Dachshund Breed Technical Brochure by Royal Canin USA

Intelligent Nutrition for the Purebred Dog

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Meet the Needs of Your Breed The Dachshund

INTRODUCTION Table of Contents

Introduction

The unique characteristics of the Dachshund

Specific nutritional solutions

The history of the Dachshund

Articular sensitivity combined with chondrodystrophic type morphology

Protecting articular capital

A known predisposition to obesity

Maintaining muscle tone and a healthy weight

Exceptional longevity

Slowing down the effects of aging

Oral hygiene that demands great care

A tailor-made kibble

A nutritional program for every stage of the Dachshund’s life

The Dachshund from the tips of its toes to the tip of its nose

References

Glossary

A history of innovation at Royal Canin

Because inferior products will be exposed eventually, it is their quality, their authenticity and their reputation that determines whether a brand survives in the long run. That is without doubt still true of Royal Canin, a brand that lives, above all, through its products and its philosophy. Our sole passion has been to formulate a rigorous and precise response to the real nutritional needs of dogs and cats, by placing them at the center of our research and development strategy.

DACHSHUND 28™ also aims to take into account other characteristics of the breed, including its exceptional longevity and its sensitivity to oral complaints. It is a specially formulated food that improves the well being of the dog day by day and enables it to grow old in optimal conditions. Ask Dachshund breeders and they will affirm that anyone who has ever owned a Dachshund never switches to another breed. This engaging, indefatigable dog has become a companion for many enthusiasts.

This philosophy can be summarized in one simple phrase: “The Animal before the Master.”

Its distinct characteristics have aroused the interest of our nutritionists and veterinarians who have formulated the most precise response to the Dachshund’s nutritional needs, with the cooperation of breeders and researchers from academia.

We aspire to deepen our Knowledge of the animal and Respect for its true nature and its real needs through a scientific response, founded on highly precise nutritional principles.

We hope that in reading this brochure you will become conscious of even just a morsel of our passion for Health Nutrition and the pride that we feel in serving our brand.

In terms of morphology, the Dachshund is chondrodystrophic: its short, bowed limbs were originally felt to be an advantage on the hunt, as the dog could penetrate much further into lairs. This trait has been developed by genetic selection. This morphological particularity exposes the Dachshund to certain disc complaints more than any other breed. The task of nutrition is to help protect its articular capital, especially by maintaining optimal hydration of cartilage through the synergetic action of various nutrients that you will learn about in this scientific brochure.

Pascal Jouannet Chief Executive Officer Royal Canin Group

The fight against obesity is just as crucial to ensure that excessive constraints are not imposed on the dog’s intervertebral joints. At the same time, any help that can be given to muscle tone is welcome so as to relieve the vertebral column.

INTRODUCTION Table of Contents

Introduction

The unique characteristics of the Dachshund

Specific nutritional solutions

The history of the Dachshund

Articular sensitivity combined with chondrodystrophic type morphology

Protecting articular capital

A known predisposition to obesity

Maintaining muscle tone and a healthy weight

Exceptional longevity

Slowing down the effects of aging

Oral hygiene that demands great care

A tailor-made kibble

A nutritional program for every stage of the Dachshund’s life

The Dachshund from the tips of its toes to the tip of its nose

References

Glossary

A history of innovation at Royal Canin

This philosophy can be summarized in one simple phrase: “The Animal before the Master.”

We aspire to deepen our Knowledge of the animal and Respect for its true nature and its real needs through a scientific response, founded on highly precise nutritional principles.

We hope that in reading this brochure you will become conscious of even just a morsel of our passion for Health Nutrition and the pride that we feel in serving our brand.

Pascal Jouannet Chief Executive Officer Royal Canin Group

THE DACHSHUND … Unique characteristics 1 AN ACKNOWLEDGED ARTICULAR SENSITIVITY COMBINED WITH CHONDRODYSTROPHIC-TYPE MORPHOLOGY 2 A KNOWN PREDISPOSITION TO OBESITY

DACHSHUND 28™: Specific nutritional solutions 1 Protecting articular capital ● Plays a role in protecting the joints and maintaining optimal hydration of cartilage

due to the synergetic action of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine. ● Combats inflammatory mechanisms through the presence of omega 3 fatty acids (EPA-DHA)

2 Maintaining muscle tone and ideal weight ● With a high protein content, as well as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

and L-carnitine to mobilize fats

3 Slowing down the effects of aging 3 EXCEPTIONAL LONGEVITY

● Reduces oxidative stress through the synergistic action

of antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C and polyphenols)

● Promotes good digestive health through highly digestible ingredients

and the incorporation of FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides)

4 ORAL HYGIENE THAT DEMANDS DUE CARE

4 A tailor-made kibble ● With a kibble shape and texture that encourages a mechanical brushing action ● With the addition of calcium chelating agents that significantly

limit the formation of tartar on the surface of the tooth

THE DACHSHUND … Unique characteristics 1 AN ACKNOWLEDGED ARTICULAR SENSITIVITY COMBINED WITH CHONDRODYSTROPHIC-TYPE MORPHOLOGY 2 A KNOWN PREDISPOSITION TO OBESITY

DACHSHUND 28™: Specific nutritional solutions 1 Protecting articular capital ● Plays a role in protecting the joints and maintaining optimal hydration of cartilage

due to the synergetic action of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine. ● Combats inflammatory mechanisms through the presence of omega 3 fatty acids (EPA-DHA)

2 Maintaining muscle tone and ideal weight ● With a high protein content, as well as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

and L-carnitine to mobilize fats

3 Slowing down the effects of aging 3 EXCEPTIONAL LONGEVITY

● Reduces oxidative stress through the synergistic action

of antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C and polyphenols)

● Promotes good digestive health through highly digestible ingredients

and the incorporation of FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides)

4 ORAL HYGIENE THAT DEMANDS DUE CARE

4 A tailor-made kibble ● With a kibble shape and texture that encourages a mechanical brushing action ● With the addition of calcium chelating agents that significantly

limit the formation of tartar on the surface of the tooth

The History of the Dachshund This small dog with a particular morphology has become very popular since the 1970s. In its German homeland, the breed’s selection has been determined by a very strict respect for the rules of hunting. The Dachshund has been around since the Middle Ages. Ever since the Bracken, dogs have been bred especially to hunt underground. Of these bassets, the Dachshund distinguished itself as one of the most versatile hunting breeds. On the ground it achieves remarkable results, using its bark effectively to track game. The oldest breed club is the Deutscher Dachshund Klub, founded in 1888. It all started with the short hair As talented in driving game as driving hares and badgers out of their lairs, the Dachshund is the eternal companion for humans. Its origins and history are that of the shorthaired Dachshund up to the eighteenth century. Only then did the other two strains – the longhair and the wirehair – see the light of day, in response to slightly modified needs. Today, the Dachshund is one of the most profuse breeds of dog, combining the qualities of a companion, a hunter and a dog of the show rings.

In Germany, it was midway through the fifteenth century before enthusiasts began to get involved in the breed’s selection. Forest rangers played a decisive role in introducing the breed’s selection criteria. One of their first works is the publication of a standard (1879), ahead of the founding of the Deutscher Dachshund Klub. In the early days of German dog fancying, the standard was mostly in the majority, especially the shorthaired variety, which was considered by the experts to be the pure-bred Dachshund. In the 1920’s the wirehaired variety started to work its charm on amateurs, but ultimately it was the longhaired variety that won the popularity contest, and it remained at the favorite for decades. Today, the wirehaired Dachshund is regaining its predominance in Europe and even elsewhere.

In most countries, the Dachshund exists in two different sizes; Standard Dachshund and Miniature Dachshund (Kaninchen Dachshund, a Dachshund bred to hunt rabbits is also recognized in some countries) and three coat varieties (shorthaired, wirehaired and longhaired). The diversity of the breed covers six varieties, which means the Dachshund can meet a huge number of different needs. From the little Kaninchen to the standard – the template of the breed – every amateur will find a suitable companion.

While knowledge of the Dachshund goes back to antiquity, it was only really in the fourteenth century that the Dachshund started to win the world’s heart. It was first recorded in the studbook of Britain’s venerable Kennel Club in 1873. The fame of the Dachshund in Britain even spread to the aristocracy. Queen Victoria herself was most amused by the breed.

Recognized articular sensitivity combined with chondrodystrophic-type morphology Very short legs The Dachshund is popular around the world, largely due to its highly distinctive silhouette, with short bowed limbs. The distinctive form of the legs was identified as an advantage on the hunt from the very beginning, as it allows the dog to enter lairs to pursue rabbits and badgers.

Multiplication of cartilage cells

The cells of the cartilage (chondrocytes) reproduce and differentiate while others gradually ossify. Blood vessels fill the gaps.

Morphology of a long bone during growth and in an adult dog Ossification

1 – Articular cartilage 2 – Epiphysis 3 – Epiphyseal cartilage 4 – Metaphysis 5 – Diaphysis 6 – Compact bone 7 – Cancellous bone

Schematic representation of ossification

Growing puppy

Adult dog

Proximal end of the front leg of a chondrodystrophic puppy

Radiograph of a Dachshund’s elbow joint in profile 1 – Humerus 2 – Anconeal process 3 – Ulna 4 – Radius

Radius Ulna

In the Dachshund, the radius may grow for a longer period than the ulna. The pressure of the radius tends to push back the humeral trochlea.

The Dachshund - a dog with a low center of gravity, short limbs, and a long profile but compact and very muscular. The distance between the sternum and the ground is around a third of the height to the withers.

This hereditary feature is attributable to a modification in bone growth known as chondrodystrophy.* The epiphyseal cartilage of the long bones ossifies prematurely, which means that the limbs stop growing before maturity. This slowing down of growth affects the ulna earlier than the radius, and the lack of synchronicity means that the elbow joints are curved.

Asynchronous growth may lead to a deformed elbow: non-union of the anconcal process, luxation, etc.

* See glossary pg. 34

Multiplication of cartilage cells

The cells of the cartilage (chondrocytes) reproduce and differentiate while others gradually ossify. Blood vessels fill the gaps.

Morphology of a long bone during growth and in an adult dog Ossification

1 – Articular cartilage 2 – Epiphysis 3 – Epiphyseal cartilage 4 – Metaphysis 5 – Diaphysis 6 – Compact bone 7 – Cancellous bone

Schematic representation of ossification

Growing puppy

Adult dog

Proximal end of the front leg of a chondrodystrophic puppy

Radiograph of a Dachshund’s elbow joint in profile 1 – Humerus 2 – Anconeal process 3 – Ulna 4 – Radius

Radius Ulna

In the Dachshund, the radius may grow for a longer period than the ulna. The pressure of the radius tends to push back the humeral trochlea.

Asynchronous growth may lead to a deformed elbow: non-union of the anconcal process, luxation, etc.

* See glossary pg. 34

Vertebrae subjected to great mechanical stress

The elasticity of the discs depends on two factors:

Each vertebra is formed with a central cavity. These aligned cavities form the medullary cavity through which the spinal cord passes. The vertebrae articulate at the level of the intervertebral discs and the joint is completed by two articular surfaces, which are very often atrophied in small dogs (Breit, 2002). These discs cushion the forces applied to the vertebral column.

● The degree of resistance and elasticity of the annulus fibrosus. ● The capacity to retain water in the nucleus pulposus, which is composed of a gelatinous substance containing fibers of collagen, chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycans like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate.

Comparison of the structure of the vertebral column of humans and dogs Vertebrae

Human

Dog

Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal

7 12 5 5 (fixed) 4 (fixed)

7 13 7 3 (fixed) 1 to 22

Comparison of the vertebral column of Dachshunds and humans

Humans walk upright. The discs in the lumbar region are subjected to the greatest trauma.

Thoraco-lumbar junction

Intervertebral articulation 1 – Cervical vertebral column 2 – Thoracic vertebrae 3 – Lumbar vertebrae 4 – Sacrum 5 – Tail

The shorter the limbs, the less they are able to absorb shocks. When the dog jumps and lands on its forequarters the lines of force are redirected along the vertebral column, which generates compression in the intervertebral discs. The torsional forces are even greater at the joint between the fixed thoracic part and the lumbar part, which is mobile.

1 – annulus fibrosis 2 – nucleus pulposus 3 – dorsal spine process 4 – articular surface 5 – transverse process 6 – vertebral plate

In between each vertebra there is an intervertebral disc that cushions the shocks. The dog has 26 intervertebral discs (there is not one between the first two cervical vertebrae).

Vertebrae subjected to great mechanical stress

The elasticity of the discs depends on two factors:

Comparison of the structure of the vertebral column of humans and dogs Vertebrae

Human

Dog

Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal

7 12 5 5 (fixed) 4 (fixed)

7 13 7 3 (fixed) 1 to 22

Comparison of the vertebral column of Dachshunds and humans

Humans walk upright. The discs in the lumbar region are subjected to the greatest trauma.

Thoraco-lumbar junction

Intervertebral articulation 1 – Cervical vertebral column 2 – Thoracic vertebrae 3 – Lumbar vertebrae 4 – Sacrum 5 – Tail

1 – annulus fibrosis 2 – nucleus pulposus 3 – dorsal spine process 4 – articular surface 5 – transverse process 6 – vertebral plate

In between each vertebra there is an intervertebral disc that cushions the shocks. The dog has 26 intervertebral discs (there is not one between the first two cervical vertebrae).

The Dachshund’s spine has several interesting characteristics.

Herniated disc mechanism

● The nucleus pulposus undergoes structural changes very early (from 6 months): the collagen content increases rapidly and the quantity of glycosaminoglycans diminishes from 50% to 30%. The nucleus is less hydrated and loses its elasticity, eventually becoming calcified (Jensen, 2001). This is called chondroid metaplasia. Calcified discs have been found in 24.2% of Dachshunds aged between 12 and 18 months. It is most prevalent in the standard wirehaired Dachshund. However it is the Miniature variety of the longhaired Dachshund that are most affected (Stigen, 1996). ● The Dachshund has a larger spinal cord diameter relative to its vertebral canal size compared to a non-chondrodystrophic breed like the German Shepherd. This leads to an increased risk of spinal cord compression in the event of a herniated disc. (Morgan et al., 1987). When the Dachchund’s disc nucleus is calcified, all the job of cushioning is taken by the annulus fibrosis, which also degenerates as a consequence. In the most serious cases the annulus fibrosis is ruptured and the nucleus pulposus herniates in the spinal canal. Radiographs (X-rays) pick this up relatively frequently, despite the absence of any clinical symptoms.

Intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus) herniating in the medullary cavity.

An increased risk of herniated disc The Dachshund is the breed by far the most susceptible to disc complaints. The risk is 57 times greater than it is for the canine species as a whole (Nakama et al., 1993 ; Veterinary Medical Data Base). One Dachshund in four will have a disc problem at some time or other in its life (Luttgen, 1993). The breed is at greatest risk between 3 and 7 years.

Herniated disc in a Dachshund (myelography)

When the spinal cord is compressed by the disc matter, the development of the complaint can be dramatic. The spinal cord is extremely sensitive to any oxygen and glucose deficiency. Clinical symptoms vary depending on the position of the lesion and the nervous structure affected. As the condition develops there is a loss of sensitivity, ataxia (lack of coordination), followed by paresis or paralysis.

The Dachshund’s spine has several interesting characteristics.

Herniated disc mechanism

Intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus) herniating in the medullary cavity.

Herniated disc in a Dachshund (myelography)

PROTECTING ARTICULAR CAPITAL

Objective 2 To combat inflammatory mechanisms through the presence of omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA).

α-linolenic acid

Objective 1

It is possible to influence the body’s response to chronic irritation (e.g. repetitive joint strain due to exercise).

To help protect the joints and maintain optimal hydration of cartilage through the synergistic action of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. ● Supply of glucosamine and chondroitin A major supplement of chondroitin and glucosamine protects the articular cartilage, helping it to fulfill its role as a shock absorber.

Structure of an articular cavity Chondroitin sulfate is a constituent of cartilage and the synovial liquid that helps lubricate the joint. Its incorporation in food checks the action of cartilage destroying enzymes. It has great water-retaining capacities, assisting proper hydration of the cartilage.

Synovial liquid Synovial membrane Articular cartilage

Metabolism of omega 3 fatty acids

Varying the quantity of omega 3 long chain fatty acids (EPA and DHA) in the food and the respective proportions of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids stimulates the metabolism to synthesize certain neuromediators, which tend to either moderate or intensify the inflammatory response. Fish oils are the most concentrated sources of EPA and DHA. Linseed oil is often mentioned as a possible source of omega 3 fatty acids, but it provides only an EPA and DHA precursor, alpha linolenic acid. It is always more effective to provide the actual active molecules themselves.

EPA

Eicosapentaenoic Acid

DHA

Docosahexaenoic acid

Fish oil

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE

The supply of alpha-linolenic acid does not guarantee its transformation into EPA-DHA. It is better to supply long-chain omega 3 fatty acids directly (EPA and DHA). (Bauer et al., 2003).

Glucosamine (precursor to glycosaminoglycans – the main constituents of articular cartilages) stimulates the regeneration of cartilage and promotes the synthesis of collagen in particular.

The joint is protected by a capsule covered on the inside by the synovial membrane. This membrane secretes the nutritious synovial liquid that the cartilage needs. After oral administration, glucosamine and chondroitin concentrate in the synovial liquid.

PROTECTING ARTICULAR CAPITAL

Objective 2 To combat inflammatory mechanisms through the presence of omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA).

α-linolenic acid

Objective 1

It is possible to influence the body’s response to chronic irritation (e.g. repetitive joint strain due to exercise).

Synovial liquid Synovial membrane Articular cartilage

Metabolism of omega 3 fatty acids

EPA

Eicosapentaenoic Acid

DHA

Docosahexaenoic acid

Fish oil

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE

The supply of alpha-linolenic acid does not guarantee its transformation into EPA-DHA. It is better to supply long-chain omega 3 fatty acids directly (EPA and DHA). (Bauer et al., 2003).

Glucosamine (precursor to glycosaminoglycans – the main constituents of articular cartilages) stimulates the regeneration of cartilage and promotes the synthesis of collagen in particular.

● Introduction of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) Conjugated linoleic acid is a blend of linoleic acid isomers. Studies among animals (Park & coll,1999), and humans (Blankson & coll, 2000), show that during and after a period of restricted calorie intake CLA promotes the maintenance of lean tissue at the expense of fat reserves.

A known predisposition to obesity

Several mechanisms have been proposed. Above all, CLA would limit the proliferation and differentiation of fat cells, while encouraging the oxidation of fatty acids by muscle cells during physical exercise.

Like many small dogs, the Dachshund can suffer from stoutness. In a comparison of all canine breeds, the longhaired Dachshund is fourth behind the Labrador, the Cairn Terrier and Cocker Spaniel when it comes to the risk of obesity (Edney & Coll, 1986). Regular exercise and a strict diet are essential to maintain an optimal weight.

● Incorporation of L-Carnitine to mobilize fats For dogs at risk, food can assist the consumption of fat, through the supply of L-Carnitine. L-Carnitine enables the transport of fatty acids through the mitochondrial membrane – minute structures inside the cells where fatty acids are oxidized.

It is even more crucial to guard against obesity in the Dachshund as its vertebral column is already intrinsically fragile and any extra weight it has to bear can have dramatic consequences. 80% of Dachshund breeders spontaneously mention the importance of maintaining muscle tone and a healthy weight (source: Royal Canin survey, 2003).

By stimulating the transport and consumption of fatty acids, L-Carnitine limits the quantity of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver and the blood. Several trials among various species, including the dog, show the beneficial effect of an L-Carnitine supplement. It tends to limit the storage of fatty acids while conserving the body’s lean tissue (Sunvold & coll, 1999).

MAINTAINING MUSCLE TONE AND A HEALTHY WEIGHT

Action of L-Carnitine 1 - Mitochondrial membrane 2 - L-carnitine 3 - Fatty acids

● Weight gain can be studied by examining the dog in profile and from above: the dog is overweight when the waist is not visible and when the ribs are not immediately observable.

● An increased protein content With 28% protein and only 14% fat, Dachshund 28™ provides the nutrients needed to maintain muscles and limit the risk of energy over-consumption.

L-Carnitine enables the fatty acids to enter the mitochondrion where they are converted into energy.

A known predisposition to obesity

MAINTAINING MUSCLE TONE AND A HEALTHY WEIGHT

Action of L-Carnitine 1 - Mitochondrial membrane 2 - L-carnitine 3 - Fatty acids

● Weight gain can be studied by examining the dog in profile and from above: the dog is overweight when the waist is not visible and when the ribs are not immediately observable.

● An increased protein content With 28% protein and only 14% fat, Dachshund 28™ provides the nutrients needed to maintain muscles and limit the risk of energy over-consumption.

L-Carnitine enables the fatty acids to enter the mitochondrion where they are converted into energy.

SLOWING DOWN THE EFFECTS OF AGING

Exceptional longevity

A Dachshund’s exceptional longevity means that owners will notice progressive signs of aging such as less dynamic behavior, painful joints, a duller coat with the appearance of white hairs and diminishing appetite.

Average life expectancy of various small-breed dogs (from Proschowsky & coll, 2003)

Years

Objective 1 To reduce oxidative stress through the synergistic action of antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C and polyphenols). Cells are under constant attack by oxidation-promoting free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that initiate chain oxidation reactions. These free radicals are formed naturally and constantly in the body, but their production intensifies when aging accelerates and the body’s defense mechanisms become less and less effective.

Small companion dogs *

Standard wirehaired Dachshund

Standard shorthaired Dachshund

All types of Poodle

*Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, Pekingese and Pug

A number of dietary measures should be introduced before the dog ages in an attempt to minimize age-related complaints.

The targeted action of antioxidants offers complete protection to cells 1 – Cell membrane: action of vitamins C and E 2 – Intracellular environment: action of polyphenols 3 – Nucleus: action of polyphenols

● Generous supply of vitamin E and vitamin C The structure of vitamin E enables it to be incorporated into the cell membranes and allows it to play a major anti-oxidative role in the membranous phospholipids. Vitamin E must be rapidly regenerated however, or reserves will be exhausted. This regeneration is made possible by vitamin C, due to the synergistic association of vitamins E and C (Halliwell & coll 1995). Vitamins E and C help the body to defend itself against infectious agents. They help prevent the development of cataracts and combat the development of cancerous diseases (Harper 2001).

The Dachshund’s food must help limit the effects of oxidative stress and promote good digestive health for as long as possible.

SLOWING DOWN THE EFFECTS OF AGING

Exceptional longevity

Average life expectancy of various small-breed dogs (from Proschowsky & coll, 2003)

Years

Small companion dogs *

Standard wirehaired Dachshund

Standard shorthaired Dachshund

All types of Poodle

*Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, Pekingese and Pug

A number of dietary measures should be introduced before the dog ages in an attempt to minimize age-related complaints.

The Dachshund’s food must help limit the effects of oxidative stress and promote good digestive health for as long as possible.

The roles of polyphenols

This anti-oxidative protection is realized by the direct capture of free radicals, the reduction in the activity of oxidative enzymes, the decrease in the concentration of peroxide lipids in the plasma and chelation of copper and iron molecules (Bravo, 1998).

Sources:

Anti-oxidative action

Oral hygiene

â&#x2014;? Introduction of green tea polyphenols with an anti-oxidative capacity between 20% and 50% greater than vitamin E (Vinson & coll, 1997).

The role of polyphenols in protecting against oxidation also extends to the cell DNA, which helps prevent modifications to genes and some mutations responsible for cancer (Okuda, 1993).

Objective 2

Lipid Lowering effect

There are over 8,000 known types of polyphenols. Some of them have a very complex chemical structure (e.g.: tannins)

To achieve a good digestive tolerance it is essential to combine fermentable and non-fermentable fibers. Fermentable fibers are broken into short-chain fatty acids, which provide the colon cells with 70% of their energy supply. Non-fermentable fibers contribute to appropriate gastro intestinal motility. Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are fermentable fibers that promote the multiplication of beneficial lactobacilli and bifidobacteria by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. This effect is obtained directly and indirectly through acidification brought about by the production of short-chain fatty acids (Sunvold & coll, 1995). The incorporation of FOS in the diet produces a 20% to 64% decrease in the various aromatic amines responsible for fecal odors (putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, etc.) (Hussein & coll, 2000).

Glucose Fructose

Saccharose

FOS

FOS are composed by adding fructose molecules to a saccharose molecule. This synthesis can be realized by a fungus (Aspergillus Nigricans) in the presence of saccharose.

To promote good digestive health through highly digestible ingredients and the incorporation of FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides).

Anti-mutagen action

Polyphenols are known to help protect humans against cardio-vascular diseases (lipid lowering effect). In dogs, they are used due to their major anti-oxidative action, as well as their antiseptic role against certain bacteria in dental plaque. The polyphenols in Dachshund 28â&#x201E;˘ are derived from decaffeinated green tea.

A dogâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s digestive efficiency tends to diminish as it ages, as does the capacity of its digestive tract to adapt and respond to attacks. The quality of ingredients must be improved to compensate for assimilation difficulties that can appear.

Roles of the fructo-oligosaccharides in the intestinal lumen

FOS restrict the growth of potential pathogenic bacteria by stimulating the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. They also have an indirect action on the mucus, nourishing the cells and stimulating the local immune system.

Of the various cereals used in dog food, rice is tolerated the best. Rice helps improve the digestibility of dry matter, proteins and fat, as well as reducing the volume of feces.

Intestinal mucosa

Fundamental structure of FOS

Pathogenic bacteria

FOS

The roles of polyphenols

Sources:

Anti-oxidative action

Oral hygiene

â&#x2014;? Introduction of green tea polyphenols with an anti-oxidative capacity between 20% and 50% greater than vitamin E (Vinson & coll, 1997).

The role of polyphenols in protecting against oxidation also extends to the cell DNA, which helps prevent modifications to genes and some mutations responsible for cancer (Okuda, 1993).

Objective 2

Lipid Lowering effect

There are over 8,000 known types of polyphenols. Some of them have a very complex chemical structure (e.g.: tannins)

Glucose Fructose

Saccharose

FOS

FOS are composed by adding fructose molecules to a saccharose molecule. This synthesis can be realized by a fungus (Aspergillus Nigricans) in the presence of saccharose.

To promote good digestive health through highly digestible ingredients and the incorporation of FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides).

Anti-mutagen action

Roles of the fructo-oligosaccharides in the intestinal lumen

Of the various cereals used in dog food, rice is tolerated the best. Rice helps improve the digestibility of dry matter, proteins and fat, as well as reducing the volume of feces.

Intestinal mucosa

Fundamental structure of FOS

Pathogenic bacteria

FOS

ORAL HYGIENE THAT DEMANDS GREAT CARE

Preferential localization of tartar in a small dog

Tartar index

The incidence of periodontal disease increases with age, but as with the Poodle, the Dachshund has the highest frequency in a sample of 162 dogs selected randomly in the anatomopathology department of a Swedish veterinary clinic (Hamp, 1997).

Comparison of jaw size in a small and a large dog

2.5

1.5

0.5

Molar 1

Premolar 4

Premolar 3 Canine Incisor

2.5

In dogs, tartar accumulates mainly on the molars and premolars in the upper jaw (Royal Canin Research Center).

Molar 1

Premolar 4

Premolar 3 Canine Incisor

2 1.5 1 0.5

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

Upper jaw

Lower jaw

In small dogs, the internal surface of the mandibular premolars are most at risk (sometimes due to the malposition of teeth). Halitosis is a consequence of the action of oral bacteria, which multiply by making use of the sulfur amino acids present in the proteins in saliva.

Jaw of a large dog

The gradual depositing of tartar provokes inflammation of the gingiva and increases the subgingival space. Food debris accumulates in these pockets and a specific bacterial flora develops. These bacteria produce toxins that attack the supporting structures of the tooth (periodontium), which culminates in periodontolysis and tooth loss. Jaw of a small dog

ÂŠ P. Hennet

The correlation between the size of the mandible and the size of the premolar diminishes with the size of the dog, which weakens the jaw in the event of periodontal disease.

The main objective is to stop the development of dental plaque â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the attached film of bacteria deposited on the surface of the tooth, which rapidly mineralizes to form tartar.

Bone loss due to periodontitis is more serious for a small dog than for a large dog. A few millimeters of lost bone can have significant consequences due to the difference in thickness of the jaw as a whole. The weakening can sometimes be enough to result in a fractured jaw.

ORAL HYGIENE THAT DEMANDS GREAT CARE

Preferential localization of tartar in a small dog

Tartar index

Comparison of jaw size in a small and a large dog

2.5

1.5

0.5

Molar 1

Premolar 4

Premolar 3 Canine Incisor

2.5

In dogs, tartar accumulates mainly on the molars and premolars in the upper jaw (Royal Canin Research Center).

Molar 1

Premolar 4

Premolar 3 Canine Incisor

2 1.5 1 0.5

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

Upper jaw

Lower jaw

Jaw of a large dog

ÂŠ P. Hennet

The correlation between the size of the mandible and the size of the premolar diminishes with the size of the dog, which weakens the jaw in the event of periodontal disease.

The main objective is to stop the development of dental plaque â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the attached film of bacteria deposited on the surface of the tooth, which rapidly mineralizes to form tartar.

A TAILOR-MADE KIBBLE Objective 1: Mechanical Action

Objective 2: Chemical Action

To promote a mechanical brushing action through a specially-made kibble shape and texture.

To significantly limit the formation of tartar on the surface of the tooth through the addition of calcium chelating agents

Daily brushing of teeth is the best way to combat dental plaque and tartar. Always use a soft brush to prevent damaging the gums. Royal Canin’s research has shown that it is possible to modify kibble texture in order to: ● allow the tooth to penetrate deeper before the kibble breaks ● achieve a mechanical brushing effect on the crown.

Salivary calcium chelation mechanism generated by sodium tripolyphosphate

The other solution employed by Royal Canin to reduce the formation of tartar is to “trap” the salivary calcium using calcium chelating agents like sodium tripolyphosphate. This compound is also used in many human toothpaste formulas (Sowinski & coll, 1998).

Force needed to break the kibble: comparison between Dachshund 28™ and Mini Adult 27™ (Royal Canin, 2003)

Force N

50 Although fairly soft, the Dachshund 28™ kibble makes the dog maintain pressure before the kibble breaks. This gives the mechanical action more time to do its work.

40 30 20

The free calcium in the saliva is trapped by the ionic bonds of two tripolyphosphate molecules. The calcium is no longer available to form tartar, and is subsequently released into the digestive tract.

0.5

1.0

Mini Adult 27™ Dachshund 28™

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Penetration depth (mm)

50 40 30 20 10

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

A TAILOR-MADE KIBBLE Objective 1: Mechanical Action

Objective 2: Chemical Action

To promote a mechanical brushing action through a specially-made kibble shape and texture.

To significantly limit the formation of tartar on the surface of the tooth through the addition of calcium chelating agents

Salivary calcium chelation mechanism generated by sodium tripolyphosphate

Force needed to break the kibble: comparison between Dachshund 28™ and Mini Adult 27™ (Royal Canin, 2003)

Force N

50 Although fairly soft, the Dachshund 28™ kibble makes the dog maintain pressure before the kibble breaks. This gives the mechanical action more time to do its work.

40 30 20

0.5

1.0

Mini Adult 27™ Dachshund 28™

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Penetration depth (mm)

50 40 30 20 10

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR EVERY 9 10 weeks months

STAGE OF THE DACHSHUND’S LIFE from

GROWTH PHASE

months

MINI puppy

ADULT AND MATURE PHASES

DACHSHUND 28

™

For Dachshunds over 10 months old

Optimal nutrition that supplies everything a growing Dachshund needs.

Increased protein digestibility leads to better absorption of vital nutrients.

Supplemental DHA supports early cerebral development.

Kibble size is perfectly suited to the jaw of the small breed puppy.

JOINT HEALTH The signature, short-legged, long-bodied frame of the Dachshund means extra stress on its joints. Dachshund 28™ contains glucosamine and chondroitin. . HEALTHY WEIGHT Increased weight can further aggravate skeletal problems. Dachshund 28™ is formulated with optimal energy levels to maintain a healthy weight.

Newborn and weaning Dachshunds Mini Babydog 30™: for optimal weaning of Dachshund puppies between 5-8 weeks, the vital “immunity gap” period.

AGING CARE Small breed dogs, like the Dachshund, tend to live longer than their large breed counterparts. Dachshund 28™ is formulated with antioxidants, which can help neutralize free radicals.

The Dachshund, from the tips of its toes … General Appearance Low to ground, long in body and short of leg, with robust muscular development; the skin is elastic and pliable without excessive wrinkling. Appearing neither crippled, awkward, nor cramped in his capacity for movement, the Dachshund is well-balanced with bold and confident head carriage and intelligent, alert facial expression. His hunting spirit, good nose, loud tongue and distinctive build make him well-suited for below-ground work and for beating the bush. His keen nose gives him an advantage over most other breeds for trailing. NOTE: Inasmuch as the Dachshund is a hunting dog, scars from honorable wounds shall not be considered a fault.

the head, not too far forward, of moderate length, rounded, not narrow, pointed, or folded. Their carriage, when animated, is with the forward edge just touching the cheek so that the ears frame the face. The skull is slightly arched, neither too broad nor too narrow, and slopes gradually with little perceptible stop into the finelyformed, slightly arched muzzle, giving a Roman appearance. Lips are tightly stretched, well covering the lower jaw. Nostrils well open. Jaws opening wide and hinged well back of the eyes, with strongly developed bones and teeth. Teeth-Powerful canine teeth; teeth fit closely together in a scissors bite. An even bite is a minor fault. Any other deviation is a serious fault.

Size, Proportion, Substance

Neck

Bred and shown in two sizes, standard and miniature; miniatures are not a separate classification but compete in a class division for "11 pounds and under at 12 months of age and older." Weight of the standard size is usually between 16 and 32 pounds.

Trunk

Head Viewed from above or from the side, the head tapers uniformly to the tip of the nose. The eyes are of medium size, almond-shaped and dark-rimmed, with an energetic, pleasant expression; not piercing; very dark in color. The bridge bones over the eyes are strongly prominent. Wall eyes, except in the case of dappled dogs, are a serious fault. The ears are set near the top of

Long, muscular, clean-cut, without dewlap, slightly arched in the nape, flowing gracefully into the shoulders without creating the impression of a right angle. The trunk is long and fully muscled. When viewed in profile, the back lies in the straightest possible line between the withers and the short, very slightly arched loin. A body that hangs loosely between the shoulders is a serious fault. Abdomen-Slightly drawn up.

… to the tip of its nose Forequarters

Hindquarters

For effective underground work, the front must be strong, deep, long and cleanly muscled. Forequarters in detail: Chest -The breast-bone is strongly prominent in front so that on either side a depression or dimple appears. When viewed from the front, the thorax appears oval and extends downward to the mid-point of the forearm. The enclosing structure of the well-sprung ribs appears full and oval to allow, by its ample capacity, complete development of heart and lungs. The keel merges gradually into the line of the abdomen and extends well beyond the front legs. Viewed in profile, the lowest point of the breast line is covered by the front leg. Shoulder blades-long, broad, well-laid back and firmly placed upon the fully developed thorax, closely fitted at the withers, furnished with hard yet pliable muscles. Upper Arm-Ideally the same length as the shoulder blade and at right angles to the latter, strong of bone and hard of muscle, lying close to the ribs, with elbows close to the body, yet capable of free movement. Forearm–Short; supplied with hard yet pliable muscles on the front and outside, with tightly stretched tendons on the inside and at the back, slightly curved inwards. The joints between the forearms and the feet (wrists) are closer together than the shoulder joints, so that the front does not appear absolutely straight. The inclined shoulder blades, upper arms and curved forearms form parentheses that enclose the ribcage, creating the correct “wraparound front.” Knuckling over is a disqualifying fault. Feet-Front paws are full, tight, compact, with well-arched toes and tough, thick pads. They may be equally inclined a trifle outward. There are five toes, four in use, close together with a pronounced arch and strong, short nails. Front dewclaws may be removed.

Strong and cleanly muscled. The pelvis, the thigh, the second thigh, and the rear pastern are ideally the same length and give the appearance of a series of right angles. From the rear, the thighs are strong and powerful. The legs turn neither in nor out. Rear pasterns - Short and strong, perpendicular to the second thigh bone. When viewed from behind, they are upright and parallel. Feet-Hind Paws - Smaller than the front paws with four compactly closed and arched toes with tough, thick pads. The entire foot points straight ahead and is balanced equally on the ball and not merely on the toes. Rear dewclaws should be removed. Croup- Long, rounded and full, sinking slightly toward the tail. Tail-Set in continuation of the spine, extending without kinks, twists, or pronounced curvature, and not carried too gaily.

Gait Fluid and smooth. Forelegs reach well forward, without much lift, in unison with the driving action of hind legs. The correct shoulder assembly and well-fitted elbows allow the long, free stride in front. Viewed from the front, the legs do not move in exact parallel planes, but incline slightly inward. Hind legs drive on a line with the forelegs, with hock joints and rear pasterns (metatarsus) turning neither in nor out. The propulsion of the hind leg depends on the dog's ability to carry the hind leg to complete extension. Viewed in profile, the forward reach of the hind leg equals the rear extension. The thrust of correct movement is seen when the rear pads are clearly exposed during rear extension. Rear feet do not reach upward toward the abdomen and there is no appearance of walking on the rear pasterns.Feet must travel parallel to the line of motion with no tendency to swing out, cross over, or interfere with each other. Short, choppy movement, rolling or high-stepping gait, close or overly wide coming or going are incorrect.

Size, Proportion, Substance

Neck

Trunk

… to the tip of its nose Forequarters

Hindquarters

The Dachshund must have agility, freedom of movement, and endurance to do the work for which he was developed.

Temperament The Dachshund is clever, lively and courageous to the point of rashness, persevering in above- and belowground work, with all the senses well-developed. Any display of shyness is a serious fault.

Special Characteristics of the Three Coat Varieties The Dachshund is bred with three varieties of coat: (1) Smooth; (2) Wirehaired; (3) Longhaired and is shown in two sizes, standard and miniature. All three varieties and both sizes must conform to the characteristics already specified. The following features are applicable for each variety: Smooth Dachshund Coat-Short, smooth and shining. Should be neither too long nor too thick. Ears not leathery. Tail-Gradually tapered to a point, well but not too richly haired. Long sleek bristles on the underside are considered a patch of strong-growing hair, not a fault. A brush tail is a fault, as is also a partly or wholly hairless tail. Color of Hair-Although base color is immaterial, certain patterns and basic colors predominate. One-colored Dachshunds include red and cream, with or without a shading of interspersed dark hairs. A small amount of white on the chest is acceptable, but not desirable. Nose and nails-black. Two-colored Dachshunds include black, chocolate, wild boar, gray (blue) and fawn (Isabella), each with deep, rich tan or cream markings over the eyes, on the sides of the jaw and underlip, on the inner edge of the ear, front, breast, sometimes on the throat, inside and behind the front legs, on the paws and around the anus, and from

there to about one-third to one-half of the length of the tail on the underside. Undue prominence of tan or cream markings is undesirable. A small amount of white on the chest is acceptable but not desirable. Nose and nails-in the case of black dogs, black; for chocolate and all other colors, dark brown, but self-colored is acceptable. Dappled dachshunds-The dapple (merle) pattern is expressed as lighter-colored areas contrasting with the darker base color, which may be any acceptable color. Neither the light nor the dark color should predominate. Nose and nails are the same as for one- and two-colored Dachshunds. Partial or wholly blue (wall) eyes are as acceptable as dark eyes. A large area of white on the chest of a dapple is permissible. Brindle is a pattern (as opposed to a color) in which black or dark stripes occur over the entire body although in some specimens the pattern may be visible only in the tan points. Sable-the sable pattern consists of a uniform dark overlay on red dogs. The overlay hairs are doublepigmented, with the tip of each hair much darker than the base color. The pattern usually displays a widowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s peak on the head. Nose, nails and eye rims are black. Eyes are dark, the darker the better. Wirehaired Dachshunds Coat-With the exception of jaw, eyebrows, and ears, the whole body is covered with a uniform tight, short, thick, rough, hard, outer coat but with finer, somewhat softer, shorter hairs (undercoat) everywhere distributed between the coarser hairs. The absence of an undercoat is a fault. The distinctive facial furnishings include a beard and eyebrows. On the ears the hair is shorter than on the body, almost smooth. The general arrangement of the hair is such that the wirehaired Dachshund, when viewed from a distance, resembles the smooth. Any sort of soft hair in the outercoat, wherever found on the body,

especially on the top of the head, is a fault. The same is true of long, curly, or wavy hair, or hair that sticks out irregularly in all directions. Tail-Robust, thickly haired, gradually tapering to a point. A flag tail is a fault. Color of Hair-While the most common colors are wild boar, black and tan, and various shades of red, all colors and patterns listed aboveare admissible.

described dog must be penalized to the extent of the deviation keeping in mind the importance of the contribution of the various features toward the basic original purpose of the breed.

Wild boar (agouti) appears as banding of the individual hairs and imparts an overall grizzled effect which is most often seen on wirehaired Dachshunds, but may also appear on other coats. Tan points may or may not be evident. Variations include red boar and chocolate-andtan boar. Nose, nails and eye rims are black on wildboar and red-boar dachshunds. On chocolate-and-tanboar dachshunds, nose, nails, eye rims and eyes are selfcolored, the darker the better.

Effective March 1, 2007 Approved January 9, 2007

Disqualification Knuckling over of front legs

www.akc.org/breeds/dachshund/ www.dachshund-dca.org

A small amount of white on the chest, although acceptable, is not desirable. Nose and nails-same as for the smooth variety. Longhaired Dachshund Coat - The sleek, glistening, often slightly wavy hair is longer under the neck and on forechest, the underside of the body, the ears and behind the legs. The coat gives the dog an elegant appearance. Short hair on the ear is not desirable. Too profuse a coat which masks type, equally long hair over the whole body, a curly coat, or a pronounced parting on the back are faults. Tail-Carried gracefully in prolongation of the spine; the hair attains its greatest length here and forms a veritable flag. Color of Hair-Same as for the smooth Dachshund. Nose and nails-same as for the smooth. The foregoing description is that of the ideal Dachshund. Any deviation from the above

The Dachshund must have agility, freedom of movement, and endurance to do the work for which he was developed.

described dog must be penalized to the extent of the deviation keeping in mind the importance of the contribution of the various features toward the basic original purpose of the breed.

Effective March 1, 2007 Approved January 9, 2007

Disqualification Knuckling over of front legs

www.akc.org/breeds/dachshund/ www.dachshund-dca.org

References Protecting articular capital 1 - Bauer JE, Heinemann et al - maternal diet alpha â&#x20AC;&#x201C; linolenic acid during gestation and lactation does not increase canin milk docosahexaenoic acid content. Waltham International Science Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, october 2003: 15.

5. Morgan JP, Atilola M, Bailey CS et al - Vertebral canal and spinal cord mensuration: a comparative study of its effect on lumbosacral myelography in the Dachshund and German shepherd dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1987, 191(8): 951-7.

2- Breit S - Osteological and morphometric observations on intervertebral joints in the canine pre-diaphragmatic tho-racic spine (Th1-Th9). Vet J 2002, 164 (3): 216-23.

6. Nakama S, Taura Y, Tabaru H, Yasuda M - A retrospective study of ventral fenestration for disk diseases in dogs. J Vet Med Sci, 1993; 55 (5): 781-4 (Abstract).

3. Jensen VF - Asymptomatic radiographic disappearance of calcified intervertebral disc material in the Dachshund. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42 (2): 141-8 (Abstract).

7. Stigen O - Calcification of Intervertebral Discs in the Dachshund: A radiographic Study of 1115 Dogs at 1 and 5 Years of Age. Acta Vet Scand 1996, 37: 229-237.

4. Luttgen P - Canine Intervertebral Disk Disease. Prepared for The Dachshund Club of America, 1993; 1-15 (http://www.dachshund-dca.org).

8. Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) - Canine breed specific risks of frequently diagnosed diseases at veterinary teaching hospitals. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

Maintaining muscle tone and a healthy weight 9. Bell RR, Spencer MJ et al - Diet-induced obesity in mice can be treated without energy restriction using exercise and/or low fat diet. J. Nutr 1995, 125: 2356-2363.

acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. International Journal of Obesity 2003, 27: 840-847.

10. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA et al - Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr 2000, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway: 130 (12): 2943-8.

13. Park Y, Storkson JM, Albright KJ et al. Evidence that the trans10, cis12 isomer of CLA induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids 1999, 34: 235-241.

11. Edney ATB, Smith PM - Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinary practices in the UK. Veterinary Record 1986, 118: 391-396.

14. Sunvold GD, Tetrick MA et al - Carnitine supplementation promotes weight loss and decreased adiposity in the canine. Proceedings WSAVA congress, Buenos-Aires (Argentine) 1999, 746.

12. Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP et al - The effect of conjugated linoleic

Slowing down the effects of aging 15. Bravo L - Polyphenols - Chemistry, Dietary Sources, Metabolism, and Nutritional Significance. Nutrition Reviews 1998, 56(11): 317-333. 16. Halliwell B, Murcia M et al - Free radicals and antioxidants in food and in vivo: what they do and how they work. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1995, 35 (1&2): 7-20. 17. Harper J - The potential for interventional use of antioxidants in clinical disease. Irish Veterinary J 2001, 54 (6): 293. 18. Hussein HS, Sunvold GD - The efficacy of fructo-oligosaccharides in decreasing dog fecal odor. Res Vet Sci 2000; 153-168. 19. Okuda T - Natural polyphenols as antioxidants and their potential use in cancer prevention. Polyphenolic Phenomena, Ed. A Scalbert ed. INRA Editions, Paris, 1993; 221-235.

20. Proschowsky HF, Rugbjerg H et al - Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark, Prev Vet Med, April 30, 2003;58 (1-2): 63-74 (Abstract). 21. Sunvold GD, Fahey JrGC et al. - Dietary fiber for dogs: IV. In vitro fermentation of selected fiber sources by dog fecal inoculum and in vivo digestion and metabolism of fiber-supplemented diets. J. Anim. Sci 1995; 73: 1099-1109. 22. Vinson JA, Hontz BA - Comparison of effectiveness of antioxidants in the red and white wines by the antioxidant index phenol. Scientific books March 1997: Wine, Health and Company.

Maintaining oral hygiene 23. Hamp SE, Hamp M et al - Radiography of spontaneous periodontitis in dogs, J Periodontal Res 1997; 32 (7): 589-97 (Abstract).

24. Sowinski J, Petrone DM et al - Clinical comparison of two tartar control dentifrices: a twelve-week study. J Clin Dent. 1998; 9(4):101-4.