course, new Euildings will continue to use less and less energy. 6oPe Euildings even produce Pore energy than they will actually need throughout the year. 6toring and using self-generated electricity is EecoPing increasingly attractive, leading to new solutions for our Euilding energy systePs. +ere, heat puPps and Eattery technology will Ee on the agenda in the years ahead. Well-insulated residential Euildings consuPe only very little energy today, and even less toPorrow. 7hat is why we also need to think aEout whether these Euildings still need a hydraulic systeP for heat distriEution. Perhaps they can Ee heated Pore econoPically Ey residential ventilation systePs and electrical surface heating. When we look at our e[isting Euilding stock, it Tuickly EecoPes clear that we will not Ee aEle to siPply insulate all Euilding envelopes. 0any facades are protected Ey law, and they are the faces of our cities. In these cases, it is iPportant to preserve the Euilding faEric and to use supply systePs with less priPary energy dePand. It would also reTuire 70 | E%C | Preface

E%C I Institute for Energy EfƄcient %uildings and Indoor CliPate 0athieustraŸe 10 52074 Aachen GerPany

Further inforPations http www.eEc.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

a fortune to fully retroƄt all Euildings towards very low energy consuPption during the ne[t 20 or 30 years. If we were to renovate all Euildings on our university caPpus, that project itself would cost Pore than one Eillion euro. 7his e[aPple clearly shows that other solutions are needed. Instead of analy]ing each Euilding separately, we need innovative concepts for entire neighEorhoods What is the EeneƄt of a decentrali]ed energy supply for our Euilding stock" It is certainly true that large-scale power plants can achieve higher efƄciency than sPaller energy conversion units. Additionally, large-scale power plants can Eurn solid fuels such as coal and EioPass easily without causing high urEan ePission levels. 7he Pain advantage of operating energy conversion units at local level is a Eetter use of waste heat. Waste heat appears to a consideraEle e[tent in alPost any forP of energy conversion. In central power plants, waste heat can only Ee used in conjunction with a district heating network. If a district heating systeP is not availaEle, waste heat is dissipated to the environPent through cooling towers. If Pany sPaller energy conversion units operate in an urEan environPent, waste heat can Ee used locally to cover the heat dePand of one or Pore Euildings. In suPPer, it is also possiEle to provide cooling energy via sorption technology. We can therefore use any kind of fuel Pore efƄciently. Aside froP the relief of the electricity grid, this is the Pain advantage of a decentrali]ed energy supply. 6Pall energy conversion units can also Ee easily connected to local energy storages siPple water storages, latent heat storages and chePical storages. Alternatively we can use the already e[isting Euilding Passes for free. 7hese sPall-scale storages add up to a large storage capacity that can Ee used locally or centrally like a virtual power plant. 7his storage capacity can Pake a signiƄcant contriEution to the integration of renewaEles into our todayps and future energy systeP.

Director E%C 8niv.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dirk 0Ùller 7 49 241 80 49760 post_eEc@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

6un and wind do not follow a predeterPined power load curve. Rather, we need to adapt to the power production characteristics of photovoltaic systePs and wind turEines. In case of a power shortage, we can shut off heat puPps and turn on our coPEined heat and power generation units. In case of e[cess electricity, we can enaEle the operation of heat puPps and direct electrical heaters. 7his dePand-side PanagePent leads to Pore ƅe[iEility in usage and needs to Ee considered in addition to the desired iPprovePents in energy efƄciency. 7his e[aPple also shows that we will need Pore inforPation and coPPunication technology in Euilding supply systePs. I aP very grateful that we are an active part of these fundaPental changes in our energy systeP through puElic and industry-funded projects. 0any of these projects reTuire intensive energy systePs siPulations. In 2014, we puElished our open source 0odelica‹ liErary qAi[LiEr for the detailed Podeling of Euilding physics and +9AC systePs. 7his ensures an ongoing developPent process and will lead to new research collaEorations. %ut I aP very pleased that, in addition to the Pany siPulation issues, we also have soPe other projects that deal with real Pachines and eTuipPent. Engineers need real hardware In 2014, we Euilt a sPall research house on the qForschungs]entruP JÙlichr caPpus. We have Eeen Eusy with a new ventilation concept for aircraft caEins, developed tests of air handling units with heat recovery, and invented new types of radiators and Peasuring instruPents. Even our own Euilding provides us with new tasks every day. Even though we have Eeen optiPi]ing its control systeP for Pany years, we continue to Ee aPa]ed Ey the new proElePs that keep arising in practice 7his shows that control technology is a central thePe that deserves Puch Pore attention in research. +ere, we focus especially on agent-Eased control systePs that Pay lead to plug-and-play solutions in the future. At this point, I would like to e[press Py thanks to Py two chief engineers, our adPinistrators, our software developers and our workshop And, of course, a special thank you goes to the scientiƄc staff and all of our students. 7hey are the engine driving our institute, and their dedication and ideas Pove us toward new solutions. 0y thanks also go to the staff of our research center, our clients and project partners and, of course, E.ON 6E for providing generous support during the past eight years.

Preface | E%C | 71

Team (%& , ,QVWLWXWH IRU (QHUJ\ (IƃFLHQW %XLOGLQJV DQG ,QGRRU &OLPDWH Direktor E%C

Dirk 0Ùller

Chief engineer

0artin 6chPidt

Rita 6treElow

OfƄce

Katharina %etsch 6arah 6chÁfer

Doris +ein]el

Laura-0. Kocurek

Daniel 6chPiedel

6oftware DevelopPent

Ellen Daut]enEerg

Noureddine 6aPeh

7orsten 6chÁfer

Christoph Wirt]

7echnician

7hoPas +enn

Research associates

0ichael Adolph A]eP AEdul Katrin Ansorge Davide Calì Kan Chen Ana Constantin %jÓrn Flieger +enning Freitag 0arcus Fuchs Johannes FÙtterer

+assan +arE Daniela +egePann 0artin +offPann 0a[iPilian +uEer Kristian +uchtePann Pooyan Jahangiri APir Pasha Javadi ArPin Knels Nina KopPann 0orit] Lauster

Paul 0athis Peter 0atthes 0artin 0ÓhlenkaPp 7anja Osterhage Jana Panašková Philipp Pischke Peter RePPen Kai Rewit] Roo]Eeh 6angi Jan 6chiefelEein

7hoPas 6child 0arkus 6chuPacher 7hoPas 6chÙt] Patrik 6teinhoff 6eEastian 6tinner Jens 7eichPann 0ark Wesseling +enryk Wolis]

Guest researcher

0asayuki Ogata

72 | E%C | 7eaP

Research Projects EnEff CaPpus t Developing an Integral Planning 7ool In order to evaluate energy ƅows Eetween Pultiple Euildings, this project aiPs at developing an integral approach at city district level. DynaPic siPulations and Ponitoring data analysis of centrali]ed heat and cold generation, distriEution, and consuPption allow for investigations that set different energy efƄciency Peasures into relation. In this conte[t, especially the interactions Eetween Euildings, networks, and supply units are e[pected to reveal potential for low-cost energy savings. A scenario analysis aiPs at identifying proPising coPEinations of such energy saving actions. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of %0Wi Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy , proPotional reference 03E71004A.

EnEff CaPpus t RoadPap RW7+ Aachen RW7+ Aachen 8niversity aiPs at reducing its priPary energy use Ey 50 until 2025. Within this project, an interdisciplinary working group involving research institutes and university adPinistration creates a roadPap to reach the energy reduction aiP at PiniPuP possiEle cost. 7o address this challenge, the working group will develop Pethods and tools to systePatically iPprove the efƄciency of the universityps energy supply chain and reduce its energy dePand. 7his planning process will Ee accoPpanied Ey e[tensive Ponitoring of energy ƅows to ensure the feasiEility of the developed roadPap. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of %0Wi Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy , proPotional reference 03E71260A.

EnEff %I0 t 0odelling and 6iPulation %ased on

Dipl.-Ing. 0arcus Fuchs 7 49 241 80 49802 Pfuchs@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. 0orit] Lauster 7 49 241 80 49772 Plauster@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Jens 7eichPann 7 49 241 80 49805 jteichPann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Dipl.-Ing. 0arcus Fuchs 7 49 241 80 49802 Pfuchs@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. 0orit] Lauster 7 49 241 80 49772 Plauster@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Jens 7eichPann 7 49 241 80 49805 jteichPann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

%uilding InforPation 0odeling In order to siPplify the use of siPulation Podels, the aiP of the project EnEff %I0 is to develop and test I7-solutions for autoPated siPulation Podel generation. %ased on data froP a digital %uilding InforPation 0odel %I0 , a dynaPic siPulation should Ee perforPed. One particular focus is on the siPulation of +9AC coPponents. 7he project EnEff %I0 is connected to the IEA-E%C Anne[ 60 Project q0odelica Eased ne[t-generation tools for new and e[isting Euildings and coPPunitiesr. 37 institutes froP 16 countries are participating in this proPising project. 7he project is processed in cooperation with following partners E3D RW7+ Aachen 8niversity , 9P7 %erlin 8niversity of the Arts , %L0 Karlsruher Institute of 7echnology , Fraunhofer I6E, Fraunhofer I%P and AEC3 GerPany GPE+. We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of %0Wi Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy , proPotional reference 03E71177A.

Dipl.-Ing. 0orit] Lauster 7 49 241 80 49772 Plauster@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Peter RePPen, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49779 prePPen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

6ustainaEle %uildings %oost Fund Project

In e[pectation of a growing dePand for ƅe[iEle, Pultifunctional Euildings a decentralised, Podular ƅoor-integrated heating-, ventilation- and air-conditioning-concept is developed. It offers adaptaEility to dynaPic changing reTuirePents of todayps users and allows any kind of Euilding usage changes without reTuiring signiƄcant PodiƄcations to the Euilding structure. In this interdisciplinary project E%C cooperates together with the RW7+ institutes 67%, I0%, I%AC, IE+K and IFA0 to develop a supply systeP which can Ee directly integrated in an innovative wide-span concrete-steel ƅoor systeP, which is also Eeing developed as an iPportant coPponent for future ƅe[iEle Euildings. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of the RW7+ Aachen 8niversity %oost Fund.

Dipl.-Ing. +enryk Wolis] 7 49 241 80 49808 hwolis]@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | E%C | 73

Follow 8p Counter Entropy +ouse 7he Counter Entropy +ouse which was presented at the coPpetition q6olar Decathlon Europeq in 0adrid 2012 has Eeen reEuilt at the caPpus of Forschungs]entruP JÙlich. 7he house is designed as an energy-efƄcient residential house, powered entirely Ey solar energy. At the new site, the Counter Entropy +ouse has Eeen eTuipped with a new Podular control systeP as well as an energy Ponitoring systeP. With the coPEination of electrical sources P9 and an electrical heating systeP heat puPp , the house can Ee used as test site as well as a reference oEject for sPart and grid interactive Euildings. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of %0Wi Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs , proPotional reference 0327429F and Institute for CoPputer Aided Architectual Design.

Dipl.-Ing. 0a[iPilian +uEer 7 49 241 80 49796 PhuEer@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

6<67E0-of-6<67E06 that Act Locally for OptiPi]ing GloEally Local4GloEal

7his project investigates if the powerful attriEutes of a natural 6ysteP-of-6ystePs can Ee transferred into 7echnical 6ysteP-of-6ystePs 76o6 . Local4GloEalps aPEition is to Ee a systeP that can Ee ePEedded in every day operations, produce suEstantial savings and 4uality-of-6ervice iPprovePents Ey using the PiniPuP possiEle infrastructure and installation effort. 7he Local4GloEal advances will lead to a fully-functional and ready-touse systeP in the forP of an ePEedded, weE-Eased, qplug-and-playr software systeP for generic 76o6, PountaEle locally to each constituent systeP of the 76o6. 7his systeP will Ee deployed and e[tensively tested and evaluated in two real-life 76o6 8se Cases, a 7rafƄc 76o6 8se Case and an EfƄcient %uilding 76o6 8se Case. 7he project consortiuP consists of the CER7+, Greece, the E7+ =urich, 6wit]erland, the RW7+ Aachen, GerPany, the IK4-7EKNIKER, 6pain, the 78C, Greece, the 7RAN69ER, GerPany and the 780, GerPany. 7his project is funded Ey the European 8nionps 6eventh FraPework PrograPPe for research, technological developPent and dePonstration under grant agreePent no. 611538.

Roo]Eeh 6angi, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49795 rsangi@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. F+ 7hoPas 6child 0.%.A. 7 49 241 80 49809 tschild@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Potential of CoPEined +eat and Electrical 6torage for DePand 6ide 0anagePent in Private +ouseholds Energy storage in private households is continuously gaining relevance. 7his is driven Ey the strong decrease of power generation costs froP P9. 7hus it EecoPes increasingly interesting for users to consuPe the produced electricity Ey thePselves. 7herefore, it is essential to enaEle tiPe shifts Eetween generation and dePand. FroP an econoPic point of view, the coPEined application of therPal storage and Eatteries is proPising, since self-generated P9 electricity can Ee utili]ed to cover Eoth, heat and electricity dePand. 7o Ƅnd optiPal conƄgurations of P9, storage and supply systePs, genetic and linear optiPi]ation approaches are coupled with Euilding and Eattery siPulations in this project. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of E.ON 7echnologies.

Dipl.-Ing. +enryk Wolis] 7 49 241 80 49808 hwolis]@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de 6eEastian =urPÙhlen, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49368 s]urPuehlen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

6ustainaEle RefurEishPent Options for the E[isting +ousing 6tock 31 of the energy in GerPany is needed for the heat supply of Euildings. It is necessary to reduce the dePand particularly with regard to the Euilding stock. 7he project assesses different refurEishPent options in residential Euildings in two Podel regions. 7he project aiPs to specify retroƄt options for one- and two-faPily-houses and sPall apartPent 74 | E%C | Research Projects

Dipl.-Ing. Katrin Ansorge 7 49 241 80 49797 kansorge@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Euildings. 7hese Euildings are predoPinantly privately owned and have a low rate of Euilding refurEishPent. 7he project consortiuP consists of the Institute for Ecological EconoPy Research, %erlin, the E.ON Energy Research Center, RW7+ Aachen and %randenEurg 8niversity of 7echnology CottEust6enftenEerg. We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of %0%F GerPan Federal 0inistry of Education and Research , proPotional reference 03EK3521C.

E[ergy-Eased

Control

6trategies

for

Dr.-Ing. Rita 6treElow 7 49 241 80 49767 rstreElow@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

+eating,

9entilation and Air Conditioning 6ystePs E[ergy analysis is a powerful therPodynaPic techniTue for assessing and optiPi]ing the efƄciency of energy systePs. 7his research aiPs at applying the e[ergy concept in control of Euilding energy systePs to achieve an e[ergy-efƄcient operation. E[ergetic evaluation Pethods will Ee deƄned coPponent-oriented. 7he innovative approaches will Ee tested in the E.ON ERC Pain Euilding with different heat and cooling supply systePs coPEined with a detailled Ponitoring concept. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support provided Ey the %0Wi Federal 0inistry for EconoPic Affairs and Energy , proPotional reference 03E71218A.

Roo]Eeh 6angi, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49795 rsangi@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

New Energy Concepts for the 6hopping Center of the Future Eff6hop

7he high energy consuPption of shopping centers, Painly resulting froP lighting, shall Ee reduced Ey integration of renewaEle energy like shallow geotherPal systePs. 7hrough Ponitoring all relevant energy Ć…ows in e[isting shopping centers, a EenchPark data Ease is created which will Ee used as validation data for holistic siPulations. In order to reduce the fresh air Ć…ow for cooling, air-water systePs like active chilled EeaPs with fairly high supply water tePperatures and their iPpact on the rooP air Ć…ow structures are studied. 7he inĆ…uence on the air Tuality in terPs of odor ePission of selling-goods is investigated as well. We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of %0Wi Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy , proPotional reference 03E71092%.

Dipl. Wirt.-Ing. FH Daniela +egePann, M.Sc. 7 49 241 80 49773 dhegePann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. Paul 0athis 7 49 241 80 49785 pPathis@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dr.-Ing. Jana PanĹĄkovĂĄ 7 49 241 80 49784 jpanaskova@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Energy-efƄcient Air Conditioning and Duct Network Design for New and E[isting %uildings In a joint project with the +erPann Rietschel Institute of 78 %erlin, the E%C will undertake research on energy-efƄcient air-handling units and air duct networks. 7he joint project qEneff Luftr is conducted in the fraPework of the 6th Energy Research PrograP of the GovernPent and is designed for three years. 7he E%C will carry out an e[aPination of the central air-handling units to investigate and optiPi]e the systeP coPponents to reduce the air pressure drop. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of %0Wi GerPan Federal 0inistry of EconoPics and Energy , proPotional reference 03E71223%.

A]eP AEdul, 0.Eng. 7 49 241 80 49791 aa]eP@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. 0artin +offPann 7 49 241 80 49766 PhoffPann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

DevelopPent 6upport for a new Radiator Generation Radiators are a very coPPon Peans of delivering the reTuired heat dePand into indoor environPents. 7o gain a Eetter trade-off Eetween Paterial input and heat output, new ideas for increasing the heat transfer Eoth on the water and on the air side are investigated. E[periPental techniTues like visuali]ation of the Ć…ow in the aPEiance of the radiator,

Dipl.-Ing. Paul 0athis 7 49 241 80 49785 pPathis@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | E%C | 75

therPography studies and heat delivery PeasurePents together with CFD siPulations help to understand the coPple[ physical processes in a radiator and to qwork onr new ideas, like Panipulation of the air Ć…ow and altering the radiator geoPetry. We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of Rettig ICC.

Defrosting 0ethods for Air Chillers Air chillers are used in coPPercial and hoPe refrigeration applications. When rePoving heat froP huPid air, frost will Ee forPed on all surfaces of the heat e[changer that are cooler than the free]ing point of water. 7hese frost layers have a negative effect on pressure drop and cooling power of the chiller. In a cooperative study Eetween E%C and the Institute for +eat and 0ass 7ransfer Aachen W6A defrosting Pethods for energy efƄcient rePoval of frost froP the heat e[changing surfaces of the air chiller are investigated in nuPerical siPulations and large-scale e[periPents in the new E%C cliPate chaPEer. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of %0Wi Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy within the scope of IGF venture 18016 N.

Dipl.-Ing. +enning Freitag 7 49 241 80 49777 hfreitag@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Energy EfƄcient 9entilation of Residential and Nonresidential %uildings For an energy-efƄcient ventilation of residential and non-residential Euildings, ventilation systePs are used with a heat recovery. For the siPulation of Euilding physics, the oEjectoriented prograPPing language 0odelica is used. %ased on of dynaPic calculations with 0odelica, the optiPal level of heat recovery for a ventilation systeP in coPEination with three insulation levels should Ee deterPined. Within this study a Eypass circuit and the possiEle free]ing of the heat e[changer are also analy]ed. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of +ein]-7ro[-6tiftung.

A]eP AEdul, 0.Eng. 7 49 241 80 49791 aa]eP@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

OptiPi]ation of the 6ink 0anagePent in a +eat PuPp 6ysteP Ey 8sing Advanced Control 0ethods E%C studies the PanagePent of the heat sink of a heat puPp heating systeP in the research project q0O6KWAr. An adaptive control algorithP is developed that controls rooP tePperatures according to the dePand. 7his reduces energy waste. 6iPultaniously, the optiPal supply set tePperature is calculated which allows an energy efƄcient operation of the heat puPp. In addition, all parts of this heat puPp systeP are included in a hardware-in-the-loop test Eench. 7he Eoundary conditions are ePulated using dynaPic siPulation Podels. 7his allows for the testing of advanced control concepts. We appreciate the good cooperation with our project partner 9aillant GPE+ and Fraunhofer Institute for 6olar Energy 6ystePs. We gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support of %0Wi Federal 0inistry of EconoPic Affairs and Energy , proPotional reference 03E71169C.

Dipl.-Phys. 0ichael Adolph 7 49 241 80 49771 Padolph@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. Kristian +uchtePann 7 49 241 80 49778 khuchtePann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. Nina KopPann 7 49 241 80 49788 nkopPann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

6Part +eat PuPp 6ystePs in Residential %uildings Air-to-water heat puPps are utili]ed widely as standard renewaEle hoPe energy systePs due to its easy installation and short payEack period. Future hoPes Pay install sPart heat puPp systeP for several reasons, including aPEient assisted living, Eetter coPfort, optiPi]ed energy cost as well as the possiEle access to sPart grid technologies. A prediction Eased PanagePent algorithP for the speed-controlled air-to-water heat puPp systePs will Ee developed, which can forecast the future electrical consuPption and plan 76 | E%C | Research Projects

Kan Chen, 0.6c. 7 49 241 80 49794 kchen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

the optiPal Podulation schedule according to the dePand response signal. 7he dynaPic eTuali]ation and peak load period forecasting on the sPart grid is then possiEle Eased on the dePand prediction Pade Ey the sPart heat puPp systePs for ne[t few hours. We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of E.ON gGPE+ and industrial partners.

DynaPic energetic Evaluation of +eat PuPp 6ystePs 7est procedures for heat puPps usually consider static Eoundary conditions. 7he energy efƄciency is analy]ed at single operating points. 7he results differ strongly froP those Peasured in Ƅeld tests. In reality, heat puPps operate under various operating conditions and their efƄciency depends on the systeP layout, the diPensioning of all coPponents and the systeP control strategy as well as the unitps controllaEility. In this research project E%C develops dynaPic energetic evaluation Pethods for heat puPp systePs Eased on siPulations and +ardware in the Loop testing. We appreciate the good cooperation with our project partners Dresden 8niversity of 7echnology and 8niversity of 6tuttgart. And we gratefully acknowledge the Ƅnancial support Ey the %0Wi Federal 0inistry for EconoPic Affairs and Energy , proPotional reference 03E71211%.

Dipl.-Ing. Kristian +uchtePann 7 49 241 80 49778 khuchtePann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Investigation of Flow 6tructures and 7herPal CoPfort in CaEin EnvironPents 7he increasing PoEility of todayps society leads to increasing reTuirePents of therPal coPfort in caEin environPents. Additionally the ventilation and air conditioning systePs providing the therPal coPfort often have to fulƄll high efƄciency dePands and low energy needs. PerforPing siPulations and PeasurePents to analy]e the tePperature and velocity Ƅelds aided Ey suEject tests help us to develop new ventilation concepts such as for aircraft and vehicle caEins.

Dipl.-Ing. Kai Rewit] 7 49 241 80 49629 krewit]@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Dipl.-Ing. 0ark Wesseling 7 49 241 80 49807 Pwesseling@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

CoPfort CuEe t Evaluation of Local CoPfort 7he evaluation and prediction of local therPal coPfort is EecoPing increasingly iPportant. Detailed Podels of therPal coPfort try to assess and predict the therPo-physiological interaction of the huPan Eody with its environPent. Nevertheless the Post coPPon coPplaints aEout +9AC systePs are aEout the tePperature Eeing too cold or too hot. 7herefore, a highly Podular coPfort cuEe was Euilt and can Ee Papped to the different situations where all surface tePperatures and the air distriEution systeP can Ee varied. Finally, trails of test persons help to evaluate new ventilation concepts. We gratefully acknowledge the Ć„nancial support of AirEus Operations GPE+.

Dipl.-Ing. 0artin 0Ă“hlenkaPp 7 49 241 80 49810 PPoehlenkaPp@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | E%C | 77

Selected Publications 6cientiƄc peer reviewed journals %. 0Ùller, J. Panaskova, D. 0Ùller, W. +orn, O. Jann qEntwicklungen der %ewertungsPethodik von GerÙchen in Innenrà uPenr, GeEà udetechnik, InnenrauPkliPa, 9ol. 135, No. 02, pp. 70-82. G. +illeErand, G. Arends, R. 6treElow, R. 0adlener, D. 0Ùller qDevelopPent and design of a retroƄt Patri[ for ofƄce Euildingsr, Energy and %uildings, 9ol. 70, pp. 516-522. +. +arE, P. 0atthes, +. Wolis], R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller q0anagePent of electricity and heating dePand to Patch sustainaEle energy supplyr, RE+9A European +9AC Journal, 9ol. 2014, No. 5. J. FÙtterer, A. Rothe, D. 0Ùller qDynaPisierung und Regelung eines Erdsondenfeldesr, +L+ LÙftung, KliPa, +ei]ung, 6anità r, GeEà udetechnik, 9ol. 65, No. 11, pp. 21-24. J. Panaťkovå, D. 0Ùller, %. 0Ùller qOlfaktorische 0essgrӟen fÙr die geruchliche %ewertung von EPissionen aus %auproduktenr, GeEà udetechnik, InnenrauPkliPa, 9ol. 135, No. 02, pp. 60-69. K. +uchtePann, D. 0Ùller qCoPEined siPulation of a deep ground source heat e[changer and an ofƄce Euildingr, %uilding and EnvironPent, 9ol. 73, pp. 97-105. K. Klein, K. +uchtePann, D. 0Ùller qNuPerical study on hyErid heat puPp systePs in e[isting Euildingsr, Energy and %uildings, 9ol. 69, pp. 193-201. 0. Adolph, N. KopPann, %. Lupulescu, D. 0Ùller qAdaptive control strategies for single rooP heatingr, Energy and %uildings, 9ol. 68, No. C, pp. 771-778. 0. Adolph, N. KopPann, D. 0Ùller q6elEstlernende Ein]elrauPregelung ein Feldversuch in WohngeEà udenr, 6anità r- +ei]ungstechnik 6+7, 9ol. 79, No. 7, pp. 52-59. 0. +uEer, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 6. Lange, R. Joneleit qFunksignalÙEertragung in Luftleitungenr, +L+ LÙftung, KliPa, +ei]ung, 6anità r, GeEà udetechnik, 9ol. 65, No. 7 8, pp. 36-40. 0. Lauster, J. 7eichPann, 0. Fuchs, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller qLow order therPal network Podels for dynaPic siPulations of Euildings on city district scaler, %uilding and EnvironPent, 9ol. 73, pp. 223-231. 7. Osterhage, D. CalÏ, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller q9erringertes Einsparpotential Eei WohngeEà uden der 50er Jahre der ReEound-Effekt"r, 6anità r- +ei]ungstechnik 6+7, 9ol. 79, No. 8, pp. 69-73.

78 | E%C | 6elected PuElications

6cientiƄc conference proceedings papers A. Constantin, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 0arch 2014 q7he 0odelica +ouse 0odels LiErary Presentation and Evaluation of a RooP 0odel with the A6+RAE 6tandard 140r, Proceedings of the 10th International 0odelica Conference, Lund, 6weden. A. 0ichalski, J. FÙtterer, A. Rothe, 0arch 2014 qE[ergetisch optiPierte %etrieEsfÙhrung der WÁrPe- und KÁlteversorgung eines GeEÁudes unter Nut]ung eines dynaPischen RegelungssystePs und ƅe[iEler EinEindung eines vollstÁndig ÙEerwachten ErdwÁrPesondenfeldesr, Energieinnovationen in NeuEau und 6anierung Neues aus der Forschung fÙr Pehr EnergieefƄ]ien], RauPkoPfort, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Nachhaltigkeit, =eche =ollverein, Essen, GerPany. %. Flieger, 2014 qInnenrauPPodellierung einer Fahr]eugkaEine in der PrograPPiersprache 0odelicar, Aachen E.ON Energy Research Center, RW7+ Aachen 8niversity 2014 >Dissertation@. +. Freitag, C. KaPpers, 0. 6chPidt, D. 0Ùller, July 2014 qA fast laser optical Pethod for the evaluation of the ventilation effectivenessr, 7he 13th International Conference on Indoor Air 4uality and CliPate, +ongkong, China. +. Freitag, 0. 6chPidt, D. 0Ùller, +. Koskela, P. 6aarinen, P. 0ustakallio, OctoEer 2014 qParticle iPage velociPetry PeasurePents of the internal air ƅow in active chilled EeaPs >s.l.@ 2014 r, RooPvent 2014 13th 6CAN9A9 International Conference on Air DistriEution in RooPs new ventilations strategies with Ease in active and passive technology in Euilding and for coPfort in airplanes, 6ao Paulo, %ra]il. +. +arE, 7. 6chÙt], R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, OctoEer 2014 qAdaptive Podel for therPal dePand forecast in residential Euildingsr, Proceedings of World 6%14, %arcelona, 6pain. 0. +uEer, A. Constantin, 0. 6iethoff, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, OctoEer 2014 qDesign and operation of a test Eench for Agent Eased control systePs of Euilding supply systePsr, Proceedings of World 6%14, %arcelona, 6pain. +. Wolis], A. C. AlEert, D. Pyschny, 0. Cla¼en, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 0. FeldPann, J. +egger, OctoEer 2014 qFloor-integrated +9AC-systePs for ]onal supply of Pultifunctional Euildingsr, World 6% 14 6ustainaEle %uildings 2014, %arcelona, 6pain. +. Wolis], C. PunkenEurg, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, June 2014 qFeasiEility and potential of therPal dePand side PanagePent in residential Euildings considering different developPents in the energy Parketr, 27th International Conference on EfƄciency, Cost, OptiPi]ation, 6iPulation and EnvironPental IPpact of Energy 6ystePs, 7urku, Finland. +. Wolis], D. 6epoetro, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 0ay 2014 qCoPpetitiveness and EconoPic EfƄciency of 7herPal Energy 6torage for %alancing RenewaEle Electricity Generationr, EurotherP 6ePinar No 99 Advances in 7herPal Energy 6torage, Lleida, 6pain. +. Wolis], +. +arE, P. 0atthes, L. %Óse, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 6eptePEer 2014 q7he new role of night storage heaters in residential DePand 6ide 0anagePentr,%au6I0 2014 +uPan centred Euilding s 5th GerPan-Austrian Conference of the International %uilding PerforPance 6iPulation Association, Aachen, GerPany.

6elected PuElications | E%C | 79

+. Wolis], L. %Óse, +. +arE, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, June 2014. qCity District InforPation 0odeling as a Foundation for 6iPulation and Evaluation of 6Part City Approachesr, 2014 %uilding 6iPulation and OptiPi]ation Conference, 8CL, London, 8K. J. FÙtterer, A. Constantin, 0ay 2014 qEnergy concept for the E.ON ERC Pain Euildingr, Aachen E.ON Energy Research Center, 9ol.4, I.9. J. FÙtterer, 6. +enn, 0. 6chPidt, D. 0Ùller, June 2014 qPID control loop tuning for three-port Pi[ing valves within Euilding energy distriEution systePs application and assessPent of different tuning Pethods under real operation conditionsr, Proceedings of ECO6 2014 - 7he 27th International Conference on EfƄciency, Cost, OptiPi]ation, 6iPulation and EnvironPental IPpact of Energy 6ystePs, 7urku, Finland. K. Chen, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 0ay 2014 qDynaPic Design and 9alidation of 6Part-Grid CapaEle +eat PuPp 6ystePs in Residential %uildingsr, GloEal Advances in +eat PuPp 7echnology, Applications 0arkets 11th IEA 11th International Energy Agency +eat PuPp Conference, 0ontreal, Canada. K. Rewit], %. Flieger, 0. Wesseling, F. KePper, D. 0Ùller, June 2014 q+eat 7ransfer 0easurePent of AutoPoEile 6tructural CoPponentsr, FI6I7A 2014 World AutoPotive Congress 35th FI6I7A Congress, 0aastricht, the Netherlands. K. Rewit], %. Flieger, 0. Wesseling, F. KePper, 0. 6chPidt, D. 0Ùller, June 2014 qWÁrPedurchgangsPessungen an Fahr]eugteilenr, WÁrPePanagePent des Kraftfahr]eugs I; EnergiePanagePent, Peter 6teinEerg +rsg. . 0. +offPann, 7. +orst, D. 0Ùller, OctoEer 2014 Developing a PathePatical Podel for droplet distriEution in steaP huPidiƄcation systePs RooPvent 2014 13th 6CAN9A9 International Conference on Air DistriEution in RooPs new ventilations strategies with Ease in active and passive technology in Euilding and for coPfort in airplanes, 6ao Paulo, %ra]il. 0. +uEer, 6. Rau, R. 6treElow, J. Wollert, D. 0Ùller, NovePEer 2014 qLÙftungskanÁle als Funkstrecker, 5. JahreskolloTuiuP qKoPPunikation in der AutoPation - KoPPAq, LePgo, GerPany. 0. Lauster, 0.-A. %rÙntjen, +. LeppPann, 0. Fuchs, J. 7eichPann, 6eptePEer 2014 qIPproving a Low Order %uilding 0odel for 8rEan 6cale Applicationsr, %au6I0 2014 +uPan centred Euilding s 5th GerPan-Austrian Conference of the International %uilding PerforPance 6iPulation Association, RW7+ Aachen 8niversity, GerPany. 0. Lauster, P. RePPen, 0. Fuchs, J. 7eichPann, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 0arch 2014 q0odelling long-wave radiation heat e[change for therPal network Euilding siPulations at urEan scale using 0odelicar, Proceedings of the 10th International 0odelica Conference, Lund, 6weden. 0. 0ÓhlenkaPp, 6. %ehrendt, 0. 6chPidt, D. 0Ùller, OctoEer 2014 q9alidation of indoor air ƅow in a highly Podular test rooPr, RooPvent 2014 13th 6CAN9A9 International Conference on Air DistriEution in RooPs new ventilations strategies with Ease in active and passive technology in Euilding and for coPfort in airplanes, 6ao Paulo, %ra]il.

80 | E%C | 6elected PuElications

0. 6chuPacher, 6. 6tinner, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 0ay 2014 qApplication of therPal storage in a hyErid C+P solar therPal heating systeP for residential Euildingsr, EurotherP 6ePinar No99 Advances in 7herPal Energy 6torage, Lleida, 6pain. 0. Wesseling, J. NieEel, K. Rewit], %. Flieger, 0. 6chPidt, D. 0Ùller, June 2014 q0easurePent 6ysteP for Air Change Effectiveness in Car CaEinsr, FI6I7A 2014 World AutoPotive Congress, 0aastricht, the Netherlands. 0. Wesseling, J. NieEel, K. Rewit], %. Flieger, 0. 6chPidt, D. 0Ùller, June 2014 q9erfahren ]ur %estiPPung der LÙftungseffektivitÁt in Fahr]eugkaEinenr, WÁrPePanagePent des Kraftfahr]eugs I; EnergiePanagePent, Peter 6teinEerg +rsg. , pp. 314-323. P. Jahangiri, R. 6angi, A. 7haPP, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, June 2014 qDynaPic E[ergy Analysis - Part II A Case 6tudy of C+P District +eating in %ottrop, GerPanyr, %6O 14 %uilding 6iPulation and OptiPi]ation second I%P6A-England conference in association with CI%6E, 8CL, London, 8K. P. 0athis, 0. +erpers, D. 0Ùller, August 2014 q+eat 7ransfer EnhancePent in Channels with Natural Convection Flow Ey KárPán 9orte[ 6treetsr, A60E 2014 Fluids Engineering 6uPPer 0eeting FED602014 , Chicago, 86A. P. 0athis, J. Panašková, 0. 6chPidt, D. 0Ùller, OctoEer 2014 qNuPerical 6tudy of +eat RePoving 6ystePs in 6hopping Centres with high Cooling Loadr, RooPvent 2014 13th 6CAN9A9 International Conference on Air DistriEution in RooPs new ventilations strategies with Ease in active and passive technology in Euilding and for coPfort in airplanes, 6ao Paulo, %ra]il. R. 6angi, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, June 2014 qApproaches for a fair e[ergetic coPparison of renewaEle and non-renewaEle Euilding energy systePsr, ECO6 2014 27th International Conference on EfƄciency, Cost, OptiPi]ation, 6iPulation and EnvironPental IPpact of Energy 6ystePs, 7urku, Finland. R. 6angi, P. Jahangiri, A. 7haPP, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, June 2014 qDynaPic E[ergy Analysis - Part I 0odelica-%ased 7ool DevelopPentr, %6O14 %uilding 6iPulation and OptiPi]ation Conference, 8CL, London, 8K. R. 6angi, P. Jahangiri, F. Klasing, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 0arch 2014 qA PediuP Podel for the refrigerant propane for fast and accurate dynaPic siPulationsr, Proceedings of the 10th International 0odelica Conference, Lund, 6weden. R. 6angi, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 0arch 2014 qE[ergy analysis of Euildings with geotherPal heat puPp systePsr, Energieinnovationen in NeuEau und 6anierung Neues aus der Forschung fÙr Pehr EnergieefƄ]ien], RauPkoPfort, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Nachhaltigkeit, =eche =ollverein, Essen, GerPany. 6. 6tinner, +. Wolis], R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 0ay 2014 q8sing Eig therPal storages in Euildings to increase energy efƄciency and ƅe[iEilityr, EurotherP 6ePinar No 99 Advances in 7herPal Energy 6torage, Lleida, 6pain. 6. 6tinner, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, 6eptePEer 2014 qDynaPic 8ncertainty Analysis of the %uilding Energy PerforPance in City Districtsr, %au6I0 2014 +uPan centred Euilding s 5th GerPan-Austrian Conference of the International %uilding PerforPance 6iPulation Association, Aachen, GerPany.

6elected PuElications | E%C | 81

7. Osterhage, D. Cali, R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, NovePEer 2014 qReEound-Effekt Eei der 6anierung von %estandsgeEÁudenr, %auphysik-7agung 2014, DÙsseldorf, GerPany. 7. 6chlÓsser, 6. 6tinner, A. 0onti, D. 0Ùller, August 2014 qAnaly]ing the iPpact of +oPe Energy 6ystePs on the electrical gridr, 18th Power 6ystePs CoPputation Conference P6CC 2014, Wroclaw, Poland. 7. 6chÙt], R. 6treElow, D. 0Ùller, OctoEer 2014 qA Petaheuristic approach for heat puPp schedulingr, World 6% 14 6ustainaEle %uildings 2014 Results, %arcelona, 6pain.

82 | E%C | 6elected PuElications

Chronicle January 14.-15. Rita 6treElow, 7anja Osterhage, 6eEastian 6tinner and 0orit] Lauster participate at Eneff 6tadt Kongress in %erlin, GerPany.

February 27.

7he institute celeErates carnival.

Carnival

March 10.-12. Ana Constantin, 0arcus Fuchs, Pooyan Jahangiri, 0orit] Lauster and 0arkus 6chuPacher participate at 10th International 0odelica Conference in Lund, 6weden. 09.-14. 7he E%C patricipates in the 16th +erPann-Rietschel-ColloTuiuP in +irschegg, Kleinwalsertal, Austria. 29.

ERC soccer teaP takes third place at the RW7+ Indoor 6occer Cup.

26.

0ePEers of the E.ON Energy Research Center give two keynotes and display Ć„ve posters on the syPposiuP on energy optiPi]ed %uilding 2014 in Essen, GerPany.

+irschegg

April 01.

A]eP AEdul, Philipp Pischke and Peter RePPen join the institute.

13.-17. Ivelina 6toyanova, +assan +arE, Peter 0athes and +enryk Wolis] present the Dual DePan 6ide 0anagePent 2D60 project at the +annover trade fair in cooperation with the Innovation City %ottrop, +annover, GerPany.

May

+annover 0esse trade fair

12.-16. Kan Chen participates in the IEA 11th international heat puPp conference in 0ontreal, Canada. 28.-30. 0arkus 6chuPacher, 6eEastian 6tinner and +enryk Wolis] contriEute to the international conference qEurotherP 6ePinar N—99 Advances in 7herPal Energy 6torager in Lleida, 6pain. OlyPpiad for institutes at the RW7+ 6portsday

Chronicle | E%C | 83

June 03.

7he institute takes third place at the OlyPpiad for institutes at the RW7+ 6portsday.

02.-06. Kai Rewit], 0ark Wesseling and %jÓrn Flieger participate at 35th FI6I7A World AutoPotive Congresso in 0aastricht and at 9th session ofc WÁrPePanagePent des KF=o in PotsdaP. 15.-19. Johannes FÙtterer, +assan +arE, Roo]Eeh 6angi and +enryk Wolis] contriEute to the 27th International Conference on EfƄciency, Cost, OptiPi]ation, 6iPulation and EnvironPental IPpact of Energy 6ystePs ECO6 2014 in 7urku, Finland.

EnE9 6yPposiuP

23.-24. %jÓrn Flieger, +assan +arE, Pooyan Jahangiri, Roo]Eeh 6angi, 6eEastian 6tinner and +enryk Wolis] contriEute to the 2nd I%P6A England conference on %uilding 6iPulation and OptiPa]ation %6O 14 in London, 8K.

July 04.

7he 5th 6yPposiuP q%uildings - Energy - 7echnologyr on the topic qEnE9 2014 - IPplications for practicer takes place at the E.ON Energy Research Center.

07.-12. +enning Freitag contriEutes to the worldos leading conference on indoor air Tuality and cliPate Indoor Air 2014 in +ong Kong, China. 08.-09. Roo]Eeh 6angi, 7hoPas 6child and Johannes FÙtterer contriEute to 6o6-Cluster 0eeting in 6ophia Antipolis, France.

Indoor Air 2014

August 01.

%jÓrn Flieger leaves the E%C.

03.-07. Paul 0athis contriEutes to A60E 2014 Fluids Engineering 6uPPer 0eeting FED602014 in Chicago, 86A. 21.-22. Internal 6ePinar.

September 08.

0arcus Fuchs, 0orit] Lauster and Peter RePPen participate in the Anne[ 60 0eeting at the Lawrence %erkeley National LaEoratory, %erkeley, 86A.

09.

Instituteps trip to Erown coal surface Pining.

Internal 6ePinar

22.-25. E%C and e3d jointly organi]e the %au6I0 2014 Conference, supported Ey Roo]Eeh 6angi, 6eEastian 6tinner and +enryk Wolis] on E%C side. Institut´s trip

84 | E%C | Chronicle

October 28.-30. +assan +arE, 0a[ +uEer, 7hoPas 6chÙt] and +enryk Wolis]contriEute to the World 6ustainaEle %uilding Conference in %arcelona, 6pain. 19.-22. Prof. 0Ùller, +enning Freitag, Paul 0athis, 0artin 0ÓhlenkaPp and 0artin +offPann contriEute to the 13th International Conference on Air DistriEution in RooPs RooPvent 2014 , 6Ào Paulo, %rasil. 31.

Philipp Pischke leaves the institute.

%au6I0

November 04.

7anja Osterhage presents the latest research results on the topic qIPproving the energy efƄciency of e[isting residential Euildingsr on the q%auphysiktagung 2014r in DÙsseldorf, GerPany.

14.

E%C takes part at the qLange Wissenschaftsnachtr, the science night at RW7+ Aachen 8niversity, GerPany.

20.-21. Katrin Ansorge, Johannes FÙtterer, 0artin 0ÓhlenkaPp und 7anja Osterhage present current research results at the conference of GerPan 6ociety of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning DK9 in DÙsseldorf, GerPany. 24.

Daniela +egePann joins the institute.

25.

0a[ +uEer reports aEout results at KoPPA 2014 in LePgo, GerPany.

RooPvent

27.-28. 7anja Osterhage gives a presentation at the q6tÁdteEau und Energie - 7agungr in %erlin, GerPany.

December 04.

Winterparty for the E%C students.

11.

ERC ChristPas Party.

q%auphysiktagungq

10.-12. Jan 6chiefelEein contriEutes to the 6ysteP 6iPulation in %uildings conference in LiÅge, %elgiuP. 31.

Jana Panašková leaves the institute.

ERC ChristPas Party

Chronicle | E%C | 85

FCN Institute for Future Energy ConsuPer Needs and %ehavior

Preface I aP proud to present the 7th Annual Report of FCN. Again, it has Eeen a Eusy Eut also very fruitful year with lots of positive developPents. 7he Pajor research thePes lied on the Energy prosuPer, Energy reEound, Fle[iEle power plants, Wind power innovation and investPent, Regional diffusion of energy technologies, Energy services in Russia, New Parket designs and 6uEannual Eilling. 6everal research projects of FCN were successfully coPpleted in 2014, such as the suEannual Eilling project funded Ey +eiwako or the energy reEound in puElic Euildings project funded Ey %%6R, cooperation with IÂłW , whereas others have Eeen continued GoGreen, Decision 6upport 6ysteP Wind, etc. . 6everal industry-funded projects enaEled us Eoth to Euild up soPe new knowledge stocks and to provide valuaEle e[pertise to industry players struggling with the challenges incurred Ey the Energiewende. 6oPe forPally already coPpleted projects were continued on a liPited, self-funded Easis e.g. Plug-in +yErid Electric 9ehicles, E6COs in Russia, CoPpeting Residential +eating 6ystePs

Eecause the data sets created were partly still undere[ploited. Finally, soPe thrilling new projects could Ee contracted in 2014 that will start during 2015 e.g. 6INERGIEN t an interdisciplinary project focusing on sPart local distriEution grids 9irtual Institute NRW Energy 7ransforPation 9IE7 t focusing on Pentality and consuPer Eehavior patterns and on infrastructure investPent needs . Finally, preparations are still ongoing for soPe E8-funded +ori]on 2020 project proposals to Ee suEPitted in early 2015. 7wenty-si[ new FCN Working Papers were puElished, Pany of which have led to peerreviewed journal articles and were presented at international scientiƄc conferences. 7eaching went on as usual. 7he EnvironPental EconoPics and Advanced Energy EconoPics courses Eoth elective are still highly successful, the forPer with now over two hundred students enlisted, while the 6Part Grid EconoPics and 0anagePent course has attracted a signiƄcantly higher nuPEer than in the previous year. Again, a nuPEer of very good thesis papers were developed under the supervision of FCN t to Pention just a few these include those of 7iP +Ófer, Katrin Illian, 0arius %ÓhPer, Lukas Glà sel, and Katrin NordePann. 88 | FCN | Preface

Contact FCN I Institute for Future Energy ConsuPer Needs and %ehavior 0athieustraÂźe 10 52074 Aachen GerPany 7 49 241 80 49820 F 49 241 80 49829 post_fcn@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Further inforPations http www.fcn.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Again, I had the honor to serve on a nuPEer of scientiƄc advisory Eoards of international conferences (e.g. IAEE Rome 2014, WI Vienna 2015, ICAE Taipei 2014 19/02/2015) and workshops (e.g. EMEE Aachen 2014). In 2015, similarly, I expect to serve on the boards of the following high-rated conferences and workshops: IAEE Antalya 2015, ICAE Abu Dhabi 2015, EMEE Maryland 2015, among others. In 2014, I was invited to join the editorial boards of two new journals: that of the “Journal of Energy Storage (JES)” (Elsevier, Editor-in-chief: Dirk Uwe Sauer) and that of the “International Journal of Future Cities and Environment (IJFCE)” (Springer, Editor-in-chief: Saffa Riffat). In addition, as a special honor worth mentioning, Andrea Bollino (University of Perugia) and I have been invited to produce a Special Issue of the IAEEps ƅagship The Energy Journal on “High Shares of Renewable Energy Sources and Electricity Market Reform”. Finally, several journals where I have the honor to serve on the board were able to increase their Thomson-Reuters Journal Citation Report (JCR) impact factors (e.g. Applied Energy up to a staggering 5.261). In 2014, FCN was again present at a large number of international conferences (e.g. EMEE 2014, IAEE European 2014, INFORMS 2014, OR 2014), often with several contributions at once. A highlight in this respect was that three out of Ƅve contributions made to the 2014 German Operations Research Conference “Business and Analytics” (OR 2014) held at RWTH Aachen University will be published in the peer-reviewed Springer OR Proceedings series. During summer, FCN organized and hosted the prestigious 2-days’ Empirical Methods in Energy Economics (EMEE) workshop. Finally, there is a long list of conferences FCN staff is planning to attend also in 2015, part of which the submitted abstracts or papers have already been accepted. Probably the most important two changes regarding staff was the hiring of Tugba Atasoy, Julius Frieling, Hendrik Schmitz (these three for a project on “Rebound Effects in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia”) and Stefanie Wolff (as successor of André Hackbarth in the BMU-funded project “GoGreen” in cooperation with Deutsche Post/DHL) on the one hand, and the graduation of four PhD candidates between September and December 2014 (Wilko Rohlfs, Giovanni Sorda, Christiane Rosen, and Christian Michelsen) on the other hand. I am very happy about the youngsters, and also glad that the former PhD candidates will now stay with FCN for some more time as post-doc researchers. Unfortunately, André Hackbarth (got twins and relocated to Heilbronn) and Joonas Päivärinta (went back to the consulting industry) left the institute. For 2015, we look forward to the JARA-Energy Junior Professor “Energy Resource and Innovation Economics” that will be closely related to FCN and accomodated in the E.ON ERC Main Building. In the School of Business and Economics, we made again some nice progress in all four Research Areas, which became apparent at the second IMF Conference in November where delegates from the university’s proƄle areas were invited to meet and discuss their 2020 research roadmaps. Last but not least, in April 2014, I took over the role as speaker of the Research Area “Energy, Mobility and Environment (EME)” and as such responsibility for the completion of a Ƅrst annual EME research report and a brochure for the master’s students interested in “Sustainability and Corporations”. Currently, preparations are ongoing for a 2-days’ international EME conference on “Sustainability and Decision Making” to be held at RWTH Aachen University in February 2015. In the coming year, we will further ramp up the Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) proporal “Trans-City 2050”, start the two VIET projects “Mentalities and Consumer Patterns” and “Infrastructure Investments”, the projects “Communal Energy Systems” (KESS) and “Technology-Based Energy System Analysis” (TESA), and others. We also expect to advise players in the energy market on speciƄc challenges, such as the optimal time to (dis-)invest in generation capacity, optimal generation portfolios, energy risk and Ƅnance topics, and distributed generation in a localized/urban and/or virtual power plant (VPP) context. Several more PhD candidates are expected to have the defenses of their theses in the Ƅrst half of 2015, including <asin Sunak, Maria Garbuzova-Schlifter, Ernesto Garnier (external), André Hackbarth, and Ronald Bernstein (the latter two being FCN Alumni). Overall, I would like to thank all FCN staff for their great contributions and efforts made throughout the year of 2014.

Director FCN Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. soc. oec. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 post_fcn@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Preface | FCN | 89

Team FCN I Institute for Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior Director FCN

Reinhard Madlener

OfƄce

Alicia Cool

Sabine Schill

Research associates

Ayse Tugba Atasoy Julius Frieling Veronica Galassi Raymond Galvin Maria Garbuzova-Schlifter Barbara Glensk Marjolein Harmsen t van Hout Florian Heesen

Subhash Kumar Christian Michelsen Christian Oberst Jonas Päivärinta Christiane Rosen Hendrik Schmitz Giovanni Sorda <asin Sunak Stefanie Wolff

90 | FCN | Team

Research Projects Private Households as Key Actors of the Energiewende This is a three year joint research project (April 2013 t March 2016) with GWS (Gesellschaft fÙr Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung mbH, OsnabrÙck) and I³W (Institut fÙr Ókologische Wirtschaftsforschung gGmbH, Berlin), commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Reference no. 01 UN 1209A) under the umbrella of the socialecological research programme (SOEF). Together, we analyze private households in their joint roles as electricity producer-consumers (“Prosumers”) and as possible key actors in the energy transition towards a decentralized energy market based on renewable energies.

Dr. rer. pol. Christian Oberst T +49 241 80 49839 coberst@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Space Heating Rebound Effects in RetroƄtted Public Service Buildings In this projekt space heating rebound effects were investigated in four retroƄtted German public service buildings. Rebound effects were negligible but energy performance gaps (EPGs) large, compared with dwellings. This suggests pre-retroƄt thermal comfort was already near maximum, with little room for a post-retroƄt increase. Interviews with building personnel conƄrmed this, and suggested a large energy-saving potential through behavioral and organizational change. Employees were less energy-thrifty at work than at home. Analysis of calculated and actual heating energy consumption in 180 comparable non-residential buildings also indicated lower rebound effects and higher EPGs than for dwellings.

Dr. phil. Raymond Galvin T +49 241 80 49844 rgalvin@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Rebound in NRW with Special Emphasis on EfƄciency Gains in Electricity Use and Individual Transport Policies which aim to reduce energy consumption via the use of energy efƄciency measures are typically based on engineering calculations, which can differ from what we observe as actually realized energy consumption. This discrepancy is known as “rebound”. One explanation for this gap is consumer behavior. The aim of this project is to scrutinize this gap and investigate its drivers from both a micro- and macroeconomic perspective. Within the scope of our project, we focus on the magnitude of this phenomenon and welfare and policy implications, with a speciƄc emphasis on the state of NRW.

Julius Frieling, M.A. HSG T +49 241 80 49834 jfreiling@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Initialization Virtual Institute “Transformation t Energy Transition NRW” This is a preparatory project to establish a Virtual Institute for the Transformation of the Energy System in NRW, supported by the Ministry for Innovation, Science, Research and Technology of NRW and the Cluster Energy Research.NRW (CEF.NRW). The Virtual Institute is seen as a suitable vehicle to combine and strengthen scientiƄc expertise located in NRW aimed at identifying reTuirements, conƅicting objectives, and interdependences of the transition process at a regional level for NRW and to design adeTuate policy measures.

Dr. rer. pol. Christian Oberst T +49 241 80 49839 coberst@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Hendrik Schmitz, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49834 hschmitz@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | FCN | 91

Grid Parity of Small-Scale Solar PV Systems: Analysis of Implications for the Italian Energy Market Over the last few years, Italy has experienced a boom in the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems at the residential level. Coupled with a decrease in the cost of PV systems, Italy is expected to achieve grid parity soon. The future spread of distributed energy generation units (including battery storage) can have severe implications for the structure of the overall energy demand, the market and its players. Against this background, the project has sought to gain a better understanding of the dynamics behind homeowners´ adoption of decentralized PV systems and battery storage facilities.

Veronica Galassi, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49842 vgalassi@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Subannual Billing Information for Heating and Water Costs <early consumption-based billing already reduces heating and hot water costs for consumers by up to 20 . A recent study at FCN has shown that subannual billing information can help to save another 7 - 12 . This reduction can be achieved by an increased awareness of energy consumption and resulting saving potentials. Hereby it is paramount that consumers are able to link their consumption Ƅgures to their own behavior, with appropriate feedback supporting the adjustment of their behavior in such a way that saving potentials can be optimally exploited.

Online

Discussion

among

Energy

Dr. rer. pol. Christiane Rosen T +49 241 80 49838 crosen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Consumers:

A Semi-Dynamic Social Network Visualization Much about behavior by energy consumers can be learned from what they tell each other in online discussion fora. Hence, we perform a longitudinal case study on the discussion platform www.energiesparhaus.at. SpeciƄcally, we visualize the yearly changes in the communication network among consumers, along with content dimensions and their effects on declared adoption, about a popular subtopic: Rika Memo, a pellet-Ƅred stove manufactured in Austria (www.rika.at/en/memo/). This study, which demonstrates the usefulness of semi-dynamic social network visualization in the energy domain developed at FCN, was presented at the Annual International Conference of the German Operations Research Society (OR2014).

Dr. drs. Marjolein Harmsen t van Hout T +49 241 80 49835 mharmsen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Modeling the Diffusion of Competing Residential Heating Systems Positive or negative word of mouth from early adopters is a key factor in the decisions of later adopters. Thus, FCN’s most recent study in the research area “diffusion of competing residential heating systems (RHS)” investigates homeowner satisfaction with newly adopted heating systems. The results show that satisfaction is inƅuenced by the level of RHS-speciƄc knowledge as well as differences between adoption motivations and the actual performance of the RHS. Attributes of the home and the homeowners’ sociodemographic characteristics are found to be relatively less important.

92 | FCN | Research Projects

Dr. rer. pol. Carl Christian Michelsen T +49 241 80 49820 cmichelsen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Design and Functional Analysis of Local Reserve Energy Markets for Distributed Generation This research proposes and evaluates a local market for reserve energy, in which private households can trade their self-produced energy. Such a mechanism helps to better integrate decentralized generation and acts as an alternative incentive scheme when Ƅxed feed-in tariffs are phased out. Its characteristics result from the speciƄc technologies and their users. The predominant attribute is the involvement of households t as prosumers t without much expertise in the Ƅeld of energy or trading. Rules need to be very clear-cut and understandable to create something comparable to an “energy-eBay“.

Dr. rer. pol. Christiane Rosen T +49 241 80 49838 crosen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

The Impact of Hypothetical Choice in Conjoint Studies: A Comparative Experiment in Light Bulb Choice For practical reasons most conjoint studies are performed without real incentives. Carlsson and Martinsson (JEEM 2001) found no differences in preferences between a hypothetical and an actual choice experiment on donations to environmental projects. However, due to their within-subjects design, participants may have been aware of the research purposes and behaved accordingly. Therefore, we aim at investigating out how critical real incentives are by randomly assigning participants to treatments with and without real incentives in a conjoint study on light bulb choice.

Dr. drs. Marjolein Harmsen t van Hout T +49 241 80 49835 mharmsen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Balancing Forecast Errors in Continuous-Trade Intraday Markets Forecasting the production of photovoltaic and wind power systems inevitably implies inaccuracies. Therefore, sales made based on forecasts reTuire the vendor to make balancing efforts. In this research, a novel trade value concept with options valuation and dynamic programming is developed to optimize volume and timing decisions of a pricetaking operator when compensating PV or wind power forecast errors in the market. In a simulation, the model outbalances price against volumetric risks, translating its ƅexible trade execution into a competitive advantage vis-½-vis static bidding strategy alternatives.

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Projecting Market Shares of New Passengers Cars in Germany Given CO2 Fleet Regulation The transport sector, one of the signiƄcant drivers of CO2 emissions increase, will have to face substantial change in technology in order to achieve the climate change mitigation goals. However, the choice between vehicle types and the technology diffusion of alternatively powered vehicles and fuel-saving technology depend on consumer acceptance. In this study, we develop a disaggregated model using a discrete choice approach to forecast the market shares of new cars in Germany and evaluate their ƅeet fuel consumption.

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

AHP-based Risk Assessment of Energy Performance Contracting Projects in Russia Most Russian ESCOs lack expertise for an effective risk assessment and management in Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) projects. For this reason, this study sought to identify relevant risks of the EPC projects in industry, housing and communal services, and

Dipl.-Kff. Maria Garbuzova-Schlifter T +49 241 80 49721 mgarbuzova@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Research Projects | FCN | 93

public sectors in Russia. To Tuantify the identiƄed risks, we conducted a Tuestionnairebased survey among Russian companies with EPC-related businesses. By applying an improved Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the study aims at providing the Ƅrst framework of ranked risks speciƄc to EPC projects in Russia.

Inƅuence of Existing Power Plant Portfolios on Optimal Power Generation Investments Investors in power generation units have the choice between various technologies that are fueled either by hard coal, lignite or natural gas, with and without carbon mitigation, or others based on renewable energies. In this study, we focus on optimal time of investment and optimal technology mix using real options analysis (ROA). We include the value at risk (VaR) in the decision-making process and Ƅnd, due to diversiƄcation effects as in standard portfolio theory, strong path dependence of the recommended investment strategy with respect to the already existing power plant ƅeet.

Dr. rer. pol. Wilko Rohlfs T +49 241 80 97463 rohlfs@wsa.rwth-aachen.de

Optimal Timing of Onshore Wind Repowering in Germany: A Real Options Analysis Renewable energy technologies, especially onshore wind power, have undergone rapid expansion in the EU since the introduction of binding 2020 targets for member countries. Germany is one of the pioneering and largest onshore wind markets in Europe. Capacity expansion, technological development of wind turbine generators, the merits of repowering, and the regulatory framework are discussed in detail, with the aim of Ƅnding the optimal timing of repowering under today’s market premium regine of renewable energy promotion. Further, the effects of the expected policy change in 2017, when tenders wil be introduced, are investigated in detail.

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Citizen Participation and Distribution Effects in Renewable Energy Investments in Germany The renewable energies act passed by the federal government of Germany fosters the expansion of renewable energies and is Ƅnanced by a levy charged on electricity consumption. Various studies have examined the social effects and have come to the conclusion: citizens with higher income pay less for electricity measured as a percentage of their income. However, these examinations are incomplete (only PV systems owned by citizens have been investigated). In this study, different possibilities of citizen participation in the Ƅnancing process (and especially closed-end funds and energy cooperatives) and their magnitude are investigated.

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Analysis and Optimization of Supply Chains of Regional Energy Suppliers Energy services are increasingly important for local municipal utilities in the context of the Energiewende. The dynamic environment of energy services is challenging. This study focuses on these challenges and optimization potentials of the sales processes for local municipal utilities. Initially, sales process experts for energy services are interviewed. The selling model according to Hofbauer is then explained and applied to the sales process. Finally, a customer survey on expectations towards energy services and sales is made. Approaches for the solution of the optimization are presented.

94 | FCN | Research Projects

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. eoc. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Policy-Induced Restructuring of the German Electricity Market: A Long-Run Energy Planning Study The increase in energy consumption in the last century and the negative environmental impacts of fossil energies are leading to improvements and diversiƄcation of energy sources worldwide. The Long-Run Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) system is used to create a model of Germany’s current energy system and to simulate different possible future paths (scenarios) considering the energy and environmental policies set by the government. The simulated scenarios can be compared with each other on different criteria, such as total generated electricity, total primary energy supply, Ƅnal energy demand and CO2 emissions.

Dr. phil. Subhash Kumar T +49 241 80 49840 skumar@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Prof. Dr. rer. soc. oec. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Flexibility of Energy Suppliers Regarding Revenue Maximization in Portfolio Management Renewable energy sources are at the center of political discussions and their contribution to electricity generation continues to increase. Divergences between forecast and actual generation are diminishing but still exist. This study analys the intraday market for possible Ƅnancial return on improved short-term forecasts. Price indicators are thereby examined based on historical data and trading strategies are developed. Finally, recent market conditions are assessed, together with the chances of a complete integration of renewable energies, irrespective of whether a change in the market design is necessary.

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. oec. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

A Real Options Analysis of Short-Term Energy Storage for Stabilizing the High Voltage Transmission Grid Increasing shares of renewables with ƅuctuating power generation reduce system inertia and hence endanger grid stability. To ensure power Tuality, systems are reTuired that provide voltage- and freTuency-control by means of injecting reactive and also active power into the grid for up to several minutes. A contemporary, technically feasible solution could be the use of super-capacitors or battery storage units that are connected to the high voltage transmission grid via insulated gate bipolar transistor multilevel converters. The integration of such short-term energy storage devices in the high voltage system is analyzed using Real Options analysis.

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. oec. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Day-ahead versus Intraday Valuation of Demand-Side Flexibility for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems One means of handling non-controllability and limited predictability of photovoltaic (PV) and wind power production is to employ demand response (DR) resources. This research takes the perspective of a PV or wind power system operator who leverages DR in order to maximize the economic value of production supplied in short-term power markets. Two alternative DR operation modes are compared: (1) to use DR to maximize relative day-ahead market value, by shifting the supply-demand balance in view of day-ahead prices (2) to use DR in intraday operations to minimize costs incurred when balancing forecast errors.

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. oec. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | FCN | 95

Future Municipal Energy Supply Systems (“KESS”) FCN is a member of a new interdisciplinary research cooperation venture among six institutes at RWTH Aachen University. The venture aims to research, develop and promote integrated, ƅexible, and decentralized energy supply systems based on conventional and renewable primary energy sources. The research will be validated by building and operating such a system. FCN will contribute to KESS by investigating the role of the prosumer, performing economic modeling and analysis of concepts for municipal virtual power plants, and by modeling the investment and optimal operation of microgrids.

Dr. rer. pol. Carl Christian Michelsen T +49 241 80 49820 cmichelsen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Prof. Dr. rer. soc. oec. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Investment Choice between Grid Extension, Storage Capacity Extension and DSM Development in Germany Germany’s current climate protection targets are challenging. They involve both an increase in electricity generation from renewables, and an increase in decentralized electricity generation. In this context, investments in grid extension, storage capacity extension, and DSM are assumed to have a higher potential to fulƄl these targets. This study analyses the three investment alternatives regarding their ability to increase total welfare. It also identiƄes parameters that have a high impact on the economic feasibility of these investment opportunities.

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. oec. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

External Effects of Shale Gas Hydrofracking: Risk and Welfare Considerations for Water Supply in Germany In this study, we investigate the externalities related to hydraulic fracturing (ofracking’), based on a descriptive analysis of hydrofracking risks and potentials, and a stylized social welfare analysis related to adverse impacts of unconventional gas production on water resources and supply in Germany. The results of our sensitivity analysis show that the maximized welfare is in every case higher than the welfare resulting from the proƄtmaximizing Tuantities. Also, the regulator always has to pay a subsidy to achieve the maximum welfare, which shows that the monopolist tries to exercise his market power in order to keep the prices up for proƄt maximization.

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. oec. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Economic Viability of Grid Expansion, Energy Storage and DSM Using Real Options and Welfare Analysis The topic of this study is the modeling of the economic viability of investment opportunities in grid expansion, energy storage systems, and demand-side management (DSM). Using real options, the attractiveness of taking up speciƄc investment opportunities is examined. Special attention is paid to the modularity and the lumpiness of the investment, and the time limit for exercising the option. Another factor is energy supply security, for which a new approach of measurement is proposed. Taking positive externalities of the investments into account, the signiƄcance of supply security is discussed using welfare economics. In conclusion, recommendations regarding investment are made based on the model-based analyses.

96 | FCN | Research Projects

Prof. Dr. rer. soc. oec. Reinhard Madlener T +49 241 80 49820 RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Selected Publications Journal Articles (full scholarly peer-review) Bernstein R., Madlener R. (2014) Short- and Long-Run Electricity Demand Elasticities at the Subsectoral Level: A Cointegration Analysis for German Manufacturing Industries, Energy Economics (in press). Achtnicht M., Madlener R. (2014). Factors Inƅuencing German House Ownerso Preferences on Energy RetroƄts, Energy Policy, 68(May): 254-263. Galvin R. (2014). Integrating the Rebound Effect: Accurate Predictors for Upgrading Domestic Heating. Building Research and Information (in press: DOI 10.1080/09613218.2014.988439). Galvin R., Sunikka-Blank M. (2014). The UK Homeowner-RetroƄtter as an Innovator in a Socio-Technical System. Energy Policy, 74(November): 665-662. Galvin R. (2014). Are Passive Houses Economically Viable" A Reality-based, Subjectivist Approach to Cost-BeneƄt Analyses. Energy and Buildings, 80(September): 149-157. Galvin R. (2014). Estimating Broad-Brush Rebound Effects for Household Energy Consumption in the EU28 Countries and Norway: Some Policy Implications of Odyssee Data. Energy Policy, 73(October): 323-332. Galvin R., Sunikka-Blank M. (2014). Disaggregating the Causes of Falling Consumption of Domestic Heating Energy in Germany. Energy EfƄciency, 5: 851-864. Galvin R. (2014). Why German Homeowners are Reluctant to RetroƄt, Building Research and Information, 42(4): 398-408. Hillebrand G., Arends G., Streblow R., Madlener R., MÙller D. (2014). Development and Design of a RetroƄt Matrix for OfƄce Buildings, Energy and Buildings, 70(February): 516522. Himpler S., Madlener R. (2014). Optimal Timing of Wind Farm Repowering: A Two-Factor Real Options Analysis, Journal of Energy Markets, 7(3): 3-34. Kroniger D., Madlener R. (2014). Hydrogen Storage for Wind Parks: A Real Options Evaluation for an Optimal Investment in More Flexibility, Applied Energy 136(December): 931-946. Lerbs O.W., Oberst C.A. (2014). Explaining the Spatial Variation in Homeownership Rates: Results for German Regions, Regional Studies, 48(5): 844-865. Rohlfs W., Madlener R. (2014). Multi-Commodity Real Options Analysis of Power Plant Investments: Discounting Endogenous Risk Structures, Energy Systems, 5(3): 423-447. Rohlfs R., Madlener R. (2014). Optimal Investment Strategies in Power Generation Assets: The Role of Technological Choice and Existing Portfolios in the Deployment of Lowcarbon Technologies, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 28(September): 114-125. Trzpiot G., Glensk B., Ganczarek-Gamrot A. (2014). Risk and Returns on Polish Power Exchange and European Energy Exchange, 4uantitative Methods in Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ;V(1): 183-191.

Selected Publications | FCN | 97

Journal Articles (simpliƄed or no scholarly peer-review) Sunak <., Madlener R. (2014). Local Impacts of Wind Farms on Property Values: A Spatial Difference-in-Differences Analysis, IAEE Energy Forum, 3rd 4uarter: 25-26.

Books / Book Chapters Glensk B., Madlener R. (2014). On the Use of Fuzzy Set Theory for Optimizing Portfolios, in: M. LÙbbecke, A. Weiler, B. Werners (eds.), =ukunftsperspektiven des Operations Research t Erfolgreicher Einsatz und Potenziale, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, pp. 263-274 (ISBN: 978-3-658-05706-0).

Contributions to Conference and Workshop Proceedings (selection) Budny C., Madlener R., Hilgers C. (2014). Economic Feasibility of Pipeline and Underground Reservoir Storage Options for Power-to-Gas Load Balancing, 6th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE 2014, May 30-June 2, 2014, Taipei, Taiwan. Charalampous G., Madlener R. (2014). Risk Management and Portfolio Optimization for Gas- and Coal-Fired Power Plants in Germany: A Multivariate GARCH Approach, 14th IAEE European Conference 2014 “Sustainable Energy Policy and Strategies for Europe”, October 28-31, Rome, Italy. Garbuzova-Schlifter M., Madlener R. (2014). Risk Assessment of Energy EfƄciency Projects based on Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) in Russia in 2014, International ScientiƄc-Practical Conference “Energy services as a driver and an instrument for energy efƄciency”, “Interregional cooperation for development of the energy service industry and energy efƄciency improvements” (NP “ESMO”), April 24, 2014, Moscow, Russia. Garbuzova-Schlifter M., Madlener R. (2014). Risk Assessment of Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) Projects of the Russian Energy Service Companies, Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies “The Art of Modeling”, IFORS 2014, July 13-18, 2014, Barcelona, Spain. Garnier E., Madlener R. (2014). Balancing Forecast Errors in Continuous-Trade Intraday Markets: A Real Options Approach, 7th International Workshop on Empirical Methods in Energy Economics, EMEE 2014, August 14-15, 2014, Aachen, Germany. Garnier E., Madlener R. (2014). Balancing Forecast Errors in Continuous-Trade Intraday Markets, 14th IAEE European Conference 2014 “Sustainable Energy Policy and Strategies for Europe”, October 28-31, 2014, Rome, Italy. Garnier E., Madlener R. (2014). Day-ahead versus Intraday Valuation of Demand-Side Flexibility for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems, International Conference on Operations Research 2014, ORW2014 “Business Analytics and Optimization”, September 2-5, 2014, Aachen, Germany. Garnier E., Madlener R. (2014). Leveraging Flexible Loads and Options-based Trading Strategies to Optimize Intraday Effects on the Market Value of Renewable Energy, Bachelier Finance Society 8th World Congress, June 2-6, 2014, Brussels, Belgium. Glensk B., Rosen C., Madlener R. (2014). A Real Options Model for the Disinvestment in Conventional Power Plants, International Conference on Operations Research 2014 “Business Analytics and Optimization”, ORW2014, September 2-5, 2014, Aachen, Germany. Glensk B., Madlener R. (2014). Dynamic Portfolio Optimization for Power Generation Assets, in: S. Helber, M. Breitner, D. RÓsch et al. (Eds.), Operations Research Proceedings 2012. Selected Papers of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society (GOR), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany, September 5-7, 2012, 98 | FCN | Selected Publications

Springer, Cham/ Heidelberg/ New <ork/ Dordrecht/ London (ISSN 0721-5924, ISBN 9783-319-00794-6, ISBN 978-3-319-00795-3 (eBook)). Hackbarth A., Madlener R. (2014). Willingness-to-Pay for Alternative Fuel Vehicle Characteristics: A Stated Choice Study for Germany, 14th IAEE European Conference 2014 “Sustainable Energy Policy and Strategies for Europe”, October 28-31, Rome, Italy. Harmsen - van Hout M.J.W., Madlener R., Prang C.D. (2014). Online Discussion among Energy Consumers: A Semi-Dynamic Social Network Visualization, Annual International Conference of the German Operations Research Society, ORw2014 “Business Analytics and Optimization”, September 2-5, 2014, Aachen, Germany. Harzendorf F., Madlener R. (2014). Optimal Decision to Invest in an Engine-CHP Plant: A Real Options Approach in the Context of the German Regulatory Framework, INFORMS Annual Meeting 2014 “Bridging Data and Decisions”, INFORMS 2014, November 9-12, 2014, San Francisco, USA. Heesen F., Madlener R. (2014). Technology Acceptance as Part of the Behavioural Rebound Effect in Energy-EfƄcient RetroƄtted Dwellings, BEHAVE Energy Conference “Paradigm Shift: From Energy EfƄciency to Energy Reduction through Social Change”, September 3-4, 2014, Oxford, UK. Johann A., Madlener R. (2014). ProƄtability of Energy Storage for Raising Self-Consumption of Solar Power: Analysis of Different Household Types in Germany, 6th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE 2014, May 30 - June 2, 2014, Taipei, Taiwan. Kumar S., Madlener R. (2014). CO2 Emission Reduction Potential Assessment Using Renewable Energy in India, 3rd International Conference: Environment and Natural Resources Management in Developing and Transition Economies, October 8-10, 2014, Clermont-Ferrand, France. Kumar S., Madlener R., Suri I. (2014). Electricity Demand and Supply Systems with New Energy and Environmental Policies in Germany, 13th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, SET 2014, August 25-28, 2014, Geneva, Switzerland. Madlener R. (2014). Economic Prospects of Massive Energy Storage Technologies: Selected Studies of FCN, Warwick Business School Workshop, “The Role of Storage in Future Energy Systems: Opportunities and Challenges”, Warwick Business School, May 22, 2014, Coventry, UK. Madlener R. (2014). Long-Term Perspectives of Massive Energy Storage Technologies, E.ON ERC Annual Meeting 2014 “Innovation and Energy Markets”, April 3, 2014, Aachen, Germany. Madlener R., Päivärinta J. (2014). Energy Policy and the Future of the ESCO Market (Opening Keynote Plenary Session), ESCO Europe 2014, January 22-23, 2014, Barcelona, Spain. Madlener R., Tejada R. (2014). Renewal Strategy for Commercial Fleets in Germany, International Conference on Operations Research 2014 “Business Analytics and Optimization”, ORW2014 “Business Analytics and Optimization”, September 2-5, 2014, Aachen, Germany. Michelsen C.C., Madlener R. (2014). Switching from Fossil Fuel to Renewables in Residential Heating Systems: An Empirical Study of Homeownerso Decisions in Germany, 14th IAEE European Conference 2014 “Sustainable Energy Policy and Strategies for Europe”, October 28-31, 2014, Rome, Italy. Michelsen C.C., Madlener R. (2014). Switching from Fossil Fuel to Renewables in Selected Publications | FCN | 99

Residential Heating Systems: An Empirical Study of Homeowners, Decisions in Germany, 2nd EWI t FCN Workshop in Energy Economics, E.ON ERC, RWTH Aachen University, March 20, 2014, Aachen, Germany. Päivärinta J., Madlener R., (2014). A Systematic Mapping and Evaluation of Barriers and BeneƄts of the Demand Side Resource Participation in Electricity Markets, 14th IAEE European Conference 2014 “Sustainable Energy Policies and Strategies for Europe” 2014, October 28-31, Rome, Italy. Päivärinta J., Madlener R. (2014). Ex-Ante Trade of Balancing Power Reserves in German Electricity Markets: The Cure to the Missing Money or a New Disease" 37th IAEE International Conference 2014 “Energy the Economy”, June 15-18, 2014, New <ork City, USA. Päivärinta J., Madlener R. (2014). Why is the Demand Side not Involved and Why it Should Be" t A Systematic Evaluation of Barriers an BeneƄts of the Demand Side Resources in Electricity Markets , 2nd EWI t FCN Workshop in Energy Economics, March 20, 2014, Aachen, Germany. Rosen C., Madlener R. (2014). Feedback Information in Sealed-Bid Divisible Good Auctions, 5th Southern Europe Experimentalists Meeting, SEET 2014, January 30 t February 1, 2014, Sesimbra, Portugal. Sunak <., Madlener R. (2014). Local Impacts of Wind Farms on Property Values: A Spatial Difference-in-Differences Analysis, 7th International Workshop on Empirical Methods in Energy Economics, EMEE 2014, August 14-15, 2014, Aachen, Germany. Sunak <., Madlener R. (2014). Local Impacts of Wind Farms on Property Values: A Spatial Difference-in-Differences Analysis, 37th IAEE International Conference 2014 “Energy the Economy”, June 15-18, 2014, New <ork City, USA. Weibel S., Madlener R. (2014). Cost-Effective Design of Ringwall Storage Hybrid Power Plants: A Real Options Analysis, 6th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE 2014, May 30-June 2, 2014, Taipei, Taiwan. Wolff S., Madlener R. (2014). ElectriƄcation of Postal Delivery Fleets Considering Competing Battery Technologies and Charging Strategies, International Conference on Operations Research 2014, ORW2014 “Business Analytics and Optimization”, September 2-5, 2014, Aachen, Germany.

Research Reports Garbuzova-Schlifter M., Madlener R. (2014). Foreign Direct Investments in Carbon Footprint Reduction Projects: The Case of the Russian Energy Market Post-2012, E.ON Energy Research Center Series, Vol. 6, Issue 1, February (ISSN: 1868-7415). Frieling J., HÙning H., Straubhaar T., VÓpel H., Wilke C.(2014). Versicherungen in =eiten der Krise t Szenarien der Weltwirtschaft und Auswirkungen auf das Versicherungsgeschäft, Studie im Auftrag von Aon Deutschland. Madlener, R., Rosen, R., Päivärinta, J., Harmsen - van Hout, M. (2014). Subannual Billing Information for Heating and Water Costs. Studie im Auftrag der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Heiz- und Wasserkostenverteilung e.V., June 2014.

100 | FCN | Selected Publications

Working Papers The FCN Working Paper Series was launched in fall 2008. Since then, 5 papers were published in 2008, 12 in 2009, 27 in 2010, 22 in 2011, 20 in 2012, 24 in 2013, and 26 in 2014. The FCN Working Papers are published by Prof. Madlener as Editor-in-Chief, and listed in the SSRN (www.ssrn.com) and RePEc (http://ideas.repec.org) scientiƄc paper depositories. The download statistics on page 103 shows that the scientiƄc community and decision-makers in the industrial and policy domains have been continuously attracted also in 2014, as measured by the number of page views and paper downloads.

Sunak <., Madlener R. (2014). Local Impacts of Wind Farms on Property Values: A Spatial Difference-in-Differences Analysis, FCN Working Paper No. 1/2014, February (revised October 2014). Garnier E., Madlener R. (2014). Balancing Forecast Errors in Continuous-Trade Intraday Markets, FCN Working Paper No. 2/2014, February. Kerres B., Fischer K., Madlener R. (2014). Economic Evaluation of Maintenance Strategies for Wind Turbines: A Stochastic Analysis, FCN Working Paper No. 3/2014, March. Loucao S., Madlener R. (2014). External Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing: Risks and Welfare Considerations for Water Supply in Germany, FCN Working Paper No. 4/2014, April. Popov M., Madlener R. (2014). Backtesting and Evaluation of Different Trading Schemes for the Portfolio Management of Natural Gas, FCN Working Paper No. 5/2014, May. Madlener R., Reismann T. (2014). The Great PaciƄc Garbage Patch: A Preliminary Economic Analysis of the oSixth Continent’, FCN Working Paper No. 6/2014, May. Blum J., Madlener R., Michelsen C.C. (2014). Exploring the Diffusion of Innovative Residential Heating Systems in Germany: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach, FCN Working Paper No. 7/2014, July. Tejada R., Madlener R. (2014). Optimal Renewal and ElectriƄcation Strategy for Commercial Car Fleets in Germany, FCN Working Paper No. 8/2014, August. Galvin R., Madlener R. (2014). Determinants of Commuter Trends and Implications for Indirect Rebound Effects: A Case Study of Germany’s Largest Federal State of NRW, 1994-2013, FCN Working Paper No. 9/2014, September. Garbuzova M., Madlener R. (2014). Risk Analysis of Energy Performance Contracting Projects in Russia: An Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach, FCN Working Paper No. 10/2014, October. Kumar S., Madlener R., Suri I. (2014). An Energy System Analysis on Restructuring the German Electricity Market with New Energy and Environmental Policies, FCN Working Paper No. 11/2014, October.

Working Paper Series | FCN | 101

Rosen C., Madlener R. (2014). Regulatory Options for Local Reserve Energy Markets: Implications for Prosumers, Utilities, and other Stakeholders, FCN Working Paper No. 12/2014, October. Rosen C., Madlener R. (2014). Socio-Demographic Inƅuences on Bidding Behavior: An Ex-Post Analysis of an Energy Prosumer Lab Experiment, FCN Working Paper No. 13/2014, November. Kumar S., Madlener R. (2014). CO2 Emission Reduction Potential Assessment Using Renewable Energy in India, FCN Working Paper No. 14/2014, November. Kammeyer F., Madlener R: (2014). Income Distribution Effects of the German Energiewende: The Role of Citizen Participation in Renewable Energy Investments, FCN Working Paper No. 15/2014, November. HÓfer T., Sunak <., SiddiTue H., Madlener R. (2014). Wind Farm Siting Using a Spatial Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach: A Case Study of the Städteregion Aachen, FCN Working Paper No. 16/2014, November. Garnier E., Madlener R. (2014). Day-Ahead versus Intraday Valuation of Demand-Side Flexibility for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems, FCN Working Paper No. 17/2014, November. Sluzalek R., Madlener R. (2014). Trade-Offs when Investing in Grid Extension, Electricity Storage, and Demand Side Management: A Model-Based Analysis, FCN Working Paper No. 18/2014, November. Galassi V., Madlener R. (2014). Identifying Business Models for Photovoltaic Systems with Storage in the Italian Market: A Discrete Choice Experiment, FCN Working Paper No. 19/2014, December. IIlian K., Madlener R. (2014), Short-Term Energy Storage for Stabilizing the High Voltage Transmission Grid: A Real Options Analysis, FCN Working Paper No. 20/2014, December. Oberst C., Madlener R. (2014). Regional Economic Determinants for the Adoption of Distributed Generation Based on Renewable Energies: The Case of Germany, FCN Working Paper No. 21/2014, December. Oberst C., Madlener R. (2014). Prosumer Preferences Regarding the Adoption of MicroGeneration Technologies: Empirical Evidence for German Homeowners, FCN Working Paper No. 22/2014, December. Harmsen t van Hout M.J.W., Madlener R., Prang C. (2014). Online Discussion among Energy Consumers: A Semi-Dynamic Social Network Visualization, FCN Working Paper No. 23/2014, December. Madlener R., Heesen F., Besch G. (2014). Determination of Direct Rebound Effects for Building RetroƄts from Energy Services Demand, FCN Working Paper No. 24/2014, December. Heesen F., Madlener R. (2014). Technology Acceptance as Part of the Behavioral Rebound Effect in Energy-EfƄcient RetroƄtted Dwellings, FCN Working Paper No. 25/2014, December. Schulz S., Madlener R. (2014). Portfolio Optimization of Virtual Power Plants, FCN Working Paper No. 26/2014, December.

102 | FCN | Working Paper Series

FCN Working Papers, SSRN Popularity statistics t Page Views and Paper Downloads 2014

Working Paper Series | FCN | 103

Chronicle January On behalf of Prof. Madlener, Joonas Päivärinta delivers an opening keynote plenary speech on “Energy Policy and the Future of the ESCO Market” at the ESCO Europe 2014 conference in Barcelona, Spain. Christiane Rosen presents a paper on “Feedback Information in Sealed-Bid Divisible Good Auctions” at the 5th Southern Europe Experimentalists Meeting (SEET 2014), Sesimbra, Portugal.

AI;perimental energy economics research

February Dr. Subhash Kumar receives the Research Prize for Social Responsibility/Diversity, awarded for the Ƅrst time by the RWTH School of Business and Economics, from the Dean Prof. Lorz. Prof. Madlener joins the Editorial Board of the Springer journal Energy EfƄciency. FCN participates in the Ƅrst project meeting with the Project Advisory Board of the BMBF-funded project “Prosumer Households - Private Households as Key Actors for a Transformation of the Energy System”.

Prosumer Household project logo

March FCN research on consumer preferences for alternative fuel vehicles is discussed in the Science for Environment Policy Newsletter of the European Commission. Dr. Erik Delarue from KU Leuven gives a talk on “Modeling Electricity Generation Systems: On Integration of Renewables and CO2 Abatement” at an FCN ColloTuium. 4th FCN Retreat in castle Stahleck, Bacharach (Upper Middle Rhine Valley).

4th FCN Retreat

EWI - FCN 2nd joint “get to know each other“ workshop.

2nd Joint EWI - FCN Workshop

April Prof. Reinhard and Dr. Christian Oberst participate in 2nd EME workshop at the RWTH Aachen School of Business and Economics. Prof. Madlener gives an opening speech at the Passive House Basics Course, RWTH Aachen.

104 | FCN | Chronicle

May Prof. Madlener presents the study on “Switching from Fossil Fuel to Renewables in Residential Heating Systems: An Empirical Study of Homeownerso Decisions in Germany” at the Lunch Seminar in Energy, Environmental and Resource Economics, ETH =urich, Switzerland. Prof. Madlener gives an invited talk at the Warwick Business Schoolos Workshop “The Role of Storage in Future Energy Systems: Opportunities and Challenges”. The Festschrift for Prof. =immermann “=ukunftsperspektiven des Operations Research” is released at his 80th Birthday Party in Schloss Gerlach, Valkenburg (NL). It also contains a chapter by Dr. Barbara Glensk and Prof. Madlener “On the Use of Fuzzy Set Theory for Optimizing Portfolios of Power Generation Assets”. Prof. Madlener gives three presentations at the International Conference of Applied Energy (ICAE 2014) in Taipei, Taiwan.

Prof. Madlener with British colleagues at Warwick Business School

June Ernesto Garnier presents his work on “Balancing Forecast Errors in Continuous-Trade Intraday Markets” at the 8th World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society in Brussels. Prof. Madlener and Wilko Rohlfs organize a well-received HITEC Graduate School Methods Day on “Modeling of Energy Storage Applications” at E.ON ERC. Prof. Madlener gives a lecture on “Energy Economics and Management with a Special Focus on the Energy Transition” at the “International Mini MBA Energy Transition and Innovation” program organized by the Delta Business School at E.ON ERC. FCN contributes two papers to the International Conference of the International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE 2014) in New <ork City: “Local Impacts of Wind Farms on Property Values: A Spatial Difference-in-Differences Analysis” and “ExAnte Trade of Balancing Power Reserves in German Electricity Markets: The Cure to the Missing Money or a New Disease"”. Prof. Madlener and Giovanni Sorda present selected FCN research activities on agentbased energy modeling at the 1st International Workshop on “Agent-Based Modelling of Electricity Markets”, TU Delft, the Netherlands.

HITEC Methods Day at FCN

FCN participates in IAEE International Conference 2014 in N<C

July On behalf of HEIWAKO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Heiz- und Wasserkostenverteilung e.V.), FCN researchers present a new study on the effectiveness of “Subannual Billing Information for Heating and Water Costs”. Maria Garbuzova-Schlifter presents a new study on “Risk Assessment of Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) Projects of the Russian Energy Service Companies” at the 20th Conference of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies “The Art of Modeling” (IFORS 2014) in Barcelona, Spain. Tim HÓfer presents his master’s thesis on “A GIS-based Wind Farm Siting Assessment Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process: A Case Study for the Regional District of Aachen”, submitted in revised version to Energy Policy.

Student research presentation

Chronicle | FCN | 105

August The 7th EMEE Workshop 2014 on “Empirical Methods in Energy Economics”, hosted by FCN/E.ON Energy Research Center, is taking place on August 14 and 15, 2014, in Aachen. Stefanie Wolff attends of the IDEA League Doctoral School “Urban Systems and Sustainability”. The Ƅrst of three modules takes place at TU Delft, the second module is in Singapore and China. During the last module the PhD candidate Stefanie Wolff will present her research results in front of a scientiƄc advisory board in Aachen.

7th EMEE Workshop 2014 on “Empirical Methods in Energy Economics”

September Kick-off meeting of new project with FCN participation on “Technology-based Energy System Analysis (TESA)”. FCN participates at the International Conference on Operations Research (OR 2014) “Business analytics and optimization” in Aachen with 5 contributions. Florian Heesen presents research on “Technology Acceptance as Part of the Behavioral Rebound Effect: Analysis of Energy EfƄcient RetroƄtted Dwellings” at the BEHAVE Energy conference in Oxford, UK. Christian Oberst presents research on “Regional Economic Determinants for the Adoption of Micro-Generation Technologies of Renewable Energies: The Case of Germany” at the INFER Workshop in Urban and Regional Economics in Reus, Spain. Prof. Madlener attends the ISES 2015 Summer School and gives a talk on “Energy Economics and the Rebound Effect”, Kloster Seeon, Bavaria. Prof. Madlener and Christiane Rosen present the key insights gained from the Heiwako Subannual Billing study at a hearing organized by the BMWi, Berlin. Prof. Madlener attends the S³F Cluster-Workshop “BÙrger und Geschäftsmodelle”, KONE, Frankfurt. Prof. Reinhard Madlener presents research on “Risk Management and Portfolio Optimization for Gas- and Coal-Fired Power Plants in Germany: A Multivariate GARCH Approach” at the Energy and Finance 2014 Conference in Erice, Italy. Prof. Madlener participates in the InnoSmart Group Delphi Workshop on “Social Aspects of the Smart Grid”, organized by =IRIUS, University of Stuttgart.

106 | FCN | Chronicle

Prof. Madlener participates at the Energy and Finance 2014 Conference in Erice, Italy

October Dr. Subhash Kumar presents research on “CO2 Emission Reduction Potential Assessment Using Renewable Energy in India” at the 3rd International EAERE Conference “Environment and Natural Resources Management in Developing and Transition Economies”, ClermontFerrand, France. Prof. Madlener joins Acatech Ad-hoc Working Group on “Risk and Resilience in the Energy Transformation”, Berlin. FCN hosts 2nd Workshop of the RWTH School of Business and Management’s Research Area “Energy, Mobility and Environment (EME)”. FCN researchers participate in IAEE International Conference in Rome with 5 contributions. Wilko Rohlfs successfully defends his PhD Dissertation “Decision-Making under MultiDimensional Price Uncertainty for Long-Lived Energy Investments”.

FCN hosts 2nd EME Workshop

November Prof. Madlener delivers the Opening Speech on “New Developments in the Promotion of Energy EfƄciency and Renewables” at the Annual Conference of SAEE, ETH =urich. Prof. Madlener presents joint research with Freia Harzendorf on real options analysis for investments in engine-CHP in Germany at the INFORMS 2014 in San Francisco. Prof. Madlener and Prof. Thomes describe the role of energy prosumers in the “RWTHThemen” (issue dedicated to JARA).

Prof. Madlener gives Opening Speech at SAEE 2014 (ETH =urich).

FCN participates with Sustainable Prosumer experiments and poster at the 2014 Science Night of RWTH Aachen University. Carl Christian Michelsen participates in the 18th Workshop of the GEE Student Chapter at TU Berlin. He presents his doctoral thesis as nominated Ƅnalist in the GEE Award of the Energieforum Berlin 2014 in the category “Best Ph.D. Thesis”. Prof. Madlener gives a short note on “Präferenzen, =ahlungsbereitschaften und Heterogenität der Fahrzeugkäufer fÙr alternative Fahrzeugantriebe in Deutschland” and participates in a roundtable discussion at the Vernetzungskonferenz Elektromobilität organized by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), Berlin. Giovanni Sorda successfully defends his PhD Dissertation “The Diffusion of Selected Renewable Energy Technologies: Modeling, Economic Impacts, and Policy Implications”. Christiane Rosen successfully defends her PhD Dissertation “Design Considerations and Functional Analysis of Local Reserve Energy Markets for Distributed Generation”.

December Carl Christian Michelsen successfully defends his PhD Dissertation “The Energiewende in the German Residential Sector: Empirical Essays on Homeowners’ Choices of Space Heating Technologies”.

Chronicle | FCN | 107

Cooperative Research

GGE Institute for Applied Geophysics and Geothermal Energy

Preface 2014 has been the traditional busy year for GGE in which new researchers were welcomed, while others moved on to new challenges in industry or academia. Also, this year has seen three new research projects being granted by the German Science Foundation (DFG), the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), and industry. Additionally, a number of new projects have been devised or submitted for funding by GGE and its partners- three initiatives for EU funding within Horizon 2020 and one initiative for a Transregional Priority Program to be submitted to the DFG. GGE continues operating at full capacity, accommodating this type of ƅuctuation of both staff and projects, which is typical for universities. We continue to take advantage of both our institute building and the interdisciplinary character of the E.ON Energy Research Center as tremendous assets for our research and teaching. In our teaching, we continue to contribute to both the geoscience programs at RWTH Aachen (www.fgeo.rwth-aachen.de) and the English-language M.Sc. program Applied Geophysics (http://www.idealeague.org/geophysics), which is implemented jointly with the IDEA League partner universities TU Delft and ETH =Ùrich. The year 2014 brought a new record for this program with over 40 students entering as well as a continuously high number of 70 applications. At a joint welcome and graduation ceremony in Delft on 29 August 2014 diploma documents were handed to 19 graduating students. Students starting the third semester at RWTH were introduced to Aachen and the surroundings on a two-day excursion, which took them to the RWE Power open pit lignite mines near Indemann, the RWTH Wildenhof Guesthouse at the Rur Reservoir lake in the Eifel and the Forschungszentrum JÙlich. Also the two German-Language RWTH Aachen B.Sc./M.Sc. programs Georesources Management and Applied Geosciences continue to run successfully. This is documented by 63 and 54 newly enrolled students for the fall term 2014/2015, respectively, in these two inscription-restricted B.Sc. programs. The new enrollments in the corresponding M.Sc. programs are 34 and 52 out of 88 and 77 applicants, respectively. Teaching by GGE was honored this year by the RWTH Geoscience student body who bestowed their excellence in teaching award on 110 | GGE | Preface

Contact GGE I Institute for Applied Geophysics and Geothermal Energy Mathieustra¼e 10 52074 Aachen Germany T +49 241 80 49880 F +49 241 80 49889 post_gge@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Further informations: http://www.gge.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Dr. Norbert Klitzsch t congratulations In 2014, the position of a new Junior Research Group Leader in “Numerical Reservoir Engineering” was successfully Ƅlled with Dr. Florian Wellman, who now holds the associated Junior Professorship within the Graduate School “Aachen Institute of Advanced Studies in Computational Engineering Science” (AICES www.aices.rwth-aachen.de) funded by the German “Exzellenzinitiative”. GGE had been instrumental in applying for this new AICES position and had headed the corresponding search committee in 2013. In its research, GGE contributes to two of the E.ON ERC’s R D priorities, (1) Heat and Power Plants and (2) Buildings and City 4uarters, by research projects in the Ƅelds of (i) Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), (ii) Geothermal Power, and (iii) Geothermal Heating, Cooling, and Air Conditioning. Research funds for these projects were granted by the German Science Foundation, Federal Government, and national as well as international industry partners. In 2014, GGE researchers were involved in 8 oral and 12 poster presentations in national and international conferences, communicating these research activities. These were also documented in 10 peer reviewed contributions to international journals. Additionally, a total of 14 theses were prepared under GGE supervision: 9 M.Sc. theses and 5 B.Sc. theses. As part of our teaching program, we took students on two Ƅeld trips in 2014: to the Eifel volcanic Ƅelds for geophysical exploration applied to problems in hydrogeology and engineering geology and to an Alpine cirTue in Austria for geophysical exploration. As part of a joint research project between Hydrogeology and Geophysics involving 3D-numerical high-performance simulations of groundwater ƅow and permeability estimation in a tectonically limited hard-rock aTuifer, GGE performed geoelectrical monitoring during a large-scale tracer injection experiment at Hastenrath near Aachen. A total of three new projects started in 2014: (i) TR32 t the third and Ƅnal four-year phase of the DFG Transregional Priority Program “Patterns in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Systems” was reviewed and granted to which GGE contributes with a project on characterizing water transport properties of partially saturated soils by joint inversion of NMR and IP measurements (ii) FEN t A BMBF Forschungscampus on Future Electrical Networks(FEN) had been granted to an RWTH team headed by Prof. De Doncker, the director of the E.ON ERC. As a member of this Ƅve-year, ten-million consortium, GGE will study in a two-year project how high-power DC cables can be kept at acceptable temperature, either by dissipating their Joule’s heat into the ground or by making alternative use of it (ii) iLOPS t Wintershall AG granted GGE as a member of a group of Geoscience institutes of RWTH a three-year project to study the two-phase ƅuid transport properties of tight formations in a combination of laboratory experiments and numerical petrophysics simulations. In October 2014, M.Sc. SÓnke Reiche (who will Ƅnish his PhD dissertation at the University of Hamburg by the end of this year) Ƅlled the position of ScientiƄc Assistant which had been vacant at GGE since the former incumbent, Dr. Oliver Mohnke, had left GGE in February to take up a position at Baker-Hughes in Celle. One new doctoral student started at GGE in 2014, M.Sc. Saurabh Singh. Also in this year, M.Sc. Rhea von BÙlow joined the GGE team after Ƅnishing her Master in Applied Geophysics, and M.A. Stefanie Jansen has become part of GGE’s secretarial team. While Dr. Oliver Mohnke left GGE to Baker-Hughes in Celle, GGE alumnus Dr. Christian Vogt joined Schlumberger GmbH’s Aachen ofƄce to work on reservoir modeling, and Dr. Anozie Ebigbo leaves GGE by the end of 2014 to take up a position at Imperial College, London. Finally, doctoral student M.Sc. Christopher Nordlund unfortunately discontinued work on his thesis, and our long-term secretary since the year 2000, Ms. Ute Kreutz, moved on to join the RWTH administration’s Division of Relationship Management. Several individuals moved into maternal or paternal leave after giving birth to a baby or becoming fathers, respectively: M.Sc. Johanna Bruckmann, Dr. Anozie Ebigbo, and Dipl.Math. Henrik BÙsing. While Anozie and Henrik have returned meanwhile, we are looking forward to Johanna’s return in 2015, when she will continue work on her PhD project. All who moved on from GGE, we wish the best for their future professional and personal life - and at the end of an again eventful and exciting year I express my sincere appreciation to all individual members of staff, who contributed their energy and enthusiasm to our joint efforts and achievements

Director GGE Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Christoph Clauser T +49 241 80 49880 post_gge@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Preface | GGE | 111

Team GGE I Institute for Applied Geophysics and Geothermal Energy Director GGE

Christoph Clauser

Chief engineer

Oliver Mohnke

Norbert Klitzsch

SÓnke Reiche

OfƄce

Stephanie Jansen

Sandra Krause

Ute Kreutz

Lecturers

Rhea von BÙlow Josef Granwehr

Marina Hruška Darius Mottaghy

Ernst Niederleithinger Renate Pechnig

Rainer SchÙtt Heinz Triebe

Apprentices

<annik DÓrner

Justus Schwan

Johanna Bruckmann Henrik BÙsing Tao Chen

Anozie Ebigbo Simin Huang Johannes Keller

Gabriele MarTuart Alexander Michalski Jan Niederau

Christian Vogt Karen Willbrand

Petrophysics and logging

Annick Fehr Chris Nordlund

Rainer SchÙtt

Saurabh Singh

Jan Volkmann

Technicians

Lothar Ahrensmeier

Jaouad Doghmi

Peter Jaxy

Library

JÓrg Boeven

Research associates Reservoir simulation

112 | GGE | Team

Research Projects Ensemble Kalman Filter for Estimation of Rock Properties in Geothermal Reservoirs Simulated concentration distributions in synthetic groundwater ƅow scenarios have been used to test the updates of permeability Ƅelds by the Ensemble Kalman Filter - an ensemble-based Ƅltering techniTue - depending on prior distributions and error models as well as extensions of the Ƅlter including covariance inƅation and localization. The prior permeability distributions have been singled out as the most important manual input of the Ƅlter. Funding for this project is provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).

Johannes Keller, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49886 jkeller@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) for Assessing the Wetting Conditions of Reservoir Rock The wetting conditions of reservoir rocks inƅuence important reservoir characteristics. We studied, if Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) can characterize the wetting state. First, we examined numerical systems of water Ƅlled connected pores. The results were used to design an experimental study, conducted on a reference system of sintered borosilicate samples. In parallel, measurements on reservoir rocks have been conducted. Simulation and reference sample studies show that wettability can be derived from IS for Ƅne pored rock at low salinity. This is Tualitatively conƄrmed for reservoir rocks. This project is funded by DGMK (Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft fÙr ErdÓl, Erdgas und Kohle e.V.).

Dipl.-Phys. Jan Volkmann T +49 241 80 49908 jvolkmann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) is a marine research drilling program dedicated to globally explore Earth’s history and dynamics by monitoring and sampling sub seaƅoor environments. As part of the European Petrophysics Consortium (EPC), GGE contributes to IODP by providing staff and technical eTuipment for marine expeditions and performing downhole logging and petrophysical lab analysis of rock and sediment samples drilled during IODP expeditions. In 2013-2014, Annick Fehr participated as Petrophysics Staff Scientist in IODP Expedition 347 Baltic Sea Paleoenvironment.

Dipl.-Phys. Annick Fehr T +49 241 80 49892 afehr@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Modelling Multiphase Flow and CO2 Storage The in-house code SHEMAT-Suite for simulation of ƅow, species and heat transport in porous media is enhanced to incorporate multiphase gas ƅow for the simulation of CO2 storage in deep saline aTuifers and for geothermal applications. The focus of this year’s work was on the simulation of a CO2 leakage scenario. We inject CO2 into a permeable layer from where it leaks into a second aTuifer through a leaky well. To detect the leakage we measure the induced self-potential at the surface. We evaluate the signal strength and determine up to which depths a leakage can be detected at the surface.

Dipl.-Math. Henrik BÙsing T +49 241 80 49907 hbuesing@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Porous Media Modelling Tool for E.ON ERC The microstructural properties of rocks greatly inƅuence electrical, ƅuid and heat transports, which eventually play a crucial role for many geological processes. Thus, comprehending the relation between microstructure and physical properties of porous media is crucial for their applications. In a collaborative research endeavour, the Porous Media Modelling Tool is being developed to simulate the coupled diffusion and migration of charges in an

Saurabh Singh, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49891 ssingh@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | GGE | 113

electrical Ƅeld. The model is governed by the Nernst-Planck-Poisson eTuations which are discretized using the Finite Differences and Euler Schemes.

Upscaling of Fracture Networks for Numerical Simulation of Enhanced Geothermal Systems and Risk Evaluation The conduits of working ƅuid in Enhanced Geothermal Systems are mainly hydraulic or natural fractures. SHEMAT-Suite, an in-house geothermal reservoir simulator, has been widely used in geothermal assessment. However, the scale in geothermal reservoir simulation is far larger than the scale in fracture characterization. In the project, the hydraulic properties of Ƅne scale, discrete fractures are up-scaled to parameters which can be used in large scale, continuum models. The eTuivalent fracture model has been explored this year and integration in SHEMAT-Suite will follow.

Tao Chen, M.Sc. T +49 (0)241 80 49898 tchen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Water ƅow and permeability estimation in a tectonically limited hard-rock aTuifer Hydraulic parameters and their uncertainties are estimated by simulation based stochastic inversion methods (Monte-Carlo and Ensemble-Kalman-Filter approaches). A hybrid parallel version of the Ƅnite difference code SHEMAT-Suite will be used to perform the computationally expensive simulations in the supercomputing environments at the JÙlich Supercomputing Center and at RWTH Aachen University. For more information, please visit:

114 | GGE | Research Projects

Johanna Bruckmann, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49912 jbruckmann@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Selected Publications ScientiƄc peer reviewed journals BÙsing, Henrik Willkomm, Johannes Bischof, Christian Clauser, Christoph: Using exact Jacobians in an implicit Newton method for solving multiphase ƅow in porous media - In: Special Issue on Multiphysics Problems in Computational Engineering International journal of computational science and engineering: IJCSE. - 9 (2014) 5/6, S./ Art.: 499-508 Online DOI: 10.1504/IJCSE.2014.064535. Jorand, R., Clauser, C., MarTuart, G., Pechnig, R., 2014: Physical properties of subsurface rocks useable for geothermal energy production in the NE Rhenish Massif and the Lower Rhine Embayment (Germany), Geothermics, 53, 413428. Jorand, Rachel Clauser, Christoph MarTuart, Gabriele Pechnig, Renate: Statistically reliable petrophysical properties of potential reservoir rocks for geothermal energy use and their relation to lithostratigraphy and rock composition: The NE Rhenish Massif and the Lower Rhine Embayment (Germany) In: Geothermics. - 53 (2014), S./Art.: 413-428, Online E=B: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/"1494886 URL: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0375650514001059/1-s2.0-S0375650514001059-main. pdf"_tid 4860b92e-33fb-11e4-9aa7-00000aab0f27 acdnat 1409811687_de14d10fd3c77651d001b8bfed749209. Jungmann, Matthias Pape, Hansgeorg Wi¼kirchen, Peter Clauser, Christoph Berlage, Thomas: Segmentation of thin section images for grain size analysis using region competition and edge-weighted region merging - In: Computers geosciences : CAGEO. - 72 (2014), S./ Art.: 33-48. Mohnke, Oliver Stiebler, Maik Klitzsch, Norbert: Joint numerical microscale simulations of multiphase ƅow and NMR relaxation behavior in porous media using Lattice Boltzmann methods - In: Water resources research. - 50 (2014) 9, S./Art.: 7378-7393 Online-First Online DOI: 10.1002/2013WR014684, E=B: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/"2029553. Mohnke, Oliver: Jointly deriving NMR surface relaxivity and pore size distributions by NMR relaxation experiments on partially desaturated rocks - In: Water resources research. - 50 (2014) 6, S./Art.: 5309-5321, Online DOI: 10.1002/2014WR015282, E=B: http://www.bibliothek. uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/"2029553. Naderi Beni, Ali Stanjek, Helge Clauser, Christoph: The formation of iron hydroxide coatings in an Emscher Marl: inverse reactive transport modeling of reactive surface area - In: Environmental earth sciences. - 71 (2014 2013) 2, S./Art.: 763-771 Druck-Ausgabe: 2014. - Online-First: 2013. - Online-Ausgabe: 2014 Online DOI: 10.1007/s12665-013-2478-9, E=B: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg. de/ezeit/"2493699regensburg.de/ezeit/"1494886. Naderi Beni, Ali Clauser, Christoph: The Inƅuence of Temperature on Chemical Fluid-Rock Reactions in Geological CO2 SeTuestration - In: Environmental modeling assessment (2014), S./Art.: 10 S. Online-First Online: DOI: 10.1007/s10666-014-9398-2, E=B: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg. de/ezeit/"2000915.

Selected Publications | GGE | 115

Naderi Beni, Ali Clauser, Christoph: The Inƅuence of Temperature on Chemical Fluid-Rock Reactions in Geological CO2 SeTuestration - In: Environmental modeling assessment (2014), S./Art.: 10 S. Online-First Online: DOI: 10.1007/s10666-014-9398-2, E=B: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg. de/ezeit/"2000915 de PasTuale, Giulia Mohnke, Oliver: Numerical Study of Prepolarized Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the Vadose =one - In: Vadose zone journal. - 13 (2014) 11, S./Art.: 9 S. Online: DOI: 10.2136/ vzj2014.06.0069, E=B: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/"2088189. Schmeling, H., MarTuart, G., 2014: A scaling law for approximating porous hydrothermal convection by an eTuivalent thermal conductivity: Theory and application to the cooling oceanic lithosphere, Geophys. J. Int. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu022. Vogt, C., Mottaghy, D., Rath, V., MarTuart, G., Dijkshoorn, L., Wolf, A., Clauser, C., 2014: Vertical Variations of Heat Flow on the Kola Peninsula: Paleoclimate or Fluid Flow", Geophys. J. Int., 199 (2), 829-843, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu282. Vogt, Christian Klitzsch, Norbert Rath, Volker: On self-potential data for estimating permeability in Enhanced Geothermal Systems - In: Geothermics. - 51 (2014), S./Art.: 201-213, Online DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.01.008, E=B: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/"1494886.

ScientiƄc peer reviewed proceedings Bruckmann, Johanna Vogt, Christian Clauser, Christoph: Capability of EnKF to assimilate tracer test data at the lower detection limit - In: Geophysical Research Abstracts, EGU General Assembly 2014, 27.04.-02.05.2014, Vienna. >GÓttingen@: EGU, European Geosciences Union, 2014. - (Abstracts programme / European Geosciences Union : general assembly... 16). - EGU2014-14626 Online: URL: http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2014/EGU2014-14626.pdf. BÙsing, Henrik: Comparison of iterative methods and preconditioners for the solution of miscible two-phase ƅow in heterogeneous porous media - In: 11th EGU General Assembly: General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union (EGU 2014) Vienna, Austria, 27 April - 2 May 2014. - Katlenburg-Lindau: Copernicus Publ., 2014. - (Geophysical Research Abstracts 16). - ISSN: 1029-7006, 1607-7962, S./Art.: EGU2014-9572, 1 S. Online: E=B: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/"2144416 URL: http://meetingorganizer. copernicus.org/EGU2014/EGU2014-9572-4.pdf. Clauser, Christoph Willbrand, Karen Siebert, Philipp Weber, Nikolai Fries, T. Feinendegen, M. =iegler, M.: Entwicklung eines numerischen Werkzeugs zur Rissausbreitung und erster Abgleich mit hydraulischen Spaltversuchen im Labor - In: 74. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft: 10.-13. März 2014 in Karlsruhe. - Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft, 2014, S./Art.: S4-4.004 Online: URL: http://www.dgg-2014.de/downloads/ DGG_Tagungsband.pdf. Ebigbo, E., Niederau, J., MarTuart, G., Inversi, B., Scrocca, D., Gola, G., Arnold, J., Montegrossi, G., Vogt, C., and R., Pechnig, 2014: Evaluation of the Geothermal Energy Potential in the Medium-Enthalpy Reservoir Guardia dei Lombardi, Italy, - Proceedings Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 24-26, 2014, SGPTR-202.

116 | GGE | Selected Publications

Hruska, Marina Clauser, Christoph Hilgers, Christoph Heinzmann, Kathrin: M.Sc. Programmes in Applied Geosciences at RWTH Aachen t In: 74. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft, 10. - 13. März 2014 in Karlsruhe. - Karlsruhe KIT, Karlsruher Institut fÙr Technologie, 2014. Poster GO-P.001. Jan Niederau, 2014: Calibration of a Fractal Model Relating Porosity to Permeability and its Use for Modeling Hydrothermal Transport Processes in the Perth Basin, Australia, Energy Procedia, Volume 59, Pages 293-300, ISSN 1876-6102, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.380. Niederau, Jan Ebigbo, Anozie MarTuart, Gabriele Pechnig, Renate Clauser, Christoph: Evaluation of the geothermal energy potential of a reservoir in Southern Italy - In: 74. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft : 10. - 13. März 2014 in Karlsruhe. - >s.l.@: Geophysikalisches Institut, KIT, Karlsruhe, 2014, S./Art.: S4-4.002. Niederau, Jan Ebigbo, Anozie MarTuart, Gabriele Clauser, Christoph: On the impact of spatial heterogeneous permeability distributions on the development of free convection cells in the Perth Basin, Australia ¹ber den Einƅuss heterogener Permeabilitätsverteilungen auf die Ausbildung freier Konvektionszellen am Beispiel des Perth Beckens, Australien - In: 74. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft: 10. - 13. März 2014 in Karlsruhe. - Karlsruhe: KIT, Karlsruher Institut fÙr Technologie, 2014. - ISSN: 0344-7251, S./Art.: 117-118, Online URL: http://www.dgg-2014. de/downloads/DGG_Tagungsband.pdf. Seidler, R., BÙcker, H.M., Padalkina, K., Herty, M., Niederau, J., MarTuart, G., and Rasch, A., 2014: Redesigning the EFCOSS Framework for optimally drilling boreholes in geothermal engineering, in: Horváth, I., Rusák, =. (eds.), Proceeding of TMCE2014, ISBN978-946186-177-1.

Other Clauser, Christoph: EinfÙhrung in die Geophysik: globale physikalische Felder und Prozesse in der Erde / Christoph Clauser. - Berlin >u.a.@: Springer Spektrum, 2014. - ;II, 407 S.: Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. ISBN 978-3-642-04495-3 ISBN 978-3-642-04496-0, Online DOI: 10.1007/978-3642-04496-0. Volkmann, Jan Klitzsch, Norbert Mohnke, Oliver: Impedance Spectroscopy for Assessing the Wetting Conditions of Reservoir Rocks. Hamburg: Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft fÙr ErdÓl, Erdgas und Kohle e.V. (DGMK), Hamburg, 2014. - 99 S.: zahlr. Ill.. - (DGMK research report 703), ISBN 978-3941721-52-4, ISSN 0937-9762.

Selected Publications | GGE | 117

Chronicle January 17.-21. Annick Fehr participated as Petrophysics Staff Scientist in the Onshore Phase of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 347.

February 01.

Annick Fehr with the Onshore Party of IODP Expedition 347

Oliver Mohnke leaves GGE to take up a position at baker-Hughes in Celle.

March 06.-07. U15-U20 Second German Canadian Geothermal Workshop organized by GGE. 10.-13. Annual Meeting German Geophysical Society at Karlsruhe: Jan Niederau gave a presentation “On the impact of spatial heterogeneous permeability distributions on the development of free convection cells in the Perth Basin, Australia”. Christoph Clauser gave two presentations “Evaluation of the geothermal energy potential of a reservoir in Southern Italy” and “Entwicklung eines numerischen Werkzeugs zur Rissausbreitung und erster Abgleich mit hydraulischen Spaltversuchen im Labor”, Marina Hruska presented a poster ”M.Sc. Programmes in Applied Geophysics at RWTH Aachen”. 19.-20. Annick Fehr gave a presentation entitled “Downhole Logging, Basics Initial Interpretation” in the German ScientiƄc Earth Probing Consortium (GESEP) School in Erlangen. 01.

Rhea von BÙlow joins the GGE.

April 11.

Henrik BÙsing goes on parental leave t will return in October 2014.

15.-16. Clauser, MarTuart, Ebigbo, Niederau, Doghmi attended the annual MeProRisk-II workshop organized by GGE. 27.-02. European Geosciences Union General Assembly in Vienna: Annick Fehr attended the meeting MarTuart chaired a session on “Exploration, development and production of geothermal resources” Niederau presented a poster on “Modelling the impact of heterogeneous permeability on free convection cells in the Perth Basin, Australia” and a poster “On the inƅuence of advection on the Guardia dei Lombardi geothermal Ƅeld”. BÙsing presented a poster on “Comparison of iterative methods and preconditioners for the solution of miscible two-phase ƅow in heterogeneous porous media”. Bruckmann presented a poster on ”Capability of EnKF to assimilate tracer test data at the lower detection limit”.

118 | GGE | Chronicle

Weatherford Compact Micro-Resistivity Imager (CMI) for downhole logging

May 29.-01. Rhea von BÙlow presented the “Applied Geophysics Master” at the GAP Kiel.

June 03.

Rhea von BÙlow presenting at the GAP Kiel

Institutes’ Olympiad at RWTH FH SPORTS DA<.

10.-13. Computational Methods in Water Resources at the University of Stuttgart: Ebigbo gave a presentation on “Evaluation of the geothermal energy potential of a medium-enthalpy reservoir in Italy”. BÙsing presented a poster on “EfƄcient solution strategies for miscible two-phase ƅow in heterogeneous porous media”. Institutes Olympiad: GGEwinner

09.-13. Annick Fehr participated as Petrophysics Staff Scientist in the IODP Expedition 347 Postcruise Meeting in College Station (T;, USA). 10.-18. Field work for Bachelor students: Geophysics, Hydrology and Engineering Geology (GHI) t Excursion jointly with LIH and LFH at Gerolstein. 24.

Clauser gives presentation at ministry environment institute in Stuttgart in workshop on deep borehole heat exchangers and thermal energy storage in aTuifers.

“What now"”

25.-27. MarTuart, Clauser, Ebigbo and Niederau travel to Pisa for a milestone meeting with ENEL Green Power. 19.

Anozie Ebigbo goes on a two-month parental leave.

July

Anozie Ebigbo and his son Eloka Reuben

04.

Dr. Norbert Klitzsch received an award for “beste Lehre“ at Geotag 2014. Two of our bachelor students received the third poster price for their poster “Simulation von hydrodynamischen Salztransportprozessen mit SHEMAT-Suite”.

11.

First meeting (of a total of three) of task group on geothermal power generation chaired by Clauser within the academies’ (Acatech, Leopoldina) project “Future energy systems”.

Geotag 2014 Third winner of the poster presentation

11.

Johanna Bruckmann leaves for maternity protection, followed by 9 months of parental leave. Her expected return is May 2015.

15.

Extensive e-learning material “Introduction to Seismics” prepared by Clauser for students of IDEA-League M.Sc.-Applied Geophysics.

31.

Ute Kreutz leaves the GGE after 14 years. A huge farewell BB4 was organized. Farewell to Ute Kreutz

Chronicle | GGE | 119

August 18.-27. Field excursion for Master Students (5 days): GeländeÙbung Gro¼venediger.

September 21.-24. GeoFrankfurt: Ebigbo gave a presentation on “Flow and heat-transport simulations of a high-enthalpy geothermal reservoir in Tuscany, Italy” Keller on “Parameter estimation in a heterogeneous hard-rock reservoir using Ensemble Kalman Ƅltering techniTues” Niederau on “Numerical modelling of various geothermal doublet scenarios for a medium-enthalpy reservoir in Southern Italy” MarTuart chaired the session on “Assessment of geothermal reservoirs in sedimentary and crystalline rocks”.

Norbert Klitzsch on excursion to the alps

GGE annual excursion

11.-12. Clauser participates in steering committee meeting of the European Energy Research Association’s Joint Program on Geothermal Energy in Trieste. 29.

Department summer excursion to the Rheinsteig including a hiking tour and wine tasting.

October 01.

The Bridge of Remagen

SÓnke Reiche joins GGE. Henrik BÙsing returns from parental leave.

02.

Clauser and De Donker meet with representatives of Enel Green Power for discussion of possible future energy.

09.

Welcome excursion of the IDEA League students Applied Geophysics

Welcome excursion to Schloss Paffendorf

13.-17. Annick Fehr visited the cooperation partners from the European Petrophysics Consortium (EPC) in Leicester (UK). 15.

Johannes Keller moves on to F= JÙlich, the second part of his PhD. In one year, he will return for the last period.

November 14.

The GGE participates at the “Lange Nacht der Wissenschaft der RWTH”.

18.

Annick Fehr attended as Petrophysics Staff Scientist the IODP Expedition 347 Review Meeting.

28.

Clauser and De Donker meet with representatives of Baker Hughes for discussion of possible future activities. Geoelectric survey in Hastenrath

120 | GGE | Chronicle

December 02.-04. Clauser participates in retreat of the academies’ (Acatech, Leopoldina)-project “Energy systems of the future” (ES<S) on ƅexibility options for the future energy system at Roggenburg monastery near Ulm. 09.

MarTuart gave a colloTuium talk at the TU Darmstadt on “Numerical simulation as a tool for evaluation of geothermal reservoirs”.

31.

Ebigbo leaves the center for a new postdoc at Imperial College London. A tour in our GGE labs

Chronicle | GGE | 121

PGS Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems

Preface We are very happy to present to you the seventh Annual Report of the Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS) at E.ON ERC. In the following pages the two research groups, i.e. the Energy Storage Systems (ESS) led by Prof. Dirk Uwe Sauer, and the Power Electronics and Drives (PED) led by Prof. Rik De Doncker, will present their research. Please note that our joint E.ON ERC research projects are covered in the front sections of this Annual Report. In 2014 one major work was the construction of the 4 MW test bench for multi-megawatt wind drives. Located at the Center for Wind Drives (CWD), the test rig enables the analysis of entire wind turbines including their gear box, generator and power-electronic converter. By end of 2014, the approval for the M5BAT, i.e. the 5 MW multi-technology battery storage, building was granted. This battery test facility will be constructed by PGS, in cooperation with E.ON SE, SMA and Exide (see separate article in the joint research projects section). The approval of the construction site was a major step towards realization of the project. In addition, the scientiƄc accompanying project WMEP PV-Speicher (PV-storage) for the KfW Bank started in 2014. Main goal is to incentivize PV owners to install battery systems. The collected data and subseTuent analyses will provide valuable information on how to adjust the grid support-schedule in order to stimulate technological advancement of such systems to achieve a grid-friendly operation. Furthermore, reports and proposals were prepared for the Forschungscampus Future Electrical Networks (FEN) focusing on research on dc grids. In May and June we had to present the concept and the research agenda to the reviewers and the grand jury. All went well and in October 2014 RWTH Aachen University, led by PGS, could start four main research projects, with a total funding of 10 Mio. b over Ƅve years from the German Federal Ministry of Research. The research will be guided by and conducted with a consortium of industry partners who work closely together with university researchers to accelerate the implementation of innovations. 124 | PGS | Preface

Contact PGS I Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems Mathieustra¼e 10 52074 Aachen Germany T +49 241 80 49940 F +49 241 80 49949 post_pgs@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de Further informations: http://www.pgs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

We have also started the organization of the 6th International IEEE Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG2015) which will be held in Aachen, June 22-25. This international symposium, supported by the IEEE Power Electronics Society and organized by the PELS Technical Committee on Sustainable Energy Systems, will provide a venue for experts to present the state-of-the-art in power electronics and distributed generation (DG) systems. We hope to see you in Aachen in June 2015 In October, Dr. Hanno Stagge ended his engagement as chief engineer for PGS to start as Chief ScientiƄc OfƄcer of the FEN research consortium. We thank Dr. Stagge for his support over the past four years and are happy that he continues working closely with PGS in the future. We wish him all the best with his new responsibilities at RWTH Aachen University. By the end of 2014, Marco Stieneker and Nils Soltau became chief engineers of the PED group. In 2014, Fernanda Vejar left the institute to return to her home country Chile and guest researcher Shinya Ohara returned to Japan after his four year stay in Aachen. In addition, Hans-Martin Heyn left the institute in 2014 to continue his PhD studies at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway and Kevin Pasch followed a job opportunity in the industry. Also Alexa Erckens, who managed the PGS secretariat, left the institute. We thank all of them for their great support and wish them all the best for the future. In August, <unzheng Chen joined PGS-PED to conduct research on robust converters. Moreover, in October, Jingxin Hu started his research on future dc grids. The battery research activities of PGS-ESS on stationary applications have been strengthened signiƄcantly by recruiting Ilka Bremer, Georg Angenendt, Kai-Philipp Kairies and Sebastian =urmÙhlen Michael Merten, Fabian RÙcker and Jeanette MÙnderlein. Furthermore, Sarah Ayeng’o from Tanzania and Luiz Moraes Jr. from Brazil started their PhD studies. Both received DAAD scholarships.

Director PGS Univ.-Prof. Dr. ir. Dr. h. c. Rik W. De Doncker T +49 241 80 49940 post_pgs@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

From January to May, Prof. Jinsong Kang from Tongji University, Shanghai, visited PGSPED to jointly work on power-electronic systems. He invited Dr. Stagge to Shanghai who then conducted a block lecture on power electronics at Tongji University for three weeks in September 2014. Dr. Charles Odeh from Nigeria has joined PGS as a guest researcher in November 2014. Dr. Odeh is kindly supported by the Humboldt Foundation. Also in November Ludmila Prisyazhnaya from Russia started her one-year stay at PGS, based on the well-respected “Bundeskanzlerstipendium” also funded by the Humboldt Foundation. In 2015, besides our ongoing research projects, Forschungscampus FEN will be one of the main tasks of PGS-PED. Some important decisions about the general design of the research grid on RWTH Aachen Campus have to be made so that the work can afterwards focus on the detailed design. A main aspect of FEN is the collaboration with other technical and “non-technical” RWTH colleagues, for example from the Ƅelds of medicine, politics or technical communication. We are looking forward to a fruitful teamwork to get more insights on different aspects of our future electrical supply system. PGS-ESS is looking forward to the installation of M5BAT the 5 MW battery storage system will be completed and put into operation during 2015. With these two lighthouse projects, PGS is conducting research with major partners from industry on two main pillars of the “Energiewende”, storage systems and grids. We hope that our efforts can help to support the transition to more renewable energy generation.

Director PGS Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat Dirk Uwe Sauer T +49 241 80 96977 pgs-batteries@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

We would like to thank all PGS staff, assistants and students working on the research projects for their enthusiasm and continued efforts. Furthermore, we are indebted to all E.ON ERC Central OfƄces, under leadership of Dr. Sabine Vogel, for advising and coordinating the many administrative and professional activities and duties within the center. And Ƅnally, we would like to thank all our industry partners, in particular E.ON SE, for their continued support in joint research projects at PGS. We wish all co-workers, our friends and industry partners all the best for 2015 and thank them for their continued support. Preface | PGS | 125

Team PGS I Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems Director PGS

Rik W. De Doncker (Electrical Energy Conversion Systems) Dirk Uwe Sauer (Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems)

Chief engineers Energy conversion systems Energy storage systems

Nils Soltau Matthias Leuthold

Hanno Stagge Dirk Magnor

OfƄce

Silvia Kroll

Romina Reddig

Research associates

Georg Angenendt Nurhan R. Averous Hendrik Axelsen Sarah Ayeng’o Ilka Bremer Christian Bu¼ar =huang Cai <unzheng Chen

Pablo Frack Georg Fuchs Alexander Gitis Hans-Martin Heyn Jingxin Hu Kai-Philipp Kairies Benedikt Lunz Ghada Merei

Michael Merten Luiz Moraes Jr. Janina MoshÓvel Jeanette MÙnderlein Shinya Ohara Kevin Pasch Ala 4awasmi Sedigheh Rabiee

Fabian RÙcker HaƄz SiddiTue Philipp StÓcker Tjark Thien Fernanda Vejar Johannes Voss Oliver Wessels Sebastian =urmÙhlen

Technical staff

Violetta Ostrowski

Guest researcher

Babak Gholizad

Marek Jasinski

Charles Odeh

Ludmila Prisyazhnaya

126 | PGS | Team

Marco Stieneker

Research Projects PV-BeneƄt For future energy supply systems the effects and beneƄts of battery storage systems in households with photovoltaic (PV) generators and the effects on distribution and transmission grids need to be identiƄed and analyzed. The development of grid relieving management strategies in due consideration of self-consumption is a necessary step forward in order to evaluate the use of battery storage in private homes in reducing the stress on the power supply system. The project’s aim is to Tuantify the beneƄt of PV storage systems in terms of economic, ecological and social issues. Supported by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy based on a decision of the German Bundestag.

Janina MoshÓvel, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49307 jmoshoevel@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

GO ELK : Small Commercially Operated Electric Fleets Within the joint project GO ELK Ƅve small ƅeets, each with Ƅve electric vehicles (EV), are provided for commercial operation within the initiative “Schaufenster Elektromobilität”. The research focus of PGS lies on the aging analysis of traction batteries in EVs. Periodic State of Health (SoH) measurements, acTuisition and analysis of Ƅeld test data and battery cell aging under laboratory conditions will enable an evaluation of the battery aging behavior. Furthermore the impact of intelligent charging strategies on battery aging and the effect of fast charging on driver acceptance will be evaluated. Supported by the Bundesministerium fÙr Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur based on a decision of the German Bundestag.

Dipl.-Ing. Ilka Bremer T +49 241 80 49374 ibremer@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

GENES<S I/II The simulation framework GENES<S has been developed to calculate the optimal conƄguration of the future electricity system of 2050 with smallest levelized cost of electricity. The focus of the simulation tool is the allocation and estimation of future grid and storage needs in power systems characterized by high shares of renewable electricity generators. Within a follow-up project, the software should be extended to focus on the transformation process including growing renewable and fade-out of conventional electricity generators as well as grid extension and system entry of storage systems in the timeframe of 2010 - 2050. Supported by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety based on a decision of the German Bundestag.

Dipl.-Phys. Christian Bu¼ar T +49 241 80 49313 cbussar@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

ESPEN The aim of the project ESPEN is to clarify, if electrochemical storage systems are able to contribute to the efƄciency, stability and security of the future electricity supply system. The results will allow to adjust the technical and economic circumstances and to create a roadmap for further steps in technical development. Thus, electrochemical energy storage systems are evaluated with techno-economic toolsets and compared with other energy storage technologies and alternatives such as grid extension and generators with very short response time and dynamically changing power output. Especially thermal and mechanical storage systems are compared to identify the limits for electrochemical storage technologies. Supported by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety based on a decision of the German Bundestag.

Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Alexander Gitis T +49 241 80 49350 agitis@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | PGS | 127

PV-HOST: Operating Strategies and System ConƄgurations for PV-Battery Systems Due to decreasing costs, photovoltaic (PV) power plants are increasingly used in households. With battery storage systems it is possible to use solar power even at times of no power generation. In addition to an increase of local self-consumption, the battery storage can provide a relief of the distribution network, when operated cleverly. This project will evaluate appropriate battery technologies, system conƄgurations and operation strategies for PV home storage systems. Focus of the analyses is the economy of the system considering the technology speciƄc battery aging characteristics. Supported by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy based on a decision of the German Bundestag.

Georg Angenendt, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49373 gangenendt@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Potential of Combined Heat and Electrical Storage for Demand Side Management in Private Households Energy storage in private households is continuously gaining relevance. This is driven by the strong decrease of power generation costs from PV. Thus it becomes more and more interesting for users to consume the produced electricity by themselves. To use the generated energy optimally, it is essential to apply storage units to match generation and demand when they are time shifted. From an economic point of view, the combined application of thermal storage and batteries is a promising way to achieve this costefƄciently, while covering both heat and electricity demand. To Ƅnd optimal system conƄgurations, a genetic optimization is applied with a simulation tool to analyze combined PV home storage systems.

Sebastian =urmÙhlen, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49368 szurmuehlen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

ScientiƄc Measuring and Evaluation Program for Photovoltaic Battery Systems - WMEP PV-Speicher The German Federal Government issued a market incentive program for Photovoltaic Battery Systems (PBS) that increase local self-consumption and act grid relieving at the same time. However, the impact of larger numbers of PBS in the Ƅeld today can only be estimated. To gain a profound understanding of the grid-relieving effects under realistic conditions and monitor the general market situation of the funded PBS, the market incentive program is supervised by a scientiƄc monitoring program from the start. For more information, please visit www.speichermonitoring.de. Supported by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy based on a decision of the German Bundestag.

Kai-Philipp Kairies, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49367 kkairies@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Econnect Within the research project “econnect Germany” information and communication technology (ICT) for both, sustainable and intelligent electro mobility applications as well as for the integration of electric vehicles into the smart grids of the future shall be explored, developed and tested. In this context, PGS designed and developed a stationary storage system for smart home applications. A simulation model of the entire system is then used to derive conclusions about strain on components, energy turnover as well as to develop intelligent algorithms for the energy management within a smart home. Supported by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy based on a decision of the German Bundestag.

128 | PGS | Research Projects

Georg Fuchs, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49333 gfuchs@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Competence Center for Self-Reliant Power Generation from Volatile Renewable Energy Sources (SeRePo) To pave the way for further expansion of renewable energies, the volatility of their energy supply can be compensated using energy storage. Within this project, energy storage using hydrogen should be investigated. The main goal is to connect electrolyzers and fuel cells together with wind and gas turbines to technically and economically determine the interaction of these technologies. In this context, the PGS institute is responsible for determining the power-converter models connecting these technologies to analyze the system with respect to efƄciency, ƅexibility and performance potential.

Pablo Frack, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49960 pfrack@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Protection of Multi-Terminal DC Grids Fault current limiting and breaking is one of the main challenges to overcome before realizing a multi-terminal dc grid grid. This research examines different topologies and technologies that can be used in dc circuit breakers on medium voltage level. It includes available components in the market and proposed concepts that are still in a development stage. The work aims to study the different suggested concepts, proposes new ones and compares them in terms of technology, application and performance. Finally, ways of integrating fault-current breaking systems into future dc grids are investigated.

Ala 4awasmi, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49963 aTawasmi@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

High-Current Test-Bench for Thyristor-Based Semiconductors To stabilize the distribution and transmission grids, more and more thyristor-based converters are being integrated in the grids due to their high power handling capability. Nevertheless, in fault cases, these converters need to withstand high currents without failing. To investigate these scenarios a test bench is needed to emulate different failure modes in a controlled environment. This test bench creates currents of up to 18 kA with a maximum duration of two seconds. Directly after the high current event, the voltage blocking capability of the thyristor is tested up to 10 kV.

Dipl.-Ing. Johannes Voss T +49 241 80 49946 jvoss@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Alternative Drivetrain Concept for Wind Turbines A power-electronic converter for an auxiliary servo drive is built within this project. This drive is superimposed in a gearbox of synchronous generators for wind turbines. The advantage is that the servo drive has only to deliver about 10 of the rated wind-turbine power. Hence, only a low-voltage and low-power converter is reTuired. The auxiliary servo drive has to satisfy the grid codes. The reactive power will be delivered by the synchronous generator during low voltage ride-through. However, the control of the servo drive is more complex during failure.

Dipl.-Ing. Markus Niessen T +49 241 80 97155 mniessen@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Analysis of Core and Winding Materials for HighPower Medium-FreTuency Transformers With the increasing costs for copper and steel, material savings become more important. Moreover, applications like offshore wind farms or aeronautics have high reTuirements on power density. Operating transformers at high freTuencies makes them smaller and lighter. Although the core losses are reduced as well, the cooling of the transformer becomes more challenging at increased freTuency. This E.ON ERC gGmbH project investigates different core and

Dipl.-Ing. Nils Soltau T +49 241 80 49957 nsoltau@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Research Projects | PGS | 129

winding materials for the use in high-power medium-freTuency transformers. Moreover a 6.6 MVA three-phase transformer operated with 1 kHz is built.

Power Conditioning Systems for Microgrid Operation Electric power systems are undergoing a decentralization process, where distributed generation will play the major role. One of the main conseTuences is the reduction of inertia especially due to the deployment of power-electronic converters. The emulation of synchronous machines in converter-coupled generation has emerged as a promising solution to increase freTuency stability. The research focuses on the design of control strategies based on this concept and its impact on the stability in microgrids.

130 | PGS | Research Projects

Pablo Frack, M.Sc. T +49 241 80 49960 pfrack@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de

Selected Publications ScientiƄc peer reviewed journals C. Bussar, M. Moos, R. Alvarez, P. Wolf, T. Thien, H. Chen, =. Cai, M. Leuthold, D. U. Sauer, and A. Moser, Optimal Allocation and Capacity of Energy Storage Systems in a Future European Power System with 100 Renewable Energy Generation, Energy Procedia, Volume: 46, Pages: 40-47, 2014. Stefan Engel, Nils Soltau, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker. Improved Instantaneous Current Control for High-Power Three-Phase Dual-Active Bridge DC-DC Converters, IEEE Transactions on power electronics, Volume: 29, No. 8, Pages: 2067-2077, 2014. Jie Shen, Stefan SchrÓder, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker Impact of Modulation Schemes on the Power Capability of High-Power Converters with Low Pulse Ratios, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume: 29, No. 11, Page: 5696-5705, 2014. Nils Soltau, Daniel Eggers, Kay Hameyer, Rik W. De Doncker Iron Losses in a Medium-FreTuency Transformer operated in a High-Power DC-DC Converter, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Volume: 50, No. 2, Pages: 953-956, 2014. G. Merei, S. Adler, D. Magnor, M. Leuthold, and D. U. Sauer, Multi-physics Model for a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery, Energy Procedia, Volume: 46, Pages: 194-203, 2014. J. MoshÓvel, K.-P. Kairies, D. Magnor, M. Leuthold, M. Bost, S. Gährs, E. Szczechowicz, M. Cramer, and D. U. Sauer, Analysis of the maximal possible grid relief from PV-peakpower impacts by using storage systems for increased self-consumption, Applied Energy, Volume: 137, Pages 567-575, 2014.

ScientiƄc peer reviewed conference proceedings/papers Nurhan RizTy Averous, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker Performance Characteristics of a Doubly-Fed Generator on a Test-Rig with Full-Scale Converter-Based Grid Emulator Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications (PEMWA), 2014 IEEE, July 2014, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Johannes Voss, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker Analysis of Medium-Voltage DC and AC Supply for Klystron Accelerators at the European Spallation Source International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition (PEAC), 2014 IEEE, November 2014, Shanghai, China. Marco Stieneker, Benedict Mortimer, Nurhan RizTy Averous, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker: Optimum Design of Medium-Voltage DC Collector Grids Depending on the Offshore-Wind-Park Power, Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications (PEMWA), 2014 IEEE, July 2014, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Marco Stieneker, Nurhan RizTy Averous, Nils Soltau, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker Analysis of Wind Turbines Connected to Medium-Voltage DC Grids Power Electronics and Applications (EPE, ECCE-Europe), Proceedings of the 2011-16th European Conference on, August 2014, Lappeenranta, Finland. Marco Stieneker, Jan Riedel, Nils Soltau, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker Design of Series-Connected Dual-Active Bridges for Integration of Wind Park Cluster into MVDC Grids

Selected Publications | PGS | 131

Power Electronics and Applications (EPE, ECCE-Europe), Proceedings of the 2014-16th European Conference on, August 2014, Lappeenranta, Finland. J. Shi, Jie Shen, 4ingyun Chen, Stefan SchrÓder, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker Performance Evaluation of Multiloop Current Control Strategies in LCL-Filtered HighPower Converters with Low Pulse-Ratio, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE, September 2014, Pittsburgh, USA. Pablo Frack, Pedro E. Mercado, Marcelo G. Molina, Edson H. Watanabe, Rik W. De Doncker, Hanno Stagge, Control-Strategy Design for FreTuency Control in Autonomous Smart Microgrids, IEEE 5th Int. Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), June 2014, Galway, Ireland. Rik W. De Doncker Power Electronic Technologies for Flexible DC Distribution Grids, International Power Electronics Conference, IPEC, ECC-ASIA, May 2014, Hiroshima, Japan. Nils Soltau, Oscar Apeldoorn, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker Development and Demonstration of a Medium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter for DC Distribution Systems, IEEE 5th Int. Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), June 2014, Galway, Ireland. Nils Soltau, Julian Lange, Marco Stieneker, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker Ensuring Soft-Switching Operation of a Three-Phase Dual-Active Bridge DC-DC Converter applying an Auxiliary Resonant-Commutated Pole, 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE, ECCE-Europe), August 2014, Lappeenranta, Finland. Benedict Mortimer, Marco Stieneker, Rik W. De Doncker Offshore Wind Park Optimization Considering the Wake Effect Tagungsband zum Power and Energy Student Summit 2014 in Stuttgart, January 2014, Stuttgart, Germany. A. Gitis, D. Echternacht, M. Kleimaier, A. Becker, T. Aundrup, A. Berthold, M. Pokojski, M. Leuthold, N. Rotering, D. U. Sauer, and A. Moser, Dezentrale Energiespeicher: EinsatzmÓglichkeiten, Bedarf und Wirtschaftlichkeit, VDE-Kongress 2014 Smart cities: Intelligente LÓsungen fÙr das Leben in der =ukunft VDE-Kongress 2014, 20./21.10.2014, Frankfurt am Main, Messe, Kongressbeiträge.

Research Reports Nils Soltau, Hanno Stagge, Rik W. De Doncker, Marija Stevic, Alexander Helmedag, Antonello Monti, Commissioning of a High-Power Test Bench and Extension for HIL Testing Aachen/E.ON Energy Research Center Series, RWTH Aachen University, 2014. Nils Soltau, Robert Lenke, Rik W. De Doncker High-Power DC-DC Converter, E.ON Energy Research Center Series, Volume: 5, No. 5, Pages: 1-86, 2014.

132 | PGS | Selected Publications

Chronicle January 02.

M.Sc. Georg Angenendt, M.Sc. Kai-Philipp Kairies and M.Sc. Sebastian =urmÙhlen join PGS as research associates.

15.

Dipl.-Ing. Ilka Bremer joins PGS as research associate.

30.-31. Kai-Philipp Kairies represents PGS with a poster at the Batterieforum Deutschland in Berlin.

February 03.

Dr.-Ing. Stagge takes part in the U15/U20 Workshop on Smart Grids organized at E.ON ERC to discuss research and collaboration between Canadian Universities and RWTH Aachen University on smart grids.

10.

The kickoff meeting of the research project M5BAT, funded by the German Ministry for Economics, to demonstrate a modular megawatt battery storage system is held at E.ON ERC.

27.

On “Fettdonnerstag” PGS celebrates carnival together with the colleagues from E.ON ERC.

Carnival

March 11.

Prof. De Doncker gives a presentation at the “=IEHL IV =ukunft und Innovation der Energietechnik mit Hochtemperatur-Supraleitern” conference in Bonn.

12.

Benedikt Lunz gives a talk titled “¹berblick Ùber den aktuellen Stand der modernen Speichersysteme” at the Forum fÙr =ukunftsenergien in Berlin.

19.

Shinya Ohara returns back to Japan after three years research at the PGS. We wish all the best to him.

24.

Marco Stieneker takes part in the congress “NRW-Unternehmenskongress t Klimaschutz und Klimafolgenanpassung als Herausforderung und Chance fÙr die Wirtschaft” in DÙsseldorf.

26.

Janina MoshÓvel presents her research results on “Analysis of the effects of different operation strategies of PV-storage-systems for grid stabilization” at the Kraftwerk Batterie conference in MÙnster.

27.

ISEA and PGS jointly organize the IEEE German Joint IAS/IES/PELS Chapter Meeting.

31.

M.Sc. Kevin Pasch has his last day at PGS.

Chronicle | PGS | 133

April 01.

M.Sc. Sarah Ayeng’o and M. Eng. Luiz Moraes Jr. join PGS, both being DAAD scholars.

04.

M.Sc. =ian 4in from Aalborg University, Denmark, joins PGS for a guest stay of three month.

04.

New high-performance test bench inaugurated at the E.ON ERC.

08.

Prof. De Doncker gives a presentation titled “Visionen: AC vs. DC” at the Forum for Renewable Energies of Hannover Messe 2014 in Hannover.

10.

Prof. De Doncker gives a presentation titled “Power Electronics t the key enabling technology for future electrical grids” at the INTELEC95 2014 in =altbommel, the Netherlands.

Inauguration of the test bench together with GE representatives

May 19.

Prof. De Doncker visits the International Power Electronics Conference -ECCE Asia- in Hiroshima, Japan, presenting the paper “Power Electronic Technologies for Flexible DC Distribution Grids”.

20.

M.Sc. Michael Merten joins PGS as research associate.

June 02.

Kai-Philipp Kairies represents PGS on the Intersolar Europe Conference 2014 in Munich, giving a talk about “Technologies and Operating Strategies for PV Battery Storage Systems”.

05.

Prof. De Doncker and Dr. MÓhlenkamp from GE present together the concept of “Forschungscampus Future Electrical Networks” to the jury nominated by the German Research Ministry.

06.

Pablo Frack and Nils Soltau visit the PEDG Symposium in Galway, Ireland, presenting their papers.

Joint barbecue with live broadcast of the

July 01.

PGS und ISEA invite to the annual barbecue in Verlautenheide.

24.

RizTy Averous und Marco Stieneker visit the PEMWA Symposium in Milwaukee, WI, USA presenting their papers.

30.

M.Sc. Hans-Martin Heyn has his last day at PGS.

August 01.

M.Sc. <unzheng Chen joins PGS as new research associate.

134 | PGS | Chronicle

soccer World Cup

26.

Nils Soltau and Marco Stieneker visit the EPE c14-ECCE Europe Conference in Lappeenranta, Finland, presenting their papers.

September 01.

M.Sc. Fabian RÙcker joins PGS as research associate.

11.

Dr.-Ing. Stagge leaves for Shanghai where he gives lectures on power electronics at Tongji University for three weeks.

October Shanghai

01.

Dr.-Ing. Stagge joins the Flexible Electrical Networks FEN-Consortium and is elected to be the Ƅrst CSO.

01.

Marco Stieneker and Nils Soltau take the ofƄce as chief engineers.

02.

Ghada Merei presents her Paper titled “Optimization of an Off-grid Hybrid Power Supply System Based on Battery Aging Models for Different Battery Technologies” on the INTELEC 2014 in Vancouver.

06.

M.Sc. Jeanette MÙnderlein joins PGS as research associate.

12.

PGS and ISEA together organize the annual Strategy Meeting.

15.

M.Sc. Jingxin Hu joins the institute as a research associate.

20.

Alexander Gitis presents the results of the “ETG Task-Force Energiespeicher in Verteilungsnetzen” on the VDE Congress in Frankfurt.

November 01.

Ludmila Prisyazhnaya arrives for a nine months guest stay based on the well-respected Bundeskanzlerstipendium of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

05.-08. Johannes Voss visits the PEAC 2014 in Shanghai and presents a paper. He also receives an Excellent Paper Award. 10.-11. PGS has two presentations at the 4th Solar Integration Workshop (Christian Bussar and Kai-Philipp Kairies) and one poster at the 13th Wind Integration Workshop jointly held in Berlin (=huang Cai).

Johannes Voss receives excellent paper award

December 02.-05. Ilka Bremer presents her research results in form of a poster at the EEVC 2014 in Brussels. 10.

PGS together with the other E.ON ERC institutes celebrate a successful year of research on the Christmas Party.

Chronicle | PGS | 135

Publishing Information 2014 Report Published on behalf of the Director Univ.-Prof. Dr. ir. Dr. h. c. Rik W. De Doncker E.ON Energy Research Center RWTH Aachen University

Responsible Dr. Sabine Vogel

Editor/Layout Martha Gorecki Tanja Osterhage Ming Fei Katharina Aschhoff

Photos Peter Winandy (p. 1, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 26, 27, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 68, 69, 70, 71, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126) Holger Knauf (p. 4, 18, 19) Thilo Vogel (p. 51) E.ON ERC (other photos)

Translation Kern

Print Druckservice Zillekens, 52224 Stolberg

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