THE MAGAZINE FOR NICEIC AND ELECSA REGISTERED CONTRACTORS SPRING 2020 | ISSUE 213 | £5.00
Safe as houses? What post-Grenfell safety checks and fire safety overhaul mean for contractors
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SPRING 2020 | ISSUE 213
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CASE STUDY 2 0 David Adams delves into an ambitious UPS system installation at Cardiff’s Principality Stadium
ELECTRICAL SAFETY CHECKS 2 2 Mandatory electrical safety inspections present opportunities for competent contractors
FIRE SAFETY 2 6 It’s vital those in the electrical industry stay abreast of any postGrenfell legislation
CONTRACTOR PROFILE 30 How Glasgow’s City Building became a major player in social housing work
TECHNICAL 36 Ask the experts 38 Networking data cables 42 Apprentice Corner 44 Evacuation alert systems - An
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22 HELLO 4 Facing the challenge of COVID-19
introduction to BS 8629: 2019 – Part 1 50 Evacuation alert systems - An introduction to BS 8629: 2019 – Part 2 54 Protection against transient overvoltages 56 Smart devices
30 TRAINING 1 2 Courses may have been postponed for the moment, but you can still invest time in your own development, says Neil Vincent
INDUSTRY UPDATE 6 Last year’s Electrical Apprentice
CAUGHT ON CAMERA 1 5 The worst botches our contractors have
of the Year on his big win
found this past quarter, from a host of burnt out equipment to a tin can junction box
7 COVID-19 support; Event Production Award for power provider 9 Techtalk wraps up; NICEIC and
ADVICE 1 7 The Electrical Industries Charity is here to help at this time of anxiety, says Tessa Ogle
ELECSA Insurance Services lauded
1 0 New verification campaign;
OPINION 1 8 John Shermer on the retrofittable
electric infrastructure update
technology revolutionising smart homes
PRODUCT FOCUS 62 The latest products on the market OFF THE TOOLS 65 ‘I’m a magician and hypnotist’ CURRENT AFFAIRS 66 Welsh firm’s flood assistance and electricians’ annoyances
With developments around COVID-19 moving at a rapid pace, all information in this issue and elsewhere is correct as of Thursday 2 April. Due to our printing and distribution processes, it has not been possible to factor in developments since that date. Many thanks for your understanding.
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hello
KEVA T E C HN N I PA CAL RKER
Mutual support The current situation with COVID-19 will challenge us all, on a personal and professional level. It’s more important now than ever before that we look out for each other
A
s we move into spring 2020, the world suddenly feels like a very different place. We face a world health emergency and unprecedented peacetime measures. This is, without doubt, a situation that has implications for us all. While we may have little influence as it unfolds around us, we can and should take steps to pull together and look after one another as best we can. The electrical contracting industry is made up of many types of business, ranging from largescale organisations employing multiple operatives to sole traders operating independently. Today each of these businesses face their own unique challenges; however, there is one thing that unites us all, and that is our need for support. As many of us face the reality of physical isolation, we must avoid extending this to emotional isolation, and I urge each of you to use technology to its full potential to stay in contact
with each other and the wider world. You are not alone, and if you are struggling there are services out there that can help lessen the burden. One such source is our corporate charity partner the Electrical Industries Charity, featured on page 17. There are, of course, rays of light even in the most difficult situations. I am delighted to recognise the outstanding efforts of one of our contractors CR Electrics, which mobilised its skills free of charge to help those impacted by the recent floods in Wales – see the full story on Current Affairs on page 66. Another standout article in this issue discusses recent changes to regulations within the private rental sector. These necessary and welcome developments will improve standards and generate workstreams for competent electricians. As always, I hope you find Connections both useful and interesting. Please stay safe, look after one another and keep talking.
‘Please stay safe, look after one another and keep talking’
Kevan Parker is managing director of Certsure
CO N TAC TS / CO NNE C T IO NS
Level 5, 78 Chamber Street, London E1 8BL EDITORIAL General 020 7880 6200 Editor Nick Martindale nick.martindale@redactive.co.uk Technical editor Timothy Benstead Sub editor Kate Bennett Designers Craig Bowyer Technical designer Adrian Taylor Picture researcher Akin Falope Publishing and business development director Aaron Nicholls ADVERTISING/MARKETING connections@redactive.co.uk 020 7880 6206
PRODUCTION General production enquiries 020 7880 6209 Senior production executive Rachel Young rachel.young@redactive.co.uk SUBSCRIPTIONS Should you require your own copy of Connections or multiple copies for your staff, subscriptions are available by calling 01580 883844 CONTRIBUTIONS Connections welcomes ideas for contributions. Please email nick.martindale@ redactive.co.uk
© Redactive Publishing Ltd 2020 Level 5, 78 Chamber Street, London E1 8BL Registered No. 3156216. All rights reserved. This publication (and any part thereof) may not be reproduced, transmitted or stored in any print or electronic format (including but not limited to any online service, any database or any part of the internet) or in any other format in any media whatsoever, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Redactive Publishing Ltd accepts no liability for the accuracy of the contents or any opinions expressed herein.
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WWW.NICEIC.COM WWW.ELECSA.CO.UK ENQUIRIES Certsure 01582 539000 Communications executive Debbie Shields 01582 539100 debbie.shields@certsure.com NICEIC Direct Paul Elcock 01582 539709 paul.elcock@certsure.com Twitter @officialNICEIC or @officialELECSA Customer services 0333 015 6625 Sales 0333 015 6626 Training 0333 015 6627 Technical helpline 0333 015 6628 Insurance 0333 015 6629
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INDUSTRY UPDATE
Did the pressure get to you on the day of the final, under the watchful eye of industry experts Darren Staniforth and Jake Green? Yes, there was a lot of pressure to complete the tasks in quite short timescales, some of which I’d only done once before in college. I like to take my time and make sure everything is perfect, but you can’t take too much time on the day – you get one go at each task, so it has got to be perfect first time. Were you expecting the big win? How did it feel? Not at all – I knew I had the least job site experience there so I was in disbelief when they called out my name.
Stage Two of The Electrical Apprentice of the Year 2020 competition has been completed, with more than 100 candidates having sat the written exam at locations around the UK. The judges are now working through the papers to come up with the top eight who will take part in the final. We caught up with last year’s winner, Richard Bradley, to get his thoughts on taking part in and winning the competition, what it has meant for his career since, and what the 2020 finalists can look forward to. More than 650 apprentices from across the UK took part in the 2019 competition, which consisted of three stages, with Richard ultimately walking away with the title. It’s a great achievement to have the title of Electrical Apprentice of the Year. At 32 you’re slightly older than the ‘typical’ apprentice. Career-wise, what have you been up to until now? I am joining the trade a little later in life than most. I’ve spent the last seven years in the Royal Marines and before that I was in and out of different jobs, from bar work to lifeguarding on the local beaches.
Why have you chosen a career as an electrician? It was either electrics or carpentry. I enjoy working with my hands, building and fixing things. I worked with electronics in the Marines so the electrical sector was the obvious choice for progression. What made you enter The Electrical Apprentice of the Year competition? I was looking on the NICEIC website one day in work and clicked the link expecting to put some details in and find out some more information. Next thing I knew, the stage one test started! I wasn’t really prepared, nor did I think I’d do well, but I just saw it as a way to test what I knew off the top of my head. How did it feel to progress through the various stages? I was surprised at every stage. I knew I’d done OK in the first round but certainly didn’t think I’d make it through to the second, where I was convinced I’d messed up. I was in disbelief when I found out I was in the final. The practical work is what I enjoy most, so I just thought I’d turn up, try to enjoy the day and see what happens!
Having won the Electrical Apprentice of the Year 2019, Richard has now set up his own contracting business
What value do you place on apprenticeships and what advice would you give to anybody considering an electrical apprenticeship? Apprenticeships are great, especially for the younger generation. If they can get stuck into an apprenticeship then, after a few years, they’ll be set for life. I think there’s a lot to be said for all ages and all paths. Every route has advantages; the key thing is a desire to learn – attitude and motivation will be what makes or breaks anyone.
IMAGES: I.ONE PHOTOGRAPHY / ISTOCK
Stepping stone
What’s been happening with you since the win? It really has been non-stop and a lot has happened. I officially left the Marines and concentrated at first on getting all my qualifications finalised. I then worked on a variety of jobs to get as much experience as possible. In the end I made the decision to set up my own business and Bradley Electrical Contracting was formed. The first thing I wanted to do was to undertake the NICEIC Approved Contractor scheme, which I have now completed. It was quite nervewracking having examples of my work inspected by quality supervisors. I went over the top in terms of preparation, but it all paid off in the end. I’m currently working on a job involving smart technology in a prestigious domestic dwelling and realising my desire to get involved in some high-specification projects.
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COVID-19 SUPPORT FOR CONTRACTORS NICEIC and ELECSA have revealed a series of changes to planned activities and working practices in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. These include an optional payment holiday for contractors, a switch to remote assessments and changes to training and event activities. NICEIC and ELECSA announced that registered contractors have options available to them to amend their payment schedules in order to reduce the strain on cash flow. Those utilising the offer will see payments paused for an agreed period, with the outstanding monies then being paid in agreed installments once this period has ended. “We appreciate the stress COVID-19 is placing upon businesses and individuals,” said Kevan Parker, NICEIC and ELECSA managing director. “The last few weeks have been stressful and worrying for all. The situation continues to raise questions and create new challenges.
With developments around COVID-19 moving at a rapid pace, all information in these news pages and elsewhere is correct as of Thursday 2 April. Due to our printing and distribution processes, it has not been possible to factor in developments since that date. Many thanks for your understanding.
“To date, we have focused on ensuring the safety of our customers, putting processes in place to help protect lives. Now that our remote assessments are up and running, and our training and events schedules have been postponed or cancelled, we are putting all of our efforts into supporting our customers and their businesses as best we are able in these challenging circumstances. “One stage in this process relates to finances, and we hope that recent announcements will provide some relief to those facing difficulties. Moving forward, we will continue to develop our services to support our contractors, providing up-to-date advice and guidance as the situation evolves.”
Until further notice, NICEIC and ELECSA will cease face-to-face assessments. Contractors due for an annual assessment will have the option to conduct the session via video conferencing solutions or to reschedule, free of charge. “Our remote model allows us to continue to safely verify current competence,” said John O’Neill, NICEIC and ELECSA technical director. “Importantly, this process also allows us to maintain support and provide any guidance needed to improve standards during this challenging period.” When it comes to training and events, all face-to-face courses have been postponed until June 1, with the upcoming Live South cancelled. Online technical learning tools are available to registered contractors via their customer portal, and to the industry via social media channels. These will be enhanced moving forward with more information being shared when it becomes available. For more details on NICEIC’s and ELECSA’s response to COVID-19, please log onto www.niceic.com or www.elecsa. com, where you will find the companies’ latest statement, links to government advice and our FAQ document.
Power provider scoops technology title Temporary event power provider Power Logistics has won Best Use of Technology at an Event, and been highly commended in the Green Supplier category, at the Event Production Awards 2020. Held at the London Novotel West in March, the awards recognise excellence in production and delivery of outdoor and live events. The best use of technology submission detailed the use of the company’s bespoke power monitoring system and LED technologies at Radio 1’s Big Weekend to help the event deliver its sustainability objectives. Festival Republic and the BBC are committed to delivering sustainable
events – a major factor in appointing Power Logistics as the temporary event power company for the event. Power Logistics was tasked with cutting fuel consumption and reducing CO2 emissions and environmental impact. The judging panel was impressed with the use of its bespoke power monitoring system, designed in-house by Power Logistics’ research and development team, which uses QR codes included on every generator, fuel tank and fuel bowser. Managing director Mike Whitehouse said: “This highlights how impressive the work that we’re doing in driving forward sustainable power solutions is.”
Power Logistics managing director Mike Whitehouse celebrates the company’s win
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PROTECT YOURSELF, PROTECT YOUR LIVELIHOOD PERSONAL ACCIDENT AND SHORT-TERM INCOME PROTECTION If you were struck down by an accident, injury or illness, how long would you still be able to pay the bills? It’s easy to think ‘it won’t happen to me’, but it can, and that’s where insurance can help. You will not only be covered for injuries and accidents in work, but also in your spare time too. This insurance is available as an upgrade on your existing electrical contractors cover with us. For as little as £12 per month plus insurance premium tax (IPT) you can get personal accident cover, or £52.80 per month plus IPT for combined personal accident and short term income protection cover.
CONTACT US ON 0333 015 6629 NICEIC-AND-ELECSA-INSURANCE.COM Note: IPT is currently 12% as at June 2019. This is a marketing communication. NICEIC and ELECSA are trading names of Certsure LLP which is an introducer appointed representative of Jelf Insurance Brokers Ltd. NICEIC and ELECSA Insurance Services, NICEIC Insurance Services, ELECSA Insurance Services, are trading names of Jelf Insurance Brokers Ltd, which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). Not all products and services offered are regulated by the FCA (for details see HYPERLINK “https://protect-eu.mimecast.com/s/qnOXCp8l6HVMXEIPIo9i” marshcommercial.co.uk/ info/terms). Registered in England and Wales number 0837227. Registered Office: Registered Office: 1 Tower Place West, London EC3R 5BU. Jelf Insurance Brokers Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary.
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INDUSTRY UPDATE
NEWS IN NUMBERS
The amount of the UK population who own some sort of smart home device, research by Hootsuite and We Are Social finds, making it the most advanced country in the world
30 The number of vans stolen in the UK each day, research by What Car? Vans suggests. More than 43,000 have been stolen since 2016
The amount of small firms that have struggled to recruit the right staff during the past year, research by the Federation of Small Businesses finds
43%
IMAGE: KEVIN LINES PHOTOGRAPHY
The proportion of local authorities in England that do not know their own carbon footprint, an ECA survey finds
The proportion of electrical work carried out directly for the public sector that is paid in more than 30 days. The figure rises to 84 per cent for indirect work, according to ECA
IT’S A WRAP FOR TECHTALK NICEIC and ELECSA are nearing the end of another round of their CPD-accredited TechTalk series. With just one event remaining, the nationwide tour is on track to reach 2,800 delegates. Designed to keep electricians abreast of the latest wiring regulations and provide practical advice, the current tour focuses on topical subjects such as smart installations, BS 5839 Part 6, EICR coding, OLEV registration and EV, including the first amendment to BS 7671. Offering seminars, Q&A sessions and networking with manufacturers, NICEIC and ELECSA have struck upon a winning formula; 98.5 per cent of those surveyed stated they would attend future events. “These events are about helping electricians with their continuous professional development, ensuring
INSURANCE SERVICE WINS EXCEPTIONAL SERVICE AWARD When you’re looking for insurance, you want to know you’re working with a reputable company you can trust. So we’re excited to announce that NICEIC and ELECSA Insurance Services has won Feefo’s Trusted Services Award in recognition of the positive customer feedback received during 2019. Feefo is an independent review site that allows customers to rate their experiences with various companies.
their knowledge is up to date and their installation methods are sound,” said Darren Staniforth, NICEIC senior group technical presenter. “Seeing so many contractors engaging with the programme is very encouraging indeed.” The tour, which began in Wadebridge in September 2019, has already hit 14 venues across England and Northern Ireland. The final session was planned to take place in Llandudno, Wales, on June 9, but has been postponed following the coronavirus outbreak. We hope to communicate a new date for this shortly. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, NICEIC and ELECSA have taken the decision to cancel this year’s Live South event. Live North will take place later in the year, so check niceic-elecsalive.com for updates.
According to Feefo, “the awards recognise those businesses that deliver exceptional experiences, as rated by real customers”. The improved insurance solution for NICEIC and ELECSA registered contractors was relaunched in 2017 by SME Insurance Services, to provide contractors with high quality, affordable and flexible insurance. After running for just over two years, the award is a great achievement for the team. Thank you for all your fantastic reviews. We look forward to yet another year of providing exceptional service to our customers.
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INDUSTRY UPDATE
VERIFICATION WARNING FROM BAFE BAFE, the independent register of quality fire safety service providers, has launched a new campaign to inform premises management and the public that specifying third party certification is only part of the process in acting with due diligence. The campaign Don’t Just Specify, Verify! highlights the important, and sometimes overlooked, second verification stage when specifying and sourcing a competent third party certified provider to help comply with fire safety legislation. “As noted in government guidance, specifying third party certification is a robust method of sourcing a competent provider to help you fulfil your fire safety obligations,” said Stephen Adams, chief executive of BAFE. “However, there is still an onus on the premises management (responsible person/ duty holder) to check that their chosen providers are appropriately third party certified and competent for the work required. If you specify a third party certified provider, but don’t verify this before awarding a contract,
this could result in insufficient fire safety in your building and make you accountable under current legislation. It is easy and quick to check, which helps towards a safer building and, in the event of a fire, stronger defence, having acted with due diligence.” BAFE continues to promote the value of third party certification to public, specifiers and end-users of the fire safety industry, in the interest of life and building safety. “The culture of chasing the lowest quote for fire safety work must end, focusing instead on sourcing evidentially competent, independently assessed providers to get the job done properly,” added Adams. “Make sure you specify third party certified fire safety service providers and verify they are appropriately certified for the service you require. It’s a quick and simple action, but incredibly important.”
This year has seen significant announcements around electric vehicles and the UK’s need for a charging infrastructure that is fit for purpose. The below gives a brief summary of what’s new in this area. February 3: Amendment 1 of BS 7671 landed. This was introduced to make it easier for electrical designers and installers to choose a suitable Mode 3 charge point that can safely supply an electric vehicle when it is supplied from a system forming part of a PME supply. All contractors should review the full scope of Amendment 1, which is available to view and download via the NICEIC and ELECSA customer portals and the IET website. February 4: The government announced that the proposed ban on the sale of diesel and petrol vehicles in England, Wales and Northern Ireland would be brought forward from 2040 to 2035. Scotland had previously set a target of 2032, which is unchanged.
Viewpoint: Minimising risk Risk assessment in the workplace is something you are required by law to carry out. Think about what might cause harm and whether you are taking steps to prevent it. Do you document your risk assessments because you MUST, otherwise you can’t work on site or won’t win a contract? Do you use the same risk assessments for every job? Throughout my career, many employers have voiced their frustration on this “necessary evil”; it takes too much time and they don’t see the point. My response is: stop making it hard for yourself! A risk assessment is not about huge amounts of paperwork; it should be easy to read and factual. Assessing risks should add value to your work and how you protect yourself and others.
ELECTRIC INFRASTRUCTURE UPDATE
The following tips will help you conduct effective risk assessments: Make sure people understand it; pictures and videos can help Think about work going on around you. What are other contractors using/doing that could affect you? Don’t make it generic! Many elements can change between jobs You haven’t seen it all! You may have years of experience, but don’t become complacent.
March 11: As part of the Spring Budget, the chancellor pledged £500 million to support the rollout of a super-fast charging network as he aims to ensure motorists are never more than 30 miles from a rapid charging station. That is a fair amount of movement in a short space of time and shows the momentum behind mass introduction of electric vehicles. Developments in this field present opportunities for our industry, and those that upskill in this area now will be keenly positioned to take advantage of new business streams, moving forward.
Assessing risk and putting the right measures in place can save lives and protect businesses. Break away from negativity and start creating a stronger, safer and more caring workforce. Georgina Jenner is health, safety and environment manager at Certsure
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PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Lead the way Our industry is moving at pace and those contractors who invest in continuous professional development can remain ahead of the curve
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Certsure was investing in enhanced remote learning solutions long before the word ‘coronavirus’ entered our lives. As such, we have more online solutions in the pipeline, details of which will be shared in the near future. Watch this space for more news, but in the meantime, keep safe – and please keep learning! If you are a registered online certification and reporting system user, your log in details will give you access to the customer portal. If not, you can register providing you have access to your account details, which will be held by your PDH or QS. Should you experience any difficulties, take a look at NICEIC’s Youtube page ‘Customer Portal’ or give us a call.
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ILLUSTRATION: ALEX WHITWORTH
Neil Vincent is head of training at NICEIC and ELECSA
any electrical contractor, this service is a benefit you receive as part of your NICEIC and ELECSA registration. It is important to remember that when the COVID-19 crisis passes, we will continue to grapple with environmental issues. The UK will still be working towards a 2050 netzero target, and the nation’s electricity dependency will still be following an upward trend. The shift towards a greener future will present some exciting opportunities for those skilled in our industry; however, you must be on the front foot in terms of technical knowledge. We urge you to use this opportunity to get ahead of the game and improve your learning today. The technical library is available by logging onto the NICEIC and ELECSA customer portal via our website.
pring 2020 has brought challenges. With restrictions on movement and social gatherings, it is easy to assume that everything has to grind to a halt, training included. Many face-to-face training providers, including NICEIC and ELECSA, have postponed training courses. However, why not take the chance to invest time in yourself and your own personal studies? ‘Continuous professional development’ is a term used often in our industry; with the pace of change, and the safetycritical nature of our work, it is vital electricians remain abreast of regulatory changes. ‘Technical excellence’ is another widely used term, and one we at NICEIC and ELECSA commandeer when describing our registered contractors. We believe in your capabilities and strive to underline your competence by ensuring you have the tools you need. One of the obvious ways we do this is through our technical training courses. Still, it is not the only tool we offer; a less well-known source is our catalogue of technical articles, which are available to you free of charge. You will have seen a selection of these documents in this publication; however, you may not be aware that we have a library of content available via our customer portal. Written by industry-leading technical experts, these articles look at real scenarios and provide detailed technical guidance. A valuable tool for
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YOUR P IC T U R E S
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Caught on camera
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Trusty NICEIC and ELECSA contractors have been busy uncovering and rectifying dodgy installations and DIY botch jobs. Here are some of the worst offenders from the past quarter
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ur latest collection of dangerous discoveries features: a screw which had been through a live conductor for 16 years (1); an unenclosed termination found under loft insulation (2); burned out cables which had been reconnected to a new switch (3); dubious wiring in a domestic property (4); and a tin can junction box under the floorboards (5). It continues with: an overcrowded consumer unit in an HMO (6); burnt-out MCBs caught just in time (7); a badly burnt-out earth leakage switch in a farmhouse (8); poor installation of a smart meter, resulting in burning (9); and a consumer unit still wired for DC with fused neutrals in a wooden box (10).
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Thanks to... > Andrew Reese of Caerphilly firm A Reese Electrical > Chris Martin of CRM Electrical in Preston > Greg Lockwood of Greg Lockwood Electrical in Marsham, near Norwich > James Dillon of JRD Electrical in Bristol > John Wootton of OCD Electrical in Hemel Hempstead > Lee Stiles of LS Electrical in Plymouth > Malik Rizwan of HRS Electrical in Romford > Martin Cheshire of CT Electrical Engineers in Mancetter, Warwickshire > Stuart Dickenson of Worcester firm Dickenson Electrical Services, and > Michael Gibbs of Michael
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Gibbs Electrical Services in Birmingham.
Keep those shots coming in! Email caughtoncamera@redactive.co.uk
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MENTAL HEALTH
Help is at hand The current situation means stress levels are likely to be running high among electrical contractors of all types. Learning when to seek help is the first step to recovery, says Tessa Ogle
G
iven recent events, stress levels are understandably running high as we adjust to a new ‘normality’. While these are natural emotions that are designed to protect us from danger, stress and anxiety can spiral out of control, become debilitating and have a negative impact on our lives if left unchecked. The Electrical Industries Charity (EIC) understands the mental health issues many electrical contractors face, and we are here to assist with advice and practical support. Our services, open to anyone working within the electrical contracting industry, are free of charge and confidential. We offer a helpline, available Monday-Friday between 8am and 8pm, and between 8am and 1pm at weekends. The EIC’s support services include telephone counselling, face-to-face counselling, cognitive behavioural therapies and more. Our team of professionals are here to listen and will work with you to identify the support you need and tailor a support plan that works for you.
endorphins, which are chemicals that help relieve stress and boost happiness. Regular exercise is proven to combat anxiety and depression. People often worry that they have no time to exercise, but even a brisk 10-15 minute walk every other day is beneficial. Fitting in two 30-minute exercise sessions a week can make a significant difference in the battle against stress. MEDITATE A lot us are guilty of spending too much time in front of our computer or laptop. It is essential to take some time out to switch off and relax. One of the best ways to achieve this is by using the HeadSpace app: www.headspace.com/ headspace-meditation-app There are a range of techniques to listen to, which can help you clear your head of worries and assist with feeling calmer. The best part is that you only need to take five-10 minutes out of your busy schedule to listen and feel the benefits.
‘You may not realise how stressed you are until it is pointed out’
Tessa Ogle is managing director and CEO of the Electrical Industries Charity
SEEK HELP One of the most important steps when dealing with stress and anxiety is identifying when you need support. Sometimes, you may not even realise how stressed you are until it is pointed out to you. Keith is an example of someone the charity has supported in managing his stress levels. It wasn’t until he attended an ECA meeting where there was a presentation on signs of stress in the workplace that he realised he could tick almost every box on the list, and it was time to do something about it. He contacted the EIC for advice. As an owner of a small electrical company, Keith faced a high volume of work and long hours. He found himself working onsite in the day and at home in the evenings, leaving him tired, irritable and not eating healthily. TAKE EXERCISE The EIC suggested a few simple methods to help Keith reduce his stress. These can be used by anyone going through a challenging time. Firstly, we advised fitting in exercise. Exercise releases
HEALTHY EATING Eating healthily often goes out of the window during stressful times. However, eating poorly, grabbing sugary snacks or missing meals will not help your stress levels. A regular meal routine that incorporates fruit and vegetables is pivotal in giving you the energy to feel good about yourself. We are still in contact with Keith and are delighted to report he is doing well and feeling much less stressed. He has found time to fit in a few gym sessions, as well as using HeadSpace. It is important to remember that stress can be work-related, but may also be the result of other life events, such as a relationship breakdown, bereavement, financial concerns or trauma. Regardless of the cause, identifying the need for help is the first step in solving the problem. The EIC is NICEIC and ELECSA’s new charity partner. If you’re concerned about stress and anxiety, don’t suffer in silence. Contact us today by visiting our website at electricalcharity.org or by calling our helpline on 0800 652 1618. Remember, our service is confidential and free to anyone working in the industry.
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SMART INSTALLATIONS
Access for all Ac New retrofittable smart switches and sockets are opening up opportunities for installers looking to take advantage of the growing trend for smart installations, says John Shermer
F
or those of us who can remember a time before Facebook, smartphones and even the internet, smart home technology was a specialist undertaking. Only significant investments in time, money and training could get you where you needed to be. Until now. So what has changed? Smartphones and wireless technology have revolutionised the way we communicate with and control smart devices. Data cables have been replaced by wireless signals; rack-mounted computers by smartphones and cost-effective computer chips implanted into individual devices. Because most households already have smartphones, tablets and a wireless network, all that is needed is the smart device (typically a switch or socket) and in most cases a small gateway hub plugged into a WiFi router to send and receive messages. Simple, right? Yes and no. While there are some excellent new cost-effective options for installers, there are also many offerings that are nothing more than consumer gadgets – not serious install propositions. While popular products such as smart lightbulbs perform well in limited room-
based scenarios, limitations including wireless range and lack of ability to extend the system and true integration with existing fittings mean they are not serious propositions for the professional. Most experienced professional installers still look to more traditional, specialist, dedicated offerings, which can cost more because they are tried and tested, and tailored for the job. However, newer, simpler retrofittable technology is moving into this space. By selling at a lower price point and removing the need for specialist expertise, this could open a niche area up to more installers. You don’t need a wealth of training, although advice on how to get the best out of new smart functions is a good idea (Lightwave recommends installers attend its one-day training sessions). And the trend is catching on: with increasing demand for smart tech, more wholesalers are beginning to stock these kind of retrofit devices. For the first time, it’s just possible that you really don’t have to be a genius to be smart. John Shermer is chief technical officer at Lightwave
IN FO C U S / PAU L G ALLOW
Paul Gallow, PG Domestic Electrical Services
How did you get into contracting?
What type of work do you undertake?
Has your previous career helped you?
I was in financial services in South Africa, the US and London. I took redundancy when the market imploded in 2008 and retrained.
Domestic and light commercial work. I’m based near Skipton, and cover north and west Yorkshire and into east Lancashire.
Definitely – I have a spreadsheet which details everything.
Why did you target electrical contracting?
Have you thought of taking someone else on?
Managing the process – all that is done around the actual work.
I’d always thought if I had my time again I would do a trade.
I did think of taking on an apprentice, but the more I looked at it the more red tape there was.
What do you get up to outside work?
Did you set up on your own initially?
What are your future plans?
I run a service restringing squash, badminton and tennis rackets.
I worked with some other guys on solar PV and biomass boilers when feed-in tariffs were high. When they were cut that disintegrated, and I’ve been on my own since.
There will come a time when I don’t want to be under floorboards and in lofts; then I’d like to work with an electrical wholesaler, doing surveys.
If you are a small business or sole trader and would like to feature in In Focus, email infocus@redactive.co.uk
What’s the hardest bit of working for yourself?
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CASE STUDY
The show must go on BY DAVID ADAMS
For years, Cardiff’s Principality Stadium relied on mobile generators as a back-up source of power. Now it’s supported by state-of-the-art UPS systems, which mean events can go on even if power fails
P
icture the scene: a Six Nations men’s rugby match at the Principality Stadium (formerly the Millennium Stadium) in Cardiff has just kicked off under floodlights on a wintry afternoon. Wales are playing their old enemy, England. Almost 74,000 people in the stadium have created a noisy, passionate atmosphere, as 30 frighteningly well-built players crash into each other on the pitch in the cause of national sporting pride. Suddenly, the floodlights go out and every other piece of electrical equipment in the stadium complex also loses power; from the public address system to the lights in the toilets and the electronic tills at food, drink and merchandise concessions. Even if the power supply is restored quickly, the level of disruption is immense. The match cannot resume until the floodlights are powered up again, a process that takes at least 20 minutes. For the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) this scenario would represent a financial and reputational disaster. The thought of a power failure occurring during a major event at the stadium, which also hosts music concerts and boxing matches, seems unthinkable – but in fact, the centre of Cardiff has suffered from a number of large-scale power cuts
since the stadium was built in 1999. For example, a power black-out in September 2018 affected 500 city centre properties. For the first 20 years of its working life, the stadium’s power supply for major events was guaranteed by removing its dependence on the National Grid. Large mobile
£3.5M: THE TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT
generators were carried into the stadium complex by crane and set up to work away for a day each side of the event – a costly, noisy, carbonintensive and polluting solution. UPS TO THE RESCUE Today, thanks to Cardiff-based contractor Evans Electrical and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) technology provided by HITEC, the stadium can use the National Grid supply because, if a power cut occurs, the UPS system will kick in and the stadium will switch seamlessly to a back-up supply. There would certainly be cries of anguish across Cardiff as TV screens went blank, but no one inside the stadium would know there was a problem. Evans Electrical was founded 26 years ago by Michael Evans and now employs about 80 people directly, supplemented by a team of subcontractors or agency staff. Most of its work is on large commercial and industrial projects, often alongside commercial property developer Rightacres. In recent years the two companies have worked together on high-profile projects
The Principality Stadium has a matchday capacity of 74,000
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IMAGE: SHUTTERSTOCK
including the buildings forming the 800,000-square foot Central Square office, residential, leisure and retail development in the city centre, and the BBC’s new 150,000-square foot headquarters for Wales, also in Central Square. The BBC project included installation of two Diesel Rotary Uninterruptible Power Supply (DRUPS) units, which can power the building for up to four days and nights in the event of a blackout. While that project was underway, Evans Electrical director Nik Mason was contacted by Darren Crossman, facilities and safety manager for the stadium and the WRU. Crossman had told a contact at Rightacres that he was looking for a better way to protect the stadium’s power supply and was intrigued by DRUPS; his contact recommended Crossman get in touch with Mason.
The two DRUPS units used at the stadium are the first of their kind to be installed in the UK
COMPLEX TASK However, installing DRUPS units at the stadium would not be straightforward. For a start, the only place where the units could be housed inside the existing stadium
3.4MW: THE AMOUNT OF POWER THAT CAN BE PROVIDED BY THE NEW UPS SYSTEMS
complex was in an open-air space under a concrete ramp. Crossman asked Mason if Evans Electrical could provide a complete turnkey solution: designing and building a facility to house the units in this space, as well as installing and maintaining them. The company had not acted as a principal contractor before, but once the contract was signed in December 2018 it proceeded to do just that – hiring an architect, builders and sub-contractors, managing the planning permission process and commissioning surveys, including for noise levels and the possible impact of flooding. Construction began in May 2019. Evans Electrical project manager Matthew Davies had day-to-day responsibility for running the project. “We had to find out what it took to become the main contractor, and that was a steep learning curve,” he says. “But with the relationships we’ve built up over the years – with authorities, builders, architects and others – we were able to bring the right people onboard to help.” At the core of the project is the DRUPS installation: two HITEC PowerPRO2700 units, which use dynamic, kinetic energy (as opposed to static, battery-driven) UPS technology. In the event of a power outage, the DRUPS units would use the energy stored within kinetic energy hardware inside them to provide all the power the stadium needs for a short period, before the diesel engines inside the units come online to provide back-up power. This provides a seamless supply of energy into the stadium. The stadium
needs 3MW of power; the units provide 3.4MW, offering a cushion for extra reassurance. As Davies says, in the event of a power outage, anyone inside the stadium “won’t even see the lights flicker”. CALLED INTO ACTION The project was completed and officially handed over to the WRU on 27 September 2019, just before the Wales-Barbarians rugby match on 30 September. But the day before the match, the system was used in earnest for the first time when a power cut struck central Cardiff at 12.30pm, blacking out more than 90 properties. The system worked perfectly: no one at the stadium knew there had been a power cut. “Being a Welshman, it’s an overwhelming sense of pride to have done this at the Principality Stadium,” says Davies. “To have installed something that works so well is very satisfying.” He points out that the two units at the stadium are also the first of their kind to be installed in the UK, although the technology is widely used elsewhere, including in China and India. Mason says he would love to install the same technology at other stadia, and to act as a principal contractor again. In all, the project cost £3.5 million – but the cost of a complete power failure during a major event at the stadium could be more than £10 million. “So,” as Mason says, with a hint of understatement, “it has been a worthwhile investment.” David Adams is a freelance business journalist
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY CHECKS
Rental opportunities BY PENELOPE RANCE
The introduction of mandatory electrical safety inspections in the private rented sector in England should generate additional work for contractors. But it’s important landlords understand the need for competence
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IMAGE: ALAMY
IN AN ATMOSPHERE OF POLITICAL
division, there is one thing all sides can agree on: the need for regular domestic electrical safety checks. A new piece of government regulation requires landlords in England’s private rented sector (PRS) to have electrical installations checked at least once every five years. “Electrical safety inspections are important for tenants’ safety,” says Paul Collins, technical services manager for NICEIC and ELECSA. “This new legislation will provide assurance that the electrical installation is in a satisfactory condition for continued use.” John Stewart, policy manager at the Residential Landlords Association, points out that the PRS tends to feature older properties, where electrical safety can be more of a concern. “Having a regular check ensures that that installation is safe, and also protects the landlord’s own investment: if an electrical fault led to a fire, they’re looking at relocating tenants, refurbishment costs, and lost rent,” he says. The regulations come into force on 1 June this year and apply only to electrical installations – the guidance recommends checking appliances, but it’s not mandated. They could create new work opportunities for electrical contractors in the PRS, and rewards for those who position themselves as competent individuals who landlords and letting agents can trust. Similar legislation has been in place in Scotland since December 2015, when PRS landlords became liable to obtain a fiveyearly Electrical Installation Condition Report (EICR), including both an inspection of installations, fixtures and fittings, and provision of records of testing of appliances. In Northern Ireland, there was a green light for electrical checks legislation before the Assembly collapsed, but it is now unclear whether it will be passed, or be part of an upcoming PRS review. Wales, meanwhile, has seen pressure to bring in the legislation, but it has been delayed until at least 2021.
NEW REGIME In England, any tenancies starting after 1 July 2020 will be required to have an Electrical Safety Inspection (ESI) before they commence, while those under way at that date must have an ESI completed before 1 April 2021. For new properties with an Electrical Installation Certificate, or properties with an existing EICR, an ESI will be needed within five years of issue. “Mandating electrical testing should have a limited impact on good professional landlords and agents in the market, many of whom already undertake these inspections,” says David Cox, chief executive of ARLA Propertymark, the professional body for letting agents. “We did raise concerns about the number of engineers available to undertake these reports by the deadline, but have received assurances from the Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government about supply chain capacity.” Nonetheless, there will be plenty of work for electrical contractors. In 2018 there were 4.7 million rented households in England, and 2.5 million private landlords. Rentals make up 20 per cent of the housing market, and there are forecast to be 7.2 million by 2025. This year, NICEIC predicts the potential value of the ESI market to be worth £576.9 million. “It’s a business opportunity for certain electrical contractors to offer electrical inspection services to landlords in the PRS as part of what they do,” says Collins. “According to government statistics, of the 4.7 million rented properties in England, 78 per cent already have an electrical certificate or report in place. Around 22 per cent still need to be done, however, which is a significant chunk of work.” Landlords are not only responsible for having an ESI, but also for carrying out any improvements necessary to ensure electrical safety – and the contractor doing the inspection will be well placed to undertake these. “There are two big opportunities,” says Collins. “The periodic inspection and testing, and any remedial works.”
‘Mandating periodic electrical inspection and testing should have a limited impact on good professional landlords and agents’
2.5M
The number of private landlords in the UK
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY CHECKS
There are also opportunities to do other work for landlords, and undertake maintenance across their portfolio as a trusted tradesperson. Helping landlords understand and comply with new regulations, and increased face-to-face contact with clients, could further boost business. The value to the electrical industry of ESI work is predicted to reach £1.5 billion by 2025. SCOTLAND’S EXPERIENCE Having had EICR legislation for the PRS in place for almost five years, Scotland has seen a full cycle of checks, and contractors there are reaping the rewards. “The Scottish government requirements for private landlords have undoubtedly created work opportunities,” says Doug Gowans, owner of Edinburgh-based Ashley Inspection. “While responsible landlords have generally carried these out as standard, the requirements have focused all landlords on their responsibilities for electrical safety and duty of care to their tenants.” Gowans has also benefited from associated remedial and maintenance work. “Most landlords agree to any remedial work following a thorough explanation of any items noted during the inspection. A typical, regular upgrade following an EICR is the installation of additional smoke or
‘Electrical contractors should be using industry best practice, and charging accordingly’ heat detectors. Honest advice, quality work carried out within agreed timescales, and fair pricing mean recommendations and customer retention generally follow.” Ronnie Grant, owner of Fife-based RB Grant Ltd Electrical Contractors, has had a similar experience. “From the initial visit, something like 95 per cent of the properties require some work,” he says. “And if landlords have upgrading works to do, they’ll call us back to do them, knowing that we’re going to be the ones who’ll come and certify it five years afterwards.” Notifying customers that they have an inspection due also helps generate repeat business. “We’re seeing clients on a more regular basis – it’s easy to set a reminder up for every five years, then go back again,” says Grant. 7.2m: THE NUMBER OF RENTAL PROPERTIES PREDICTED TO EXIST IN THE UK BY 2025
SAFETY STANDARDS The regulations specify that safety checks be undertaken by ‘competent individuals’, which benefits NICEIC Approved Contractor Scheme registrants, as the scheme
HOW TO BE LISTED AS A COMPETENT CONTRACTOR Government guidance defining a person competent to undertake electrical safety inspections (ESI) requires: • A minimum of two years’ experience of periodic inspection and testing • A qualification covering the current version of wiring regulations • A qualification covering the 18th Edition of BS 7671 Wiring Regulations. • Adequate insurance, including £2 million public liability and £250,000 professional indemnity cover.
Registration confers competent contractor status, and any landlord searching for a contractor can be confident the work will be done to standard. The Electrical Competent Persons Register, www.electricalcompetentperson. co.uk, will list all scheme members and organisations that want to, and are able to, undertake ESIs in the PRS. NICEIC and ELECSA will publish information in the coming weeks on how registered contractors can be listed on the Electrical Competent Persons Register.
offers landlords a route to finding qualified contractors. “From a landlord’s perspective, if they use somebody who’s registered with our scheme, they are covered by our Platinum promise,” says Collins. “The government requirement for a contractor doing this work is to have £250,000 professional indemnity insurance as well as the public liability. A contractor with NICEIC insurance has that covered.” Landlords don’t have to use an electrician registered to a specific scheme, as long as they can provide proof of qualifications and insurances. Guidance for landlords, including a checklist, will be published by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. “Recent changes to the Electrotechnical Assessment Specification represent progress towards an effective industry consensus on what individual competence is and how it should be demonstrated,” says Andrew Eldred, director of employment and skills at the Electrical Contractors Association. “Since assessments conducted by certification and registration bodies now include checks that minimum qualification requirements are being complied with, landlords should have greater assurance that an individual working on their premises is qualified and competent – provided they use a certified firm. Where non-registered firms or individuals are used, then the full onus of checking competence falls on the landlord or their agent.” One fear is that the ESI regulations could start a race to the bottom, with landlords looking for the cheapest way to achieve compliance and contractors looking to maximise their number of inspections. “I’m concerned landlords and letting agents will try to get it done as cheaply as possible, and some people may do ‘drive-by inspections’,” says Collins. “Electrical contractors should be using industry best practice, for example Electrical Safety First guidance, and charging accordingly.” Penelope Rance is a freelance business journalist
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F I RE SA F E T Y
In the line of fire BY DAVID ADAMS
The Grenfell Tower tragedy has brought the issue of fire safety firmly into the spotlight, with legislation following the Hackitt review almost inevitable. Those working in the sector need to pay attention
THE AWFUL TRUTH IS THAT IT
always seems to take a tragedy to force through changes needed to improve safety. The Grenfell Tower fire was a truly horrific event that will have a huge, long-term impact on the future development of regulations governing the construction, maintenance and fire-proofing of buildings of all kinds. Those changes will have implications for any electrical contractor installing or maintaining fire and smoke detection and alarm systems, and will eventually affect almost every contractor in some way. Change has been slow. The Grenfell fire happened in June 2017. The government then commissioned an independent review of building regulations and fire safety, led by Dame Judith Hackitt. Her final report, published in May 2018, condemned the existing regulatory regime as “not fit for purpose”. Additionally, it made a series of recommendations, including the creation of new regulator and new regulatory framework, and the development of a ‘golden
thread’ approach to recording information about a building, from its construction onwards, to inform and reflect any subsequent alterations and fire risk assessments. The government accepted the Hackitt review recommendations and published its own implementation plan in December 2018. The Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) created the Building Safety Programme, which pulls together various government and industry bodies “to make sure that buildings are safe – and people feel safe – now, and in the future”. PROPOSED REFORMS In the summer of 2019, MHCLG ran a consultation on proposals for reform, including extending the scope for the new regulatory regime to cover all multi-occupied buildings of 18 metres (six storeys) or more, leaving open the possibility that the scope might be extended further in future. At the time of writing, the government is still considering the feedback to that consultation. The
consultation document provided a vague timeline for feedback analysis and legislation, running into the summer of 2020, but COVID-19 is likely to add delay and uncertainty to this process. Parallel, and in some cases different, changes are being considered or implemented by the devolved governments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Scottish government has set up its own Ministerial Working Group on Building and Fire Safety, and has since revised legal requirements for fire and smoke alarms. It has introduced a requirement for interlinked smoke and heat alarms in every home, which will come into force in 2021. Evacuation alert systems must also now be fitted in new high-rise buildings in Scotland, to be used if fire separation measures that are supposed to prevent
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the spread of fires within such buildings fail, as they did at Grenfell. Installation of such systems may also become mandatory for new high-rise buildings in England and Wales. Meanwhile, representatives of construction, fire safety and related industries, including electrical contracting, have continued to work with standards bodies to help shape the new regulatory regime. Some changes have already been made to Approved Document B within the building regulations (England), referring to external cladding on the outside of buildings.
IMAGE: ALAMY
FOCUS ON COMPETENCE Perhaps most significant to contractors are the steps being taken within industry and government to tighten requirements on the competence of contractors installing and maintaining fire detection and alarm systems. Tom Brookes, chairman of the Fire and Security Association (FSA) and managing director of Lindum Fire Services, believes independent, third-party certification of companies installing and maintaining fire safety systems via schemes such as BAFE SP203-1 or LPS 1014 will be mandated at some stage by the UK and devolved governments, via introduction of a card logo scheme. NICEIC and other electrical industry bodies already encourage contractors to register for the BAFE scheme. “We would like a lot more people to be in the BAFE scheme,” says Justin Maltby-Smith, head of schemes and operations at Certsure. “The value we can add through assessment is to remove the risk
you’re taking as a business without third-party accreditation – how do you know you’re doing things right?” Some contractors who regularly work with fire safety systems fear that simply changing regulations will not eradicate poor quality installations. Daniel Richards runs Nottinghamshire-based contractor DCR Electrical, a 12-year-old company with about 20 permanent staff, which has installed, maintained and reviewed fire detectors, alarms and other systems for domestic and commercial clients throughout its existence. He believes new regulations and standards are of little use if they are not strictly enforced. “They come out with these good ideas, but they’d be better off having more serious fines and penalties for negligence on design or installation,” he says. “We’ve just tested 20 offices that were signed off as newbuild about five years ago through Building Regs – and all the fire safety equipment needs remedial work. It’s not been designed correctly.” Richards is absolutely right to insist anyone working in this area needs to know how to do their job properly. NICEIC offers a range of relevant fire detection and alarm systems courses, covering design, installation, commissioning, maintenance and domestic equipment – all tailored to meet the relevant requirements of the BS 5839 standard. Other service providers and the manufacturers themselves also offer useful training. GET UP TO SPEED Will Lloyd, technical manager at the Fire Industry Association, suggests contractors start off by learning how to install systems before considering moving on to commissioning, design and/or maintenance.
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F I RE SA F E T Y
Deepak Sharad, marketing and offer development manager at Schneider Electric, extols the virtues of Schneider’s Acti9 Isobar P distribution boards, PowerTag and linked technologies, which enable wireless monitoring of individual circuits. “If, for example, you have a circuit that was running at 40 per cent and it jumps up to 60 per cent, this system can alert you,” he says. “You can take proactive and preemptive decisions to improve the safety of the infrastructure.” ONGOING ISSUE All contractors working with fire safety-related systems need to keep their knowledge of BS 5839, Parts 1 (commercial buildings) and 6 (domestic buildings), up to date.
FURTHER INFORMATION
The Grenfell Tower tragedy of 2017 is likely to prompt much regulatory change, including around fire alarm systems
NICEIC fire alarm and emergency lighting training courses: niceic. com/contractor/trainingcourses/fire-alarm-andemergency-lighting-courses NICEIC training for BAFE fire detection scheme (BAFE SP203-1): niceic.com/join-us/ bafe-sp203-1 Fire Industry Association fia.uk.com
Part 6 was updated in 2019: changes include new recommendations for fire detection in supported housing, while the standard’s grading system for fire safety equipment, which determines the appropriate level of protection for a specific environment, has been revised. PostGrenfell regulatory changes may lead to more changes in both parts of the standard and in the next edition of the Wiring Regulations, due in 2022. Tim Benstead, principal technical author for NICEIC and ELECSA and a member of various technical groups in the industry helping to create the new regulatory framework, stresses the need for contractors to continue to monitor regulatory developments. “Fire safety is in the government’s eye,” he says. “No government could ignore an event like Grenfell.” Fire safety affects all of us. The business case for making it one of a contractor’s core business activities is the fact that every single person or business in the UK is a potential client. “According to the legislation and the Building Regulations, every building requires the means of warning against fire,” says Lloyd. “So every building needs a fire alarm system, and at some point someone needs to put the wires in.”
David Adams is a freelance business journalist
IMAGE: GETTY
“If you can wire a ring final circuit you can wire a fire alarm,” he says. “Someone else can do the design and commissioning, but wiring the cables – an electrician can do that. Get third-party certified, just for the installation element, then you can become a sub-contractor for other fire safety contractors. Then you can get more confidence and move on to commissioning.” Most systems are not technically complex, but they must be used correctly. Detection systems fall into three basic categories: ionisation smoke detectors, which detect small particles of smoke produced by fast-flaming fires; optical detectors, which react to larger smoke particles produced by slower burning fires; and heat detectors. In some buildings a mixture of each will be required, installed in combinations and/or in different locations. Multi-sensor alarms, which incorporate at least two fire sensor types and sometimes also carbon monoxide detectors, are being used in a growing number of locations. The key argument for their use is a reduction in the number of false alarms. “False alarms are the death knell to a fire alarm, because people get desensitised to them,” says Lloyd. “Multi-sensor alarms are helping with that problem, but they have to be selected effectively.” More advanced systems used in larger buildings are ‘addressable’ – that is, linked together via wired or wireless connections to provide the user with information related to a specific detector, rather than just a circuit within the system. Videobased fire detection can also play a complementary role, particularly in settings like heritage buildings. In some buildings it may be useful for advanced alarm systems to be complemented by other technologies that can help to reduce fire risks by detecting the potential for dangerous faults within electrical systems, in line with requirements outlined in the 18th edition. Relevant products include Schneider’s Air Circuit Breakers, which can be managed remotely via smartphones, and arc fault detection devices.
28 S P RI NG 2 02 0
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03/04/2020 10:17
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CON T RAC TO R P R O F IL E
Originally Glasgow City Council’s in-house maintenance division, City Building has grown into one of the largest construction firms in Scotland BY NICK MARTINDALE
Branching out G
lasgow-based City Building has a unique history. Originally the city council’s building and works department, it became a separate legal entity in 2006, enabling it to take on work for other clients and expand beyond its traditional base of the council’s social housing stock, following the housing stock transfer. In 2017, the structure changed again, with the firm becoming part of a joint venture with Glasgow City Council and housing, care and property-management firm the Wheatley Group. This saw it take on repairs and investment work for Wheatley’s registered social landlords, reaching all the way to the Scottish border in Dumfries and Galloway. This includes former Glasgow City Council stock, its commercial housing subsidiary Lowther Homes, part of its caring arm in Loretto Housing Association, and its property management company YourPlace. The business is multi-faceted, providing a range of construction services from full building projects to repairs and maintenance and turning over £225 million a year. It employs 2,250 people – around one in eight of all construction workers in the city – and makes use of a further 1,800 through its vetted subcontractors supply chain.
Scott Stewart is head of City Building’s electrical division, having worked his way up after joining as an apprentice in 1995. “I’ve been off the tools for about 14 years now,” he says. “I started off doing repairs and maintenance as an electrician, and then progressed on to undertaking rewires, controlled entry, stair lighting and storage heating installations. I then became an operations manager in charge of rewires and then a senior contracts manager, overseeing a variety of medium-to-large projects. “One project was a primary school where the value was around £13 million, and the electrical element was about £3 million,” he adds. “Now I’m electrical division manager so I’m in charge of the whole electrical aspect, from compliance through to repairs and maintenance, newbuild schools and housing. I run a team of 20 electrical managers.” The electrical division currently has 225 electricians, with 30 managers and other staff, including 15 qualified NICEIC supervisors.
Having been with the firm for almost 26 years, Scott has seen how much things have changed. “When I started, City Building was a repairs and maintenance company that would do a bit of construction work, but we’re now a construction company,” he says. “We continue to do repairs and maintenance but have diversified more into construction and major refurbishment works, in terms of the value of work and turnover. About 50 per cent of our turnover is split between repairs and maintenance and construction work, building new care homes, schools and nurseries. As one of Scotland’s largest construction companies, we’re a big player now in the sector, managing projects from the groundworks up.” MULTI-FOCUSED FIRM Around three-quarters of the firm’s electrical work today is in the social housing space, carrying out repairs and maintenance, rewires, and kitchen and bathroom
1 IN 8: THE PROPORTION OF ALL CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN GLASGOW EMPLOYED BY CITY BUILDING
‘City Building was a repairs and maintenance company that would do a bit of construction work, but we’re now a construction company’ 30 S P RI NG 2 02 0
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renovations – including ventilation – as well as newbuild properties. It also undertakes various aspects of compliance work such as fixed installation testing, PAT testing and Category LD2 Grade D smoke and heat alarm installations, as well as critical fire safety works for vulnerable customers in the form of stove guards and flashing beacons.
The company has led the way in applying the private rented sector rules relating to fixed installation testing for social housing, even though this is not a legal requirement. “We’ve applied that since 2015, and that’s credit to our partners for embracing that change and to the workforce for presenting that option to them,” says Scott.
City Building employs 2,250 people, as well as making use of a further 1,800 through its subcontractors supply chain. The company also operates its own apprentice scheme (below, left)
25%
It’s also currently conducting a fire stop campaign as a result of the Grenfell tragedy. It has a dedicated compliance co-ordinator to identify where these may be required as a result of any electrical work, working in both the social housing and private rented sector. Another focus is an emergency lighting upgrade programme in multi-storey flats in Glasgow. There are 82 such projects currently being undertaken; 18 were completed last year, and a further 17 are due to be completed this year. In the commercial sector, the electrical division plays its part in the firm’s wider construction projects, and has completed around 35 primary schools and nurseries and 16 care homes to date, including the £23 million Leithland Care Home project. “That was a newbuild care home, so we installed the fire safety systems, emergency lighting, CCTV and line controls,” says Scott. “With
The proportion of female workers at City Building 30-32 Contractors profile_Connections Spring 2020_Connections 31
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CON T RAC TO R P R O F IL E
any building now we have an eye on the environment, so we’re always working out how best to save energy through controls.” FUTURE PIPELINE The business has always developed its own staff through apprenticeships, and runs the largest construction craft apprenticeship programme in Scotland. Currently, it has 245 apprentices going through its programme, including 60 at different points on the electrical scheme, with the idea of taking on 20 each year. “We have some very experienced people who select the right people to go on to our apprenticeships, which means 94 per cent of all City Building apprentices go on to complete their apprenticeship, compared to an industry average of 75 per cent,” says Scott. “Of that 94 per cent, around 90 per cent gain employment with us at the end of the apprenticeship.” Around 25 per cent of all employees are female, he adds – well above industry average. This isn’t the only unique measure when it comes to employment. City Building also operates Royal Strathclyde Blindcraft Industries, one of the largest supported manufacturing businesses in Europe. The firm employs more than 250 people, over half of whom have a disability, and supplies equipment to social housing, including kitchens, office furniture and beds. NICEIC has also played its part in the company’s success, says Scott. “We have benefited from their competency and qualification model,” he says. “By following this, I can ensure that all of our electrical departments are not only able to prove their theoretical knowledge, but can also demonstrate how this is put into practice. Only by combining the two can we be confident that our team are second to none.” FUTURE PROGRESS The aim for the next few years, says Scott, is to consolidate recent
Scott Stewart, alongside his two daughters at Garrowhill Primary School, where the company undertook a £13 million project
Company City Building Established 2006 Major projects 35 primary schools and nurseries, including Garrowhill Primary School; 16 care homes, including Leithland Care Home
growth, and the business is already looking to move into emerging markets to do that. Renewables is one such area, including installing electric vehicle (EV) charging stations and fitting solar PV panels, battery storage systems or air source heat pumps in newbuild commercial projects. “We’re hoping we’re going to get a substantial amount of solar PV work to deliver through Glasgow City Council,” he says. The firm has already invested in training for staff in the EV charging point field. “You’d have battery storage which could store electricity and then pass it down to the electric vehicle charging unit, rather than back to the grid,” he says.
‘We’re a big player now as a construction company, and we manage whole projects from the groundworks up’
“The concept is there, but the technology needs to be there too, so it’s a chicken-and-egg scenario. We’re just waiting for the right time.” Moves by vehicle manufacturers to phase out combustion engines will help the market grow, he adds, and could even see City Building installing charging points at its own base in future. “We’ll continue to look to diversify and improve the service we deliver to our customers,” says Scott. “We have a very diverse workforce that is passionate and willing to embrace change, retrain and learn new technologies to keep them at the forefront of the industry.” As for Scott himself, he’s justifiably proud of his own journey. “There’s a real family culture here,” he says. “They have put me on many further education programmes, and they do that with any employee that’s willing to learn. I’m very pleased to work here.” Nick Martindale is editor of Connections
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technical
Your industry-leading reference guide to technical information 36
Ask the experts Answers to some of the more frequently asked questions put to our Technical Helpline
38
Networking data cables Installing twisted pair network cables to BS ISO / IEC 11801 and BS EN 50173 series, and complying with BS 7671 requirements
42
Apprentice Corner The effect of temperature on the resistance of conductors, and how BS 7671 requirements apply
44
Evacuation alert systems An introduction to BS 8629: 2019 – Part 1 Examining the new BS 8629: 2019 standard on evacuation alert systems – one of the consequences of the 2017 Grenfell Tower tragedy
50
Evacuation alert systems An introduction to BS 8629: 2019 – Part 2 A continued look at the new evacuation alert systems standard, BS 8629: 2019
54
Protection against transient overvoltages Clarifying where Section 443 of BS 7671’s requirements for provision of overvoltage protection are, and are not, applicable
56
Smart devices What ‘smart device’ refers to, the types of smart device commonly used, how to connect them both wirelessly and using wires, and how they communicate with each other
THE NICEIC AND ELECSA PUBLISHING TEAM Tim Benstead principal technical author Jonathan Elliott senior technical author Terry Bratley technical author Craig Waslin technical author Chris Long technical engineer Alex Whitworth technical illustrator
HELPLINE Sam Donaghy technical engineering manager Duncan McFarlane technical helpline engineer Norman Bradshaw technical helpline engineer Mark Cooper technical helpline engineer Richard Atkins technical standards engineer Mark Barnes-Rider technical helpline engineer Craig Kemp technical helpline engineer Craig Cunningham technical helpline engineer
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T E C HN I CAL
Ask the experts
QU E ST I ON
Further to the previous question, Regulation 722.311 states that load curtailment may be used. What does this mean? ANSWE R
We continue with our series of answers to some of the more frequently asked questions put to our Technical Helpline Q UE STIO N
What is the difference between an electric vehicle (EV) charging point and electric vehicle (EV) charging equipment? A N SW E R
With reference to the definitions given in Part 2 of BS 7671: • The term ‘EV charging equipment’ is an assembly which contains one or more charging points; and • An ‘EV charging point’ is the point at which an electric vehicle is connected to the fixed installation. A note to the above defined term clarifies that a charging point may be a socket-outlet where a detachable connecting cable is employed, or a connector where the connecting cable is an integral part of the charging equipment.
Regulation 722.533.101 states that each EV charging point must be supplied individually by a final circuit. How is this requirement met when EV charging equipment has more than one socket-outlet?
Q
With reference to the definitions in Part 2 it can be seen that: • the circuit supplying the EV charging equipment is a distribution circuit or ‘sub-main’ as it supplies distribution equipment or switchgear forming part of a separate installation; and • the wiring within the EV charging equipment downstream of the overcurrent protective device required by Regulation 722.533.101 is a final circuit. This is because it connects directly to socket-outlet(s) or other outlet point(s) for the connection of current-using equipment – in this case the electric vehicle.
A
Q UE STIO N
Measures may be employed to enable multiple vehicles to be connected to charging equipment simultaneously such that the rated current of the charging equipment, and hence the circuit supplying it, are not exceeded. Such load control measures must take into account the variable nature of charge current demand of the vehicles connected and may be integral to the charging equipment or provided via ‘back-room’ monitoring of demand. QU E ST I ON
Do the requirements of Regulation 722.411.4.1 regarding TN systems apply to the following: a) Installations forming part of a TN-S system b) Installations forming part of a TT system c) Installations employing protective neutral bonding (PNB)?
ANSWE R
a) No. It should be noted, however, that there may be occasions when what at first appears to be a TN-S supply arrangement has been converted to TN-C-S as a result of line repairs carried out on the supply network. However, unless this has been indicated at the intake position or has been confirmed by the supplier, it should be assumed that the supply remains TN-S b) No c) Yes.
How can the design current for EV charging equipment be determined? A N SW E R
Regulation 722.311 states that load curtailment/limitation measures, including load reduction or disconnection, may be employed to regulate current demand and distribution of available capacity to users. Such measures may be applied either manually or automatically and may be taken into consideration when determining the maximum demand of all or part of the EV charging installation. Do you have a technical query? Call our helpline on 0333 015 6628
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Area Engineer / Malcolm Bowmer
Q UE STIO N
EV charging equipment in domestic premises is often supplied via a secondary consumer unit containing a double-pole RCD and a circuitbreaker or similar arrangement. Must this consumer unit comply with the requirements for non-combustibility of Regulation 421.1.201? A N SW E R
Yes.
EV charging unit
When did you first become an Area Engineer for NICEIC? Back in August 2002. How has the job changed in that time? The process remains essentially the same, however advances in IT for the field team have streamlined some business processes.
Malcolm Bowmer Sheffield and North Derbyshire NICEIC and ELECSA employ 80 field team staff to assess contractors’ work and provide up-to-date technical advice. To many of you they will be the face of NICEIC and ELECSA that you see regularly. Here we turn the tables and put them in the spotlight
Circuit cable
What are some of the biggest changes within the industry that you have come across in that time? The change from traditional wiring methods to modular wiring systems and, increasingly, more intelligent building services. What’s the strangest thing you have come across on an assessment during your time with NICEIC? A 10-foot snake in a bath tub. What’s the strangest request you have had? To call at a local supermarket to collect ‘something’ – I ended up with about £20,000 in a carrier bag on my knee. What interesting jobs have some of your contractors being involved with? Lots! They include Manchester Airport’s T2 extension, various train servicing depots and newbuilds for both of Sheffield’s universities.
Consumer unit located in a garage for example
What are your interests outside of work? I play drums in two bands in and around Yorkshire. If you could have a superpower, what would it be? Time travel. Must meet requirements of 421.1.201
If you had a day off tomorrow, what would you do? If it was sunny, some gardening or a walk. If it was rainy I’d probably learn a few new drum fills and grooves.
Distribution circuit
Favourite book, film and TV programme? Favourite author is Peter James, a crime writer, so anything by him. My top film is the first Terminator and the TV programme is Hunted.
Consumer unit at the origin
What’s the one best bit of advice you would give to electrical contractors? Learn to say ‘no’ from time to time rather than overcommit. In the long run it’s often worth it.
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T E C HN I CAL
Networking data cables O B JE C TIVE
from external influences, which can lead to reduced signal quality or loss of signal. In large installations, the range of the wireless network may be limited such that the installation of data network cables may be a favourable option for providing a direct link to the network. In addition to greatly improving the reliability of connected devices, a direct link to the LAN also permits greater amounts of data to be transferred at a faster speed and reduces latency1 between input and output devices. It is recognised that, in larger installations, the use of access points for expansion of the wireless network around such buildings is an available option. However, in many cases these devices require the provision of a network cable such as a twisted pair cable, which allows for data and power to be transmitted within the same cable. This is referred to as Power over Ethernet (PoE), which will be discussed later in this article. Manufacturers’ instructions should always be carefully considered when installing these types of devices as they often specify a particular type of cable for use with their equipment.
The aim of this article is to provide guidance for the contractor on the installation of twisted pair network cables to BS ISO / IEC 11801 and BS EN 50173 series, and compliance with BS 7671 requirements.
Introduction Many commercial and industrial installations employ networking cable as a means of providing the infrastructure for Ethernet networks, allowing a link for communication between groups of items of equipment such as workstation computers, cash registers, printers and network servers. However, some devices, such as those used to control office lighting, work on a connected bus system operated through a software interface including, typically, a multi-pair cable having a screened data pair and unscreened power pair. Within the home, smart devices such as audio and video equipment, lighting and heating control systems often require a network connection. This connection, typically based on a local area network (LAN), allows such devices: • To access internet-based data sources and services; for example, a heating system might retrieve the latest weather information to enhance energy efficiency • To give the user greater control and monitoring of connected devices whilst away from the home to, for example, aid improved energy performance or provide improved security/ property monitoring. Although many devices can connect wirelessly to a network, such connections are generally limited in range, are possibly susceptible to security risks and can suffer from interference
Twisted pair data cable
1 The term latency describes the time delay of a data signal having been sent from a source and the receiving device acting upon the signal received. 2 TX+ and TX- are the pair used for transmission, whilst RX+ and RX- are the receiving pair.
Generally, networking data cables are made up of four twisted pairs of copper conductors, although other types are available, and are offered in various configurations, as shown in Fig 2. The twisted pairs are typically used for carrying data signals, a digital pulse or the variations in voltage between (TX+ and TX-) and (RX+ and RX-) conductors2. However, in many cases, not all the twisted pairs within a cable are used for transmission of data. The performance and ability of a cable to transmit large amounts of data for a particular application will mostly depend upon the cable’s grade of construction. These grades are generally arranged into categories that are used to determine the amount of data the cable can carry, a measure of high and low bandwidth, and the speed at which the data can
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be transmitted from its source to output device (transmission speed). Generally, the types of cable available would include Categories 5 to 8.2, as shown in Table 1.
Fig 1 Typical representation for bandwidth 0 dB
Bandwidth
-3 dB
The bandwidth is a cable’s ability to carry a signal ranging across upper and lower bands of frequency over a period of time, as shown in Fig 1. For example, a Category 5 cable with a maximum bandwidth of 100 MHz would be able to process a signal between point’s fL and fH on a frequency response curve, as shown by Fig 1.
B fL
f0
fH
f
These are referred to as cut-off frequencies, and the bandwidth of a signal is the frequency between these two cutoff points.
Cable construction The method of construction varies between the Categories and relates to the performance of the cable. In the example of a typical screened Category 6A cable, as shown in Fig 2, the cable is capable of transferring greater amounts of data per second in comparison to an unscreened Category 5 cable. This is due to the cables’ construction, which includes: • An outer sheath; this may vary between manufacturers but mostly consists of PVC, polyethylene or low smoke halogen (LSZH) insulation3 • Interior separation used for mitigating the unwanted coupling of adjacent conductors and prevent the induced noise (crosstalk) transference between each twisted pair of conductors • Inner aluminium foil screen prevents external noise (alien crosstalk4) from disrupting the transmitted signal • Conductors, which vary in cross-sectional area (csa) between categories. Typically for Category 6A the csa is 0.258 mm2 solid copper, generally covered with high density polyethylene insulation, arranged in four twisted pairs • The twisting arrangement of conductors varies in pitch between the pairs of conductors within the cable and is measured in twists per inch (TPI). This helps to reduce the internal (crosstalk) or electromagnetic interference
B fL fH f0 -
Where 0 dB is the maximum power available and -3 dB is the cut-off point where the power of the data signal has been reduced by 50% and the output voltage has been reduced by 0.707.
Bandwidth low frequency cut-off point high frequency cut-off point centre frequency
between pairs of conductors, allowing for pure signal distribution with less error.
3 Manufacturers often reference a cable sheath having (LSZH), although Construction Product Regulations (CPR) specify a particular code highlighting product conformity, for example BS EN 50399 B2ca s1a d1 a1. 4 Alien crosstalk is referenced in BS ISO / IEC 11801 series, which relates to the induction electromagnetic interference from neighbouring cables. 5 Category 5 referenced in UK standard corresponds to Category 5e of the international standard, although Category 5e is available in the UK.
The TPI is typically increased between the pairs of conductors in a Category 6A cable compared with that of a Category 5. Cables having stranded copper conductors provide greater flexibility and would typically be used for patch cables or for final connections to portable devices.
Cable termination The connection of electronic equipment is referenced in IEC 60603-7 series and relates to the interface of Category cables and the termination of conductors, as shown in Fig 2. There are two standards for the connection of RJ-45 terminations, T-568A and T-568B (defined in the US standard ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-2.D), which relate to the order of terminations of conductors within that standard. It is critical to have correct and adequate terminations at both ends of the cable. Any poor
Table 1 Transmission speeds for various Categories of cable Category
Shielding
Maximum transmission speed and distance
Maximum bandwidth
Cat 55
Screened or Unscreened
1 000 Mbps @ 100 m
100 MHz
Cat 6
Screened or Unscreened
1 000 Mbps @100 m
250 MHz
Cat 6A
Screened or Unscreened
10 000 Mbps @100 m
500 MHz
Cat 7
Screened
10 000 Mbps @ 100 m
600 MHz
Cat 7A
Screened
10 000 Mbps @ 30 m
1 000 MHz
Cat 8.1 or 8.2
Screened
25 000 Mbps @ 30 m
2 000 MHz
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T E C HN I CAL
termination will reduce signal strength or cause a loss or noise in the transmitted signal, creating errors and distortion.
Fig 2 E typical Category 6A cable and typical pin layout for RJ 45 connector
Power over Ethernet (PoE) The POE applications use either two or four pairs to deliver power to terminal devices; power can be transmitted over data conductors. Other applications may include the distribution of a DC power supply through a device such as an Ethernet switch, used to connect equipment such as lighting controllers, IP cameras, wireless access points and access control systems over the same network cable. This will be discussed further in more detail in a subsequent edition of Connections.
RJ45 Pinout T-568B
Separator
12345678
12345678
Twisted pair conductors
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Typical CAT 6A Cable
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pin 1
Aluminium foil screen T-568A
RJ-45 Plug
CAT 5
CAT 6A
T-568B
Outer sheath
Requirements of BS 7671 The requirements of BS 7671 are applicable to the installation of network data cables within a building – refer to Regulation 110.1.2 indent (v). Network cables are often distributed throughout the fabric of the building, usually from a central location, which makes them more likely to be in contact with other cables having mixed voltages. To satisfy the requirements of Regulation 528.1 and minimise the risk of interference between cables of different voltage levels, cables of Band I and Band II should not be contained within the same wiring system. Where network cables of Band I are installed in a duct or shared void, and/or cross with cables of Band II, segregation will need to be provided for a minimum separation of 100 mm. Where this is not practical, mechanical protection shall be provided (Regulation 528.2). Likewise, network cables are normally terminated within a patch panel or media racking cabinet, which allows peripheral devices such as Ethernet switches, routers, video and audio equipment to be contained within one location. However, such a configuration will mean that mixed voltages are likely to be grouped within the same assembly, and segregation will be required (Regulation 515.2). Furthermore, the methods used for sealing low voltage cable penetrations within a building structure also apply where data networking cables are installed. Such sealing arrangements are a fundamental requirement of the Building
Separation to reduce inteference
Regulations in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, in addition to the requirements of Regulation Group 527.2 of BS 7671.
Summary Where it is necessary to install network data cables for smart devices within a building, installers need to be mindful of the suitability of a cable for a particular application; reference should always be made to manufacturer’s recommendations. In addition, where such types of cable are likely to be installed in proximity to cables of mixed voltages, creating a potential for interference and signal error, segregation shall be provided. Further information regarding the different types of smart device and their methods of communication, typically used within the home, not precluding other types of installations, can be found elsewhere in this edition of Connections. Subsequent articles will look at creating smart installations for improved control, energy efficiency and installation monitoring.
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Commercial
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Apprentice Corner Resistance Part 2 Temperature The aim of apprentice corner in this issue of Connections is to introduce temperature and the effect it has on the resistance of conductors, and how the requirements of BS 7671 apply. This will be complemented using examples and a number of multiple-choice questions.
Introduction In a previous issue of Connections (Issue 211), it was stated that the resistance of a material was dependent upon four factors: i) length – measured in metres (m) ii) cross-sectional area – measured in squaremetres (m2) iii) resistivity of the conductor material – measured in ohm-metre (Ωm) and has the symbol ρ (rho) iv) temperature – measured in ⁰C. Considering the length, cross-sectional area (csa) and resistivity, the equation
Temperature coefficients approaching zero can be obtained by alloying certain metals such as manganin, an alloy of copper, manganese and nickel, which are used for high grade resistors because of their thermal stability. For the elements carbon, silicon and germanium, the temperature coefficient is a negative number; this means that the conductor resistance has a negative temperature coefficient. A subsequent article will consider the uses that can be made of these effects with thermistors. The current-carrying capacity tables in Appendix 4 of BS 7671, for cables not buried in the ground, are based on an ambient temperature of 30 ⁰C. Where the ambient temperature is expected to differ from the reference values, correction factors need to be applied, such as those given in Table 4. The change of conductor resistance with an increase in temperature can be significant. Conductor resistance values may be corrected to other resistance values for conductor temperatures other than for 20 °C, by using the formula: R = R20 [1 + (T – T20 )] Ω Where: R the corrected conductor resistance value, in Ω, at temperature T ⁰C R20 the conductor resistance value at a reference temperature, usually 20 ⁰C, but can be 0 ⁰C α (alpha) is the temperature coefficient of resistance for the conductor material. Typically for copper or aluminium the value is taken to be 0.004 per ⁰C T conductor temperature in ⁰C T20 reference temperature that α is specified at for the conductor material.
Example 1 What will be the resistance of a 6 mm2 csa copper conductor at 30 ⁰C whose resistivity value is 1.85 x 10-8 Ωm? Determine the conductor resistance at 20 ⁰C.
ρl R= a Ω enables the resistance of a material to be calculated. This equation is useful when comparing various materials on the basis of their ability to conduct electrical currents.
-8 ρl R = a = 1.85 × 10 -6 × 1 = 3.1 mΩ per metre (mΩ/m) 6 × 10
Conductor resistance at 30 ⁰C Using R = R20[1 + α(T – T20)] and substituting values gives: R = 3.1[1 + 0.004(30 – 20)] R = 3.1 × (1 + 0.004 × 10) R = 3.1 × 1.04 R = 3.22 mΩ per metre
Temperature The value of resistivity for both conductors and insulators depends on the temperature of the material. Tables of resistivity for conductors are usually listed at a value of 20 °C, which is generally considered to be room temperature or ambient temperature. The resistivity of metallic conductors typically increases with a rise in temperature; this is known as a positive temperature coefficient. Materials that are used as insulators whose resistivity decreases with a rise in temperature are said to have a negative temperature coefficient.
It can be seen from the above calculation that the original value of conductor resistance at 20 ⁰C is increased by a multiplication factor of 1.04 for a conductor temperature rise of 10 ⁰C. (Note that 30 ⁰C is the ‘assumed initial conductor temperature’ used in Table 54.2 of BS 7671.) 42 S P RI NG 2 02 0
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Example 2
Multiple-choice questions
Using the same cable of 6 mm2 as in example 1, what will the conductor resistance be at 70 ⁰C? Using R = R20[1 + α(T – T20)] and substituting values gives: R = 3.1[1 + 0.004(70 – 20)] R = 3.1 × (1 + 0.004 × 50) R = 3.1 × 1.2 R = 3.72 mΩ per metre
1. The term positive temperature coefficient when used to describe the behaviour of a material means that: a) Its resistance will decrease with an increase in temperature b) Its resistance will increase with an increase in temperature c) Its resistance will not change with changing temperatures d) The resistance is dependent upon the polarity of the supply
The above calculation shows that the resistance of a conductor at 70 ⁰C is 1.2 times its resistance value at 20 ⁰C. (Note that 70 ⁰C is the ‘assumed initial conductor temperature’ used in Table 54.3 of BS 7671 for 70 ⁰C thermoplastic insulated cables.) Table 1 lists the resistance temperature correction factors for protective conductors with thermoplastic insulation, which are protected by standard overcurrent devices (given in Tables 41.2, 41.3 and 41.4 of BS 7671).
2. The temperature coefficient for carbon is given as –0.00048 per ⁰C. This means that: a) Carbon conductors must be kept cool to prevent overheating b) Resistance will only change with minus temperature values c) 0.00048 is to be subtracted from the original resistance value d) As temperature rises the conductor resistance will decrease
Example 3 During the design process, the calculated (R1 + R2) for a circuit wired in twin and earth cable having a thermoplastic 70 ⁰C sheath is 0.83 Ω. What would be the assumed resistance of the cable under fault conditions? Under fault conditions the cable conductor will heat up, so its resistance will increase. Since all resistivity tables are based on a temperature of 20 ⁰C, a temperature correction multiplier must be applied. From Table 1, the multiplier is 1.2, since the cpc is incorporated in a cable. Therefore, the assumed resistance will be 0.83 × 1.2 ≈ 1.0 Ω. For more information of conductor resistances for copper cables having a cross-sectional area between 1.0 mm2 and 50 mm2, refer to Table A1 of Appendix C in the Site Guide published by Certsure.
3. A carbon filament has a resistance 1 k at 0 ⁰C. What would be its resistance if the temperature increased to 75 ⁰C? Assume α to be –0.00048 per ⁰C at 0 ⁰C a) 999 Ω c) 964 Ω b) 1 036 Ω d) 74 964 Ω 4. An aluminium cable has a resistance of 25 at a temperature of 35 ⁰C. What would be its resistance at 0 ⁰C? Assume α to be 0.0038 per ⁰C at 0 ⁰C. a) 22.07 Ω c) 28.33 Ω b) 25.13 Ω d) 0.7116 Ω
Table 1 Conductor temperature correction factors Protective conductor with thermoplastic (pvc) insulation
Initial conductor temperature (see Tables 54.2 and 54.3 of BS 7671)
20 oC conductor resistance correction multiplication factor
Applies where conductor is not incorporated in a cable or bunched with cables, or bare conductors in contact with cable covers
30 oC
1.04
Applies where conductor is incorporated in a cable or bunched with other cables
70 oC
1.2
5. A copper cable is 1.5 km long and has a crosssectional area of 6 mm2. What will be its resistance at 80 ⁰C? Assume ρ to be 1.81 x 10-8 m and α to be 0.004 per ⁰C at 20 ⁰C a) 0.56 Ω c) 27 259 Ω b) 5.6 Ω d) 0.2711 Ω 6. The resistance of a coil of copper wire at 15 ⁰C is 200 . The temperature of the wire is increased and the resistance rises to 250 . What is the temperature to which the coil of wire has risen? Assume α to be 0.004 per ⁰C at 15 ⁰C. a) 15.82 ⁰C c) 62.5 ⁰C b) 20 ⁰C d) 77.5 ⁰C
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Evacuation alert systems An introduction to BS 8629: 2019 – Part 1 O B JE C TIVE
This article discusses the introduction of the new standard BS 8629: 2019 (Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of evacuation alert systems for use by fire and rescue services in buildings containing flats) as one of the consequences of the Grenfell Tower tragedy and the application of the ‘stay put’ strategy recommended by the Fire and Rescue Service (FRS).
Introduction The ‘stay put’ strategy preferred by the FRS relies on each compartment being able to contain a fire and its spread. However, this strategy has been challenged in certain quarters in light of the Grenfell Tower tragedy. The design principle for purpose-built apartments assumes that people within each apartment will be ‘safe’ within a ‘compartment’ that is sufficient to keep a fire in abeyance until people can be safely evacuated. However, the Grenfell Tower fire demonstrated that there may be circumstances in which the compartmentation could be breached. Furthermore, the effectiveness of any fire safety strategy may be compromised by people ignoring alarms due to an excess of unwanted (false) alarms. This was highlighted more recently in a fire at a block of student flats in Bolton where it was reported: ‘It just didn’t feel real; everyone thought it was just
the fire alarms acting up as usual until we heard people screaming’. As a consequence, BS 8629 has been introduced to support the FRS should it decide to initiate an evacuation alert to persons in apartments, particularly those on floors above the level of any fire, as a means to provide a safe and controlled evacuation.
Scope BS 8629: 2019 gives recommendations for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of evacuation alert systems (EAS) for use only by the FRS in buildings containing flats. This standard may be applied to any buildings incorporating flats and does not have a minimum height stipulation. Typically, such a system would be most applicable in buildings having multiple floors. An EAS is not a fire detection and alarm system and does not contain any means of detecting a fire; it is an alarm system only. Furthermore, this standard does not apply to voice alarm systems or where there is the facility for two-way speech communication.
Pre-design Typically, the need for an EAS should be determined as part of the fire strategy for the building. Part 4 of BS 8629 recognises that within the UK there may be variations of need based on specific legislation or guidance. For example, in Scotland, reference should be made to the Technical Handbook. For the rest of the UK, any proposal for an EAS should be subject to consultation with the FRS before any design work is undertaken. This is because the FRS would require suitable training in its use to ensure it does not lead to more confusion in the case of a fire. 44 S P RI NG 2 02 0
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exist. Clause 6.2 recommends that all variations should be: a) identified clearly b) agreed with the FRS and, where relevant, appropriate building control/standards body(ies) c) recorded in any system certificate and logbook.
Fig 1 BS 8629: 2019
System components Part 7 details system components including references to BS EN 542 series and any variations recommended within Clause 7.2.
Monitoring, integrity and reliability of circuits
Part 5 of BS 8629 considers the necessary consultation and areas of responsibility prior to any design work being undertaken. The specific recommendations are detailed in Clause 5.2: a) Consultation with the FRS by the user/ purchaser/consultant prior to system design stage b) Installer to consult with designer, user/ purchaser, supplier of the system and consultants (fire, mechanical, electrical, architects and the like) c) Before any order for a system is made, those responsible for design, installation and commissioning should be detailed. As with standards such as BS 5839-1: 20171, it is permitted for variations to the standard to
Part 8 details recommendations for monitoring, integrity and reliability of circuits external to the evacuation alert control and indicating equipment (EACIE) – and in addition to limit the faults that may, on occasion, exist within the circuits supplied from the EACIE. The following recommendations exist for fault monitoring in Clause 8.2: a) Fault indication given by the EACIE within 100 s of a range of occurrences, such as short/ open circuits serving evacuation alert devices. b) Fault indication within a. 30 minutes of the loss of mains power, b. 15 minutes of the standby power supply, c. 30 minutes of the failure of the battery charger, d. 30 minutes where there is a reduction in battery voltage to less than the value specified within BS EN 54-4. c) Visual indications of short/open circuits serving evacuation alert devices even during evacuation conditions. d) Where the standby power supply has batteries connected in parallel, a fault indication should be given within 15 minutes where any one battery is disconnected.
1 BS 5839-1: 2017 Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings Part 1: Code of practice for design, installation, commissioning and maintenance in nondomestic premises 2 BS EN 54 series: Fire detection and fire alarm systems
When the designer considers system integrity, clause 8.22 details the recommendations they will have to take account of. These include, amongst others: • A fault on one circuit containing evacuation alert devices should not affect any other circuit • With the exception of short connections, for example between a corridor and a dwelling, all wiring of evacuation alert devices should be separated from any possible fire within a dwelling by fire-resisting construction. It is worth noting that the standard does not detail a minimum period of fire resistance for this construction • Where a power supply unit or standby battery is housed in a separate enclosure from the
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EACIE, any cable between the enclosure and EACIE must have overcurrent protection complying with the requirements of BS 7671.
Clause 12 recommends that alert device(s) are installed: • In each entrance area (hall and the like) • Within 150 mm of the ceiling • With additional devices as necessary within the flat.
Evacuation alert zones Clause 9 of BS 8629 provides guidance on evacuation alert zones. The designer/installer should consider, amongst other things, the following for zones: • Avoid overlapping evacuation alert signals, so as to avoid confusion • A zone should not extend beyond a single storey • In a maisonette, the evacuation alert zone typically is only recommended for the entrance level • A common signal should be used • Configuration should be agreed with the FRS.
Evacuation alert and control indicating equipment (EACIE) There are three functions of EACIE: • Supply and control of evacuation alert device circuits • Fault indication, and • Test facilities of the system.
Evacuation alert sounders and audibility Clause 10 of BS 8629 highlights the need for evacuation alert sounders to be sufficient in number and adequate in audibility to warn all relevant occupants of the need to evacuate their homes. The recommendations in respect of audible warning detailed in BS 8629 are similar to those detailed within BS 5839-1 (Fire detection and fire alarms systems in nondomestic premises) and include: • Frequencies to be in the range 500 Hz to 1000 Hz • Signal to be different to other alarm signals • Sound pressure levels at each bedroom doorway to be at least 85 dB(A)3 • All habitable rooms to have a minimum sound pressure level of at least 60 dB(A).
Arrangements for disabled people It is recognised that there is a range of sensitivity to sound pressure levels and to frequency for those who are deaf or hard of hearing. The EAS should be able to facilitate additional devices to meet these demands. It may be, for example, that for some occupants typical sounders are sufficient. However, since sufficient eventualities must be considered for those who are deaf or hard of hearing or those who might be wearing headphones and the like, clause 11 of BS 8629 recommends that additional warning devices are included. These might include visual alert devices and vibration pads for when residents are asleep.
3 The annotation dB(A) means ‘A-weighted’, a measure of noise levels in the audible range for humans.
The particular recommendations for EACIE include aspects that reference these three principal areas, including for its positioning (clause 13.2.1): • Internally sited in a location that is readily accessible by the FRS • Remote power supplies should have ready access for maintenance • Illuminated sufficiently so that any indicators are readily seen • Emergency light within 2 m of the EACIE to provide sufficient illumination • Located within a cabinet at a lower minimum height of 1.4 m and an upper height limit for access to controls of 2.2 m • Suitable signage (refer Fig 2)
Fig 2 EACIE notice
EACIE For Fire and Rescue Service Use Only
Siting of devices The positioning of evacuation alert devices must take into account the necessary audibility or sight issues and the avoidance of interference. 47 S P RI NG 2 02 0
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Fig 3 EACIE
2. Correct option is (d) The resistance of carbon and most insulators decreases with a temperature increase. This is also true for semi-conductors where it is necessary to take suitable precautions such as using heat sinks to prevent thermal run away. This is a condition whereby increased temperature causes more current to flow, increasing the temperature further and leading to breakdown of the device.
3. Correct option is (c) Because the question involves a resistance at 0 ⁰C, the equation can be simplified to: R = R0( 1 + αT) R = 1 000( 1 + (–0.00048 ) × 75 ) R = 964 Ω
4. Correct option is (a) This question gives the final resistance but not the resistance at 0 ⁰C. Transposing R = R0 ( 1 + αT) for R0 R0 =
R 25 = = 22.07 Ω ( 1 + αT) ( 1 + 0.0038 × 35 )
5. Correct option is (b) There are two stages to the solution of this problem. i) Determine the resistance of the wire:
Clause 13.2.2 details the specific recommendations for the EACIE, including, amongst other things: • Single manual control and red light-emitting indicator to be provided for each evacuation alert zone • Illumination of the red indicator should confirm that evacuation alert devices in the evacuation alert zone have been triggered by means of the relevant control • On opening the EACIE cabinet, all controls and indicators provided for the fire and rescue service should be available and should not require the operation of any keypad or keyswitch, or use any password for operation of the manual controls.
ρl 1.81 × 10-8 × 1.5 × 103 R= a = = 4.525 Ω 6 × 10-6 ii) Calculate the resistance at temperature T: R = R20 [ 1 + α(T80 – T20 )] R = 4.525 [ 1 + 0.004( 80 – 20 )] ≈ 5.6 Ω
6. Correct option is (d) There are two ways of solving this. One is to substitute the values and simplify where possible. The other is to transpose the equation first and then substitute the values. Using either the transposition or substitution method the value of T can be found from: R = R15 [ 1 + α(T – T15)]
Transposition R = R15 [ 1 + α(T – T15)]
Substitution R = R15 [ 1 + α(T - T15)]
R R15 = 1 + α(T – T15)
250 200 = 1 + 0.004(T – 15 )
Apprentice Corner answers
R R15 – 1 = α(T – T15)
1.25 – 1 = 0.004(T – 15 )
1.
R -1 R15 α = T – T15
0.25 = T – T 15 0.004
Part 2 of this article considers the remainder of the standard.
Correct option is (b) ‘Positive temperature coefficient’ describes a material whose resistance increases with an increase in temperature. During the design stage it is often necessary to use correction factors such as the 1.2 factor from Table 1 to determine an assumed resistance/impedance value that is likely to exist under fault conditions. This will have an impact on the flow of fault current and thus the disconnection time of the overcurrent protective device to clear the fault within the required time.
R (R – 1 ) 1 = T – T15 α 15
62.5 = T – T15
( R – 1 ) 1 + T15 = T R15 α
62.5 + 15 = T
T = ( 250 – 1 ) × 1 + 15 = 77.5 ⁰C 0.004 200
∴ T = 77.5 ⁰C
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Evacuation alert systems An introduction to BS 8629: 2019 – Part 2 O B JE C TIVE
This is the second part of the article which discusses the new standard published by BSI dealing with emergency evacuation systems (EAS).
Power supplies The supply for an EAS is normally derived from the low voltage supply. Whilst the normal low voltage supply in the UK is relatively stable and unlikely to be interrupted for significant periods of time, it is essential that the normal supply, as well as the standby supply, is adequate to meet the needs of the evacuation alert system. The following list highlights a number of recommendations in clause 14 for the mains power supply: • Supplied from an isolating protective device from the load side of the electrical main isolating device for the building • The circuit should only supply the emergency alert control and indicating equipment (EACIE) and be situated close to the isolating device for the building • Local isolation should be provided • All isolators must be suitably and clearly labelled • All isolators, switches and protective devices should not be accessed by unauthorised persons • The low voltage circuit supplying the EACIE should be designed and installed to avoid the need to have additional protection by an RCD • Irrespective of the nature of the standby supply, the low voltage supply (mains) should be capable of supplying the maximum load of the system.
For the standby supplies, the following is recommended: • The transition between the normal and standby supply should be automatic and not cause any interruption of the system • Any fault on either the normal or standby supply should not cause failure of both • Secondary battery with an automatic charger having a minimum lifespan of four years. Automotive batteries should not be used • Batteries should be labelled, including their date of installation • The charging rate should be able to charge the battery to full capacity within a 24-hour period after full discharge • The battery capacity should be able to sustain the system operation for 72 hours, after which there should still be sufficient capacity to provide an alert signal for at least 30 minutes.
Cable, wiring and other interconnections It is permitted to supply the components of an alert system using means such as radio or fibre optics, but the majority of components will be connected using cables. It is essential that care is taken in both the choice of wiring system and its installation method, to ensure that a signal is maintained for sufficient time to alert occupants in dwellings. The recommendations detailed in clause 15.2 are in addition to the general requirements found in BS 7671: • Designer to take account of all the electrical characteristics of the cables used (for example voltage drop and current-carrying capacity) • All low voltage cables in the critical signal path should be fire resisting and able to withstand the effects of fire for 120 minutes • Cables supplying the extra-low voltage part of 50 S P RI NG 2 02 0
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• Agreed and documented responsibilities • Compliance with the installation aspects of other parts of BS 8629 • Compliance with BS 7671 • Issuance of appropriate certification • Good workmanship and materials • Neatly run cables, secured at regular intervals taking into account the manufacturers’ recommendations • Cables passing through external walls should be installed in smooth bored metal sleeve sealed in the wall. The sleeve should slope downwards to the outside and be plugged with suitable non-hardening waterproof compound and protected against environmental effects • Suitable fire-resistance should be applied to channels, ducts or trunking.
the critical signal path should be fire resisting and able to withstand the effects of fire for a minimum of 30 minutes for standard fire resisting cable, or 120 minutes for enhanced fire resisting cables • To maintain circuit integrity, the means of cable support should be non-combustible • Ideally, cables should be installed without external joints • Where a joint is enclosed within a junction box it should be suitably labelled • All joints should be able to have a similar withstand to heat as the cables • Additional mechanical protection to be provided at a height of less than 2 m and/or where there is a likelihood of physical damage or rodent attack, except where mineral insulated (MI) cables conforming to BS EN 60702 or steel wire armoured cables conforming to BS 7846 are used • Cables should be of a single common colour that is distinguishable from general electrical services – red being preferred • Segregation must be maintained.
Inspection and testing of wiring It is always a requirement that on completion of a new installation, or after an alteration or addition to an existing installation, an Electrical Installation Certificate (EIC) is issued based on the models found in Appendix 6 of BS 7671. In addition to this general requirement, clause 19 of BS 8629 recommends that the results of all tests are recorded and made available to the organisation responsible for commissioning the system.
Radio-linked systems It is permitted for a system design to utilise in whole or in part radio-linked components. Clause 16 of BS 8629 details the recommendations of the standard for radiolinked systems. All components in such a system should conform to BS EN 54-25.
Commissioning and handover Commissioning takes place to ensure that the installed system operates correctly and matches the design. Clause 20 of BS 8629 recommends, amongst other things: • The person responsible for commissioning should be competent and have a good understanding of the basic design, system operation and installation of the system. • The commissioning engineer should check sound pressure levels, all manual controls operate and are labelled correctly, EACIE are positioned correctly, all equipment conforms to relevant BS (EN) standards, the presence of suitable diagrammatic representation, mains power supply is correct, standby power supplies can deliver the required load for the recommended period of time detailed within the standard, and the like.
Electromagnetic compatibility It is essential, in both the design and installation of an evacuation alert system, that any interference in the signal is avoided. The extent to which interference may occur will depend on a range of factors, including the level of screening of the cables and the separation distance between the evacuation alert system cables and the cables of other services. Clause 17 details the recommendations of BS 8629 for dealing with the concerns surrounding electromagnetic compatibility.
Electrical safety The recommendations for electrical safety are found in clause 18 of BS 8629. Reference should be made to the general requirements of BS 7671 and, in particular, Section 414 – Protective measure: Extra-low voltage provided by SELV or PELV.
The commissioning engineer should also confirm the presence of correct documentation, including certificates for design, installation and commissioning, logbooks and the like.
Installation Maintenance
Clause 19 of BS 8629 details the recommendations for both designer and installer as they relate to installation of the evacuation alert system. The recommendations include:
Evacuation alert systems will contain a high level of self-monitoring, but it is essential that routine inspection and testing takes place to be able 51 S P RI NG 2 02 0
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to confirm the ongoing operation of the system (clause 21 BS 8629).
Fig 1 Example of possible evacuation alert system
User responsibilities
SCI
It is necessary for the user to appoint a single, named member of the premises management to supervise all matters that relate to the emergency evacuation system. This includes ensuring the fire and rescue service is familiar with the system and has access to the property to familiarise themselves with it (clause 22.1.2).
Alarm Zone 1
Alarm Zone 1 Flat 1
JB
SCI
JB
SCI
Flat 1
SCI SCI
Flat 2
Flat 2 SCI SCI
Logbook
SCI
It is necessary for a logbook to be provided to be able to log a range of information, including agreed variations, dates, times and types of tests and the like (clause 22).
Alarm Zone 2 JB
SCI
Flat 4 JB
Flat 3
3p SCI
Annexes Annex A gives examples of wiring and equipment configurations. Annex B gives details on battery calculations for the EACIE. Annex C gives details on the recommendations for logbooks. Annex D gives details on model forms for certificates.
Alarm Zone 2
Flat 3
Flat 4 3p SCI
SCI
SCI
A)
B)
Common Areas
Summary BS 8629: 2019 is an important additional standard covering evacuation alert systems available to support the fire and rescue service as they seek to make evacuation judgements in buildings containing multiple flats. Whilst there are many similarities to the recommendations found in BS 5839-1, this standard contains no means of detecting the products of combustion.
Common Areas
EAS loop cable Spur connection from EAS loop to the EAS devices in the flat
3p SCI
Short circuit isolator (3 port)
Audible evacuation alert device
SCI
Short circuit isolator (2 port)
Visual evacuation alert device
JB
Junction box/electrical connection
Examples of evacuation alert device in compliance with 8.2.2d)
The stay-put strategy that is in place remains the preferred method for ensuring the safety of occupants, but post-Grenfell it is necessary to provide a way for the FRS to call those living in flats to safety in an orderly, controlled manner.
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Protection against transient overvoltages O B JE C TIVE
The aim of this article is to provide some clarification of where the requirements for provision of overvoltage protection contained in Section 443 of BS 7671 are (and are not) applicable.
Introduction The number of enquiries received by the Certsure technical helpdesk indicates that there is significant misunderstanding of where the requirements of Section 443 of BS 7671 for protection against transient overvoltages of atmospheric origin or due to switching are applicable and, when applicable, how they should be applied to a range of installation types. When looking at the requirements of Section 443 it is helpful to also consider the requirements contained in the BS EN 623051 series relating to the need or otherwise to provide overvoltage protection, in particular in relation to risk management and protection of electrical and electronic equipment within structures.
Regulation 443.4 requires that, for electrical installations not falling outside of scope for the reasons described above, protection against transient overvoltage should be provided where such overvoltage could result in: • Serious injury to, or loss of human life • Interruption of public services • Damage to cultural heritage • Interruption of commercial or industrial activity • Adverse effects for a large number of co-located individuals.
Scope and limitations Section 443 contains requirements for protection of electrical installations against: • Transient overvoltages of atmospheric origin transmitted by the supply distribution system following direct strikes to network supply equipment such as conductors, towers or substations, and • Switching overvoltages generated by equipment within the installation. Section 443 does not apply to transient overvoltages resulting from lightning strokes
impacting directly on, or in close proximity to, the structure in which the electrical installation is situated. In such cases, overvoltage protection by a co-ordinated system of surge protective devices (SPDs) should be provided as one element of a comprehensive lightning protection system in accordance with the BS EN 62305 series. Such a system will also contain other measures such as earthing and bonding provided for lightning protection purposes, magnetic shielding and line routing to minimise induction surges and isolating interfaces on incoming lines. In addition to electrical installations protected by a lightning protection system installed in accordance with the BS EN 62305 series, the requirements of Section 443 should not be applied to: • Incoming information, control and telecommunications (ICT) systems, or • Where, due to the nature of the installation or the processes taking place therein, an overvoltage may result in: • Explosion, and/or • Chemical or radioactive emissions.
Clarification of indents to Regulation 443.4 1 BS EN 62305. Protection against lightning
Reference to the BS EN 62305 series is useful when considering what is meant by the indents
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(i) to (iv) of Regulation 443.4, particularly as the risk assessment model in Section 443 is based on that contained in Part 2 of that series, albeit in a significantly simplified form.
An example risk assessment case study is given in Annex E of BS EN 62305-2. This considers the protection of: • A (large) country house • An office building • A hospital • An apartment block.
Serious injury to, or loss of human life There is no doubt that overvoltage protection should always be provided where its effects, such as touch voltage or as the instigator of a fire, could result in serious injury or loss of life. Indeed, where this is the case it is highly likely that overvoltage protection has already been provided as part of a comprehensive lightning protection system or, where the building does not have lightning protection, because it was specified intentionally as a part of the original design specification. However, a little more thought must be applied for the other instances listed in this regulation. Examples of such locations might be safety services or medical care facilities.
In all four examples, the Standard states that the risk for economic loss may be omitted from the risk assessment where the owner does not consider it necessary to take economic factors into account. In respect of economic loss, clause 6.10 of BS EN 62305-2 states that an assessment of risk can be performed in respect of: • The whole structure • A part of the structure • An internal installation • A part of an internal installation • A piece of equipment, or • The contents in the structure.
Interruption of public services A note to clause 5.2 (Types of loss) in BS EN 62305-1 states that, for the purposes of that standard, only utilities such as gas, water, television, telecoms lines, networks and power supply are considered to be services to the public. This then should be borne in mind when considering indent ii) of 443.4.
In the absence of a need for such protection for other reasons, it is therefore permissible for the owner/specifier to decline overvoltage protection for all, or part, of an installation for purely economic reasons. Adverse effects for a large number of co-located individuals It is interesting to note that the term ‘co-located individuals’ is not used in any part of the BS EN 62305 series. It is therefore assumed that such an instance is sufficiently addressed by consideration of the other indents.
Damage to cultural heritage Clause 5.1.1 of BS EN 62305-1 deals with the effects of lightning on a structure. Table 1 of this clause only considers the loss of irreplaceable cultural heritage in relation to structures such as museums, archaeological sites and places of worship. The term ‘irreplaceable cultural heritage’ is also used in BS EN 62305-2 when considering loss value in the risk assessment process. This implies that a judgement can be made as to what cultural heritage is deemed to be irreplaceable.
Summary When looking at the requirements of Section 443 it is helpful to also consider the requirements contained in the BS EN 62305 series relating to the need or otherwise to provide overvoltage protection to a building or electrical installation within. Where a comprehensive lightning protection system is installed or where particular risk factors are applicable to the type of installation or the processes carried out therein, the requirements of Section 443 are not applicable. The requirements of Section 443 should also not be applied to information, control and telecommunications systems.
Interruption of commercial or industrial activity It is stated in Clause 5.2 of BS EN 62305-1 that losses caused as a result of damage to a building’s structure, content or loss of activity may be considered an economic loss. Clause 5.3 of BS EN 62305-2 deals with determination of tolerable risk. Table 4 of this clause gives typical values of tolerable risk for loss of human life or permanent injuries, loss of service to the public and for loss of cultural heritage. It further states that, for loss of economic value, the cost/ benefit comparison described in Annex D should be used. 55 W S PI NT RI NG E R 2202 0200
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T E C HN I CAL
Smart devices O B JE C TIVE
Fig 1 Remote control of smart devices
This article introduces the term ‘smart devices’ and identifies typical devices that are commonly used. The article also briefly describes two methods of connecting smart devices (wireless and wired), and describes how communication between them is achieved.
Introduction This article is the first in a series of four that considers how smart devices can be used to provide the user or building occupants with an automated system of control over building functions such as lighting, heating, appliance control and security, in both domestic and nondomestic properties. Brief outline of the content to be included in subsequent Connections articles: Issue 214 Smart homes – how to create a smart home by showing how devices can be retrofitted into existing installations to provide control over lighting, heating, appliances and security systems. Issue 215 Smart buildings (commercial/ industrial) – how smart devices can be used to improve energy efficiency with consideration of paragraph 17.7 of Appendix 17 of BS 7671. Issue 216 Measurement and recording of energy usage as given in recommendations 17.6 and 17.8 of Appendix 17.
Table 1 Commonly used sensors and controlled devices Sensors
Controlled devices
Switches – binary, dimming and time
Lights, motors
Fire/CO detectors
Alarms, sprinklers
Thermostat
Boiler ignitor, pumps, radiator valves
Window and door detectors
Alarms
What is a smart device?
Motion – PIR, microwave
Lights, alarms
A smart device differs from typical methods of control in that it can interact remotely with a user and/or other smart devices. Fig 1 shows
Video cameras
Lights, alarms, recording units Smart plugs and socket-outlets
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Fig 2 Wireless control of a single LED light
Supply
230 V supply Hub may be required
Receiver/ LED driver
Router Remote control
LED
a range of devices that are capable of being controlled by a handheld device and Table 1, whilst not exhaustive, identifies examples of sensors and controlled devices.
Bluetooth has an indoor operating range of up to 10 m, although this may increase to 100 m with some types of device. Bluetooth generally operates within a frequency range of 2.400 and 2.483 GHz. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that uses radio waves operating within the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency range to provide a local area network (LAN), allowing for the connectivity of
Wireless system Any of the sensors listed in Table 1 could be used for both domestic and non-domestic purposes. For domestic premises, smart devices would typically be connected to other devices and the network via a wireless network, as shown in Fig 2. This will be dealt with in more detail in Issue 214 of Connections. Not all wireless systems require a hub; some smart devices can connect directly to the router. However, this method may increase lag and reduce the speed of connection for other devices such as computers and TV streaming services. Where a hub is required, it is connected to the router using an Ethernet cable. Voice activated devices generally have an in-built hub so that they can be used with most smart devices from different manufacturers.
Next room
Fig 3 Mesh and star topology
20
0
Wireless communication protocols A wireless network will require communication between the smart devices and the router or the hub, where fitted. The common options are: • Bluetooth • Wi-Fi • Zigbee • Z-Wave.
20
Bluetooth is a wireless technology that permits connection to devices such as computers, computer mice, keyboards, printers, mobile phones and hands-free headsets. It is typically used to transfer files, contact details, reminders and appointment dates between devices without the need for connecting wires.
0
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Table 2 Comparison of communication protocols
Frequency band
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
Zigbee
Z-Wave
2.4 GHz
2.4 – 5 GHz
2.4 GHz
900 MHz
Power consumption
Medium
High
Very low
Very low
Range
10 m / 100 m
45 m
10 m
30 m
Data rate (max)
1 MB/s
54 MB/s
40 – 350 kB/s
10 – 100 kB/s
Topology
Ad-hoc, very small networks
Point to hub, typically star
Ad-hoc peer to peer, star or mesh
Ad-hoc peer to peer, star or mesh
Max number of nodes
7
32
>65 000
232
Data type
Audio, graphics, pictures, files
Audio, graphics, Video, pictures, files
Data packets2
Data packets
Advantages
Cost, easy to use
Data rate, flexibility
Reliability, performance, cost
Reliability, performance, cost
Application
Wireless connectivity between devices such as phones, PDA, laptops, printers, headsets
Wireless LAN connectivity, broadband internet access
Industrial control and monitoring, sensor networks, building automation, home control of smart devices, games
Smart home devices, security and office automation
devices and the transmission of data. A Wi-Fi network allows a PC, laptop, mobile phone or tablet device to connect at high speed to the internet without the need for a physical wired connection. However, the strength of the radio signals are relatively weak and generally cover short distances, although the typical range will be sufficient to provide coverage throughout a typical home. One wireless hub is usually enough to enable connection to the internet in any room in a home, though the signal will be strongest near the hub. The typical range of Wi-Fi is about 100 m, although the range can be extended using a wireless access point (AP). Zigbee is an emerging standard that defines a set of communication protocols for low power digital radio signals. It has a typical application in areas such as home automation, telecommunication services and remote control. Smart devices operating with the ZigBee protocol installed are mainly for batterypowered applications where low data rate, low cost and long battery life are the main requirements. The typical signal transmission range for ZigBee-based wireless devices is more than 100 m and operates in 868 MHz frequency bands. The number of devices (nodes) that can be connected, whilst large, would cause bandwidth1 problems if the number given in Table 2 was connected. For the connected devices to function properly, a controller or hub is required.
Z-wave is an RF (radio frequency) based wireless networking technology, primarily designed for smart home and office automation. It is another of the emerging technologies in the area of wireless home automation. As with Zigbee, Z-Wave operates using low-energy radio waves to communicate from device to device, creating a mesh network. The advantage of using a mesh system allows greater distances to be covered, in which the sent and received signals from the remote connected devices will use the most convenient communication route back to the hub. The number of smart devices that can be installed on a mesh is lower than that for Zigbee, but would still be sufficient for most homes. As with the Zigbee system, a controller or hub is required.
Wired system
1 Bandwidth is described elsewhere in this issue of Connections. 2 A data packet is a basic unit of communication over a digital network. A typical packet contains 1 – 1.5 kB of information, this maybe a simple on/off command.
For larger residential dwellings and commercial/ industrial premises, a wired system using KNX technology would most likely be used, shown in Fig 4. This will be covered in more detail in a later issue of Connections. KNX is a worldwide communication standard that defines interactions between devices on a network. It has a high level of interoperability, which means that a system can be built using different KNX products from different manufacturers that are still able to operate and communicate with each other. This permits a high degree of flexibility in the design and for additions and/or modifications of installations.
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T E C HN I CAL
Fig 4 Typical wired system
Push button
Power supply
PIR Motion detector
19°
Multi-function unit display
KNX bus
Switch actuator
Fan coil actuator
230 V AC
Blind actuator
Lights !
Heating valves
Shutters / blinds
Fans
Motor
Window contact The smart devices for a KNX installation are connected by a two-wire bus (the most common form of installation), allowing them to exchange data. The cable used is often recommended by device manufacturers. The function of the individual bus devices within KNX is determined by their project planning, which can be changed and adapted at any time. This will include, for example: • Sensors (wind, temperature, movement etc.) • Actuators (dimming units, electrical heating valves, displays) • System devices and components (Line/ Backbone-Couplers)3. Sensors, as with the wireless system of Fig 2, are the starting point for every action because they gather information and send it on the bus as data packets. This can be information about room temperatures, movement, wind measurements or manually inputted instructions (push buttons). Sensors are selected depending on the required application. Actuators receive data packets, which are then converted into actions. This can include controlling blinds, dimming lights or controlling heating and air conditioning systems. Actuators are also selected depending on the required application, and consist of a bus coupler and an application module with the corresponding application program. The application program is loaded into the devices connected on the bus, together with
the project design and commissioning software. Such a connection is usually made with a PC connected via a USB or serial interface direct with the bus. The application program allows the software to recognise each separate device through an allocated address connected to the bus. The address maybe selected through a series of binary dip switches, selected during installation or through an allocated Media Access Control Address (MAC), which is preinstalled within the firmware of the device.
Summary
3 The line/backbone-couplers provide a data connection between separate bus lines and also isolate the bus lines from each other in order to enable the independent local operation of a bus line.
A smart device describes an electronic device, which can be a sensor or an actuator, that can be individually controlled or be connected to a network to interact with other smart devices. The network may be wireless or wired but both types of arrangement provide enhanced automated control of a building’s services. Wireless protocols include Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wi-Fi and Z-Wave, to name a few. The use of a separate hub, whilst not always necessary, would reduce the loading on other internetconnected devices. The industry standard for wired networks is KNX, which has a high level of interoperability. Manufacturers often recommend Belden for the cabling used to interconnect the devices on a wired network, although other cable types with similar characteristics are not precluded.
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P ROD UC T FO C U S
C.K Magma Set to be a favourite with professionals whose work requires them to transport a heavy toolkit, C.K Magma’s Technician’s PRO Wheeled Case offers more storage than ever before and will effortlessly transport a fully laden toolkit topping 20kg. Its design includes a rugged chassis, wheels and a telescopic handle, ideal for effortless movement of toolkits and equipment.
Storage includes 50 pockets/compartments. Other features include: adjustable straps; lockable zip system; an extra wide main compartment; a hard protective divider between tools and test equipment; and a zip down front panel for A4 document storage. www.carlkammerling.com / 01758 704704
ESP ESP is expanding the Aperta EZTAG door entry system to offer installers more choice and wholesalers more opportunities for sales. Offering straightforward installation and commissioning, and simple programming, EZTAG3 is an IP65 rated combined access control keypad with proximity tag or pin code activation, accommodating up to 1,010 key tag holders
or pin numbers. Users enter a four-digit code or hold up a personal proximity tag to activate one of the EZTAG3’s two on-board relays, in turn activating an appropriate door release. The EZTAG3 supports two lock outputs, and fail safe and fail secure locks. www.espuk.com / 01527 515150 / info@espuk.com
GreenBrook GreenBrook’s PowerBreaker RCD products now adhere to BS7288: 2016 amendments. The standard requires Type A RCDs, which can detect pulsating DC currents and surge faults that Type AC RCDs may not. Products that adhere have a more sensitive/stable trip window. Another change to this standard is that additional markings on the front plate and the mechanical
coloured flag indicators must now be green and red. On our front plate, these indicators are placed within the window. A red flag shows the device is on, with a live supply to the appliance. A green flag shows the supply to the appliance is switched off. www.greenbrook.co.uk
Ovia Ovia’s U-Lite range of slimline linear LED luminaires is the ideal retrofit for single and twin-lamp fluorescent fittings, with 24 variants in the range. They come in standard, microwave sensor and emergency models, and 1200mm, 1500mm or 1800mm lengths. Wattage ranges from 21W to 72W Cool White (4000K), and they offer a 50,000 hour LED lifetime (L70). Each unit has
an IP65 rating and a tough impact protection rating of IK08, plus a five-year warranty. Wiring and installation is quick and easy, and the fittings come with antitamper stainless steel assembly clips and screws. www.oviauk.com / 01827 300640 / sales@oviauk.com
Schneider The Lisse illuminated frame provides a blue glow around the light switch to help people to locate it in the dark. This is particularly useful in locations such as children’s bedrooms, care homes, hospitals and hotels.
Two 1mA LEDs are mounted into a clear frame, which can be installed behind any 1-gang switch or dimmer in the Lisse ranges.
www.se.com
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Scolmore Scolmore has expanded its GridPro mounting plates and modules range. Part M GridPro Frontplates offer visually contrasting, flexible wiring accessories and will join Scolmore’s Part M collection – high quality, flexible solutions for assisted living. The GridPro additions comprise 1-gang, 2-gang, 3-gang and 4-gang standard switch plates.
The Part M range also includes 1-gang, 2-gang and 3-gang wide rockers – ideal for assisted living – and the locating plug socket, which helps people with impaired vision or poor coordination to insert a plug. www.scolmore.com / 01827 63454 / sales@scolmore.com
Schneider Not just smarter. Wiser. There’s living, and there’s living wisely. In a non-stop, always-on world it’s easy to lose sight of that. Meet Wiser. Connected home technology that makes your home life richer, without making it more complicated.
www.se.com
Snickers The innovative new quick-drying fabrics in Snickers’s LITEWork lightweight workwear make them a must for summer, helping you keep your cool when you’re working in sunny, warm and humid environments. The ergonomic, body-mapping trousers, shirts, shorts, mid-layer jackets and windproofers have all the comfort and functionality of other Snickers
garments but give extra freedom of movement. These super-light, quick-drying garments keep you looking smart and feeling cool wherever you are. Keeping a balanced work temperature is not just about staying cool – it’s a matter of wellbeing. www.snickersworkwear.co.uk
C.K Tools C.K has introduced more product sizes to its Insulated T-Handle Hex Key. These include the Insulated T-handle Hex Keys Set, plus two of the Insulated T-Handle Hex Key sizes, 3mm and 3.5mm, which can be purchased separately. C.K 5-piece Insulated T-Handle Hex Keys Set (T4422 SET) includes hex key sizes 3, 3.5, 4, 5 and
6mm in one set – ideal for those needing a range of sizes. C.K Insulated T-Handle Hex Key 3mm (T4422 03) and 3.5mm (T4422 035) are two of the most commonly used insulated T-Handle hex keys – perfect for a range of applications. www.carlkammerling.com / 01758 704704
SWA Quicker, safer and easier to use than BW and CW glands, SWA’s STORM cable gland range promises a revolution in terminating armoured, non-armoured, and SY and CY braided cables. The UV-stabilised STORM glands offer improved ingress protection in thread sizes from 20mm63mm, and can be used from -20°C to +80°C. They
give off no toxic gases in a fire, are inexpensive, and are suitable for both armoured non-armoured and SY and CY braided cable. The range is available in two types, standard (with locknut and earth tag) and Tauras (with EarthingNut and crimp lugs). www.swaonline.co.uk
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LUX
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O F F T HE TO O L S
And, sleep… go to meetings or functions they often know who I am, and I’ve had a few calls from people who have remembered me from doing the magic tricks. I often ask people for a business card and change it to mine, so they have my details!
Do you include anything electrical in the act? I used to do a lot of flashes and bangs but they were frowned upon in certain venues! There’s also a trick you can do where you can give someone an electric shock with your finger using static electricity, and a couple of pyrotechnic tricks as well, but again they can be frowned upon.
Do you have to work at your skills?
When Russell Smith, founder er of Coventry firm Green Energy gy Technical Services, isn’t driving his solar PV installation ion business, you might come across him at a wedding – or even a hypnosis show
Yes, in February I was at the Magic Convention in Blackpool, which is the biggest one in the world. You have all the big magicians there and the top brass of the industry.
Might it ever be more than a sideline? How much time does it take up? Not much at the moment, because my business is exceptionally busy. I do around 15-20 magic gigs a year, and probably four hypnosis acts. The summer is busy with weddings and then December with Christmas parties. I cover the whole Midlands area.
I’ve done my NLP clinical hypnosis course and that’s my retirement plan. I’d like to sell the business eventually and do that three days a week, helping people in whatever I choose to specialise in. It could be phobias, eating disorders or mental health – but I’ve not practised it yet. The clinical side of it is a completely different approach, but that’s the plan.
How did you first get into magic? I always had it as a hobby as a kid, but never really did anything with it. About 15 years ago I did a job for a builder who was a magician, and we got talking and it followed on from there. In the past three years I’ve started doing comedy hypnosis shows, which is great fun.
What kind of magic do you do? It’s all close-up magic with cards, borrowed phones and cutlery, so tables at weddings or functions. I do the hypnosis more at charity events. I get people up on the stage and put three or four under and we have a bit of fun!
Could you build it up? Probably, but the electrical business is only three years old and we’re undertaking some big projects, so it’s had to take a back seat. We mainly deal with solar PV installations and the market is very buoyant at the moment. We’re on two very big rollout programmes and are about to undertake our biggest project, which is 11,560 modules on one building.
Does the magic help with the business? It helps people to remember you. When I
What do you get up to in your spare time? Email offthetools@redactive.co.uk
‘I often ask people for a business card and change it to mine, so they have my details’
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CURRENT AFFAIRS
#SPARKSLIFE #
All hands to the pump When Storm Dennis hit Wales in February, it caused extensive damage to many Welsh towns and villages, leaving thousands of people without power. This didn’t stop Cardiff-based CR Electrics, which put up a post offering help to those in the local community who needed electrical assistance. “We were inundated with messages,” says Nathan Smith, company owner (pictured with his wife Kelly, who is the company’s finance director). “Many people didn’t have the right home insurance so they had lost everything.”
We’ been asking you to send in We’ve pictures of the jobs you are working pict on vvia social media – and you haven’t disappointed. Keep sending them disa in vvia Twitter @officialNICEIC or @officialELECSA, or via Instagram using the hashtag #sparkslife. The team provided sockets and lights to buildings, making electrical appliances safe, closing off live connections and helping with the clean-up operation. After a few weeks tending to flood victims, the team at CR Electrics started to see the community get back to where it once was. “It’s times like these when people and local services need to come together,” adds Nathan.
Research by comparison site HaMuch.com has offered insight into just what makes electricians mad in the line of work. Top of the list is not being offered a cup of tea, cited by 34 per cent, followed by late payment at 21 per cent. Nine per cent highlight being asked to do another job for free, while five per cent grumble about being called out on emergency jobs that could have waited. Less common gripes are being watched (4 per cent), customers buying their own materials (3 per cent) and customers changing their minds during jobs (1 per cent).
We saw this picture and thought that’s a quality post! Heath Electrical Services (Milton Keynes)
Feeling a bit topsyturvy! MK Electrical London (Fulham)
#CONFUSED
NO TEA IS TOP GRUMBLE
This issue’s prize for the best shot, a £25 voucher, goes to MK Electrical London
More than half of Millennials – those born between 1981 and 1996 – struggle to recognise common tools or explain their purpose, according to a study by MyJobQuote. Some 73 per cent of those aged between 24 and 35 were flummoxed by a spirit level, with 65 per cent unable to recognise a hacksaw and 60 per cent puzzled by a wrench. A spokesperson for MyJobQuote, which surveyed 1,000 Millennials, said: “The hammer and screwdriver were the only tools Millennials could all identify.” We’re sure this problem doesn’t affect any contractors or apprentices, though!
A cold day for a spark is a walk in the park! Kelly Electrics (London) A chilly start to the day DJW Electrical (Port Talbot)
A cash prize for being a great spark! TR Electrical (Torquay)
Tell us about any hidden talents or charity initiatives. Email currentaffairs@redactive.co.uk
66
Tag us at...
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