The Temporal City - Anthony Mollica

Machinic Convergency Anthony Mollica

CONTENTS What is the City?

6

What is Time?

10

Mining the City

14

Conflation

52

Change over Time

76

Variations Regenerating the CBD

84

Urban Rules

106

24 Hour Peak

144

Elasticity - 10, 20, 30 Years

148

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The Temporal City

Dotted Lines

152

Proposition

162

Food City Research (from the book by C.J. Lim)

176

Food City Development

192

Food Machine Concept Growth

202

Return Brief

238

Spatial Exploration

294

(ΔT)2

5

What is the City?

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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A city is an assemblage of people, generally focused around a point or several points. Such regions of the congregation are met with major infrastructure lines connecting towards the centre/s, chaotic and interdependent relationships of entities, mass consumption of items outsourced externally, exaggerated expressions of the nation’s political stances, and platforms in which such political stances are confronted by opponents.

Efficient and effective infrastructure is vital if the city is to prosper. The increase in population density is proportionate to an increase in the need for reliable water, food, and electrical supplies. Given that such conventional densities prohibit the use of agriculture, water collection and electricity generation within the city, these are instead located externally. Such infrastructures must then be able to deliver their services throughout the city with little resistance. Failure in doing so can lead to an immobile city, which if sustained leads to its inevitable decline in economy and population.

This notion of efficiency and reliability also applies to public transportation.

The movement of people in, out, and throughout the city is vital for economic growth and delivery of services. Congestion in such areas reduces the effective distance in which one can travel throughout the city, reducing how one can interact with the city productively.

The city’s objects, people, infrastructure, digital mediums, and resources are networks that are constantly in flux. Every day, the rituals of every individual emerge from one activity to another. The interactions between these entities are often synchronous to those similar, as rituals are often shared through social norms and ideological trends. For instance, lunch is often a time in which most people temporarily leave their work to eat and socialise with others.

The individual is extracted from the networks of work and engages in either residential or hospitality regions. The shift is not only in spaces but also in the typology of objects relating to a change in ritual.

The city’s function is highly representative of the nation’s political interests. For instance, for a nation to be supportive of a hyper-capitalist, highly commodified system, the language of the city should in term involve high levels of consumption and monetary exchange. Hence, the business and retail sectors would begin to overwhelm the city centre to suit this interest.

With more people connected digitally than ever, like-minded individuals can begin to form groups arguing for a common cause. The ability to form protests in cities is strengthened, as an increase in population increases the chances of finding more local individuals with similar interests. One of the prime roles of a protest is the disruption of infrastructure. An Achilles Heel is created as the city’s high dependence on effective infrastructure renders it prone to disruption. Thus the exploitation of this dependency allows for the voices of the protests to be heard and acknowledged amongst a greater number of people. The digital age has only but furthered this notion, as the distribution of information is made easier.

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(ΔT)2

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What is time?

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Time is the facilitator and the measurement of change.

Changes in any system are impossible without the existence of time and entropy. The passage of time is the enabler in which events take place. Down to the scientific level, there is no place in which nothing is changing. Entropy through time is the driver in which propels an irreversible change in a system.

To get from where are to where we are going, or from whence we came, requires an acknowledgement of time amongst several scales. The derivatives of time help us idealise a moment in time, and the integral of time conveys the rate in change is occurring. Comparing moments across variable periods, and the nature of said change, helps one understand the attributes and qualities of the observed system.

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Mining the City

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Data mining alone is not enough to fully understand ideologies embedded within the city. Only until cross-referencing and collation can one begin to understand persistent and re-occurring trends throughout the city. The two themes in which I explore are the culture of retention and agricultural dislocation in the city of Melbourne.

Through the adoption of neo-liberalism, the city of Melbourne has become revolved around consumption and individualism. As a result, the sharing of items, knowledge, and culture between people has become practically nonexistent without the help of commodification and institutions. This is visualised through the very low amounts of community use spaces throughout the city.

This also leads to the unnecessarily high density of all areas within the city, as everyone is required to purchase their own items and spaces. This hyperdensity is complemented with significant long term vacancies of spaces within the city. The temporal usage of spaces reveals even higher spatial redundancies within the city.

The culture of retention perpetuates the spatial redundancies and social isolation in the city.

Melbourne also heavily relies on the outsourcing of food production. The dislocation of production and consumption helps conceal and exacerbate environmental, political, and social injustices. That is, the sheer amount of agricultural land required destroys pre-existing ecosystems, forced and slave labour are difficult to actualise as they are concealed through distance, and the de-synchronisation of production and consumption leads to large amounts of wasted food (as much as 2.3 kg per Melbournian every day).

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Unoccupied (undeveloped Site) Unoccupied (unused) Community Use Common Area

Note 1: Common Area is mainly circulation, corridors and foyers, rather than shared furniture and activity Note 2: Unused space does not denote the temporal occupancy/vacancy of space

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Vegetation False Colour

Vegetation

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The Temporal City

Publicly Available Edible Plant Locations

Cherry Plum Fig Lemon Apple

(ΔT)2

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2021

2031

2041

Conventional Farming Area Requirements Beef + Lamb Dairy

Vegetables

Pig + Chicken

Sugar

Cereal Grain

Rice

Oil Crops

Nuts

Fruit Legumes

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The Temporal City

2021

2031

2041

Urban Farming Area Requirements Small Crops Large Crops Pig + Chicken Beef + Lamb

(ΔT)2

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2021

2031

2041

Urban Farming Volumetric Requirements (In proportion to 1 block area) Small Crops Large Crops Pig + Chicken Beef + Lamb

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(ΔT)2

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Programmatic DNA Commercial Accommodation Student Accommodation Residential Apartments Retail Offices Recreation Education Common Area Vacant / Unused Spaces

(ΔT)2

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Walking Proximity to Public Transport

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The Temporal City

Zones within 2 minutes walk to public transport Train Stops Train Line Tram Stops Tram Line

(ΔT)2

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Supermarket (Food Producer) x Retail Distribution (Food Consumers)

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The Temporal City

Retail DNA Supermakets

(ΔT)2

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Rooftop Analysis

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The Temporal City

Green Roof Roof Garden Photovoltaic Panels Solar Water Heating

(ΔT)2

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Public Transport Stations on the Hoddle Grid Perimeters

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The Temporal City

Train Stops Tram Stops Bus Stops

(ΔT)2

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Block Location

Building

No. of Apartments

No. of Student Apartments

Average Occupied Dwellings 2917 × 0.759 = 2213 occupied dwellings

A. B. C. D. E. F.

607 142 190 481 463 0

0 615 0 0 0 419

Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 2213 × 2 = 4426 people

Total

2917 dwellings

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The Temporal City

Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 4426 ÷ 26348 = 0.168 people per m2 26348 ÷ 4426 = 5.953m2 per person

(ΔT)2

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Nightingale Graphing Furniture Study

Residential

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The Temporal City

Education

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Nightingale Graphing Furniture Study

Offices

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The Temporal City

Retail

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Nightingale Graphing Furniture Study

Manufacturing

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The Temporal City

Recreation

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Conflation

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The Temporal City

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Upon conflating the datasets and understand prevailing themes embedded within the city, I begin to experiment on a variety of scenarios in which to test these conditions. Most of the work produced is measured against the current model based on its data outputs. The system that works more effectively throughout the ideas I wish to explore reveal itself through favourable results in the data.

To maintain control, I attempt to develop typologies within a set, which allows me to further test slight variations of a similar system. Here is also where one begins to develop how the temporality of entities embedded within my ideas begin to display itself in a built form.

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(ΔT)2

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Periodic

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Aperiodic

(ΔT)2

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Hexagonal / Square / Triangle Hybrid Tiling (2D)

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Triangular Tiling (2D)

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Triangular Space Frame (3D)

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(ΔT)2

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Tree Typologies

A. Minimum Spanning Tree

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The Temporal City

B. Euclidean Steiner Tree

C. Rectilinear Steiner Tree

(ΔT)2

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Slime Mould / Physarum Polycephalum Form Finding Test

My Experimentation

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The Temporal City

Tokyo rail network from slime growth

(ΔT)2

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Apartment Building Collapsing when not in use

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(ΔT)2

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Programmatic Tug of War test 1

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(ΔT)2

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Programmatic Tug of War test 2

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(ΔT)2

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Physarum Cell Programmatic Plan

Iteration 1

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Iteration 2

(ΔT)2

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Change over Time

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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To work more effectively, the tests are measured against a single block within the Melbourne CBD. Such data analysis involves the passage of time as a factor, to better understand what systems are growing, declining, or remaining stagnant. Doing so helps formulate the nature of the city on a smaller, more detailed scale, which can begin to inform the system in the larger whole.

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(ΔT)2

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Current Programmatic Area

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The Temporal City

Future Programmatic Area

(ΔT)2

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Activation of Program over 24 Hours

Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation

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The Temporal City

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Variations Regenerat

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The Temporal City

ting the CBD

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The results from the previous scenario are then tested against hypothetical scenarios in which are chosen to challenge the notions of retention and agricultural absence in the city. These are expressed through the 2 and 3 Dimensional proportions, and density calculations, which begin to inform how such a change would impact the city.

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(ΔT)2

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Test 1: All Retail must add 100% green space (50% edible)

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The Temporal City

Total Floor Space = 352 166 m2 Area of Block = 26 347.8 m2 Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 13.366054 : 1 Vegetation makes up 1.1% of the Floor Space

Speculative Outcomes: - Retail Shops may start to grow some of their own produce to sell (or offer for free) - Minimal increase to overall floor space - More time spent by businesses on maintaining vegetation, possibly more jobs to help maintain.

Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space

(ΔT)2

89

Test 2: 40% of housing is substituted with green space (60% edible)

2400 100%

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The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count 2917 × 0.6 = 1750 Average Occupied Dwellings 1750 × 0.85 = 1488 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 1488 × 2 = 2976 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 2976 ÷ 26348 = 0.112 people per m2 26348 ÷ 2976 = 8.853m2 per person Speculative Outcomes: - Lower population density - Possibly less vacancies as vegetation could act as a buffer between households.

- Less retail shops/floor space (predominantly food stores around the block, meaning the demand will lessen with residents growing their own produce).

- Possible introduction of “Vegetation Time” - Give inner city residents a “backyard”

Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 13.158668 : 1

(ΔT)2

91

Test 3: All programs must have 10% terrace space to accommodate green space

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The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count 2917 × 0.9 = 2625 Average Occupied Dwellings 2625 × 0.759 = 1992 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 1992 × 2 = 3984 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 3984 ÷ 26348 = 0.151 people per m2 26348 ÷ 3984 = 6.613m2 per person Speculative Outcomes: - Slightly lower population density - Less retail shops/floor space (predominantly food stores around the block, meaning the demand will lessen with residents growing their own produce).

- Could provide a retreat for all programs, improving quality of work and living.

Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 13.177926 : 1

(ΔT)2

93

Test 4: All Education and Office spaces must add 30% vegetation

2400 100%

1800

0600

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The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count 2917 Average Occupied Dwellings 2917 × 0.759 = 2213 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 2213 × 2 = 4426 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 4426 ÷ 26348 = 0.168 people per m2 26348 ÷ 4426 = 5.953m2 per person Speculative Outcomes: - A shared garden amongst the students in which could provide them with food, lowering their need to purchase food in retail stores - The interactive environment with vegetation can improve the wellbeing of the students - Encourage social interactions between students

Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 13.744842 : 1

(ΔT)2

95

Test 5: Activities are now organised by typology body proportion interaction

Sitting Spaces Overall Bench Dimensions 700 mm × 2000 mm ( × 900 mm) Buffer = 1000 mm Area = 6.8m2

Laying Down Spaces Overall Laying Area Dimensions 1100 mm × 2100 mm ( × 0 <=> 1400 mm) Buffer = 1000 mm Area = 12.71m2

Low Density Storage Spaces Overall Low Density Storage Dimensions 3700 mm × 4000 mm ( × 1000 mm) Buffer = 1000 mm Area = 14.8m2

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The Temporal City

Sitting at Table Spaces Overall Table and Chair Dimensions 1350 mm × 2000 mm ( × 700 mm) Buffer = 1000 mm Area = 13.4m2

High Density Storage Spaces Overall High Density Storage Dimensions 3700 mm × 4000 mm ( × 2000 mm) Buffer = 1000 mm Area = 14.8m2

High Table Spaces Overall High Table Dimensions 900 mm × 2000 mm ( × 1000 mm) Buffer = 1000 mm Area = 13.735m2

(ΔT)2

97

Test 5 (continued): Activities are now organised by typology body proportion interaction

Assumptions Assume everybody active in the block needs at least one of the spaces Assume number of the table and bench spaces required are half the number of people active on the block Assume theres never more than 5000 people on the block at once.

Comparison to the original Original Floor Space Area = 345 788 m2 Current Floor Space Area = 296387.5 m2 Reduction in Area = 14.286%

Speculative Outcomes - Spaces will be shared between people more often as a result - Social Interactions will increase - Spaces and furniture will have to be more dynamic to accommodate a wide range of uses - Adjacencies between activities will be atypical and perpetually changing - Activities are more likely to overlap with one another.

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The Temporal City

(5000) × (12.71 + 14.8 + 14.8) = 211 550 m2 (5000) × (6.8 + 13.4 + 13.735) x (0.5) = 84 837.5 m2 Total Area = 296387.5 m2

(ΔT)2

99

Test 6: Residential spaces are now sleeping only spaces (12m2)

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The Temporal City

Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings now: 4426 Sleeping Area = 12 m2 Sleeping area total = 55 112 m2

Speculative Outcomes: - Residents can now live further from the city, as long distance travel is minimised - Sleeping spaces are highly temporal, with increased frequency of changing residents - Retail and Recreational spaces are being used more as a sleeping space is limited in activity variety - Social Interactivity is increased

Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 6.220837 : 1

(ΔT)2

101

Test 7: 90% of offices spaces now transformed into residential spaces

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The Temporal City

Predicted Dwelling number in relation to current floor space to dwelling number ratio: 3436 dwellings 3436 × 0.759 = 2608 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 2608 × 2 = 5216 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 5216 ÷ 26348 = 0.198 people per m2 26348 ÷ 5216 = 5.051 m2 per person

Speculative Outcomes: - Due to higher population density, pedestrian congestion will increase - Retail and Recreation spaces will see higher activity, and potential increase in floor space as a result

Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 13.123986 : 1

(ΔT)2

103

Test 8: Replacement of roads with vegetation

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The Temporal City

Average Occupied Dwellings 2917 × 0.759 = 2213 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 2213 × 2 = 4426 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 4426 ÷ 26348 = 0.168 people per m2 26348 ÷ 4426 = 5.953 m2 per person

Speculative Outcomes: - Pedestrian movement around city is easier - Public transport and shipping must operate on a separate elevation to the ground plane.

- The rail transport around the periphery of the Hoddle Grid will be more congested, as entry into the city from elsewhere would focus on the four metro stations.

Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 13.123986 : 1

(ΔT)2

105

Urban Rules

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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An informed decision on the foundational rules of the block is formed based on an understanding of some of the effects of the previous changes made, and through researching external texts.

A programmatic study is also undertaken to better understand the rituals in which relate to geometry and time. The effects of the city can not only be envisioned through a grand scheme but also at the intimate architectural level.

Understanding the function of the city through data at a smaller scale is critical if one is to conceptualise how people will inhabit the spaces created.

Once the furniture study and rules are formed, they are then implemented back into the previous variations to further develop the interpretation of the current city and provoke speculation into how the new city is actualised.

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The Temporal City

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Rule 1: Every building must be a decorated shed

Signage on the street fronts for program communication and path finding

Building is not a symbol, but rather a housing of program, in which can easily be adapted over time

Buildings (Decorated Sheds)

Signage zones

Streets

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The Temporal City

Spatial Efficiency of program over time - The Decorated Shed allows for flexibility of program, in which only requires a change in signage to convey publicly the program type within.

Way finding - Signage along the street scape will assist in way finding around the city - Does signage have much of a purpose in the digital age?

(ΔT)2

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Rule 2: Slenderness ratio must be less than 8:1

1

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h r

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The Temporal City

h

Slenderness Ratio:

<

r

8

Avoid small blips of ultra high density Local Ultra High Density can cause: - Causes strain in congestion - Possible causes of unnecessary higher apartment vacancy rates - More difficult to keep the structure to be self sustaining with a higher densities

Removes spectacle of Cost over Function Slender Buildings: - Locks more people out of the housing market within the city - Panders to the top 1% of the population - Lack opportunities for programmatic variation across the floor plan - Requires an unnecessary amount of resources and energy to build and maintain the structure

(ΔT)2

113

Rule 3: Adjacent plots must have a different predominant program (unless there is an exemption)

4 Colour Theorem Regardless of the boundaries of map elements, with at least 4 colours every region can have a different colour to its neighbour.

With at least 4 variations of program in the city, one can ensure that no two buildings adjacent to each other predominantly occupy the same program to ensure programmatic diversity throughout the city.

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The Temporal City

Increase in programmatic diversity, reducing need to travel far Could also aid in avoiding ultra high density blips across the city

Allows for more opportunities for Adjacent Programs to share similar sapce and furniture types Possible development of intermediate spaces in which two programs may require the same space, and thus can be shared between the two.

(ΔT)2

115

Rule 4: All blocks must grow their own food.

Vertical Growing Stations Pros: - Can be indoor or outdoor - Extremely efficient with water usage - Energy generation through composting - Crop yields throughout the entire year

Cons: - Requires significant up front monetary and resource consumption - Cannot be used for grains and large crops - Plants may have less nutrients

Density ~ 1 m2 > 16 m2 No large crop No sunlight required

Climate Controlled rack farms Pros: - 1 acre of rack farms can equal 10 outdoor acres - Uses 95% less water than traditional agriculture - Can reduces chemical usage - Can be used indoors

Density ~ 1 m2 > 10 m2 No large crop No sunlight required

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The Temporal City

Cons: - Requires significant up front monetary and resource consumption - Fertilisers are used heavily - Controlling the indoor climate is energy intensive - Cannot be used for grains and large crops

Permaculture Pros: - Can be used to grow larger crops - Reduction in waste - Low need for fertiliser - Increase in food yield and density for production

Cons: - Easier for bacteria and pests to infect - Slow process to set up

Density ~ 1 m2 > 8 m2 Large crop possible Sunlight required

Hydroponics Pros: - Can be indoor or outdoor - Extremely efficient with water usage - Higher Yields (can be grown at 16 higher than the usual densities require to grow).

- Fewer Chemicals

Cons: - Cannot be used for grains and large crops - Requires significant up front monetary cost - Waterborne diseases are more prevalent - Increases demand in electricity

Density ~ 1 m2 > 16 m2 No large crop No sunlight required

(ΔT)2

117

Rule 5: Every building must have movable walls in at least 30% of spaces

Folded Plate Structures Folded plate structures can used to support the shared spaces when active and compress when the shared space is no longer needed.

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The Temporal City

Optimising usage footprint and programmatic intensity A set of clear rules must be determined to create the perfect “petri dish” in which guides the users to utilise a higher percentage of their footprint. In doing so would reduce the amount of inactive spaces rendering the city more spatially efficient, and promote communal interactions.

An analysis of program and usage is required, in terms of when people undergo the same activity at the same or different times.

The number of situations where multiple people use the same program at the same time, defines the number of static spaces.

The number of situations where multiple people use the same program at the different times, defines the number of dynamic spaces.

Space that is used by most people at the same time

Space that is used by most people at different times

Space A

Dynamic Intermediate Space

Individual Space

Shared Space

Space B

(ΔT)2

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Shared Spaces Clash based on Geometry and Time

OFFICES

RECREATION

Cubicle

1800

Dining Table

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0600

Lecture Space + Seating

1200

RESIDENTIAL

EDUCATION

OFFICES

RESIDENTIAL

Cubicle

Kitchen

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1800

Restaurant / Cafe Table RETAIL

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Basketball Court

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The Temporal City

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Kitchen RESIDENTIAL

EDUCATION Tutorial Room Seating

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Dining Table

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RESIDENTIAL

RECREATION Gym

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Vertical Rack Farming

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FOOD PRODUCTION

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Application of Rule 3

Current Arrangement

Number of unique adjacencies between different programs: 4 Number of adjacencies between different programs: 4

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The Temporal City

New Arrangement (with 4 colour theorem)

Number of unique adjacencies between different programs: 12 Number of adjacencies between different programs: 38

(ΔT)2

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Application of Rule 2

Before Slenderness Culling

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After Slenderness Culling

(ΔT)2

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Abstracted Predominant Programs

Abstraction

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Abstraction with Retail on the Ground levels

(ΔT)2

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Application of Rule 5

Introduction of Shared Spaces

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The Temporal City

Shared Spaces These Shared Spaces offer furniture in which the adjacent programs can both utilise at different times. The types of spaces and which can be multi-purposed was outlined in the furniture study through rule 5.

These programs were selected in aim to more effectively reduce temporary vacancies and redundancies in spaces. In doing so creating a more spatially efficient block, more able to accommodate the floor space demands of vegetation space.

Shared Space Distribution Analysis

Offices

Educational

Residential

Retail Recreational

(ΔT)2

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Variation Applications

Test 1: All Retail must add 100% green space (50% edible)

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The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count based on current ratio between floorspace and dwelling count = 2127 Dwellings Average Occupied Dwellings 2127 × 0.759 = 1614 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 1614 × 2 = 3228 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 3228 ÷ 26348 = 0.123 people per m2 26348 ÷ 3228 = 8.162m2 per person Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space Shared Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 15.45519 : 1

(ΔT)2

131

Variation Applications

Test 2: 40% of housing is substituted with green space (60% edible)

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The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count based on current ratio between floorspace and dwelling count = 1276 Dwellings Average Occupied Dwellings 1276 × 0.759 = 968 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 968 × 2 = 1936 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 1936 ÷ 26348 = 0.073 people per m2 26348 ÷ 1936 = 13.610 m2 per person Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space Shared Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 15.07449 : 1

(ΔT)2

133

Variation Applications

Test 3: All programs must have 10% terrace space to accommodate green space

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The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count based on current ratio between floorspace and dwelling count = 1916 Dwellings Average Occupied Dwellings 1916 × 0.759 = 1454 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 1454 × 2 = 2908 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 2908 ÷ 26348 = 0.110 people per m2 26348 ÷ 2908 = 9.061m2 per person Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space Shared Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 15.07449 : 1

(ΔT)2

135

Variation Applications

Test 4: All Education and Office spaces must add 30% vegetation

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The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count based on current ratio between floorspace and dwelling count = 2127 Dwellings Average Occupied Dwellings 2127 × 0.759 = 1614 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 1614 × 2 = 3228 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 3228 ÷ 26348 = 0.123 people per m2 26348 ÷ 3228 = 8.162m2 per person Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space Shared Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 16.005452 : 1

(ΔT)2

137

Variation Applications

Test 5: Residential spaces are now sleeping spaces (12m2)

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The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count based on current ratio between floorspace and dwelling count = 2127 Dwellings Average Occupied Dwellings 2127 × 0.759 = 1614 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 1614 × 2 = 3228 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 3228 ÷ 26348 = 0.123 people per m2 26348 ÷ 3228 = 8.162m2 per person Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space Shared Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 16.005452 : 1

(ΔT)2

139

Variation Applications

Test 6: 90% of office spaces are now converted to residential spaces

140

The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count based on current ratio between floorspace and dwelling count = 2434 Dwellings Average Occupied Dwellings 2434 × 0.759 = 1847 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 1847 × 2 = 3694 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 3694 ÷ 26348 = 0.140 people per m2 26348 ÷ 3694 = 7.133 m2 per person Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Shared Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 15.037905 : 1

(ΔT)2

141

Variation Applications

Test 7: City is now a pedestrian city (streets replaced with vegetation spaces)

142

The Temporal City

Average Dwelling Count based on current ratio between floorspace and dwelling count = 2127 Dwellings Average Occupied Dwellings 2127 × 0.759 = 1614 occupied dwellings Average no. of people in Occupied Dwellings 1614 × 2 = 3228 people Population Density of this block 26348m2 for entire block (given) 3228 ÷ 26348 = 0.123 people per m2 26348 ÷ 3228 = 8.162m2 per person Retail Offices Education Remainder / Residential Recreation Green Space Shared Space

Ratio between floorspace of buildings and Block Area = 15.071185 : 1

(ΔT)2

143

24-Hour Peak

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

145

Programmatic Activity over 24 Hours

Programmatic Activity 0%

146

100%

The Temporal City

Above is a test of how well the shared space performs, as well as how it spatially relates and informs adjacent programs. The data was calculated based on what furniture items could be shared at varying times throughout the day. With fairly consistent high levels of activity throughout the day, the shared spaces performed as they have been conceptualised previously.

(ΔT)2

147

Elasticity - 10, 20, 30

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The Temporal City

0 Years

(ΔT)2

149

Programmatic volumes over 10, 20, 30 years

Retail

Recreation

Offices

Green Space

Education

Shared Space

Remainder / Residential

150

The Temporal City

The volumes of the shared spaces must be flexible in size for the long term.

This is since programmatic shifts are inevitable. In consequence of this, relationships between adjacent programs change over time, as well as different spatial requirements for various activities.

(ΔT)2

151

Dotted Lines

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

153

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

155

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

157

Pedestrian City Experimentation

Current Street Scape

Current Street scape designed against dense rigid square grid, with plots of land up to the street

158

The Temporal City

Possible Vegetation Street Scape

Pedestrian City has no concern to accommodate fast transport.

Opportunities for expanded “irregular” street scape volumes (piazza like).

(ΔT)2

159

Pedestrian City Experimentation

Current Street Scape

Freight Movement Option 1 (Elevated Organisation) Freight Movement Option 2 (Submerged Organisation)

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

161

Proposition

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

163

Through the adoption of Neo-Liberalism, the city of Melbourne has become revolved around consumption and individualism. As a result, the sharing of items, knowledge, and culture between people has become practically nonexistent without the help of consumption and institutions. This is visualised through the very low amounts of community use spaces throughout the city.

This also leads to the unnecessarily high density of all areas within the city, as everyone is required to purchase and own their own items and spaces. This hyper-density is complemented with significant vacancies of spaces within the city. The vacancies presented in the data reveal long term vacancies. The short term vacancies, that is the emptiness of spaces when not in use, would reveal even higher spatial redundancies within the city.

The culture of retention perpetuates the spatial redundancies and social isolation in the city.

Melbourne also heavily relies on the outsourcing of food production. This is seen through the minimal amount of publicly available food plants in Melbourne. Doing so promotes social injustices, and deforestation to facilitate vast agricultural landscapes and increases emissions through the increase in food transportation.

A set of rules are then developed to challenge the food production and culture of retention in Melbourne.

A study of the spatial geometries of certain spaces within the block. These are then accompanied by a nightingale diagram, highlighting at what times of the day these spaces are being used. These geometries are then overlaid with one another to seek opportunities for the introduction of shared spaces. An example of this is the shared dining table and office cubicle. Both are similar geometrically, however are occupied at alternating times in the day. This can provoke social interactions between various people as the spaces are occupied and cared for by several. The shared spaces not only increase spatial efficiency in space but also promote social interaction and pluralism.

I begin testing methods of vegetation integration. The ratio of effective vegetation area and total floorspace should be as close to 10 : 1, if the block is able to produce its own food. Over the course of 10, 20, and 30 years, shared spaces expand on contract depending on the requirements of local activities.

This inversely affects individual spaces, as they expand when shared spaces contract, and vice versa.

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

165

Programmatic Activity over 24 Hours

Programmatic Activity 0%

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100%

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

167

Programmatic Activity over 24 Hours

Programmatic Activity 0%

168

100%

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Programmatic Activity over 24 Hours

Programmatic Activity 0%

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100%

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Programmatic Activity over 24 Hours

Programmatic Activity 0%

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100%

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Programmatic Composition in 10, 20, 30 Years

2021

2031

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Manufacturing

Residential

Retail

Recreation

Offices

Health

Education

Shared Space

The Temporal City

2031

2041

(ΔT)2

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Food City Research From the book by C.J. Lim

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

177

Food + Business Rejection of a Globalised and Monopolised Food Market

Rule: Every Block must have a vast urban public space dedicated to festivals when necessary

Reasoning: This vast communal space grants the occupation of local businesses to retaliate against multinational corporations through festivities when necessary.

Reference: (Food City, the people of Totnes, UK used the local squares to hold a barista two week festival and competition, to resist the installment of a Costa Coffee shop).

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Food + Community Over Consuming Cities vs Under Consuming Cities

Rule: Every Residence must have a private food production space

Reasoning: Food production has become weaponised due to its commodification. By providing every resident with their own food production space, a buffer is created. That is, if the public food production spaces were to be privatised and monopolised, they can still maintain a portion of self-sustainability through sourcing their own food.

Reference: (Food City, Palestinian Agricultural Committee (PARC) have several programs to increase food security on the Gaza Strip, one of which promotes the ability for every resident to at least partially grow their own food. This is due Israeli Exclusion Zones seizing and destroying fishing waters and arable land previously used by the Palestinians) (Food City, China is a major investor of agricultural land in Africa. This has lead to the exportation of food from the communities, driving up the food prices and increasing poverty in the affecting communities) (Exportation of water in the Murray-Darling Basin has lead to several communities in South West NSW without water. They have been forced to used imported water as a result) 180

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

181

Food + Culture Over Consuming Cities vs Under Consuming Cities

Topics of Discussion: Multiculturalism has reduced significant food traditions to novelty (in Paris, you eat frogs legs to experience tradition rather than to satisfy hunger) Segregation of city regions via food cultures to help visitors and locals locate food regions. Having displayed such a diverse range of cultural cuisines often showcase the wealth of the city.

Cities in which over-consume via a diverse range of cuisines, display an ironic contrast to cities in which under-consume, despite being the largest exporters of food in the world.

Cities are no longer defined by their native cuisine, but providing a vast array of competing food cultures Food City - “The solution to the world’s food problem is not the technological production of more food, but a more responsible understanding of the chain of supply, access, and afforadbility of the food we currently produce.

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

183

Food + Education Public’s Lack of Acknowledgement of Food Production Chain

Topics of Discussion: “It [Fast Food Chains] has taken advantage of geographical dislocation of production from consumption to present foods as one-dimensional economic commodities that appeal principally to our sense of thrift and our taste buds.”

“The continued success of food advertising has led to the production of modern urban societies that are saturated with imagery and information and yet remain ill informed about global food issues and reluctant to accept any responsibility.”

Response: “Education through experience” In 2010, the Sydney Harbour Bridge was occupied by 6000 people (and cows) to have breakfast on the Harbour Bridge, replacing traffic for the morning.

“Novel and unusual learning environments generate a more active discourse and education than in classrooms”

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

185

Food + Energy Closed Loop Energy Systems

Topics of Discussion: “Today, the global food system is reliant on a huge volume of food imports and exports; one of the reasons why food is responsible for 30% of all greenhouse emissions. Localizing supply chains has, for a long time, been a countercultural government prerogative and green movement agenda in order to protect local and regional food economies and to reduce the environmental impact of food miles inflicted by the long haul transportation” “Rejecting imports on the basis of the environmental impact of the food miles they incur, without taking into account the efficiency of the supply chain as a whole, is not only misguided but also hypocritical.”

Response: Use of Aquaponics as an alternative to the “chemical factory” modernised agriculture is. (Suitable for low to medium nutritional foods like herbs, spinach, chives etc.)

Use of organic waste from the food industry (producing great amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas), can be used to power vertical farms without using the electricity grid.

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Food + Health

Rules: A. Every Block must use separate water and food systems.

B. 100m2 minimum for every 4 residents

Reasoning: A. Prevents potential cross contamination, which could slow outbreaks of bugs and/or superbugs.

B. This ensures residents can produce their own fruits.

Response: Cholera Outbreak in London found that communities with shared water systems had large spikes in outbreaks. Monks in a church within these communities were mainly untouched by cholera, as they used their own water supply.

“A 10x10m plot and 130-day temperate growing season will sustain a family annually with fruit and vegetables and a nutritional intake of vitamins A, C, B complex and iron.”

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The Temporal City

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

100 m2

(ΔT)2

189

Food + Transport Food Miles

Rules: Primary Food Production Zones must be within a 10 minute walk from every program

Reasoning: “Food Miles” is a calculation in which determines the distance in which food is traveled from the “fields to the fork”. This idea leaves out the travel distance in which consumers travel to the shops to purchase food.

Response: “Food miles almost exclusively refer to the distances traveled by food from their country of origin to the supermarket where they are sold, and forget the miles traveled by consumers. A recent study of Britain’s food economy revealed that almost half of its food miles came from vehicles going to and from the shops.

The average British family drives 136 miles a year to buy food. 3 By driving to buy shopping, the average UK consumer emits more carbon than is emitted by transporting the food to the UK in the first place.”

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The Temporal City

PRODUCERS Reduce distance to within the city (most food production to be within the city)

FOOD PRODUCT

Maximum 10 minute walk

CONSUMERS For maximum reduction make the consumers become the producers for some foods

(ΔT)2

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Food City Developme

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ent

(ΔT)2

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Implementation of Rules from C.J. Lim’s Food City Research

Abstraction of Original Grid

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The Temporal City

Abstraction Implementation

Food Production Zones Variable = Food Demand per Octagon Food Festival Zones (when necessary) Variable = Retaliation Demand of Local Foods vs “Big Food”

(ΔT)2

195

Programmatic Organisation

Residential Education Offices Retail Production Recreation Health Food Production Zones Food Festival Zones (when necessary)

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Network Abstraction

Food Production Zone

Food Fest

Food Production Zone

Octagon Boundary

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The Temporal City

Food Production Zone

tival Zone

Food Production Zone Sub Food Production (Private Residential)

(ΔT)2

199

Programmatic Organisation

100 m2 private food production space for every 4 residents

Residential Offices Retail Shared Spaces Food Production Zones Food Festival Zones (when necessary)

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The Temporal City

Food than can be grown by the average person is grown in these private areas. These Sub Food Production zones act as a spine in which all other programs expand or contract in respect to (due to the existence of shared spaces).

(ΔT)2

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Food Machine Conce

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The Temporal City

ept Growth

(ΔT)2

203

Food Machine

The food production zones are a machine consisting of elements performing specific roles Growing Section: All food production is done in these areas. Once grown, the food will be transported to the consummation sections

Consuming Section: Here is where food is consumed either privately or publicly. The food scraps are placed in specific bins which are then transported to decomposing sections

Currently 3.5 kg of food is produced per person everyday, despite people consuming on average 1.2 kg per day.

The excess food produced provides a buffer for population growth, or as an addition to the decomposing section.

Decomposing Section: This section relates to the decomposition of discarded biomass, which can then either provide nutrients or electricity to the growing sections

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The Temporal City

Production Section

Decomposition Section

Consummation Section

(ΔT)2

205

Food Opera

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The Temporal City

The workings of the food machine must be easily seen and witnessed by everyone in the city.

Every structure in the city shares the ground plane, and every transition between programs occur on the ground plane. Thus, the food machine must be located on the ground plane.

Despite the mixed sub-organisation as a result of the shared space, the overall organisation must be cyclical to effective convey to the public the movement of food.

Prior to entering every building, one witnesses the food fingerprint in which the program interacts with food. One is then able to identify how the program is part of the greater block.

(ΔT)2

207

Division of Program based on how they currently interact with food

Residential

Office

Consume

-

Discard

Recreation

Health

Consume

Consume

Discard

Discard

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The Temporal City

Retail

Manufacturing

Consume (Ocassionally)

-

Discard (Ocassionally)

Education

Parking

Consume

-

Discard

(ΔT)2

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New Division of Program based on how they interact with food

Residential

Office

Consume

Food Production Most people spend most of their time awake in the offices in the city. Due to monitoring requirements these spaces will have to incorporate food production spaces. Being the most prominent program in the city, also helps facilitate reaching food demands.

Discard

Recreation

Health

Consume

Consume

Discard

Discard

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The Temporal City

Retail

Manufacturing

Consume (Ocassionally)

Food Production Given the facilities available, and how most people in this industry spend most of their time in the city in these areas, this space would also be ideal for food production.

Discard (Ocassionally)

Education

Parking

Consume

-

Discard Food Production Being as close to education institutions as possible, provides more opportunities in which innovation of food production can occur.

(ΔT)2

211

Education Recreation

Office Manufacturing

Production Consumption Decomposition

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The Temporal City

Health Retail Residential

(ΔT)2

213

Application to the Block

Residential

Shared Space

Education

Food Production Zones

Offices

Food Consummation Zones

Retail

Food Decomposition Zones

Manufacturing Recreation Health

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The Temporal City

Opera Consists of two main elements: - Performance on the stage - Spectating Audience

Performance: The Food Machine facilitates the act of food moving through separate stages of use.

Audience: General public witnesses the performance as they traverse throughout the city and as they enter into the programs. (ΔT)2

215

What if the Food Machine was the width of the City?

Residential

Shared Space

Education

Food Production Zones

Offices

Food Consummation Zones

Retail

Food Decomposition Zones

Manufacturing Recreation Health

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The Temporal City

The macro organisation of the programs above are dictated by how they interact with the food machine below. The amount of programs in the city depend on the demand of specific sectors of the food machine at different points in time.

(ΔT)2

217

Testing Extremes

What if food demand perpetually increases until 100% of space is used for production? (as population growth is projected to increase significantly)

Office Manufacturing

Production

As Production space reaches its limit, the space for consummation and decomposition becomes insignificant. Health, Recreation, Retail and Residential spaces are booted from the city. Either: - Food demand decreases as a result of fewer consummation regions, and office spaces begin to either become abandoned or re-purposed

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The Temporal City

- Production zones become unstable due to not enough resource inputs from the lack from decomposition.

Production zones begin to shrink

- Machine expands horizontally past the Hoddle Grid to include the residential zones that have been pushed out

Education Recreation

Consumption Decomposition

(ΔT)2

219

Testing Extremes

What if food demand perpetually increases until 100% of space is used for consummation? (as population growth is projected to increase significantly)

Education Recreation

Health Retail Residential

Production Consumption Decompose

As population increases, people consume more food as a whole. This could leave less spaces available for production. Either:

- Decomposition is reduced, as people begin to eat whatever they can. Reduced decomposition leads to less resources for production, hindering food production yields.

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The Temporal City

- Malnutrition increases as there is less food to share amongst the population.

- Portions of the population leave the city, reducing food demand allowing the production areas to more adequately feed the population.

(ΔT)2

221

Macro System Over 10, 20, 30 Years 2021

2041

222

Residential

Manufacturing

Food Production Zones

Education

Recreation

Food Consummation Zones

Offices

Health

Food Decomposition Zones

Retail

Shared Space

The Temporal City

2031

2051

(ΔT)2

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Micro System Over 10, 20, 30 Years 2021

2041

224

Residential

Manufacturing

Food Production Zones

Education

Recreation

Food Consummation Zones

Offices

Health

Food Decomposition Zones

Retail

Shared Space

The Temporal City

2031

2051

(ΔT)2

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Testing Programmatic and Structural Composition

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New Food Machine Rules

Passive

Active / Passive

1. Meat production to be on rooftops

2. Plant based foods on the Ground Level

- Production of meat requires highly specialised knowledge not present in the average citizen.

- Plant based food production is more accessible than meat.

- Meat industry often comes with strong repulsive smells, which should placed elsewhere from high traffic areas.

- Ground Level provides more floorspace than rooftops, resulting in easier ways to reach food production needs

- Passive visual connection from other structures and from a distance, performing as a backdrop.

- Performs as a backdrop for traversing the city, entering buildings, or provides active participation.

Meat Production

Plant Based Production

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The Temporal City

3. Retail/Manufacturing always on the ground floor

4. Ocassional spectacle moments for food spaces

- Retail and Manufacturing requires frequent freight export and imports. Due to this, the ease of freight transportation will be met with retail being located on the ground plane.

- Negative Space bubbles are to be implemented occasionally to create a spectacle of food processes.

- Food zones as a result are lifted, providing a passive viewing to and from the space.

- One of the root causes for the current food structure is the spatial dislocation of production and consumption.

The lack of visual connection breeds work malpractice.

Thus the spectacle highlights the voyeuristic attitude combating this.

(ΔT)2

229

Application to the Block

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The Temporal City

Residential Education Offices Retail Manufacturing Recreation Health Shared Space Food Production Zones Food Consummation Zones Food Decomposition Zones

(ΔT)2

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Application to the City 10, 20, 30 Years 2021

2041

232

Residential

Manufacturing

Food Production Zones

Education

Recreation

Food Consummation Zones

Offices

Health

Food Decomposition Zones

Retail

Shared Space

The Temporal City

2031

2051

(ΔT)2

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Preliminary Experiential Renders

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Preliminary Shared Space System

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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Return Brief

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Through the adoption of neo-liberalism, the city of Melbourne has become revolved around consumption and individualism. As a result, the sharing of items, knowledge, and culture between people has become practically nonexistent without the help of commodification and institutions.

This also leads to the unnecessarily high density of all areas within the city, as everyone is required to purchase and own their items and spaces. This hyper-density is complemented with significant long term vacancies of spaces within the city. The temporal usage of spaces reveals even higher spatial redundancies within the city.

The culture of retention perpetuates the spatial redundancies and social isolation in the city.

Melbourne also heavily relies on the outsourcing of food production. The dislocation of production and consumption helps conceal and exacerbate environmental, political, and social injustices.

Rules are designed to provoke social interactivity and increase programmatic malleability. Further rules are created to not only incorporate food production into the city but also to allow the public to bear witness to such processes.

A study is undertaken to understand the geometries that facilitate rituals and their usage throughout the day. Opportunities to merge multiple rituals and spaces arise with their social implications.

Data reanalysis is used to measure the new model’s effectiveness compared to the current city. To ensure spatial fluidity of the shared spaces, they must be easily transformative both physically and programmatically. All furniture in these spaces can collapse into the floor plates, to which the floor plates themselves can be customised to suit the relevant rituals.

By understanding which spaces are active throughout the day, one can curate moments for social interactivity and food production throughout the city.

A flowchart is devised to understand the journey of food between spaces: // The cultivated meat production spaces offer chemistry labs for the extraction of stem cells from animal tissue, and bioreactors to grow said cells into larger edible muscle fibres. // Permaculture, hydroponics, aquaponics, and vertical rack systems produce a variety of plant-based foods on the ground levels. The floorplates vary to accommodate size requirements for these systems. // The food is then transported physically, via rail, or a hybrid of both. // The consumption spaces include the preparation, consumption, and discarding of food, which encompasses the dining ritual. // Food scraps are then sent via a conveyor belt to the decomposition zones. // Decomposition spaces collect the food scraps, to then convert them to electrical energy or organic fertilizer. Anaerobic digestion tanks and compost tanks help feed energy back into the food cycle.

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The Temporal City

By understanding programmatic activation over time, meat production spaces are positioned to be a beacon at night. This voyeuristic relationship further bonds the public with the food processes of the city.

The streetscape offers small glimpses of the plant production within, as it is shrouded by structure and services. Upon entering the building, the space rapidly expands to detail the food processes acting as a central spine of the structure. The sublime in such a sense can be used to provoke discourse around this system.

A tug of war between consumption and production ensure better synchronisation into its demands. This prevents overconsumption and overproduction of the city. As programs are also organised based on their interaction with the food apparatus, they themselves change with food demands. Doing so further contributes to imbalances in the food system.

The modularity of the exoskeletal structure allows these buildings to be constructed in a crane-like fashion. This prompts a transition from the current city in 2021, to the future city at time T. The Spherical exceptions provide the temporal need of excess floorspace.

However, this anti project comes at the cost of locally imposing fixed floorplates and spaces. Once the need for more space is fulfilled, the spheres are then to be removed. Catastrophic failure ensue if spaces were to expand continuously in height. Social interactivity decreases as shared spaces are not utilised without constraints, and imbalances of food production and consumption exacerbate. Thus, the spherical geometries create local temporary failures to prevent this.

Machinic Convergency utilises the clashing of rituals and food production and consumption to challenge the culture of retention and agricultural absence in the current city.

(ΔT)2

241

City of Retention Rules

1.

2.

3.

Meat production to be on rooftops

Plant based foods on the ground

Retail/Manufacturing on the ground (Takes precedence over food)

Meat Production

Plant Based Production

Public Passive Interaction

242

The Temporal City

Public Active / Passive Interaction

4.

5.

Spectacle moments for food spaces

Machine Breaker to prevent catastrophic failure

(ΔT)2

243

City of Agricultural Absence Rules

1.

2.

3.

Every Building is a Decorated Shed

8:1 Max Slenderness Ratio

4 Colour Theorem

1

8

244

The Temporal City

4.

5.

Develop possible shared spaces

Flat-pack furniture in shared spaces

(ΔT)2

245

246

Cultivated Meat Production

Plant-Based Food Production

Food Decomposition

Food Scrap Conveyor Belt

The Temporal City

Food Transportation via rails

Food Transportation via People

Consumption of Food

Food Preparation

(ΔT)2

247

Cultivated Meat Production

248

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

249

Plant Based Food Production

250

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

251

Food Transportation via Rail

252

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

253

Food Transportation via People

254

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

255

Food Preparation

256

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

257

Food Consumption

258

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

259

Food Scrap Conveyor Belt

260

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

261

Food Decomposition

262

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

263

264

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

265

266

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

267

Shared Space Malleability

268

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

269

Shared Space Malleability

270

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

271

Block Growth from current city to time T

2021

2021 >>

272

The Temporal City

2021 >

2021 >>>

(ΔT)2

273

Block Growth from current city to time T

2021 >>>>

2021 >>>>>>

274

The Temporal City

2021 >>>>>>

T

(ΔT)2

275

Block in 10, 20, 30 Years

T

T + 20

276

The Temporal City

T + 10

T + 30

(ΔT)2

277

Programmatic Activation over Time

Programmatic Activity 0%

100%

0000

0000

278

The Temporal City

0000

0000

(ΔT)2

279

Programmatic Activation over Time

Programmatic Activity 0%

100%

0900

0900

280

The Temporal City

0900

0900

(ΔT)2

281

Programmatic Activation over Time

Programmatic Activity 0%

100%

1300

1300

282

The Temporal City

1300

1300

(ΔT)2

283

Programmatic Activation over Time

Programmatic Activity 0%

100%

1700

1700

284

The Temporal City

1700

1700

(ΔT)2

285

286

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

287

Programmatic Composition in 10, 20, 30 Years

288

Residential

Manufacturing

Food Production Zones

Education

Recreation

Food Consummation Zones

Offices

Health

Food Decomposition Zones

Retail

Shared Space

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

289

Programmatic DNA in 10, 20, 30 Years

290

Residential

Manufacturing

Food Production Zones

Education

Recreation

Food Consummation Zones

Offices

Health

Food Decomposition Zones

Retail

Shared Space

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

291

Production vs Consumption Tug of War

292

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

293

Spatial Exploration

294

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

295

296

The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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The Temporal City

(ΔT)2

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The Temporal City Ian Nazareth | David Schwarzman RMIT Architecture Semester 1 2021 https://www.temporal.city/