rbc.com.pa
ISSN 1726-0485 EDICIÓN AGOSTO 15
ALIANZA POR EL MILLÓN
SE NOS ACABA EL AGUA
Consejo Editorial
Colaboradores en esta edición José Javier Rivera J.
José Javier Rivera J. Giovana del C. Miranda G.
Rafael Fernández Lara Giovana del C. Miranda G. Dr. Francisco R. Young Ailen Galván Maybé Mendieta Lisbeth Martez
Portada y Diagramación: Virginia Medina Fotografía: Mariela De Sedas de Sanjur
Albin Rodríguez Alexander Canto Mariela de Sanjur Nadia Chang
ÁREAS DE PRÁCTICA IMPUESTOS - CONTRATACIÓN PÚBLICA - PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL REGISTRO SANITARIO LITIGIOS, ARBITRAJE Y MEDIACIÓN DERECHO MARÍTIMO - ABANDERAMIENTO DE NAVES - DERECHO LABORAL ASUNTOS MIGRATORIOS - SOCIEDADES - APERTURA DE NEGOCIOS FUNDACIONES DE INTERÉS PRIVADO - CONTRATOS, FIDEICOMISOS ASESORÍA BURSÁTIL - SERVICIOS NOTARIALES Y REGISTRO - AMBIENTAL LEYES ANTIMONOPOLIOS TELECOMUNICACIONES
Legislación y Economía es una publicación de
Rivera, Bolívar y Castañedas, que tiene como propósito principal
mantener informados a nuestros clientes, empresarios, industriales, ejecutivos, banqueros, inversionistas, y a
todo aquél que tenga INTERÉS en la actividad de
PANAMÁ.
RBC Abogados
Rivera, Bolívar y Castañedas
@rbc_abogados
CONTENT 6. 8. 11. 12. 12. 13. 20. 21. 24. 28.
EDITORIAL WATER IS RUNNING
INVITED WRITER WORDS OF GRATEFULNESS DECLARED BY DR. FRANCISCO ROLANDO YOUNG
NORMS OF INTERST LAW REGULATED ON PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING, FINANCING OF TERRORISM AND PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
AMENDING APPLICATION OF BENEFITS FOR AGREEMENTS TO AVOID DOUBLE TAXATION FOREIGNERS WITH MORE THAN TWO YEARS OUT OF THE COUNTRY CAN APPLY FOR REINSTATEMENT OF RESIDENCE REPORT 2014 PANAMA INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION BY RADIO-IPER TEACHER AT HOME PROGRAM
CONSULT, DOCTRINE Y JURISPRUDENCE GENERAL CONTROLLERSHIP OF THE REPUBIC HAS FACULTY TO CONTROL CONTRACTINGS OF NATIONAL AID PROGRAM SUPREME COURT RESOLVED CRIMINAL APPEAL WITHIN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOLLOWED TO ERNESTO PEREZ BALLADARES AND OTHERS. “FULL OF SUPREME COURT JUDGE ON DEMAND OF UNCONSTITUTIONALITY LAW 12, 2007 AND KEEPS PRIVATE COMPETITION OF ACP”
POLITICS AMERICAN PRESIDENTS WHO WERE IN PANAMA
CONTENT 32. 35. 37. 39. 41. 42. 44. 50.
52. 54. 56. 59. 61.
PANAMANIAN ECONOMY MONTHLY INDEX OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
WORLD ECONOMY
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WILL GROW ONLY 0.5% IN 2015 THE WORKS ADVANCE FOR EXAMINATION OF BASKET OF SDR IN 2015 WATER RESOURCES ARE AT A CRITICAL TIME ECLAC EXPERT WARNS OF IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION IN TOTAL EMISSIONS OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT AGENDA 2030: BREAKTHROUGH FOR WORLD OF WORK
EDUCATIONAL CAPSULE WHAT IS THE PANAMANIAN INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION BY RADIO IPER? DOUBLEHEADER SCHOOL DAY A REALITY
ENVIRONMENTAL CAPSULE NATIONAL DAY OF REFORESTATION
ILLUSTRIOUS FIGURES JUSTO AROSEMENA QUESADA (1817 - 1896)
FASHION BEST HAIR CUTS TO OUR KIND OF WORK
SPORT CAPSULE CULTURAL CAPSULE
EDITORIAL WATER IS RUNNING
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n August 25 at Sheraton Hotel, the Latin American Institute for Advanced Studies (ILDEA) presented the first lecture with the Forum called “We’re running water”. In an environment of great interest, more than 200 participants representing universities, environmentalists, entrepreneurs, students, researchers environmental issues members of the Ecological Police and SENAFRONT listened with great interest to the speakers’ presentations: Eng. Julia Guardia, IDAAN Director, Eng. Jorge Luis Quijano, Panama Canal Administrator and Dr. Stanley Heckadon, a researcher at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Director of Research Center at Galeta, Colón. The day of the event was in effect the restriction of draft ordered by ACP for transit of vessels through the Canal. Fortunately, this restriction has been temporarily suspended, as some atmospheric phenomena have recovered part of water level, you need to provide Gatun Lake water Canal activities. Paradoxically, a topic that has received very detailed studies by Panama Canal Administration of FUDESPA, University of Panama, and many individual researchers, who have risked their viewpoint in newspapers and national magazine not exist in the public a clear interest on effect it will have on the country, El Niño. Agricultural production, already have significant losses, thus the activity of planting rice, corn and vegetables such as yams and potatoes, used by most Panamanians, is not at a level that meets the needs of the population . So it’s planting grass and milk production, which has declined significantly, which
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José Javier Rivera - Abogado jj.rivera@rbc.com.pa
means that import grain, meat, milk and vegetables are required. To meet market needs, as water for human consumption is concerned, a significant number of rivers that provide water block doesn’t have the level so that the suction pumps to fill the capacity of the water purification plants therefore, there will be enough water in the winter and much less in summer. Engineer Guardia explained very carefully lags that has this institution, both with regard to human resources, infrastructure for water distribution and billing, as well as the limitations faced by watersheds that are highly polluted, throughout national territory. For his part, Eng. Quijano, explained in detail realities from the standpoint of rainfall in the catchment area of the Canal, is year 2015 as one of the driest, during rainy season in the whole story Canal and raised the urgent need to find alternative sources to increase water supplies for operation of the Canal and production of drinking water, since that watershed provides water to provinces of Panama, Colon and West Panama, who have reached growth population and trade exceeding the estimates made when authorizing Canal expansion project. Finally, Dr. Stanley Heckadon called on the Panamanian people, their negligence in the conservation of watersheds and soil and called for establishing a Crusade, to recover our water sovereignty by establishing a forest reserve areas in
EDITORIAL the Atlantic, that allows to use water sources of rivers originating in province of Colon to help in production of water. ANAVIP representative, Carlos Salcedo Saldivar, presented a ILDEA study irrigation came forward several decades and must serve this crusade. Dr. Heckadon showed that besides losing the flow of water coming from rainfall and rivers, fertile soil is being lost as a result of runoff and poor individual use of rivers and streams in the country and asked audience, which educate the general population to preserve not only water sources but the ground. ILDEA currently a second cycle program of this forum with participation of the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agricultural Development and an expert of Mexican nationality, for next September 29 at Sheraton Hotel at 6:00 p.m.
It will dawn and see. L&E
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INVITED WRITER WORDS OF GRATEFULNESS DECLARED BY DR. FRANCISCO ROLANDO YOUNG During the act of recognition of merit who was organized by the Specialized University of Certified Public Accountant
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r. Chairman and members of the Board of Specialized University of Certified Public Accountants. Honorable Rector of UNESCPA.
Reverend Father Ardila. President of the Institute of Chartered Accountants. Ladies of Women’s Public Accountants Association. Gentlemen UNESCPA professors. Friends: Let me introduce my family was and is my inspiration and my strength. My wife Dora over 65 years of marriage, my daughter Irene, my son Rolando and his wife and young son Cassia my other grandchildren Eric Lucas, Alex, Manuelito and Charlie is not here because yesterday began his senior year in college. As I graduated from the National Institute Bachelor of Science, to enroll in the first year of Faculty of Administration at University of Panama, which operated in same classrooms of the Institute of Accounting my first classes were like listening to a foreign language. Terms as assets
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and liabilities weren’t part of my vocabulary. However, as they were advancing classes and supplementing Accounting with other materials such as Finance, Economics and Statistics, I would adapt to get to like what I was studying and thus ended the first year, working day and studying at night as all students that era. From second year everything changed. Studying at a university in the United States where Accounting Department occupied a good part of the building of the Faculty of Business Administration and had like 25 or 30 full-time professors from assistant instructor, through instructor, assistant professor, professor associated up to full professor, dedicated exclusively to teaching Accounting, writing essays and articles on the subject in very prestigious journals, and even authors of texts that were used at several universities. In that atmosphere surrounded by dozens of colleagues who also specialized in Accounting, and dedicated only to study, it was very easy to increase the joy felt for accounting. I continued my studies and one day after completing the first year of the Master and before starting the second, the Director of Accounting Department offered me one of the posts of assistant instructor, what started me in teaching and helped me a lot when I exercised half a century ago, Accounting faculty of the First Private University of Pana-
INVITED WRITER ma, Santa Maria la Antigua Catholic University. And graduate and back to Panama, I started an independent audit and accounting began to live and work with the passion that characterizes me. I gave everything of myself, while the satisfactions received far exceeded what I did. This profession gave me the opportunity to teach, to share knowledge with colleagues, to participate in international meetings and conferences and work and interact with great personalities of profession, both in Panama and abroad. When I thought I had fulfilled my mission entrusted by the Almighty and had received great satisfaction, more than a person can expect from life, the Board of Directors of Specialized University of Certified Public surprises me with this extraordinary honor, which thank you deeply. My family joins me in this thanks. This is another blessing from God that my family has received. In Panama the profession, especially in the area of External Audit level is first world countries. But remember that it was not always so. We came from far away, from those years when small firms left us a legacy of the concept of independence. The suitability of Certified Public Accountant was obtained through an examination by Law that the Board of Accountancy had to perform twice a year. However, hadn’t appointed a Board of Accountancy for the entire period of the Second World War, which is why many of those who exercised the profession weren’t CPAs. In 1952, my father Guillermo Samuel Young, acting as President of the Association of Accountants of Panama, persuaded government of the day appointed a Board of Accounting, entity summoned once examinations. 160 candidates ran. I was one of these 160. examination was three days on theory and practice of accounting, auditing and United Financial and Commercial Law. After that examination, the country had CPAs needed to give public faith in its remit.
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Although I passed the exam and years later I went examiner wasn’t satisfied because in my opinion, couldn’t be a profession that required no academic requirements. The review couldn’t replace university. Therefore, with the help of students from University of Panama and some professional visionary, it was possible to legislate to require a university degree for suitability of Certified Public Accountant. The results were immediate. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Panama, the Panama Association of Accountants and Women Accountants of Panama was founded changed their names and more importantly, they shifted their focus to the mission that had to be met for advancement of profession. This win took us to the highest levels of the profession with excellent companies, with three organizations doing their best to keep their updated on the progress of the profession and joined members held meetings with foreign lectures and national personalities and the zenith of achievement is establishment of a specialized profession University. But there was still more. The University of Panama didn’t have a degree in accounting curriculum. It was the only university in the country. This gap was resolved with the first degree in accounting program offered by the newly opened USMA. Five years after the first graduates graduated in Accounting in the Republic of Panama. The satisfaction of being present at that graduation is priceless. But we must not stop. Further work. I personally have two concerns that need to be addressed. The first is that accounting has two activities that are spaced apart. One is preparation of financial statements and their notes on Accounting Policies and notes that explain some figures of the Financial Statements. This activity is the sole responsibility of the company. The second activity is the external and independent audit of these financial statements and their notes. I repeat, they are two separate activities to be performed
INVITED WRITER by different people. However, in most of cases that is not what is happening. Counters companies haven’t taken responsibility and external auditors perform the activity of preparing financial statements and notes and then audited. This has to change and called to make changes themselves are external auditors and professional groups. The second concern is that services received by companies in the city of Panama aren’t the same as those received in rest of the Republic, where small firms, mostly single partner, don’t have access to opportunities update offered in the capital city. This must be improved so that companies receive same quality of service throughout the country. UNESCPA could hold classes on weekends in central locations, worth of college credit. Professional organizations and large and medium firms should bring their seminars to same sites and that this mission is an ongoing activity. I don’t mean taxation seminars are attractive, but Accounting and Auditing with changes in rules. It’s essential to understand the meaning of complex issues such as fair value of financial instruments, deferred taxes and other issues such as new accounting and auditing standards that constantly change. I leave this challenge and I’m sure it will solve. Again my thanks and my family for this honor that gives me UNESCPA. I pray to God to bless Board UNESCPA, their managers, their teachers and their students to go ahead with his mission which is sorely lacking in the country. Panama needed. To all of you, thank you very much for joining me tonight. L&E
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NORMS OF INTEREST LAW REGULATED ON PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING, FINANCING OF TERRORISM AND PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
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ith the approval of Executive Decree No. 363 of August 13, 2015 issued by Ministry of Economy and Finance Law 23 of 2015 which adopts measures to prevent money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing is regulated weapons of mass destruction. Part of offering Decree defining the terms laundering, terrorism financing and relevant customer due diligence and verification is comprising of due diligence established in this Decree. On the other hand it provides that required financial subjects, required subjects and those nonfinancial professionals subject to supervision shall implement appropriate management processes for risk of money laundering, terrorist financing and financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, providing for the application of due diligence measures on their customers, their transactions and their employees, according to their risk level, in such a way that they can identify transactions related to the offenses listed. As for the approach based is risk, was established to be according to their size and complexity of its activities, implement risk-based to identify, assess, monitor, manage and mitigate risks associated with money laundering approach , terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, in order to implement measures due process and basic, amplified or expanded diligence depending on the level of risk to which may be exposed. For measures of due diligence should be taken when: 1. Establish contractual or business relationships with its client. 2. Carry out occasional transactions above the amount established by its respective supervisory authority, even in situations where transaction is carried out in a single operation or in several
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Giovana del C. Miranda G. - Abogada giovana.miranda@rbc.com.pa
operations. 3. Carry out occasional transactions through wire transfers in circumstances that set monitoring mechanism. 4. There are unusual transactions that may be related to money laundering, financing of terrorism, weapons of mass destruction or possible commission of predicate offenses of money laundering and terrorist financing. 5. There are doubts about the veracity or accuracy of customer identification data previously obtained, it shall update the information and documentation. In this respect the Executive Decree regulates comment concerning basic measures of customer due diligence in case of a natural person; basic measures of customer due diligence in case of a legal person; identification and verification of final beneficiary; verification of due diligence; simplified customer due diligence; measures of enhanced due diligence or enhanced; application of enhanced due diligence or enhanced; application using other measures of due diligence; as well as unusual transactions and obligation to report suspicious transactions. Another aspect, which regulates the Decree as the application of administrative sanctions, without prejudice to other penalties provided by law and civil or criminal liability that might arise. Similarly, the criteria for imposing sanctions are set; classification of sanctions; types of sanctions and fate of the amount of the penalty. Finally, the regulation provides that provisions of the Decree doesn’t prevent further, supervisory bodies take decisions, resolutions and other measures for their respective obligors on the prevention of money laundering, terrorist financing and financing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. L&E
NORMS OF INTEREST
AMENDING APPLICATION OF BENEFITS FOR AGREEMENTS TO AVOID DOUBLE TAXATION
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Giovana del C. Miranda G. - Abogada giovana.miranda@rbc.com.pa
he Directorate General of Revenue of the Ministry of Finance issued Resolution 201-12083 by which regulates application of benefits in treaties to avoid double taxation applicable in Panama.
FOREIGNERS WITH MORE THAN TWO YEARS OUT OF THE COUNTRY CAN APPLY FOR REINSTATEMENT OF RESIDENCE
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Giovana del C. Miranda G. - Abogada giovana.miranda@rbc.com.pa
he National Immigration Service issued Resolution No. 22657 of August 12, 2015 through which states can apply for permanent residence rehabilitation of foreigners who have spent more than two (2) Within this context, the Resolution provides defini- years out of country up maximum of six (6) years. tion of terms concerned or responsible tax and payee as well as states that any tax charge that requires application of the benefits established in the agreements to avoid double taxation must show a memorial outside offices of the Department of International Taxation. On the other hand, it includes budgets of accreditation; legal support, the presentation; burden of proof, documentation language; recurring transactions; evaluation of request; pronouncement of authority; reasons for rejection; misuse of benefits and recurrence. Regarding the issue of reasons for rejection, we need the DGI may reject request for accreditation application benefits agreement to avoid double taxation in cases where: 1. The tax residence certificate is defeated. 2. That evidence that judgment of the DGI show status of beneficiary and 3. Legal reasoning in the judgment of the authority fails to demonstrate correct application of the benefits don’t occur. This implies that transaction is subject to domestic law. It’s worth mentioning that the same resolution repealed resolution No. 201-10861 of August 26, 2013 and came into effect last August 7, 2015. L&E
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In which case, the alien must show same requirements of current immigration status to be approved and an affidavit of the reasons why he skipped the country over the set time. However, if the alien has spent more than six (6) years abroad, must start a new immigration procedure under immigration legislation. L&E
NORMS OF INTEREST
REPORT 2014 PANAMA INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION BY RADIO-IPER TEACHER AT HOME PROGRAM
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PANAMA INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION BY RADIO - IPER, born to light with the first radio transmission class May 21, 2001 by the Catholic station Radio Hogar, both entities, led by Father Fernando Guardia Jaén, s.j. (1926-2014). IPER is one of the many works he left us, our founder, as part of his legacy to our country. Currently the Academic Director of IPER is Father Jose Maria Andres, sj and as Executive Director since 2011 is Brenda Jované Pitti. He is joined in managing the IPER 13 employees, 14 radio stations, 250 volunteers across the country and hundreds of private benefactors. All programs are aimed at young people (over 15 years) and adults across the country, both in rural and urban air, which haven’t completed their primary or secondary education. At present, Institute has 5 offices throughout the country: IPER Headquarters is located in Panama City, which covers provinces of Panama, Colon and West Panama; IPER office in province of Chiriqui; IPER office in Azuero region, covering provinces of Herrera and Los Santos; Cocle and Veraguas office and the office of Darien. We have groups in the indigenous regions: Emberá Wounaan and Ngäbe Bugle. El IPER tiene el aval del Ministerio de Educación de Panamá bajo los siguientes Decretos: Primaria: Resuelto 45 del 27 de marzo del 2001; Premedia: Re-
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Fuente: IPER
suelto 1356 del 6 de septiembre del 2006 y el Bachillerato: Resuelto 3039 del 13 de junio del 2012. The program classes TEACHER AT HOME (El MAESTRO EN CASA), reach all corners of the country, thanks to private or government stations across the country, donating their airtime for benefit of their listeners In 2014, participated broadcasters: Radio Crisol, Catholic Radio, Radio ogar, Radio Voice Without Borders, Radio Maria, Radio Primerísima, Radio Ancon, Radio Mi Favorita, Radio Veraguas, Gospel Radio Live, Radio My Favorite, Canajagua Waves, Radio La Mega Panama and Radio Panama. IPER History We can’t tell our story without giving a space to life and spirit of the founder of IPER, Father Fernando Guardia Jaén, s.j. Born in Panama City on July 10, 1926. His resume refers extensive training and knowledge acquired from their education at the Colegio La Salle, Panama; then Bachelor of Arts and Philosophy, in Quito Ecuador; Theology at St. Louis University, St. Loius, Mo., USA. UU; and a Diploma in Bioethics at University of Panama. Father Fernando Guardia Jaén accepted the call to priesthood at age of 19, when entered the Society of Jesus on 13 November 1945; vocation that much had to see his family, a very Christian home and simple, formed by Fernando Guardia and Elida Jaén. They conveyed their eight children his deep faith in God and love of country.
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He was ordained a priest on June 15, 1960 in Saint Mary`s College, Kansas, USA. Pastoral service to the Church led him to work at Central America College, Granada, Nicaragua; and the College Externado San Jose, San Salvador, El Salvador; and his country was Rector of Javier College. During his tenure as Rector of Colegio Javier, was the driver of Javeriano Social Service has produced many benefits to both rural communities themselves, as in students themselves who have lived the experience of an integrated social life of faith commitment. Among positions held by the Jesuit priest is the President of the Inter-American Confederation of Catholic Education; Rector of St. Joseph Seminary; Director of Department of Education of the Archdiocese of Panama; Coordinator Committee of the Holy Year in 1974; Coordinator of Archdiocesan Pastoral Assemblies, General Coordinator of the Visit of Pope John Paul II to Panama 1983, Director of Radio Home. Faithful to Christ and his church, and faithful to their Christian commitment with Panamanian people; Fernando Guardia stood out in defense of justice, peace, and freedom of Panamanians. He raised his voice against the abuses of military regime and was a founding member of Civic Crusade, and defender of the voiceless and persecuted by military dictatorship. For them, it didn’t lack optimism, guidance and hopeful outlook that Panama would change. His book “Cry Freedom” includes his experiences during the era of military dictatorship, its execution as Vicar of Archdiocese of Panama and its initiative as an educator, entering the training of youth social work Colegio Javier, awakening in them social consciousness. Today, many colleges and universities have adopted as a standard implementation of social service.
Guerrero in the Grade of Grand Officer. The father Guard was awarded many medals and awards during his lifetime. After his departure, July 6, 2014, the President of the Republic of Panama, Juan Carlos Varela Rodriguez, performed the post mortem award as Grand Master of the Order of Vasco Nunez de Balboa in the degree of Grand Officer in recognition of his merits. Ecclesial and civic history, is an example to posterity, in gold letters in the Book of Panama History. His service and pastoral work is a fundamental part of the history of Panamanian Catholic Church. But his immense legacy, is crowned by his simplicity, his patriotism, his strength of character and great love lavished on those who knew him. That is why his memory and his example will endure forever in the hearts of Panamanians. The beginning of Teacher at Home Program. The Teacher at Home in Penonome, Cocle province, began when Father Fernando Guardia Jaén, accompanied by a large number of penonomeños and Panama City friends, conducted fundraising activities to achieve the Radio Hogar building, that would house the radio and the Teacher at Home program; task that ended in 2000, and immediately began searching for people to organize and carry out the education program. In the beginning were the teachers Melida Vasquez and Mitzadis Tatis, who in 2000 traveled to the Canary Islands, Spain to learn the program as had RADIO ECCA. Once in Panama, many people supported the father Fernando Guardia and were crucial to put the program in place, which we can mention Mr José Benavent. After many efforts, on May 21, 2001 aired the first radio class. At that time, the program became known as “Radio Escuela al Campo” and was under the auspices of the Foundation for Catholic faith Radial Promotion FUPRAFEC.
To carry out the project, worked simultaneously on two For his career, both in Church circles and civic, the na- groups of volunteers, led by the Jesuit priest. One in the tional government of President Guillermo Endara Ga- capital to work directly with Ministry of Education and limani awarded the Medal President Manuel Amador adaptation of curricula; the other, in Province of Cocle,
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Penonomé city, located about 3 hours from the capital. The latter group, was responsible for promoting the program among adults without education, develop scripts and record radio classes, according to the curriculum. Over the years, support staff training layout, editors, broadcasters, recording, printing and others was thanks to the collaboration of directors and staff of our sister institutions, they are: Costa Rican Institute for Radio Education (ICER), Honduran Institute of Education by Radio (IHER) and Guatemalan Radio Education Institute (IGER).
Spanish: Omayra M. Herrero and Lidia M. Muñoz, Science: Viola V. Saval and Blanca Valdes, Mathematics: Delia Falcón Barrios and Carmen Melais, Geography, history and Civics: Ludovina Vanegas, Yolanda Frago and Matilde Conte; and the basis for the texts of the IPER was achieved. The first registration of the program in 2001 was 162 adults who started in fourth grade and all were residents of the city of Penonomé. That same year, 162 students received their Certificate of Primary Studies.
At first, the chapters were written and recorThe program became known, thanks to efforts of many ded classes per week. During the early years, people from the town of Penonome where teachers can classes were transmitted only by Radio Hogar. highlight Maria Castillo and Melida Vasquez. As years passed, the Teacher at Home program began to open Since 2002, more people joined this task and began to offices to serve students in province of Darién, Los San- work the curriculum of literacy and pre-secondary detos and Herrera, Veraguas, Chiriqui and finally in me- grees. During 2002 to 2007, there wasn´t graduations tropolitan area, Panama and Colon, where serves 40% of because the State of Panama, through the Ministry of the total enrollment. Many of whom travel to the capital Education rose to nine years the General Basic Educalooking for better job opportunities, but they come with tion. Therefore, in those four years we worked hard on educational deficiencies, hence, our educational proposal. the contents and radio classes in grades seven, eight and nine. Premedia the first graduation took place in 2008. In 2006, the Board of IPER is formed based on the city of Panama, with the collaboration adhonoris people like TEACHER AT HOME Julie Lince Gonzalez Revilla, Alfonso Jaén Conte, Eli- It consists of two large academic programs of two levels: da Alcedo, Betzaida Toulier, Joaquin Rodriguez, Rosita General Basic Education (literacy, primary and pre-seChi, father Saul Gaona, Manuela Castillero, Aida Isabel condary) and Secondary Education (High School) and de Cardoze and Tomas Sanchez. They all did a great job. is aimed at young people aged 15 years and adults who for some reason have not completed their education. ECCA system adaptation to the reality of Panama. The adaptation of the ECCA System has been staged with At the level of literacy, primary and Premedia, ie the cooperation of many people who worked to achieve from first to ninth grade of basic education, stuthe support of Ministry of Education of Panama, accor- dents enroll lead to a textbook and a scheduding to their requirements. The Teacher at Home must le of classes or on a radio to listen to CDs classes. comply with the programming set for adult education. The key to success has been the weekly accompaniFor that reason, in the city of Panama was commissioned ment of a volunteer in the community where the stuto Professor Leticia Falcon Liakopulos for the reques- dent lives. This volunteer is preformed in the methodoted adjustment was made. Educators participated in this logy TEACHER AT HOME and monitors students committee to develop content for each subject as follows: for 11 weeks. Their job is to meet once a week to an-
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swer questions and reinforce the group support.
Moreover, Panamanian society has distinguished us The duration of studies varies Grade: From 1 to 6 grade, and benefited from their participation in fundraia school year is completed in a quarter. To premedia, stu- sing activities each year are performed with a Sundents must complete two quarters to complete a degree. day brunch that includes a Mass of thanksgiving, a family breakfast and a ceremony where they offer tesEvery year, the IPER offers a training workshop for vo- timonials the progress and results of the program. lunteers wishing to bring Teacher at Home program to your community. This workshop is offered in all provin- Other awards that may be mentioned are: ces where we are present in month of February each year. In this way we support about 250 people each year. Over • In May 2012, anniversary No. 15 of Cable & Wi60% of volunteers continues year after year helping in their reless, awarded a prize in recognition of educatiocommunities. Student groups ranging from two to 15. nal work carried out by Teacher at Home program. After all the months of March, beginning of school year in Panama, volunteers meet once a week with his group of students in their own community, to review and clarify academic concepts learned through radio classes, which are transmitted from Monday to Friday donor stations.
• In November 2012, National Television awards the hero PATH Award to Father Fernando Guardia for its work through the program TEACHER AT HOME.
Awards received by the institution. The most important recognition we’ve received from students in the Teacher at Home program, especially in the most remote communities of our country, where you have to get by rivers, mountains and roads inaccessible.
STATISTICAL DATA COURSE 2014
• In May 2013, the Association of Business and Professional Panama, offers COMMUNITY LIGHT PRIIPER staff, runs the communities at the end of each CE of its Executive Director, Brenda Pitti Jované. quarter, and scheduled dates selected as centers and offices in every province IPER, churches, schools, • Internationally, in November 2013, the IPER halls, community centers or spaces where students was finalist of the Inter-American Developcan meet, for presentation of quarterly reviews. In ment Bank-BID Juscelino Kubitschek Award. this way, students get a report card that allows them to continue to the next grade and IPER collecting evidence that the teaching-learning process is completed.
IPER staff moved all quarters through difficult access roads, Through history of the IPER, they have treasea and rivers to take tests and to check students’ learning. ted more than 40,000 registrations, all accompa-
nied by the same amount of textbooks, specially
The tears in eyes and words of emotion in graduadesigned for Teacher at Home program. That is, tion ceremonies are acts of recognition that fill us with the strength to continue this hard work. more than 15 thousand people have studied or
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NORMS OF INTEREST are still studying our system. Of these have received their premedia certifications nearly 3,000 people. We forecast that by 2015, in addition to the 350 graduates culminate in the general basic education (premedia), first high school graduates in commerce, about 250 people across the country.
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Most relevant data:
• The trend since beginning of the program is that 64% • In the 2,001, was born the “Teacher at Home” in Peno- of students are women and 36% are men. Meaning that through a distance learning program and radio, we are nome, Cocle province. As years pass it expands across coming to the core of family. the country. • In 2001 first graduation of sixth grade is recorded. Sin- • Educating mothers, indirectly benefit their children ce 2002 the Panamanian government increases manda- from school age. Children and young mothers will have more knowledge, income and new opportunities. They tory years of basic education through the ninth grade. ensure welfare and education of their children. • The data with an asterisk (*) for the II and III quarters • First 506 graduates of basic general education (premeare figures reconstructed with manual file information of those years and taking into account a 10% desertion. dia) obtained certificates in 2008. From that year, 2,729 students have graduated at this level. The remaining figures are actual data. • By 2014, the IPER has delivered more than 40,000 texts Teacher at Home program, as each student receives a text to enroll in each quarter.
Statistics from the 2014 STUDENTS ENROLLED IN 2014
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Most relevant data
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• The IPER offers three levels of distance education: literacy, premedia and high school. 7% (362) of all students made primary education from I to VI grade, 40% (1,988) of VII to IX grade and 53% (2,625) corresponded to high school students in commerce (X-XI degree).
• Hire specialized in development of texts, radio and audio-visual classes formats to form internal staff personnel.
• In 2014, they completed their studies of general basic education, 316 students and receive their graduation certificates to be made in their provinces in January 2015. • The ages of students range from 15-81 years, with 16 years, as many students premedia and 17 for high school. • 40% of all students abide in metropolitan area and the rest in provinces of the interior.
• Renew radio recording equipment and train new staff classes in that area. • Radial classes complement audio-visual tools to make them more attractive to young people who enroll in our system, both at baseline and at level of high school. • Explore new academic offerings that may be of interest to our students.
At administrative level:
• 1,705 students registered in Panama and Colon, belong to social responsibility programs for employees of private companies or public organizations as the Panama Canal Authority.
• It’s essential that IPER Headquarters in Panama City, may have a physical structure with space and enough furniture for meetings with volunteers, training, presentation of tests, availability of computers for students, adequate space for administration cellar program and textbooks.
To level of promotion:
• Acquire an academic software to streamline administrative work.
• We want to reach in short term to the province of Bocas del Toro and region of Kuna Yala. Places where there is need and interest in our program, but high cost of logistics and administrative operations require the support of private enterprise or government.
• Achieving necessary financial resources to cover additional costs that will be incurred in distance education specializing in human resources.
• Strengthen partnerships with other organizations such as the various churches, authorities, community leaders, private and government enterprises, communities where we are or want get with the program.
A Grade Level: • Update texts and radio classes literacy levels and preme-
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• Sensitize more private and government companies in partnership with the IPER, offering opportunity to further explore its employees and residents of the communities where company is located. L&E
CONSULT, DOCTRINE & JURISPRUDENCE GENERAL CONTROLLERSHIP OF THE REPUBIC HAS FACULTY TO CONTROL CONTRACTINGS OF NATIONAL AID PROGRAM
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ecently, the Office of Administration, had the opportunity to issue the Consultation C-6415 of July 14, 2015 C-64-15 to absolve question raised by the Director of Aid Program “if hiring what the National Aid Program, the principle of division of matter, applied by the Comptroller General’s Office to oversee projects in this program, even though Article 67 of the Consolidated Law 22 of June 27, 2006, establishes that such contracts are exempted from application of that law. “ In this regard, Mr. Attorney said that in effect, the Comptroller General of the Republic is the organ with constitutional and legal authority competent to monitor, analyze, regulate and decide on all issues involving acts of management of funds and other public goods including oversight of the existence of material division within recruitment National Aid Program (PAN). To reach that conclusion, Authority was based on Articles 279 and 280 paragraph 2 of the Constitution, Comptroller General of the Republic, Articles
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Giovana del C. Miranda G. - Abogada giovana.miranda@rbc.com.pa
1, 11 (paragraph 2) and 48 of Law 32 of November 8, 1984, “Whereby the Organic Law of the Comptroller General of the Republic is adopted,” just as it was amended by Law 67 of November 14, 2008, and Article 311 of Law 36 of December 2, 2014 “That makes the General State Budget for fiscal year 2015”. He concluded that, in accordance with constitutional and legal provisions referred to in paragraph above, the Comptroller General’s Office is the body with constitutional power and legal power to monitor, analyze, regulate and decide on all issues involving acts of management funds and other public property, including supervision of existence of material division within recruitment National Assistance program to prevent and avoid possible involvement of public property of the state. L&E
CONSULT, DOCTRINE & JURISPRUDENCE
SUPREME COURT RESOLVED CRIMINAL APPEAL WITHIN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOLLOWED TO ERNESTO PEREZ BALLADARES AND OTHERS
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y judgment of 10 July 2015, the Supreme Court in the presentation of Judge Abel Augusto Zamorano decided the motion of Criminal Appeal on Form and the Fund formalized within the criminal proceedings Ernesto Perez Balladares and others by crime against economic order.
Ailen Galván - Pasante legal ailen.galvan@rbc.com.pa
Banks, by higher withdrawals to ten thousand dollars, attributed to the company Shelf Holding, since 2003.
After this, you will be brought to the attention of the Public Ministry, the interbank movement of millions of dollars of transferred money Shelf Holding, through Jewels of the World and PTY Adventures, and theThis appeal was filed by Marcelino Aguilar Aizprúa, se last two received, in turn, deposits Lucky Games. Special Prosecutor against Organized Crime, against No.5 Auto-S.I. of January 5, 2012, issued by the Second It opens investigation by the Attorney General’s Superior Court of the First Judicial District, in which it Office and file is sent to Organized Crime Proseis dismissed definitively Ernesto Pérez Balladares Gon- cutor, who ordered inquiry proceedings by all thozález Revilla, Enrique Alberto Pretelt Araúz, Roosevelt se mentioned in first paragraph of this article. Thayer Galindo, Henry Mong Woo, Carlos Eduardo González Carrasquilla, Vicente Abdiel Calderón Mar- Once research phase, the case is adjudicated in court on tínez, Adelio Green, Ricardo Alberto Caputo, Rómulo 9th Criminal Circuit where the judge decides the legal Abad Couté, Saideth del Carmen Ortíz Chávez, Jaime merits of the case, issuing a dismissal, a decision was subEduardo Espino Díaz, Jennifher Eleyda Espino, Ayda ject to appeal by the Prosecutor Special Crime organized; Achón Quesada, James Tobiasson y Tomás González and the Second Superior Court No.5 solved by Auto-SI of De La Barrera, within summary followed against him January 5, 2012, confirming the decision of first instance. for the alleged Crime Against the National Economy. So decides, Special Prosecutor against Organized Crime, The prosecutor says Mr. Aguilar as background that by submit an appeal in the form and substance for each of Report of the Financial Analysis Unit of September 2, defendants, where they were supported by five grounds, 2009, consolidated information that identified a plu- one of form and four background, across the board . ral and consecutive number of suspicious transaction alerts for alleged Money Laundering was unveiled, Appealer alleges that reason given is “Lack of jurisbased on Agreement 12-2005 of Superintendence of diction of the court” because it violates the rule that
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CONSULT, DOCTRINE & JURISPRUDENCE orders composition of the Second Chamber of the Superior Court of the First Judicial District of Panama, following the alphabetical order of Judges, as a special deputy magistrate, illegitimately assumed jurisdiction that corresponds to a main Judge.
or “competition for distribution, which is that businesses are awarded in response to alphabetical order of names of judges, and the impediment or disqualification of any of the judges causes it to remain absent from competition, which is necessary to be away business knowledge, so as to ensure attendance of Explain the Prosecutor, that Board of Decision under right to an independent and impartial magistrate. the presentation of Judge Elvia Batista, originally due to be built by Judge Luis Mario Carrasco, but their sepa- Emphasizes the duty of judges who aren’t members of the ration because of a disability, was summoned to Judge room, it’s to abstain for lack of full competition, with conJoaquin Ortega, then who followed him to the magis- sequence of annulment for breach of procedural ritual. trate alphabetical Wilfredo Sáenz; the latter was also separated for disability and alphabetically corresponded For the Chamber, the court to substantiate Order of to integrate the Board decision to Judge Geneva Agui- 5 January 2012 had no legal jurisdiction to process. lar, but instead, the special alternate Magistrate Judge The formation of the Chamber of the High Court Luis Mario Carrasco, Judge José Hoo, was who joi- is questioned, due to a series of successive disaned the Board subtracting illegitimately competition. bilities manifested by judges of collegiate body, to know the process, allowing the unlawful exerAppealer is pointing the magistrate José Hoo wasn’t cise of jurisdiction by a Deputy Magistrate Speentitled to exercise jurisdiction own actions, as this cial, which wasn’t called to compose the Chamber. corresponded to a main judge. And he committed a violation by direct violation by default, since the rule The Chamber notes that no evidence in the record explicitly states that the Board of Decision shall be any report or explanatory providence was why Judcomposed of a magistrate and substantiating those ge Jose Antonio Hoo, who as deputy special Magisfollowing him in alphabetical order. It is understood trate Carrasco ended up meeting on the resolution that the judge José Hoo, special deputy, unlawfu- and likewise also explains any reports, why Judge Gelly subtracted competition of Judge Geneva Aguilar. neva Ladron de Guevara didn’t know the resource. It also indicates that the rule against forcing integrate room for substantiating magistrate and two justices who follow him in alphabetical order, it was necessary to exhaust the list of top magistrates before resorting to the list of alternate judges, and It’s for this reason that the magistrate José Hoo lacked jurisdiction to integrate Board decision.
Argues the Chamber at time the Judge José Antonio Hoo was designated as Special Deputy Magistrate Judge Luis Mario Carrasco and given the file for reading, draft submitted for consideration by judges had left the office of Magistrate Carrasco with the admission of impediment, and therefore it couldn’t be returned to reading his office, even when he was a deputy magistrate in charge.
For the Attorney General’s Office, the exhibition by Because there was already a judicial decision, which dethe appellant is entire agreement with its approach, creed the impediment Magistrate Carrasco, alternate Judsince Judicial Code of Panama there is a criterion for ge Hoo lacked jurisdiction to hear this specific process. defining “competence in turn”, “competition office”
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CONSULT, DOCTRINE & JURISPRUDENCE With all this, the Board states that resolution now being debated in appeal is vitiated by invalidity for lack of jurisdiction of the Court, by the fact that one of members wasn’t for him to know the act by previous deal, and such as stated in our Constitution that every person should be judged by competent authority.
the dissenting opinion of Judge Harry A. Diaz. In the dissenting opinion Judge Diaz indicated that because resolution was signed by the Deputy Magistrate Hoo, doesn’t mean that he lacked jurisdiction to hear the appeal as to the position of deputy magistrate means it was duly appointed to that office , which means it meets all the requirements Therefore this change in the procedure constitutes a vio- to serve as judge of the Superior Court, which lation that affects the image of impartiality and trans- enables him jurisdiction to a process of this nature. parency that should govern the conduct of the courts, and caused by the recurring feeling of legal uncertainty. Judge Diaz sure this appealed resolution is not vitiated by nullity and that the causal in a “lack of jurisdicIt is for all these reasons, even if going to the subs- tion of the Court” hasn’t been proven, and that hasn’t tance, causal so invoked was tested in the appeal fi- been met with general requirements of Judicial Code, led, since the judgment is signed by a judge who and the resolution of second instance could be claimed wasn’t entitled it lacked jurisdiction to hear the re- by appropriate means, to that end, by way of a motion solution, so that the annulment of the proceedings for dismissal. And what concerns the appealer, disaby the Superior Court of the First Judicial District of greement with the way the room was made decision, Panama from the folio 61.963 to 62.026, where it has not that they were violated without legal basis. L&E the Auto-SI decrees No.5 January 5, 2012 and is returned the case to that instance to correct mistakes. This ruling is signed by Magistrate Abel Augusto Zamorano, Judge Gabriel E. Fernandez and
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CONSULT, DOCTRINE & JURISPRUDENCE
“FULL OF SUPREME COURT JUDGE ON DEMAND OF UNCONSTITUTIONALITY LAW 12, 2007 AND KEEPS PRIVATE COMPETITION OF ACP” “29 april de 2015. Magistrate Ponente: Abel Zamorano.” Maybé Mendieta - Abogada maybe.mendieta@rbc.com.pa
A. Contents of the Law No. 21 of July 2, 1997.
C. Accused of unconstitutional rules.
Through Law No. 21 of July 2, 1997 the Regional Plan for the Development of the Interoceanic Region and the General Plan of Use, Conservation and Development of the Canal Area is approved. This Act applies to the territory of the Canal Zone and the watershed of the Panama Canal.
“Law 12 of 2007. It consists of nine items:
1. Article 1 amends the section entitled “SCOPE, TIMELINESS, AND AUTHORITY and the section B, entitled” Regarding Development Projects “section called special provisions of Annex I of Law No. 21 1997. Both The General Plan of Use, Conservation and Development sections had been previously spiked by Law No. 79 of of the Canal Area defines an area called compatibility with December 23, 2003 (GO 24.956 of December 24, 2003). Canal operations for functioning, protection, expansion of Panama Canal and other compatible land uses that function 2. Article 2 added a paragraph to Article 13 of Law No. 21 of 1997. After the filing of the complaint, that paraBoth the Regional Plan for Development of Intero- graph was amended by Article 11 of Law No. 29 of 2 ceanic Region (Annex I of Law 21 of 1997) and the June 2008, “Reforming articles of the Tax Code and the General Plan of Use, Conservation and Development Law 3 of 1985 in order to support consumer and other of the Canal Area (Annex II of the Act 21 of 1997) provisions “(G.O. 26.053 of June 3, 2008). are intended to be instruments land use Interoceanic Region, ie, serve as a normative framework for zo3. Article 3 creates the Inter-Agency Technical Commitning and land use in the Interoceanic Region performing government institutions and individuals. tee Use Overlay Analysis, attached to the Directorate General of Urban Development, Ministry of Housing. B. Claimant.
4. Article 4 grants within two months of the Ministry of Owners and Residents Association of Clayton, Al- Housing to organize and regulate this committee. brook, Altos de Diablo and Quarry Heights duly represented by Mr. Humberto Santos Aguilera. 5. Article 5 states the objectives of the said committee.
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CONSULT, DOCTRINE & JURISPRUDENCE 6. Article 6 establishes a period of two years to seek a declaration of areas of special treatment superimposed and has to be expedited procedure to print those requests. 7. Article 7 mandates that public participation through effective mechanisms, in accordance with Law No. 6 of 2006 and No. 6 of 2002 is guaranteed. 8. Article 8 summarizes what the amended rules and spiked by this Act. 9. Article 9 indicates that this Act will come into force after its promulgation.
recommendations of the Regional Plan for the Development of the Interoceanic Region, adopted by Law No. 21 of July 2, 1997, ordering tool land which was developed to ensure the availability and quality of natural resources to ensure the operation of the Panama Canal.” (Stresses the Court). • On the other hand, it refers to Article 6 of Law No. 19 of 1997 which created the Panama Canal Authority, which develops the invoked constitutional provision with regard to the exclusive jurisdiction of the entity on the Canal Watershed Panama, highlighting exclusive jurisdiction of the authority, on which previously ruled the Office of Administration, through Consultation No. 197 of August 20, 2001, made by National Environmental Authority, Ministry of Environment today.
D. Constitutional and Concept violated rules violation Article 316 of the National Constitution:
E. Concept of the Attorney General’s Office
• The Panama Canal Authority, and not another government body, is to whom the exclusive responsibility of Panama Canal conservation and natural resources necessary for its operation, especially the water resources of the Basin, even though the Ministry of Housing is the government body responsible for developing the urban development policy in our country.
• By View No. 6 14 February 2008, the Attorney General’s Office joined the claim of the plaintiff, stating that: “... the desire of the Constitution and legislation until the promulgation of the accused law was that the development of activities that have an impact in the area of the watershed is performed by the Panama Canal Authority and state agencies that are related to the various items of one form or another may affect the Panama Canal.
• No other government agency other than the Panama Canal Authority, knows business of passing vessels through the waterway or how to ensure availability and quality of natural resources to ensure functioning of existing locks and third set of locks in order to avoid potential reservoirs. • Only the Panama Canal Authority has the administrative, technical and financial capacity to manage and conserve natural resources that ensure the proper functioning of the Panama Canal (water, soil, forests, etc.). • Therefore, “it’s to the Panama Canal Authority to whom the exclusive responsibility for implementing the
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... must be the Panama Canal Authority responsible for coordinating with relevant agencies activities intended to be performed in the Basin or in neighboring lands for the above reasons, and not that it integrates complementary form an interagency Technical Analysis Commission Use Overlay, attached to the Directorate of Urban Development, Ministry of Housing, and they even created a commission parallel to the Interagency Commission Watershed (CICH), which we consider unwise, since in this topic it encompasses one of the pillars of Canal operations, as is Watershed... “
• Additionally, the Attorney General’s Office believes that the defendant violated the following standard
CONSULT, DOCTRINE & JURISPRUDENCE norms of our Constitution:
sing the institute of constitutional double jeopardy.
a. Article 319, paragraph 5, of entrusting an entity other than the Panama Canal Authority the change in land use.
b. That Law 28 of April 17, 2013, promulgated in Official Gazette No.27269-A, Articles 3 and 4, repealing Article 2 of the Law 12 of January 12, 2007 and Article 11 of Law 29 of 2 June 2008, respectively, thus being without legal effect the standard defendant, from that time.
b. Article 119, by applying a concept of “special treatment area superimposed” about changing the status of land allocated to forestry, agro-forestry and sustainable agriculture for the development of economic activities and job creation in commercial or residential nature activities. c. Article 118, in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 17, maintaining that the Law 12 of February 12, 2007 becomes an obstacle to the achievement of the constitutional order, when the objective is to ensure that people “living in a healthy environment and ensure that existing resources” to meet the needs present “without compromising the ability of future generations, what is known as sustainable development, which we consider a fundamental right.” d. Article 4 in accordance with Article 8 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, “arguing that both the Canal watershed and surrounding areas inhabited by countless animal and plant species that constitute potential resources that must be conserved, while the surrounding areas are also part of the biological corridor that claim protection.”
Then proceed with the analysis of demand and issued following considerations: • Articles 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the standard aren’t accused general, are actually regulations, “which represents an intrusion of the Legislature on constitutionally reserved to the Board of field the Panama Canal Authority.” • Match plaintiff and Mrs. Prosecutor to assert that defendant rule violates the constitutional provision (Article 316), to grant to an entity other than the Panama Canal Authority the power to regulate and approve activities that directly affect environmental viability water resources in watershed of the Panama Canal.
• Plenary concluded that Articles 3, 4 and 5 of the accused norm infringe Article 316 of the Constitution, to create an interagency Technical Analysis Commission Use Overlay, chaired by the Ministry of Housing; to empower the Ministry to organize and regulate aforementioned Technical Commission and to empower said Technical Commission for coordination activities, respectively, as “it’s not said Technical Commission but the Interagency Commission of the waterF. Considerations and Court Decision shed of the Panama Canal, the competent forum to Previously plenary clarifies two (2) important aspects: coordinate concerning the application of the concept of Areas of Special Treatment Superimposed within a. Article 2 of the Law 12 of January 12, 2007, which the basin, as stated by the plaintiff and Mrs. Attorney.” added a paragraph to Article 13 of Law 21 of 1997, was subject of judicial review by the Corporation of • Maximum Determines Justice Corporation is the PaJustice, declaring Judgment of April 3, 2008 it wasn’t nama Canal Authority which has the legal mandate “to unconstitutional, within the constitutional claim fi- manage water resources” of that basin and the conservaled by the law firm Galindo, Arias & Lopez, thus cau- tion of the Panama Canal Watershed and its tributaries
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CONSULT, DOCTRINE & JURISPRUDENCE has been entrusted the Panama Canal Authority, taking into account that the existence of the basin depends on the Canal may operate in a safe, continuous, efficient and profitable manner. In the event that the Canal Authority doesn’t fulfill this mission, operation of the Canal could see truncated and it should be aware the population. • In this same line of thought, the Plenum highlights environmental value that plays the administration and management of the Basin, to maintain water security to allow normal operation of the waterway, as well as other applications and services: water supply to population and power generation, among others. So, it is determined that the implementation of development projects, commercial or residential, within the watershed of the Panama Canal, “without the authorization of the Panama Canal Authority nature without going through Interagency Commission watershed of the Panama Canal”, “doesn’t fit the purposes of conservation of water resources in the basin far from serving to promote a model of sustainable development or the protection of the human right of all the inhabitants of country to enjoy a healthy and pollution-free environment.” • Regarding the violation of general obligations of the State under Articles 4 and 120 of the Constitution, as alleged by Mrs. Prosecutor, “hindrance of compliance with international obligations assumed by the Republic of Panama for the protection of biodiversity” the plenary referred to the following rules: a. Pacta sunt servanda rule, which establishes the binding nature of international treaties. According to the provisions of this rule, “the Panamanian State is obliged to refrain from acts contrary to an international treaty from the moment of signing it and to take all necessary measures to ensure compliance from its entry into force.” b. Adapt domestic legislation to the commitments made under those treaties, considering that a party may not invoke the provisions of its domestic
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law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. • Stresses also that the Executive Decree No. 122 of 2008 (Article 2) refers to adoption of essential principles in harmony with other environmental policies: the precautionary principle and the principle of Integral Environmental assessment, noting that “the defendant doesn’t respond to standard the purposes of conservation of water resources in the watershed of the Panama Canal, or ecosystems that are closely linked to such water resources, preventing the implementation of international commitments made by our country in terms of biodiversity conservation”, violates articles 4, 120 and 319 of the Constitution. For all these reasons, the Court has determined that Law 12 of 2007, accused is in violation of Articles 4, 117, 118, 119, 120, 316, 319 and 323 of the Constitution, including Articles 7 and 8, referring to the rules amending and supplementing the law and DECLARES UNCONSTITUTIONAL Articles 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of law No. 12 of February 12, 2007, and declares ABDUCTION MATTER regarding Article 2 of the same Act. L&E
POLITICS AMERICAN PRESIDENTS WHO WERE IN PANAMA
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iplomatic relations between United States and the Republic of Panama have had their ups and downs in the course of years. These have ranged from the interpretations of the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty of 1903 by both states, to numerous interventions motivated by various causes, including fighting Panamanian people against US military in the Panama Canal Zone by recovery of our national sovereignty, to the act of reconciliation with recovery of all our country’s December 31, 1999 as a result of the agreement signed on September 7, 1977.
Rafael FernĂĄndez Lara Abogado independiente
rbcweb@rbc.com.pa
pect the work of the Canal. This was also the first official visit of an American president carried out abroad. His stay in our territory lasted only three days, from 14 to 17 November 1906. It reached port of Cristobal in Colon Province in Louisiana battleship, accompanied by his wife Edith Kermit Roosevelt and friends of the couple, to immediately start an intense journey through projected canal and to promote and improve the morale of workers, who suffered with disorganization of time and frequent rains that caused landslides and delays in the work route. He met the next day, November 15, with first PanaThis shared history makes Panama and the United manian President, Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrero, in the States maintain close political, economic and trade re- area of Casco Viejo. He died on January 6, 1919 at age 60. lations since our independence from Colombia. The United States is our largest trading partner in goods The second President of the United States who travemarket, which has undoubtedly produced visits of va- led to Panama was the twenty-seventh president of rious American presidents to the Isthmus of Panama. that country, a member of Republican Party, William Howard Taft, for period January 29 to February 7, 1909, The first American president who visited Panama even as President-Elect. Mr. Taft, elected as president, was twenty-sixth President of that nation, Theodore was treated on February 7 by Don Jose Domingo de Roosevelt Bulloch, a Republican who was the youn- Obaldia, second elected President of the Republic of Pagest president in American history to the present and nama. In the same year, 1909, President Taft made an was great promoter of doctrine of Big Stick. He was informal visit to then Canal Zone to inspect the work awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. His govern- of building Panama Canal. Earlier, President Taft had ment supported independence movement of Pana- visited Panama on November 27, 1904, in his capacima November 3, 1903 and promoted construction ty as Secretary of War from his predecessor, President of the Panama Canal, which turned him on his visit Theodore Roosevelt, with the mission of the application to Panama on November 14, 1906 to personally ins- and interpretation of the Convention Hay-Bunau Vari-
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POLITICS lla. On this visit as Secretary of War he met with President Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrero and his Secretary of Government and External Relations, General Santiago de la Guardia. From these meetings was born the socalled Taft Agreement, consisting of several executive orders issued by the US government, which were approved in and issued several decrees issued by the Panamanian government. In total Mr. Taft visited Panama five times as Secretary of War President Roosevelt, and twice as president. He died on March 8, 1930 at age 72.
sons. President Roosevelt visited Panama in 1934, 1935, 1938 and 1940 as long as Acting President. The first was an informal visit, en route to holiday in Hawaii, on 11 and 12 July 1934, the first ruler of that nation to transit canal route. The second visit was initiated on October 16, 1935, while traveling back to Washington, DC from the West Coast of United States. This was an informal visit, however, he met with the President of Panama, Dr. Harmodio Arias Madrid, which led to the subsequent signing of General Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation Agreement of 1936. This included important achievements for Panama, mainly because it suppressed clauses harmful to national dignity. For example, among others, elimination of the clause authorizing US to intervene in Panama’s internal affairs.
The beginning of conflagration of World War I urged the cancellation of the opening celebration of the Canal. The great start was a modest fair with cement carrier boat Canal, Ancon, piloted by Captain John A. Constantine, first Canal pilot, who made first official transit. This ceremony wasn’t attended by international dignitaries. The first Governor of Canal Zone, Colonel George Goethals, followed the progress of the ship on board train, watching traffic from the shore. The third visit of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the Isthmus, also informally, was between 4 and 5 August The third visit of a US president to Panama was the 1938, while vacationing in the Caribbean. He met with twenty-ninth President of United States, member of Panamanian President Dr. Juan Demostenes Arosemena. Republican Party, Mr. Warren Gamaliel Harding, who came to Puerto Colon, aboard ship Paris Mina, as Presi- The fourth and final visit of President Franklin Deladent-Elect and was received by Secretary of Government no Roosevelt to Panama was February 27, 1940, when and Justice, Dr. Ricardo J. Alfaro, 24 November 1920. he he met informally with President of Panama, Augusto visited the area of Canal Zone in the city of Colon in- Samuel Boyd, who occupied the presidency after the formally evaluated equipment and facilities. The newly natural death of President Juan Demostenes Arosemeelected President of Panama, Dr. Belisario Porras, used na , which occurred on December 16, 1939. President to send a Memorandum highlighting points of dissatis- Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945 at 63 years of age. faction arising from subjective interpretations of Convention Hay-Bunau Varilla and that violated sovereign During the meeting of Presidents of the continent, betrights of the Republic of Panama. President Harding ween 21 and 23 July 1956, was in Panama President died during his tenure, August 2, 1923, at 57 years old. and Army General Dwight David Eisenhower, member of the Republican Party, at whose request the meeThe fourth US president to visit the Isthmus of Pa- ting in Panama City was held. This was the first prenama was President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a sidential meeting of the 21 American countries. Only member of Democratic Party and only won four two were absent, Honduras and Colombia, although presidential elections in that country and also a both signed after the agreement reached at meeting. member of the Lodge “George Washington” of Ma-
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POLITICS Panama was represented at this cardo Manuel Arias Espinosa, president after assassination Antonio Remon Cantera on
meeting by Dr. Riwho took over as of President Jose January 2, 1955.
nama was the fortieth president of that nation, Republican Mr. George Herbert Walker Bush, who ordered invasion called “Operation Just Cause” on December 20, 1989 with the primary purpose of capturing the General Manuel Antonio Noriega, Panama’s de In the 1956 presidential meeting committees they were es- facto ruler, who was wanted by US justice for the tablished to study critical problems in the hemisphere and crime of drug trafficking, and also in order to neuthis helped forge the basis for the creation of the Inter-Ame- tralize the militia was under orders from Noriega. rican Development Bank, among other achievements. Two years after invasion, June 11, 1992, President Despite two consecutive terms as presi- Bush arrived in the country with his wife Barbara dent of the United States (1953-1961), Presi- Bush, for a meeting with Panamanian President Guident Dwight David Eisenhower didn’t visit Pana- llermo Endara Galimany, and deliver a public speech ma. He died on March 28, 1969 at 78 years of age. in Porras Park, dissertation he couldn’t finish by protests that took place. The event was described as chaoTwenty years after the last visit by an American pre- tic foreign diplomatic means and by national politisident to Panama, opportunity to touch Panamanian cians. President Bush later met with American troops soil corresponded to President James Earl Carter, Jr., and ended his speech in reverted areas, staying only member of Democratic Party, who served as guest of five hours on Panamanian soil. This was the last US President of the country, and Mr. Demetrio Lakas by president to visit Panama before the act of transfer of General Omar Torrijos Herrera, to sign the Protocol the Panama Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999. of Exchange of Documents of Panama Canal Treaties, on 16 and 17 June 1978, after signing in Wash- The forty-third President of the United States of Ameington, DC on September 7, 1977, transcendental act rica, President George Walker Bush, a Republican, that was attended by some Latin American leaders as was the eighth president visited Panama, and did so guests. On June 16 President Carter and the head of for 6 and 7 November 2005 as part of his tour of LaPanamanian government, General Torrijos, together tin American countries. He met with Panamanian Prein a ceremony in the Gymnasium New Panama (today sident Martin Torrijos, son of the late General Omar called Roberto Duran), Checked and exchanged do- Torrijos Herrera, to discuss issues of interest to both cuments of ratification of treaties, with which ended states, including opportunities offered by free trathe American colonial presence in the Panama Canal. de, economic and commercial aspects of the subject. Panamanians have a permanent gratitude to this noble President James Carter, and thanks to him can the United States of America noted its ability to have an act of justice, equity and nobility to recognize Panamanian claims on its territory called Canal Zone. Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for their efforts to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts.
President Torrijos Espino led President Bush to Miraflores Locks of Panama Canal, both accompanied by their wives. The visit was very cordial and friendly. President Barack Hussein Obama, forty-fourth and current president of the United States, a member of Democratic Party, was the ninth US president has visited, during the VII Summit of the Americas, held from 9 to 11 April this year. It’s the third US president has visited Panama has The seventh President of United States who visited Pa- been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, on October 9, 2009.
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POLITICS President Obama visited Miraflores Locks of Panama Canal and took the opportunity of great public meeting for rapprochement between his country and Cuba, which was represented by Mr. Raul Castro. Similarly, President Obama held a meeting with Panamanian President, Ing. Juan Carlos Varela. The meeting of delegations of 35 countries of the continent in Panama, including Cuba, was considered the most successful of all previous ones, as it marked beginning of a new era of dialogue and cooperation in our region. In November 2013, US Vice President, Joseph Biden, visited Panama in order to observe the progress of canal expansion, which he was very impressed. In making this compendium of stay of American presidents in the Republic of Panama, a total of nine, it notes that six of them were members of Republican Party and three Democrats and three of the nine have been awarded the Nobel Prize Peace for her work for fraternity between nations. In addition, this summary shows interest of both nations in maintaining a climate of cooperation and mutual respect. La historia de Panamá contiene un amplio registro de episodios de enfrentamientos con la gran nación norteamericana, con grandes movilizaciones populares y estudiantiles. La lucha por nuestra soberanía nacional se convirtió en el hilo conductor, la razón de vida de todas las generaciones de panameños del siglo XX. Esta constante en el ánimo de los panameños logra la descolonización de la Zona del Canal y la eliminación de las bases norteamericanas acantonadas en nuestro país. De todos los gobernantes estadounidenses que estuvieron en nuestro país, no podemos dejar de exaltar y reconocer la participación del Presidente James Carter, quien, sin duda alguna, contribuyó de manera trascendental en la descolonización de Panamá, por tener un criterio justo y valentía moral, que representó el mejor rostro del pueblo norteamericano.
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Mutual visits of leaders of two countries are always positive and constructive, especially for a small country like Panama, which was able to negotiate with a powerful country but friend, looking for their national sovereignty peacefully, through diplomatic channels and popular mobilizations, achieving an atmosphere of brotherhood and mutual deference, to the benefit of both states and the world. L&E
PANAMANIAN ECONOMY Ă?NDICE MENSUAL DE ACTIVIDAD ECONĂ“MICA
T
Source: CGRP
he Monthly Economic Activity Index (IMAE) in the Canal expansion and completion of several large the Republic for January-June 2015, measured in projects of state investment activities. Similarly, lower terms of the original series in 1996 prices, grew by demand for basic inputs such as concrete and cement. 4.01 percent compared to the same period of 2014. Providing amusement and recreation services still favoThe sectors that showed positive results for the eco- red primarily by revenue from gambling halls games of nomy were: transport, storage and communication, chance, mainly type slot machines and gaming tables. electricity and water, construction, mining and quarrying, community, social and personal service activi- Tourism-related activities, such as services in hotels ties, hotels and restaurants and financial intermediation. and restaurants, showed positive rates, mainly due to the strong inflow of tourists and hikers, as well as for The other sectors had a positive impact, but in a expenses made during their stay in the country. The slower pace, with the exception of trade, manu- financial intermediation presented a positive perfacturing and fishing which recorded decline. The formance, both the bank, and insurance business. operations of transport and communications sector showed a good momentum, primarily in tele- Among activities that grow with less dynamic, agricommunications, air transport and movement mea- cultural sector showed a slight increase, due to tomasured in National Port System TEU containers. to, cantaloupe and bananas, as well as offspring of pigs, cattle and poultry; on the other hand, decreases were Production of electricity and water category showed recorded in the production of fruit crops like waterpositive rates, due to higher hydro power generation melon and pineapple basically export; Likewise, some and billed consumption of electricity and drinking cereals such as rice and corn. Other services perforwater; however, it decreased thermal power generation. med well were: private education, demand for qualified health personnel and also provided by privaCategories of construction and mining and quarrying te sector. For its part, the business showed a decline, maintained a good performance, due in part to the affected by local wholesale trade and Colon Free Zone. contribution of construction generated by private sector; however, still they influenced by lower related to Manufacturing industrial production continued to show
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PANAMANIAN ECONOMY low rates in some activities such as those related to the development of non-metallic products, metal, textiles, chemicals, plastics and printing and publishing activities; however, there was more food processing and paper manufacturing. For this period, fishing showed negative rate due to the decline in catch of species destined mainly for export.
The National Urban CPI in July recorded a monthly variation of 0.1 percent. ß National Urban CPI showed a variation of 1.0 percent. ß National Urban CPI showed a cumulative variation of 1.4 percent.
In July, seven of twelve groups that make up the basket of CPI showed price increases in three groups decreases and two were unchanged. The groups had positive changes and more significantly affecting CPI were 0.7 percent Transport; Food and non-alcoholic beverages 0.5 percent and restaurants and hotels 0.2 percent. Transportation group recorded increase the “Fuels and lubricants for personal transport equipment” class with 0.9 percent due to the rise in the price of gasoline. In the group food and non-alcoholic beverages, significant variation of the “meat” class that reached 1.0 percent increa-
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se in beef stands. The group of Restaurants and hotels was mostly affected by increase registered in class “Restaurants, cafes and similar establishments” of 0.2 percent, increase in packed lunches. The other groups that submitted rise were: Alcoholic beverages and snuff 0.9 percent; Miscellaneous goods and services 0.2 percent; Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance, and recreation and culture, both with 0.1 percent. The groups showed negative variations in CPI were: Hou-
PANAMANIAN ECONOMY sing, water, electricity and gas 0.7 percent; Clothing and footwear, and communications, both with 0.2 percent. June 2015 Base 2013 = 100 National Index 103.6 Var. National Index monthly 0.1 103.6 Var. National Index 103.6 1.0 year Var. Index accumulated Panama and San Miguelito 1.4 104.0 Var. Monthly Index Other Urban 0.3 103.8 Var. monthly 0.1 Finally, health and education groups remained unchanged. Then graph monthly incidence per group National Urban CPI in July 2015:
Incidence: is the contribution of each group to total variation of National Urban Index, therefore, amount of incidents resulting index variation. L&E
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WORLD ECONOMY LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN WILL GROW ONLY 0.5% IN 2015
L
atin America and the Caribbean will grow on average 0.5% in 2015, according to new projections released by ECLAC. Although the slowdown is widespread in the region, the agency projects a heterogeneous growth among sub-regions and countries where South America show a contraction of -0.4%, Central America and Mexico grew 2.8%, and Caribbean 1.7%.
Source: CEPAL
report notes that world trade will remain stagnant in what has already become a structural problem of the world economy and weaker external demand adds, on the one hand, downward trend of prices of products basic, and secondly, the increased volatility and uncertainty in international financial markets. Internally, the publication points out that contraction of investment, along with slowdown in consumption growth, among other factors explain the reduction in domestic demand, the main factor behind growth in recent years.
At country level Panama will lead the regional expansion with a rise of 6.0%, followed by Antigua and Barbuda (5.4%), Dominican Republic and Nicaragua (both 4.8%). Mexico achieved a gross domestic product (GDP) of 2.4% and Argentina 0.7%. Brazil recorded a contraction of -1.5%, while Vene- Drop in the investment rate and lower contribution zuela will have an even greater decrease of -5.5%. of gross capital formation to growth are worrisome, as they not only affect the economic cycle but also the In presenting its latest annual report, the United capacity and quality of growth in medium and long Nations Economic Commission for Latin Ame- term, ECLAC stresses. That is why one of the main rica and the Caribbean (ECLAC) called streamli- challenges to resume vigorous growth is to stimulate ne investment process to resume growth and im- the process of gross capital formation, document says. prove productivity of the economies of region. “Reinvigorate growth in short and long term requiAccording to the Economic Survey of Latin America res boost public and private investment in complex and the Caribbean 2015, economic slowdown both times. This can be done with tax rules protecting external and internal factors should. Internationally, investment, and turning to public-private partnersslow growth of the world economy highlights du- hips new funding sources such as investment banks ring 2015, particularly slowdown in China and other and infrastructure BRICS, and alternative mechaemerging economies, with the exception of India. The nisms such as green bonds and loans triangular�
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WORLD ECONOMY said Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary of ECLAC. In labor news, the Economic Survey indicates that slower growth will have a negative impact on employment. On average for 2015 increased unemployment rate to around 6.5% of the population is estimated, from 6.0% recorded last year. In its report, ECLAC stresses that the ability of countries in region to accelerate economic growth depends on spaces they have to adopt countercyclical policies that especially stimulate investment, which will be key in reducing the effects of shocks and avoid external economies suffer negative consequences in medium and long term. The agency adds that investment not only affects rate and capital accumulation, but also directly related to productivity of economies. It’s therefore necessary to establish a framework of public policies
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that promote both public and private investment. According to ECLAC, public investment can expand fiscal space to stimulate growth, without this necessarily implies an increase in the debt of countries. Also, infrastructure investments may be central to sustainable development. While this has increased in recent years, significant gaps remain. In the field of private investment, ECLAC indicates that it’s necessary to improve access of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to finance productive and financial systems to guide productive sector and long term. Along with this requires underpin productive and territorial architecture with investment instruments of industrial policy and technological innovation that goes beyond tax incentives schemes. L&E
Fotografía: elvistazo.com
WORLD ECONOMY
THE WORKS ADVANCE FOR EXAMINATION OF BASKET OF SDR IN 2015
E
n el marco de este proceso, los directores ejecutivos del FMI recientemente celebraron una reunión informal para llevar a cabo un primer debate sobre el examen de la valoración del DEG, un activo de reserva internacional creado en 1969 por el FMI para complementar las reservas oficiales de los países miembros. El valor del DEG está basado actualmente en una cesta integrada por el dólar de EE.UU., el euro, la libra esterlina y el yen japonés. El FMI examina el método de valoración de la cesta del DEG cada cinco años a fin de velar por que refleje la importancia relativa de las principales monedas en los sistemas comerciales y financieros mundiales, con el objetivo de salvaguardar las ventajas del DEG como activo de reserva.
Source: International Monetary Fund
tó un informe de situación sobre los avances realizados y se aclararon una serie de cuestiones técnicas, como el marco jurídico aplicable al examen, el alcance del examen, las implicaciones operativas y los pasos siguientes. El Directorio Ejecutivo se reunirá para llevar a cabo formalmente el examen hacia finales de este año. Boletín del FMI: ¿Cuáles son los criterios para incluir una moneda en la cesta del DEG?
Tiwari: Los criterios, actualizados por última vez en 2000, establecen que en la cesta del DEG se incluyen las cuatro monedas emitidas por países miembros o uniones monetarias con el valor más alto de exportaciones de bieEn la siguiente entrevista, el Director del Departamento de nes y servicios durante un período de cinco años, y que, Estrategia, Políticas y Evaluación del FMI, Siddharth Tiwari, según determine el FMI, son monedas de "libre uso". se refiere a los detalles de este proceso de examen del DEG. El criterio relativo a las exportaciones tiene por objetiBoletín del FMI: Los directores ejecutivos el FMI aca- vo garantizar que las monedas que puedan incluirse en ban de celebrar una reunión informal sobre el examen la cesta sean aquellas emitidas por países miembros o de la cesta del DEG. ¿Cuál fue el propósito de la reunión? uniones monetarias que desempeñen un papel central en la economía mundial. El requisito de que las moneTiwari: Cada cinco años, el FMI examina el estado de las das de la cesta del DEG también se utilicen ampliamenmonedas que integran la cesta del DEG y abre un proce- te se incluyó en 2000 para reflejar la importancia de las so que brinda la oportunidad de incluir monedas adicio- transacciones financieras al valorar la cesta del DEG. nales. 2015 es un año de examen. En una primera etapa, los directores ejecutivos debatieron de manera informal Según el Convenio Constitutivo, por moneda de “libre un documento preparado por el personal técnico en el uso” se entiende la que seutilice ampliamente para realique se expusieron algunas consideraciones iniciales para zar pagos por transacciones internacionales y senegollevar a cabo el examen. En dicho documento se presen- cie activamente en los principales mercados de divisas.
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WORLD ECONOMY El concepto de moneda de libre uso se refiere al uso e intercambio efectivo de una moneda a nivel internacional, y es distinto al de si una moneda es de flotación libre o plenamente convertible. En otras palabras, una moneda puede utilizarse ampliamente y negociarse activamente aunque esté sujeta a algunas restricciones de la cuenta de capital. Por otro lado, es posible que una moneda que sea plenamente convertible no sea utilizada ampliamente ni negociada activamente (debido al tamaño e importancia relativa de dicha economía en las transacciones internacionales). Boletín del FMI: ¿En se centrará el examen?
cutivo a finales de este mes, no prejuzga en modo alguno el momento en que concluya el examen o los resultados del mismo. Boletín del FMI: ¿Qué mayoría se requiere para incluir una moneda en la cesta? Tiwari: Por regla general, una modificación del método de valoración del DEG requiere una mayoría del 70% del total de votos, mientras que otros tipos de modificaciones que respeten el “principio” de la valoración del DEG requieren una mayoría del 85% del total de votos. Históricamente, las decisiones que han modificado el método de valoración se han adoptado con una mayoría del 70%.
Tiwari: El renminbi (RMB) es la única moneda no incluida actualmente en la cesta del DEG que reúne el cri- Boletín del FMI: ¿Cuáles son los pasos siguientes de este terio relativo a las exportaciones. Por lo tanto, el examen proceso de examen? se centrará en determinar si el RMB también cumple el criterio de “libre uso” para incluirlo en la cesta de DEG. Tiwari: El examen está en marcha desde hace algún tiempo. Es necesario seguir trabajando en algunos ámbitos El informe del personal técnico examinado por los di- que servirán de base para la adopción de una decisión rectores ejecutivos presenta algunos elementos básicos en el Directorio Ejecutivo. El personal técnico proseque servirán de base para la adopción de una decisión guirá su trabajo técnico, centrándose, entre otros aspecfutura en el Directorio. Además de estas cuestiones, el tos, en subsanar las deficiencias de los datos y abordar examen también abarcará la metodología utilizada para cuestiones operativas, manteniendo al mismo tiempo determinar las ponderaciones de las monedas que in- una estrecha comunicación con las autoridades de Chitegran la cesta del DEG y un examen de los instrumen- na y otros países miembros antes de la reunión formal tos incluidos en la cesta de las tasas de interés del DEG. que se celebrará en el Directorio a finales de 2015. L&E Boletín del FMI: ¿Por qué propone el personal técnico una prórroga de la cesta actual del DEG? Tiwari: Para poner esto en perspectiva, la cesta actual del DEG vence a finales de este año. Proponemos prorrogar la cesta actual del DEG por nueve meses hasta el 30 de septiembre de 2016. Esta propuesta obedece principalmente a los comentarios recibidos de los usuarios del DEG con respecto a la conveniencia de evitar cambios en la cesta al final del año calendario y facilitar el buen funcionamiento de las operaciones relacionadas con el DEG. Una prórroga de nueve meses también les permitiría a los usuarios adaptarse a una nueva composición de la cesta si el Directorio Ejecutivo decide incluir el RMB. La prórroga propuesta, que será decidida por el Directorio Eje-
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WORLD ECONOMY
WATER RESOURCES ARE AT A CRITICAL TIME
A
s part of this process, IMF Executive Directors recently held an informal meeting to conduct a first discussion on the review of the SDR valuation an international reserve asset created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement the existing official reserves member countries. The SDR’s value is currently based on an integrated by US dollar, euro, pound sterling and Japanese yen basket. Fund reviews valuation method of the SDR basket every five years to ensure that it reflects relative importance of currencies in global trading and financial systems, with the aim of safeguarding benefits of SDR as a reserve asset .
Source: World Bank
legal framework for examination, scope of the review, operational implications and next steps were clarified. El Directorio Ejecutivo se reunirá para llevar a cabo formalmente el examen hacia finales de este año. IMF Survey: What are the criteria for a currency in SDR basket?
Tiwari: Criteria, last updated in 2000, states that the four currencies issued by member countries or monetary unions with highest value of exports of goods and services In this interview, Director of Strategy, Poli- during a period of five years are included in SDR basket, cy and Review of the IMF, Siddharth Tiwari, re- and which, as determined by the IMF, coins are “free use”. fers to details of the review process of SDR. The criterion on exports is to ensure that coins that IMF Survey: IMF Executive Directors just an in- may be included in basket are those issued by member formal meeting on the review of SDR bas- countries or monetary unions play a central role in gloket. What was the purpose of the meeting? bal economy. The requirement that currencies of SDR is also widely used was included in 2000 to reflect imTiwari: Every five years, the IMF examines the sta- portance of financial transactions to assess SDR basket. te of currencies in SDR basket and opened a process that provides an opportunity to include additional cu- According to the Agreement, by currency “free use” means rrencies. 2015 is a year of review. In a first stage, CEOs widely used to make payments for international transacinformally discussed a document prepared by staff in tions and is widely traded in principal exchange markets. some initial considerations were exposed to perform the test. In this document a status report on progress The concept of freely usable currency refers to the use was presented and a series of technical issues such as and effective exchange of a currency internationally, and
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WORLD ECONOMY
is distinct from whether any currency is fully convertible or floating free. In other words, a coin can be used widely and actively traded albeit subject to some restrictions on capital account. On the other hand, it is possible that a currency that is fully convertible is not used widely and actively traded (due to the size and relative importance of such an economy in international transactions). IMF Survey: What the review will focus? Tiwari: The renminbi (RMB) is the single currency currently not included in SDR basket that meets the criterion on exports. Therefore, review will focus on whether RMB also meets the criteria of “free use” for inclusion in SDR basket. The staff report discussed by Executive Directors presents some basic elements that serve as a basis for future decision-making in Board. Besides these issues, the review will also include methodology used to determine weights of currencies in SDR basket and an examination of instruments included in basket of SDR interest rates. IMF Survey: Why technical staff proposes an extension of current SDR? Tiwari: To put this in perspective, current SDR expires later this year. We propose to extend current SDR nine months to 30 September 2016. This proposal essentially addresses comments received from users of DEG with respect to desirability of avoiding changes in basket at the end of calendar year and facilitate proper functioning of operations related to SDR. An extension of nine months would also allow users to adapt to a new composition of basket if Executive Board decides to include RMB. The proposed extension, to be decided by Executive Board later this month, doesn’t prejudge in any way time of finalization of the investigation or its results. IMF Survey: What majority is required to include a coin into the basket?
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Tiwari: Generally, a change in SDR valuation method requires a majority of 70% of total votes, while other types of modifications to respect “principle” of SDR valuation require a majority of 85% of total of votes. Historically, decisions that have changed valuation method has been adopted with a majority of 70%. IMF Survey: What are the next steps in this review process? Tiwari: The examination is underway for some time. Further work is needed in some areas as a basis for a decision by the Executive Board. The technical staff will continue its technical work, focusing, among other things, remedy the shortcomings of data and address operational issues, while maintaining close communication with authorities of China and other member countries before formal meeting to be held on the Board in late 2015. L&E
WORLD ECONOMY
ECLAC EXPERT WARNS OF IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION IN TOTAL EMISSIONS OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
T
he Director of Division for Sustainable Development and Human Settlements of United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), JosĂŠ Luis Samaniego, warned that changing land use and deforestation represent a fifth (21%) of total emissions of greenhouse gases in the region, while entire planet represent about 5%. As detailed, energy sector is responsible for 42% of emissions, followed by agriculture with 28%, and changing land use and deforestation, with 21%. However, globally, energy generates up to 73% of emissions, while the other two sources are responsible for 13% and 5% of total respectively. He added also that emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2012 totaled 7.6 tons per capita above the world average, which stood at 6.6 tons. In this regard, explained that a given increase in income levels have a major impact on energy consumption in this region than in all countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This increase also is associated with an increase in emissions due to the high incidence of coal in regional energy matrix. The Director indicated that progress is possible
41.
Source: ECLAC
towards an electrical matrix composed almost entirely from renewable sources such as hydro, wind and biomass. Meanwhile, to reduce emissions of entire energy matrix, stressed the need to invest in better public offering of mobility, waste management and construction of railway to transport passengers and cargo that represent an efficient alternative to use motor vehicle and therefore consumption of fossil fuels. L&E
WORLD ECONOMY
DEVELOPMENT AGENDA 2030: BREAKTHROUGH FOR WORLD OF WORK
T
he International Labor Organization (ILO) welcomed the new agenda for sustainable development agreed Sunday by 193 Member states of United Nations as an important step forward for the world of work. The agenda for sustainable development by 2030 -comprising 17 sustainable development goals and 169 indicators- will be formally adopted by the Heads of State and governments of the world will meet in a special summit of the United Nations from 25 to 27 September 2015. The “Transforming Our World: Agenda 2030 for sustainable development” will replace Millennium Development Agenda from next year. The concept of decent work for all is present on this agenda with a specific objective “to promote sustained economic growth, inclusive and sustainable, full and productive employment and decent work for all.”
Source: OIT
The agenda for sustainable development by 2030 also reaffirms the need to respect, protect and promote fundamental freedoms for all, and recognizes importance of social protection as well as positive contribution of migrant workers to inclusive growth and sustainable development. “Over recent years, ILO has worked hard with governments, organizations of employers and workers, multilateral organizations and civil society to place Decent Work at the center of inclusive growth and sustainable development,” said the Director General of the ILO, Guy Ryder.
“The fact that this issue is an integral part of the new universal agenda for sustainable development is excellent news. The unanimous endorsement by Member states of United Nations gives international community the impetus it needs to work together to tackle enormous challenges facing humanity and our planet, esFurthermore goals for youth employment, child la- pecially those related to the world of work.” bor and forced labor, skills development, empowerment of women, as well as increased productivity “The ILO is ready to work with its constituents and and productive employment were established. in partnership with all development actors, so that
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WORLD ECONOMY we can achieve these ambitious goals that are so cru- The Member States of United Nations also undercial to the advancement of social justice,� he added. take to ensure prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor and an end to child laAccording to ILO study, social and employment bor in all its forms by 2025. The ILO estimates that prospects in the world, about 201 million people 169 million children are victims of child labor. L&E were unemployed in 2014, representing an increase of 30 million since beginning of economic and financial crisis in 2008. young people are disproportionately affected, with around 74 million young people (aged 15 to 24) unemployed in last year. The agenda for 2030 aims to achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including young people and people with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value. In particular, it proposes a period of five years, significantly reducing the proportion of unemployed young people who don’t follow any education or training through the development and implementation of a comprehensive strategy to promote youth employment. Among its goals to promote inclusive growth and decent work is support for entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, as well as incentive to formalization and growth of small and medium enterprises. It also advocates protection of labor rights and safe working conditions for all workers, including migrant workers, particularly migrant workers and those in precarious employment. Urged to take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, end modern slavery and human trafficking. Currently, 21 million people are in forced labor.
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EDUCATION CAPSULE WHAT IS THE PANAMA INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION BY RADIO - IPER?
P
ANAMA INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION BY RADIO - IPER, born to light with the first radio transmission class May 21, 2001 by the Catholic station Radio Hogar, both entities, led by Father Fernando Guardia Jaén, sj (1926-2014). The IPER is one of the many works he left us, our founder, as part of his legacy to our country. Currently the Academic Director of IPER is Father Jose Maria Andres, sj and as Executive Director since 2011 is Brenda Jované Pitti. He is joined in managing the IPER 13 employees, 14 radio stations, 250 volunteers across the country and hundreds of private benefactors.
Fuente: IPER
me for the benefit of their listeners In 2014, participated broadcasters: Radio Crisol, Catholic Radio, Home Radio, Radio Voice Without Borders, Radio Maria, Radio Primerísima, Radio Ancon, Radio Mi Favorita, Radio Veraguas, Gospel Radio Live, Radio My Favorite, Canajagua Waves, Radio La Mega Panama and Panama. Donors advance-REPORT 2015 BACKGROUND: Every year the Panamanian Institute of Education by Radio IPER, performs various actions Fundraising in order to defray the administrative costs generated by the program TEACHER AT HOME, since tuition charged to students every quarter, just representing a percentage according to the level of 10% to 30% of actual value. The IPER conducts an annual Brunch, pickings and discounts on credit cards among others. The money raised is used for thousands of students to pursue their studies at a price you can afford and at the same time, appreciate the opportunity offered by this institution with the support of donors.
All programs are aimed at young people (over 15 years) and adults across the country, both in rural and urban air, which have not completed their primary or secondary education. At present, the Institute has 5 offices throughout the country: The IPER Headquarters is located in Panama City, which covers the provinces of Panama, Colon and Panama West; IPER office in the province of Chiriqui; IPER office in the Azuero region, covering the provinces of Herrera and Los Santos; Cocle and Veraguas office and the office of Darien. We have groups in the indigenous regions: Emberá Wounaan and Bugle Ngäbe. RESULTS OF LICENSE IN 2015: In the first quarter 2015: The IPER has the endorsement of the Ministry of Education of Panama decrees under the following: Elementary: • 2,093 students were enrolled, with seventh grade most Solved 45 of 27 March 2001; Premedia: Solved 1356 Sep- students (405) and ten -Bachiller in trade with emphasis tember 6, 2006 and Bachelor: Solved 3039 June 13, 2012. on small and medium-sized enterprises VOLUME 1(395). They are culminating in this quarter Premedia 83 The program classes MAESTRO HOME, reach all students, who will receive the certificate in January 2016. corners of the country, thanks to private or government stations across the country, donating their airti- • Of the registered 60% (1,260) are women and 40% (833)
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EDUCATION CAPSULE were men. • In the first quarter, the geographical distribution of students enrolled was 44% in the metropolitan area (Panama, Colon and Panama West) and the rest distributed among Chiriqui, Herrera, Los Santos, Cocle, Veraguas and Colon. See Appendix 1 In the second quarter of 2015. • 1,940 students were enrolled, with seventh grade most students (250) and ten -Bachiller in trade with emphasis on Small and Medium Enterprises VOLUME 2 (246). • is expected to culminate in this quarter Premedia 69 students, who will receive the certificate in January 2016. • Of the registered 62% (1,210) are women and 30% (730) were men.
students enrolled was 43% in the metropolitan area (Panama, Colon and Panama West) and the rest distributed among Chiriqui, Herrera, Los Santos, Cocle, Veraguas and Colon. See Appendix 2 The third quarter is scheduled to begin on 24 August to 21 November 2015. 1) ANALYSIS OF THE VOID: In distance education, the dropout rate is higher than in regular schools. This year, if we subtract the graduates to enrolled and compared with students continuing from the previous quarter, we see that dropped 28% (606) of the students, distributed throughout the country. These students are usually 15 to 18, who saw that no effort, prefer not to run the calls for quarterly reviews. We also see adults health issues, change workspace, care of young children, among others.
• In the second quarter, the geographical distribution of
Importantly, students who entered were 46 students in the second quarter.
2) COMPARISON BETWEEN I AND II quarter of 2014 and 2015.
It is higher than in previous years, mainly due to the follow-up is giving students.
Compared to 2014, we increased the number of students between the first and second quarters of each year.
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EDUCATION CAPSULE
CHALLENGES ACHIEVED - From January to June 2015
succeeded.
1) Academic Software: We arrived at a very good negotiation with the company Bios Software SA We are in the phase of system implementation and adaptation of our educational reality. I challenge reached.
5) FUNDRAISING ACTIVITIES: As every year, the funds-raising activity was held BRUNCH 2015, with economic success. See https://youtu.be/kd_zO9KlEJw Challenge reached.
2) New Headquarters: We received an offer of use of a house in La Cresta, where we moved from June 1, 2015, which has allowed us to have more space for the staff and wine books. Which has meant an important step for our organization. I challenge reached. View Blessing and inauguration of the new headquarters. Annex 3 and 4
6) BACHELOR OF COMMERCE WITH EMPHASIS ON SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES. We finished developing, charting and printing 9 volumes of high school. By August, we have 926 students enrolled in a baccalaureate degree. . I challenge reached.
3) Sponsorship for books Baccalaureate: We finish achieve B / $ 40,000 to complete the printing of 6,000 texts (3 new texts Baccalaureate), Met: Silver Solutions Volume 7, we recognized the annual support of the Foundation Your Good Neighbors with Volume 8 and members of the Directive Palce in Volume 9. Challenge reached. 4) Annual salary of a professional in writing textbooks. We still have this outstanding challenge. We have not
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7) RANKINGS: In January 2016, we will celebrate the first graduation of Bachelor of 236 people across the country, graduations to be made in January 2016. In addition to 326 graduates PREMEDIA. Total graduates for January is 562 students. I challenge reached. 8) Convention: an agreement is signed with SENACYT to provide the know-how of the Master program at home 25 Infoplazas inside the country, benefiting 200 students. I challenge reached. See Annex No 5 and 6.
EDUCATION CAPSULE NEW CHALLENGES - second semester 2015
and realities of the IPER.
• Increase program TEACHER at home in most private and government enterprises, paid the total real price. Currently we have May’s program, Free Zone; Melo Group; ACP.
• Continue working on getting funds for payment of specialized teachers.
• Change the payment model staff, to make it more focused and effective solutions.
• Achieve the payment of two specialized consultants for the development of education materials.
• Having outside counsel to conduct a business plan for the next five years taking into account the new challenges
ANNEXES 1 AND 2 RESULTS OF REGISTRATION
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EDUCATION CAPSULE
ANNEX 3 and 4 Blessing and Inauguration of the IPER offices
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EDUCATION CAPSULE
ANNEX 5 and 6 AGREEMENT SIGNED, MASS AND BRUNCH 2015
EDUCATION CAPSULE
DOUBLEHEADER SCHOOL DAY A REALITY
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Alexander Canto - Maestro de educación
primaria/Colaborador del Dpto. de Archivo archivo2@rbc.com.pa
urrently being implemented in the double school day selected by the Ministry of Education (MEDUCA) schools, which consists of a single day would start from 7:30 am to 3:30 pm This initiative will be implemented in educational institutions where working one shift, which would facilitate its development.
that contribute to raising quality of education in all educational institutions, without exception and thus put on march double-time school.
Drawing on above, we must take into account other factors that may occur when performing this new implementation efficiently, and such is the case that schools have appropriate infrastructure, because we know many schools across the country still have problems with structures that haven’t been repaired to 100%, others are in deplorable conditions, and still obstacles that influence optimum development of this new system in schools as primary requirement for quality education is needed for a comfortable learning environment.
I believe that the idea of implementing the doubleheader is a good initiative by the MEDUCA, because it may cover more content and meet the objectives in short and medium term are on the curriculum set by the Ministry of Education, often the most aren’t met by time factor, leaving half consequences education in students.
Another factor not least, is the feeding of students, because departure time will be three hours after the customary therefore should take into account an appropriate and complete food that Will the MEDUCA implement the dou- meets requirements nutrition necessary for a ble school day in all schools nationwide? growing child, in this case at stage of schooling.
Now it is important to note that within this period the workload of some subjects like English and physical education spread, plus this gives students the opportunity to develop skills in reaNow it’s important that institutions have to ding comprehension, in order to students receive date books, technological advances, resour- a better educational background and thus help ces and different essential educational inputs raise quality of education, which is indispensable.
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EDUCATION CAPSULE Importantly doubleheader with those materials can be fed, where students do not have a good school performance, which allows teachers to identify the level of achievement that has been reached so far, that way you can target, strengthen the student if necessary, implementing various techniques and methodologies, because they already know their weaknesses in each subject and thus contribute to academic and staff of students in all its aspects, because the quality of education is a major determinants of economic growth and development within a society. Completed so that educational authorities consider before continue implementing the double school day must make a full assessment to all schools nationwide to give to problems presented by each institution and thus provide a concrete solution, because to put Double up the school day,
they need to be in parallel, infrastructure conditions, labor, economic and educational, are fundamental factors to be taken into account when developing the extended journey into classroom. L&E
ENVIRONMENTAL CAPSULE
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NATIONAL DAY OF REFORESTATION Alexander Canto - Maestro de educación
primaria/Colaborador del Dpto. de Archivo archivo2@rbc.com.pa
On August 29 official launch of the national day of reforestation took place, with participation of Alliance group by one million hectares reforested and Ministry of Environment, main objective of the activity is to stop rapid pace of degradation that is suffering environment because of human beings.
rests threatens variety of flora and fauna that depend of that ecosystem, for this and many other reasons we must help put a stop to this situation and to partake of promoting importance of environment and reforestation, which is why partnership initiative by one million hectares.
However, Alliance Million hectares Panama is a Public - Private Agreement and Organizations of Civil Society to meet the goal of planting one million hectares in 20 years, so that goals of the National Forest Plan will be fulfilled proposed .
Drawing on the above, it’s important to make clear that deforestation leaves consequences that affect humans directly, causing climatic changes in the atmosphere, increasing global warming, as well as reducing biodiversity of different species of plants and animals, for these reasons we must put a stop to activities of man as it is, construction of more urban and rural areas, excessive logging of timber and generation of more land for agriculture, are actions that are happening today, where managers of these activities is carried out with the sole purpose of satisfying their own needs, not become aware of the ecological damage that is causing society, hence the human activities are the main cause of deforestation.
Besides this, it’s important to note that 32 parts of the country was planted simultaneously with collaboration of Alliance for a million hectares reforested, government agencies, private companies and many volunteers who participated in the activity. Moreover, in each of the points had the presence of agronomists in charge of explaining the process to follow on how to plant and benefits generated. That is why the firm Rivera Bolívar and Castañeadas, a participant of this activity, which attended with his partners to the point where out reforestation, Finca Palmyra, took after Cañita Chepo was made, which was guided ANARAP with help of an excellent activity which should be given more often, it’s certainly a unique experience. Moreover, it’s noteworthy that rate of deforestation that affects our country in recent years has been accelerated, which has left consequences, hence the destruction of fo-
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I believe that the initiative to reforest by partnership group for the million is good, since it’s designed to create protected areas, besides this different plantations and reforestation of degraded land and sowing social projects that conducted by trees produce positive results to society, leaving a number of benefits, such as purifying the air, increase soil fertility, which would allow soil to retain more moisture, thus nourish soil better, apart from this you can fight a little climate change through reforestation, which are being affected, as each day the heat is stronger, so we must make an effort to contribute a little to make the change.
ENVIRONMENTAL CAPSULE
On the other hand, media should publicize these activities and make them more news, to sensitize the public about importance of it and together we all participate and contribute a little to improve environmental conditions for which it’s happening . Besides this, I believe that the appropriate authorities of the environment should promote further environmental education at the national level related to man and his environment, where a change of attitude promotes an awareness of the importance to preserve for future and to improve our quality of life, since adoption of good conscious attitude to the environment around us, and of which we are a part, we contribute positively keeper. Culminating in the importance of national day of reforestation and the excellent work performed by a group million hectares reforested alliance, which is sure to be achieved in conjunction with all citizenship plant one million hectares in 20 years and so cope degradation that environment is suffering as a result of human beings, so we must become conscious positively, about the damage that is caused to the environment by the bad actions such as deforestation, so we must think about the future , preserve our environment, and we are part of it and
continue planting.
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L&E
ILLUSTRIOUS FIGURES Justo Arosemena Quesada (1817 - 1896)
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Lisbeth Martez - Secretaria lisbeth.martez@rbc.com.pa
e was a statesman, writer, lawyer and politician of Panama who lived during the period of union with Colombia. He dedicated his life to the cause of the independence of Panama and is considered as “the most illustrious Panamanians and father of Panamanian nationality.� He born in the city of Panama, on August 9, 1817. Son of Don Mariano Arosemena de la Barrera and Dolores Quezada. At age 16 he graduated Bachelor of Arts at the College of San Bartolome in Bogota. In 1837 he received his degree of Doctor of Laws at the University of Magdalena. Dr. Arosemena held various political positions throughout his career: He was elected deputy to Provincial Chamber of Panama (1850-1851) and later was representative to National Congress of Colombia (1852-1853). Around 1863 he was president of National Convention of Rio Negro, for which Colombia became a confederation of sovereign states, including Panama.
rights and greater autonomy for the Isthmus of Panama in Colombia. For this reason, Federal State of Panama was created, and was elected as its first president in 1855. He resigned a few months later.
He participated in diplomacy, was representative of Panama in Washington DC for several years, Ambassador of Panama in Chile, Minister Resident of Colombia in United Kingdom, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to United Kingdom and France (1872), and intermediary in the solution the border conflict betIt strongly supported both respect for human ween Colombia and Venezuela (1880). In 1868
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ILLUSTRIOUS FIGURES he was responsible for negotiating conditions that allowed Colombia to the United States di- As a member of the Congress of New Gragging a canal in the Isthmus of Panama. He was nada (1850) and as a senator of the Isthmus also legal consultant Panama Railroad Company. of Panama (1853), was author of many legal codes and was instrumental in achieIn 1878, with the help of educator José Ma- ving independence of Colombia, Federal nuel Hurtado and political Buenaventu- State of Panama. His extensive draft legal enra Chewy, it led to the founding of the first codings, called Project Arosemena, would bepublic library in Panama, which dona- come basis of Panamanian and Colombian ted 60 volumes relating to history and law. law in second half of the nineteenth century. With the enactment of the Constitution of Panama (1886), he left public life and devoted himself to the legal profession until his death in the city of Colon, February 23, 1896, at the age of 78 years. His legacy as a jurist was recognized posthumously when the headquarters of the National Assembly of Panama was named in his honor, Palacio Justo Arosemena. Justo Arosemena wrote a series of essays. The most important of all is “The Federal State of Panama” describes Panama’s history and nationality, emphasizing importance of the Isthmus of Panama to become an independent country, citing various geographical, historical and social arguments for creation a Panamanian federal state within the confederation of New Granada. These ideas took shape in the creation of the Federal State of Panama. This test is considered the most comprehensive study on Panamanian nationality in the nineteenth century.
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Other tests: - Notes for introduction to the moral and political science (1840). - Examination of open communication between the oceans (1846). - Principles of Political Morality (1849). - Moral code based on the nature of man (1860). - Studies on the idea of an American league (1864). - Constitutions of South America (1870). - Constitutional Studies (1878). - The institution of marriage in the United Kingdom (1879). - Marriage before the law. L&E
FASHION
Nadia Chang - Strada Eleganza rbcweb@rbc.com.pa
BEST HAIR
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CUTS TO OUR KIND OF WORK
oday I want to give the best haircuts according to the type of work you do. It’s very possible that your cutting and styling to be perfect for your present life but... and for your work?
Do you know what the perfect hair cut as work? Not the same a haircut for a job in an office as a waiter. If you’re not sure what haircut is best for your job, here are some suggestions and ideas. The world of business, as far as fashion is concerned man has a culture that prefers a more careful and conservative image. Did you know? So if you have, for example, a toupee 15 cm gel set with the best market, rocker style, you should consider the change of haircut... or work. But as the work is worth more than a treasure, you should think and choose the best haircut according to the job you have. Like it or not, physical appearance can affect career goals of each: professio-
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nal world every day is becoming more aggressive. If I’ve already done that “you eat the head” no?, quiet, here I give you the best tips to make your haircut perfectly congenial with your work.
W e b e n!
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FASHION
Best haircuts according to the type of work Si estás buscando trabajo o tienes una entrevista de trabajo el aspecto es muy importante. Por norma general, y para no llevarse sorpresas, es mejor pecar de conservador, sobre todo en lo referido al corte de cabello. Pocos hombres conozco yo que hayan perdido un puesto de trabajo por llevar el corte de pelo formal. Conservador, es sinónimo de mate mucho mejor que brillante y corto mejor que largo. Cuando vas a una entrevista, pretendes que el profesional que te la esté haciendo se fije en ti, en lo serio y cualificado que eres, sin que le puedan distraer detalles que no tengan importancia y relación con el puesto de trabajo al que concursas. Hay muchas empresas que tienen normas, no escritas, sobre los cortes de cabello, peinados y tintes y se lo pensarán más de una vez, segurísimo, a la hora de contratar a un candidato que no cumpla este requisito para su empresa. Ten en cuenta que la primera impresión cuenta mucho y asegúrate de que recuerden tu forma de sonreír o de estrechar la mano, que de tu cresta al estilo Neymar.
Executive office With short hair and a side parting you will get a moderate style perfect for an executive position work. A neat style denoting a concern for your physical appearance, but without being a freak of fashion trends. Use the gel to give a much neater appearance.
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FASHION
Starting in business If you are started in a company and you’re in a job in which involves power over the rest, such as stockbrokers, lawyers, ...cut short, textured hair is perfect. With this type of cut will project a lot of ambition and dynamism in your customers or subordinates, also you don’t need much care. It is a more updated version of classic cut.
For creative positions Those in the creative sector, such as on television, some other media, world of music or art, have the advantage of being able to look much more informal cut hair. This job allows you to relax and dare with the most provocative look. But you must keep in mind that you are exposed to criticism from general public, as personal image is a very sacred aspect in these professions I hope these ideas will have served and can apply at different jobs. L&E
I hope you’re thoughts have served and can apply at different jobs.
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SPORTS CAPSULE
Albin Rodríguez albin.rodriguez@rbc.com.pa
PANAMANIANS IN THE WORLD CUP OF ATHLETICS IN BEIJING
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he Panamanian sprinter Alonso Edward, who lost by two thousandths of seconds bronze medal in the 200m at the World Cup in Beijing, said that result leaves a “bitter” taste, but is convinced that “we must go forward.” “I knew it would be a difficult race. We gave the all out, but the medal was achieved. We must move forward,” said Panamanian, world runner in Berlin 2009 and bronze at recent Pan American Games in Toronto. The South African Anaso Jobodwana, with a real-time 19,861, snatched Edward (19,863) in third step of the podium by a sigh, to lean more on the line. The mark of both rounds to 19.87, according to the regulations. “These are things that happen to us. I’ve worked hard for this. I won another, but it was by thousandths of seconds, nothing, because it was the most bowed. It makes a little bitter, but I am happy to represent my country well” Panama reflected. Edward, who ran down the 8th track in August, left little behind the curve and the line did a great comeback that left up to South African. “When you’re in the race is not sure what you can do there. Now it’s see what we did
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The winner was 200 in Beijing, as in the three previous world, Jamaican Usain Bolt, with a time of 19.55 that allowed him to even hold race before finishing his victory over American Justin Gatlin (19.74). The Panamanian athlete Rolanda Bell was eliminated in the first round of the 3000 meter steeplechase of the World Cup in Beijing but left in its wake one of the most curious images of tournament by staging a spectacular fall in which she dove headfirst into water . Once eliminated from World Cup, the innkeeper gives closed track season and failing to run some tests on the road, and think about your top speed work with a view to qualifying for the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. L&E
People’s Derbi (LPF)
horrillo FC and CD Plaza Amador tied to zero goals in the first people’s derby of the season played at Maracana stadium. The game had a great crowd, just over three million people came to witness the match between chorrilleros and placinos.
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well and what doesn’t and prepare twice, because we have much more time to run,” said the former world runner. Edward explained that he had trained “to do well” and, given today’s result, relied in reaching Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro next year “better prepared”.
The meeting had many occasions to both teams were put into the lead but poor shooting by chorrilleros against placinos arc and good interventions yellow goalkeeper Jorge Henriquez, propitiated that the meeting ended in a bitter zero tie. L&E
SPORT CAPSULE
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SOCCER NATIONAL TEAM
he coach of Panama, Colombian Hernan Dario Gomez, summoned 20 players to play friendly matches against Uruguay and Venezuela next month, Panamanian Football Federation (Fepafut) reported. Panamanian eleven will play its counterpart in Uruguay on September 4 at Rommel Fernandez Stadium in Panama City, while 8 of that month will face Venezuela on a visit to Puerto Ordaz. Of the 20 players invited by the ‘Bolillo’ Gomez, 15 were part of the team that finished third at the last CONCACAF Gold Cup. In the list highlights return to Panamanian selection of defenses Leonel Parris and Fidel Escobar and midfielder Marcos Sanchez, along with Renan front Addles and José Muñoz. Also highlights the absence of goalkeeper Jaime Penedo and striker Luis Tejada, key parts of Panama in the Gold Cup. The match will serve Venezuelans, Uruguay and Panama to prepare for the upcoming World Cup qualifiers Russia-2018. The squad is: Goalkeepers: Luis Mejia (Nacional, Uruguay), Jose Calderon (Platense, Honduras) Defenders: Adolfo Machado (Saprissa, Costa Rica), Leonel Parris (Tauro), Roman Torres (Seattle Sounders, USA), Harold Cummings (Santa Fe, Colombia), Fidel Escobar (Sporting), Eric Davis (Arabe Unido), Luis Henriquez (without equipment)
Middlemen: Anibal Godoy (San Jose Earthquakes, USA), Gabriel Gomez (Herediano, Costa Rica), Alberto Quintero (Lobos, Mexico), José Muñoz (Alliance), Mark Sanchez (Deportivo Tachira, Venezuela), Armando Cooper (without team) Forwards: Blas Pérez (Dallas, USA), Roberto Nurse (Dorados de Sinaloa, Mexico), Rolando Blackburn (Comunicaciones, Guatemala), Abdiel Arroyo (Arabe Unido) and Renan Addles (Arabe Unido) The “animal” Addles is picking a great season; Accumulates three goals scored and several goal assists for his teammates; whereby the national coach has opened the doors of the national team for this player previously it has already been called on other national team processes. On the other hand, call for Abdiel Macea really is a complete novelty in a national team. The midfielder has been playing Arabe Unido national eleventh since last season that had an outstanding performance in the 2015 Clausura championship obtained by colonense set, plus the high level it is offering in this tournament. GOOD LUCK ... L&E
FIFA PRESIDENCY, A POLITICAL BATTLE FOR MICHEL PLATINI For French Michel Platini hasn’t finished the bout to be a candidate to replace Blatter as president of FIFA, with the adversary to various applicants. German Wolfgang Niersbach has commissioned CONCACAF other is Michael Van Praag which deals with the Dutch Federation and the other is chairman of Hyundai, Chung Mong-Joon. There is a fairly complicated battle to take position of FIFA for everything that has happened with all the scandals that have happened to Blatter. We hope that football fans in the FIFA 2018 in Russia has a new president of FIFA to provide stability, dignity and peace to the world organization and get everything back from scratch for better. L&E
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CULTURAL CAPSULE
Mariela de Sanjur mariela.sanjur@rbc.com.pa
Activities for the month of September: Theatre • Theatre Station: Transit through September 11. • Teatro La Quadra: Passions diet from 11 to 27 September. • Teatro La Quadra: hypochondriacs until September 27. • ABA Theatre: My wife is a man from August 6 to September 13. • ABA Theatre: The Villain and the Mini-Muts September 20 to November 29. • Balboa Theatre: VOCAPEOPLE lands on Planet Earth from 24 to 27 September. • Athenaeum Theatre: PAGLIACCI of 2 to 3 September in the City of Knowledge. • Theatre Guild (Ancon): Improv August 3 to September 5. • Amador Theater: Bomba Estéreo September 30. • Multipurpose theater GECU: B612 Journey to the Sun, 2 September 12. • Teatro La Huaca: Chataing Stand Up “Everything revolves” September 19.
Fairs and Festivals: • Fair Flower of the Holy Spirit 3 to 6 September in Las Minas Herrera. • Fair of the Sea 14 to 18 September, Bocas del Toro.
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• Organic Roots Festival Panama, September 19 at Plaza Figali. • Mejorana Festival, Guararé 23 to 27 September. • Changuinola Fair Bocas del Toro September 29 to October 4.
Sports: • Ultimate Combat Challenge 25, September 11, Megapolis Convention Center. • Sascha Fitness, September 19 Hotel Riu. • Bimbo Global Race, Costa del Este, September 27. Museums and Exhibitions: • Afroantillean Museum of the National Institute of Culture, presents the photographic exhibition “Ties Caribbean” which will be on display until November.
Concerts and performances: • Marc Anthony Tour 2015, September 3 Square Figali. • Magici in concert, September 12, Megapolis Convention Center. • Reggaeland,
CULTURAL CAPSULE September 4, Latitude 47. • Guaco in Panama, September 5, Hotel Riu. • Guillaume Perret et the Electric Epic, September 17, Ateneo, City of Knowledge. • Nana Angerita in Concert: “With Jesus and Mary can”, September 19, 7:30 pm Theatre of St. Augustine College. • Juanes in concert: “Crazy Love Tour” special guest Fonseca September 24, Figali Convention Center.
Seminars, conferences, lectures, courses and Expo: • Irene Specht: As we managed to damage our relationships, September 5, Hotel Ramada. • Expocapac Habitat 2015, 9 to 13 September, Atlapa Convention Center. • EXPOFRANQUICIAS PANAMA, 10 and 11 September in ATLAPA. • II Training Course-Workshop for arbitrators and arbitration practitioners under the new arbitration rules. 21 to 24 September Intercontinental Miramar Hotel from 4:30 pm to 8:30 pm. • Facundo de Salterain: Customer Service Magic, September 23, Model Disney Convention Center of City of Knowledge. • Empowerment Conference, September 23, Holiday Inn Express. • Expomédica 2015, ATLAPA Convention Center, 24,25 and 26 September, Atlapa Convention Center. • National Congress of Engineering, Science and Technology from 23 to 25 September, Victor Levi Sasso
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Campus, Technological University of Panama - Building 2, Postgrade. • Chess Strategies Conference applied to your company, Hotel Sheraton, September 24th, 25. • International Expoturismo 2015 ATLAPA 25 and 26 September, Atlapa Convention Center.
Activities and festivities: • Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary September 8. • International Literacy Day on September 8. • Rosh Hashanah September 14. • International Day of Democracy September 15. • International Day of Peace September 21. • YomKipur September 23. • St. Vincent de Paul, September 27. • World Tourism Day, September 27. • Feast of Holy Angels (San Miguel, San Rafael and San Gabriel), Sept. 29. • World Heart Day September 29. • International Translation Day September 30. L&E
Alianzas alrededor del Mundo Mitrani, Caballero, Rosso Alba, Francia, Ojam & Ruiz Moreno-ARGENTINA Guevara & Gutiérrez S. C. Servicios Legales- BOLIVIA Machado Associados Advogados e Consultores- BRASIL DSN Consultants Inc- CANADÁ Lewin & Wills Abogados- COLOMBIA Rivera, Bolívar y Castañedas- PANAMÁ Espinosa & Asociados- CHILE Lawnetworker S.A. Asesores Legales- ECUADOR Peter Byrne & Associates- ESTADOS UNIDOS Machado Associados Advogados e Consultores- ESTADOS UNIDOS Ortiz, Sosa, Ysusi y Cía., S.C.- MËXICO Estudio Rubio Leguia Normand & Asociados- PERU Adsuar Muñiz Goyco Seda & Pérez-Ochoa, P.S.C.- PUERTO RICO Pellerano & Herrera- REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Alvarado & Asociados- NICARAGUA Torres, Plaz & Araujo- VENEZUELA Facio & Cañas- COSTA RICA