ISSN 2094–5159
Manila Selected Papers of the 26th Annual
Manila Studies Conference Tanghalang Leandro V. Locsin National Commission for Culture and the Arts Intramuros, Manila | August 16–17, 2017
Lorelei D.C. de Viana Marya Svetlana T. Camacho Issue Editors
Manila Selected Papers of the 26th Annual
Manila Studies Conference Tanghalang Leandro V. Locsin National Commission for Culture and the Arts Intramuros, Manila | August 16–17, 2017
Lorelei D.C. de Viana Marya Svetlana T. Camacho Issue Editors
Manila Studies Association, Inc. National Commission for Culture and the Arts Committee on Historical Research
MANILA: Selected Papers of the 26th Annual Manila Studies Conference Tanghalang Leandro V. Locsin, National Commission for Culture and the Arts Intramuros, Manila | August 16–17, 2017 © Copyright 2018 by the Manila Studies Association, Inc. All Rights Reserved. First Printing, 2018. Cover design and lay-out by Ronald B. Escanlar. Bound and printed by Southern Voices Printing Press 19 J. Perez St., Brgy. Masagana, Project 4, Quezon City Tel. no. (632) 438-2700 Recommended entry: Lorelei D.C. de Viana Marya Svetlana T. Camacho Manila Studies Association, Inc. Marya Svetlana T. Camacho Lorelei D.C. de Viana ISSN 2094–5159 1. MANILA: Selected Papers of the 26th Annual Manila I. Title Studies Conference, Tanghalang Leandro V. Locsin, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Intramuros, Manila August 16–17, 2017 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form by any means without prior permission of the Manila Studies Association, Inc. Published by Manila Studies Association, Inc. # 40 Matiwasay Street, UP Village Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines Tel. (632) 921-4575; Tel./Fax (632) 926-1347 and through a grant from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. National Commission for Culture and the Arts 633 General Luna Street, Intramuros, 1002 Manila Tel. 527-2192 to 97 Fax: 527-2191 and 94 Email: info@ncca.gov.ph • website: www.ncca.gov.ph The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), Philippines is the overall policymaking body, coordinating and grants-giving agency that systematizes and streamlines national efforts in promoting culture and the arts. The NCCA promotes cultural and artistic development; conserves and promotes the nation’s historical and cultural heritage; ensures the widest dissemination of artistic and cultural products among the greatest number across the country; preserves and integrates traditional culture mainstream, and ensures that standards of excellence are pursued in its programs and activities. The NCCA administers the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA).
Table of Contents Foreword...............................................................................................................iv What Lies Beneath Pamantasan? Salvage Archaeology at Old Gusaling Villegas Site, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Intramuros, Manila Ivan B. Cultura and Maricar B. Belarmino........................................................1 Adobe and Its Quarries as Heritage Rona R. Repancol................................................................................................27 The Poet Nick Joaquin Gémino H. Abad..................................................................................................47 The Blossoming in Faith of a National Artist: Mariology, Masters and Movements in Rolando Tinio’s Santo Rosario Articles (1952-1963) Manuel R. Zamora, Jr. .......................................................................................55 Retracing the Journey of Sorsogon Abaca to Manila Hemp Stephen Henry S. Totanes...................................................................................87 Sampaloc Skywalk – An Innovative and Alternative Pedestrianization Strategy along España Boulevard Henry Felix E. Herrera......................................................................................104 Civic Engagement in Urban Water Governance: The Case of Pasig River Rehabilitation Don Johnson Arcadio Lontoc............................................................................127 The Contributors..................................................................................................143 The Manila Studies Association: Brief History and Publications................144 Manila Studies Association: Board of Trustees...............................................150
Foreword
This issue of MANILA includes selected papers from the 26th Annual Manila Studies Conference, which was held on August 16-17, 2017at the Tanghalan Leandro V. Locsin, National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), Intramuros, Manila. These papers cover a range of diverse topics about and related to Manila: archaeology, history, heritage, literature, religion, the environment, and urban planning. MANILA is published to promote the history and culture of the city of Manila and to disseminate recent research on the city. We hope that this collection of studies on Manila will spark further inquiry and interest on the city’s history and culture. Ivan B. Cultura and Maricar B. Belarmino of the National Museum of the Philippines present their study on salvage archaeology and documentation activities in Intramuros in What Lies Beneath Pamantasan? Salvage Archaeology at Old Gusaling Villegas Site, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Intramuros, Manila. The findings of this salvage archaeology conducted by the National Museum provide interesting aspects of Manila’s history, based on the cultural materials unearthed and the stratigraphic profile of the ground, that indicate trade relations with other countries during the Spanish colonial period, people’s lifeways including their diet, and the building construction techniques during different periods in Intramuros’s history. Adobe and Its Quarries as Heritage by Rona R. Repancol studies volcanic tuff, or what is locally known as adobe, as a significant building material during the Spanish colonial period, and identifies its many quarries located in the Guadalupe area and nearby provinces. The author discusses the trades and industries that went with quarrying and stone building, like stone-cutting and lime-making in different parts of Manila. The study is an interdisciplinary take on history and geology as it looks into adobe’s abundance in the Manila area, the major quarries of Guadalupe and Meycauayan, and the heritage structures that were built out of this material. The author posits that existing adobe quarries should also be considered as
Foreword v heritage sites, because of their significant role in architectural building and construction during the Philippines’colonial past. In celebration of Nick Joaquin’s birth centennial last 2017, Gémino H. Abad pays fitting tribute to the National Artist for Literature and Philippine cultural icon in The Poet Nick Joaquin. The author talks about Nick Joaquin’s life and his works, focusing on his major poems and verses. Gémino H. Abad concludes that Nick Joaquin was first and foremost a poet, and one of the best and most distinguished Filipino literary writers in English. Stephen Henry S. Totanes in Retracing the Journey of Sorsogon Abaca to Manila Hemp provides a historical study of abaca’s journey from the plantations of Sorsogon to Manila where they were used for manufacturing hemp, a prime export material to the United States. He discusses the role of the nineteenth century merchant houses of Russel and Sturgis, and Peele, Hubbel and Co. in contracting landowners and their workers in Kabikolan, including Sorsogon, to cultivate abaca. The author notes how Bicol abaca accounted for up to 70% of the total abaca production in the Philippines in the 1850s to 1870s, and how it declined gradually as a significant export material toward the first decades of the twentieth century, amidst fluctuations in demand, price, and competition with alternatives to hemp production and use. Manuel R. Zamora, Jr. writes about another important Filipino artist, Rolando Tinio, National Artist for Theater and Literature, in The Blossoming in Faith of a National Artist: Mariology, Masters and Movements in Rolando Tinio’s Santo Rosario Articles (1952-1963). The author’s paper is a sequel to his earlier work Emancipation of a National Artist: Necrologic Context and Gelastic Features in Rolando Tinio’s Letran Short Stories (1949-1953). This sequel continues the study of Tinio’s literary works during his years as a student at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and the University of Santo Tomas, and, later, as a young professional straight from college. As he went through life’s transitions, so did his career as a religious writer blossom in his Santo Rosario magazine articles, showing a little known aspect of the artist – his deeply religious side and profound understanding of the rudiments and tenets of his Catholic faith. In Sampaloc Skywalk – An Innovative and Alternative Pedestrianization Strategy Along España Boulevard, Henry Felix E. Herrera studies the constant flooding of España Boulevard and the rush hour vehicular traffic that clogs this main road artery. He proposes a creative and innovative solution to counter this through a pedestrian skywalk that would course from Welcome Rotonda at the Quezon City end of España Boulevard to
vi MANILA: Selected Papers of the MSA 26th Annual Conference its Nicanor Reyes (Morayta) Street end in Manila. Through focus group discussions with major stakeholders, the author was able to get feedback on pedestrian and vehicular movements and related problems in the area. The author proposes a skywalk that will encourage walking and even manual biking along the entire stretch of the boulevard. Don Johnson Arcadio Lontoc discusses in Civic Engagement in Urban Water Governance: The Case of Pasig River Rehabilitation the problem of the Pasig River rehabilitation where increased urbanization, informal settlements, and changing socio-economic levels have contributed to the degradation of the Pasig River. The author cites a parallel case in Kenya’s Nairobi River, which is being rehabilitated and revived as an important waterway. The author concludes that it is necessary to engage civic actors in institutional structures, so that solutions can be created and decisions made based on the civic actors’ roles in the general urban framework of the Pasig River Rehabilitation program. He concludes on the necessity for gender empowerment, social and community networks, serious commitment among community level politicians and civic actors, and the avoidance of episodic river programs that rely heavily on the politician’s leadership term. He recommends civic engagement in the government’s rehabilitation program for the Pasig River, both at the leadership and local or community levels. The MSA would like to thank the National Commission for Culture and the Arts for providing the grant for the holding of the 26th Annual Manila Studies Conference, and for the publication of selected papers from the conference. Acknowledgment goes to Bernardita R. Churchill for assisting in the editing of this volume of Manila, and to Ronald Escanlar and Zenaida Garduce of Southern Voices Printing for the layout and printing. Finally, we extend our gratitude to all the authors who have made their studies available for this issue of Manila. Thank you very much.
Lorelei D.C. de Viana Marya Svetlana T. Camacho Issue Editors
143
The Contributors
Ivan B. Cultura Museum Researcher Archaeology Division National Museum of the Philippines Maricar B. Belarmino Museum Researcher Archaeology Division National Museum of the Philippines Rona R. Repancol Cultural Heritage Studies Program University of Santo Tomas Graduate School GĂŠmino H. Abad Professor Emeritus of Literature and Creative Writing University of the Philippines Diliman Manuel R. Zamora, Jr. Chair, Religious Education Area Colegio de San Juan de Letran Stephen Henry S. Totanes Assistant Professor 2 Sorsogon State College Henry Felix E. Herrera Coordinator, Student Welfare and Development College of Architecture University of Santo Tomas Don Johnson Arcadio Lontoc Professorial Lecturer V Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Far Eastern University
144 MANILA: Selected Papers of the MSA 26th Annual Conference MANILA STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. 40 Matiwasay Street, UP Village Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Tel: 632.921.4575Telefax: 632.926.1347 E-mail: nitachurchill@hotmail.com Website: http://pnhs.tripod.com
Manila Studies Association: Brief History (1989-2018) The Manila Studies Association, Inc. (MSA), is a non-profit professional organization devoted to the study and research of all aspects of Manila studies and also to help, through the dissemination of relevant historical literature, in the preservation and conservation of Manila’s historical and cultural landmarks so they can be a fitting legacy to future generations of Filipinos. The MSA was formally established on June 25, 1989, at the initiative of the late Prof. Alfredo T. Tiamson of UP Manila, after a successful First Manila Studies Conference held successively at the Teatrillo in Casa Manila, Intramuros, and UP Manila (Padre Faura), with sponsorship by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). From 1989 to 2002, supported by NCCA most years (except in 1999, 2000, and 2001), the MSA held an annual conference focusing on various current and relevant themes on Manila studies, hosted by various universities in Manila – Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, University of Santo Tomas, Adamson University, De La Salle University Manila, Colegio de San Juan de Letrán, St. Scholastica’s College, and Far Eastern University. On a few occasions, the MSA Conference was sponsored by the Office of the Mayor of the City of Manila. Selected papers from these conferences have been published in a MANILA journal. Since 2002, the Manila Studies Association has been accredited to the NCCA and partial funding has been provided for the holding of the Annual Conference; since 2007, MANILA has come out as a regular publication with the NCCA providing partial funding for selected papers from the MSA Annual Conferences. The Annual Conferences have been held mostly at the Tanghalan Leandro V. Locsin, NCCA Building, General Luna Street, Intramuros. MSA Conferences have presented papers with specific relevance to Manila studies, covering all fields or disciplines – history, archaeology, literature, music, folklore, popular culture, social problems. In 1999, MSA conducted
145 a seminar-workshop on the writing of the oral and local history of Manila to encourage a systematic research on the history of Manila so that a body of literature could be compiled to serve as bibliographical references for the study of the historical development of the city. The Annual Conference is usually a modest event attended by about 60-70 participants consisting mostly of public and private school teachers, history faculty from state and private universities, researchers, students from Metro Manila, cultural workers and tourism guides. Recently, participants have also come from nearby provinces.
Manila Studies Annual Conferences 1st 1989 2nd 1990
First Manila Studies Conference National Commission for Culture and the Arts University of the Philippines Manila De La Salle University
No Conference in 1991. 3rd 1992 4th 1993 5th 1994 6th 1995 7th 1996 8th 1997 9th 1998 10th 1999
University of Santo Tomas Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila Plaza San Luis, Intramuros, Manila NCCA Conference Hall NCCA Conference Hall NCCA Conference Hall Bulwagang NCCA NCCA Bulwagang Leandro V. Locsin NCCA Bulwagang Leandro V. Locsin
No Conferences in 2000 and 2001. 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
De La Salle University De La Salle University NCCA Tanghalang Leandro V. Locsin NCCA Tanghalang Leandro V. Locsin NCCA Tanghalan Leandro V. Locsin NCCA Tanghalang Leandro V. Locsin NCCA Tanghalang Leandro V. Locsin NCCA Tanghalang Leandro V. Locsin Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Intramuros, Manila St. Scholastica’s College, Malate, Manila Far Eastern University, Sampaloc, Manila University of Santo Tomas, Manila
146 MANILA: Selected Papers of the MSA 26th Annual Conference 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Teatrillo, Casa Manila, Intramuros Administration De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde, Manila National Commission for Culture and the Arts National Commission for Culture and the Arts Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP)
In August 2013, in commemoration of the Sesquicentennial of the Birth of Andres Bonifacio, and in celebration of History Month in August, the Manila Studies Association, with the National Commission on Culture and the Arts and the Philippine National Historical Society, mounted a Photo Exhibit, The Philippines at the Turn of the 20th Century at the NCCA Gallery in Intramuros, which opened on August 8, 2013 and remained on view through August 2013. A lecture on the exhibit was presented on August 14, 2013 by Bernardita R. Churchill, MSA President. The photographs are from the collection of MSA President, Bernardita R. Churchill (BRC Library), from photographs donated by the Anthropological Archives, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. and the Philippine Arts, Letters and Media Council, Washington, D.C. In 2014, the Manila Studies Association also celebrated its 25th Founding Anniversary, fittingly at the Teatrillo, Casa Manila, again with the cosponsorship of the Intramuros Administration as in 1989. The first MSA Conference in 1989 was also held at the same venue of the Teatrillo, which has since been beautifully remodeled. The film Rescue in the Philippines: Refuge from the Holocaust was shown at the Teatrillo. In 2015, in commemoration of the end of World War II in August 1945, the Manila Studies Association mounted a Photo Exhibit – Manila 1945 and Beyond, complimented by a Film Showing – Manila 1945: The Rest of the Story, a Peter Parsons-Lucky Guillermo Presentation, directed by Joel Nathan Legrono, at De La Salle University-College of Saint Benilde, Manila. The photographs are from the collection of the BRC Library. In 2016, a Photo Exhibit was again hosted by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts during the 25th Annual Manila Studies Conference on August 30-31, featuring Images from the Past: Essays on Philippine History and Heritage. The photographs are from the collection of the BRC Library. In 2017, the 26th Annual Manila Studies Conference held on August 16-17 opened with a Photo Exhibit, Arrabales of Manila, through a grant from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The vintage photographs exhibited are from the BRC Library.
147
Publications of the Manila Studies Association With the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, and the Philippine National Historical Society All issues of Manila are published online by C&E Publishing at Philippine E-Journals — Manila E-Journal: http://ejournals.ph/issue.php?id=302 Alfredo T. Tiamson and Rose N. Cañeda (eds.) Readings on the History of Manila. Manila Studies Inaugural Lectures. Manila: University of the Philippines – College of Arts and Sciences, 1989. [Out of Print] Wilfrido V. Villacorta, Isagani R. Cruz, and Maria Lourdes Bautista (eds.). History, People and Culture: The Proceedings of the Manila Studies Conference. Manila: De La Salle University Press, 1989. [Out of Print] Bernardita Reyes Churchill (ed.). Manila: Selected Papers of the Annual Conferences of the Manila Studies Association, 1989-1993. Manila: Manila Studies Association, with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts and Philippine National Historical Society, 1994. [Volume 1] [Out of Print] Bernardita Reyes Churchill (ed.). Determining the Truth: The Story of Andres Bonifacio (Being Critiques of and Commentaries on Inventing a Hero, The Posthumous Re-creation of Andres Bonifacio). Quezon City and Manila: Manila Studies Association with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research and the Philippine National Historical Society, 1997. [Out of Print] Bernardita Reyes Churchill and Francis A. Gealogo (eds.). Centennial Papers on the Katipunan and the Revolution. Quezon City and Manila: Manila Studies Association and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 1999. [Out of Print] Samuel K. Tan. A History of the Philippines (Quezon City: Co-published with The Philippine National Historical Society, 1997) [Out of Print]; University of the Philippines Press (Student Edition), 2008; National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2012. Violeta S. Ignacio (ed.). Manila: Selected Papers of the Annual Conferences of the Annual Conferences of the Manila Studies Association, 1992-
148 MANILA: Selected Papers of the MSA 26th Annual Conference 2002. Quezon City: Manila Studies Association, 2004. [Volume 2] [Out of Print] Jose Victor Z. Torres (Issue Editor) and Bernardita Reyes Churchill (Executive Editor). Manila, Studies in Urban Cultures and Traditions. Quezon City and Manila: Manila Studies Association and the National Commission for Culture and the ArtsCommittee on Historical Research, 2007. [Volume 3] [Out of Print] Jose Victor Z. Torres (Issue Editor) and Bernardita Reyes Churchill (Executive Editor). Manila, Society and Culture. Quezon City and Manila: Manila Studies Association and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2008. [Volume 4] [Out of Print] Bernardita Reyes Churchill (ed.). Manila: Selected Papers from the 17th Annual Manila Studies Conference, August 13-14, 2008. Quezon City and Manila: Manila Studies Association and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2009. [Volume 5] [Out of Print] Lorelei D.C. de Viana (Issue Editor); Bernardita Reyes Churchill (Executive Editor). Manila: Selected Papers of the 18th Annual Manila Studies Conference, August 23-25, 2009. Manila and Quezon City: Manila Studies Association and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2010. [Volume 6] [Out of Print] Lorelei D.C. de Viana (Issue Editor); Bernardita Reyes Churchill (Executive Editor). Manila: Selected Papers of the 19th Annual Manila Studies Conference, August 31-September 1, 2010. Manila and Quezon City: Manila Studies Association, Inc., and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2011. [Volume 7] Marya Svetlana T. Camacho (ed.). Manila: Selected Papers of the 20th Annual Manila Studies Conference, July 28-29, 2011. Manila and Quezon City: Manila Studies Association, Inc. and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2012. [Volume 8] Lorelei D.C. de Viana and Marya Svetlana T. Camacho (Issue Editors); Bernardita Reyes Churchill (Executive Editor). Manila: Selected Papers of the 21st Annual Manila Studies Conference, July 18–19, 2012. Manila and Quezon City: Manila Studies Association, Inc., and the National
149 Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2013. [Volume 9] Lorelei D.C. de Viana and Marya Svetlana T. Camacho (Issue Editors); Bernardita Reyes Churchill (Executive Editor). Manila: Selected Papers of the 22nd Annual Manila Studies Conference, August 27–29, 2013. Manila and Quezon City: Manila Studies Association, and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2014. [Volume 10] Bernardita Reyes Churchill (ed.). Manila: Selected Papers of the 23rd Annual Manila Studies Conference August 7-9, 2014 (Intramuros Administration). Quezon City and Manila: Manila Studies Association, Inc., and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2015 [Volume 11]. Marya Svetlana T. Camacho (Issue Editor); Bernardita Reyes Churchill (Executive Editor). Manila: Selected Papers of the 24th Annual Manila Studies Conference August 27-28, 2015 (DLSU-College of St. Benilde) Quezon City and Manila: Manila Studies Association, Inc. and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2016 [Volume 12]. Marya Svetlana T. Camacho (Issue Editor); Bernardita Reyes Churchill (Executive Editor). Manila: Selected Papers of the 25th Annual Manila Studies Conference August 30-31, 2016 (Tanghalan Leandro V. Locsin, National Commission for Culture and the Arts) Quezon City and Manila: Manila Studies Association, Inc. and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2017 [Volume 13]. Lorelei D.C. de Viana and Marya Svetlana T. Camacho (Issue Editors). Manila: Selected Papers of the 26th Annual Manila Studies Conference August 16-17, 2017 (Tanghalan Leandro V. Locsin, National Commission for Culture and the Arts) Quezon City and Manila: Manila Studies Association, Inc. and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research, 2018 [Volume 14].
150 MANILA: Selected Papers of the MSA 26th Annual Conference MANILA STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. 40 Matiwasay Street, UP Village Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Tel.: 632.921.4575 | Telefax: 632.926.1347 E-mail: nitachurchill@hotmail.com; ldeviana@feu.edu.ph • Established 1989 • Accredited to the National Commission for Culture and the Arts – Committee on Historical Research • Member, Local Historical Committees Network (LHCN) – National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) • Philippine E-Journals – Manila E-Journal: http://ejournals.ph/issue.php?id=302 • Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/groups/MSA 1989
BOARD OF TRUSTEES (2018) Lorelei DC. de Viana, Ph.D. (President) Scholar-in-residence Public Policy Center Far Eastern University, Makati City Bernardita Reyes Churchill, Ph.D. (President Emeritus) Professor of History (Retired) College of Social Sciences and Philosophy University of the Philippines Diliman Chair, Technical Committee for History (TCH) Technical Panel for the Social Sciences and Communication (TPSSC) Commission on Higher Education Manuel R. Zamora, Jr. (Vice President) Assistant Professor Chair, Religious Education Area Colegio de San Juan de Letrán, Intramuros Marya Svetlana T. Camacho, Ph.D. (Secretary) Associate Professor Department of History University of Asia and the Pacific, Pasig City
151 Pacita S. Carluen (Treasurer) PAASCU Grade School Consultant Xavier School, San Juan (Retired)
BOARD MEMBERS AND ADVISORY COUNCIL Digna B. Apilado Associate Professor of History (Retired) College of Social Sciences and Philosophy University of the Philippines Diliman Mary Jane Louise A. Bolunia, Ph.D. Senior Museum Researcher, OIC Archaeology Division National Museum of the Philippines Maria Eloisa P. de Castro, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History Faculty of Arts and Letters, University of Santo Tomas Rolando S. DelaGoza, C.M., Ph. D. MSA Advisory Council President emeritus, Adamson University St. Vincent School of Theology, Tandang Sora, Quezon City Martin R. Gaerlan HRDS Director, De La Salle Philippines, Inc. Greenhills, Mandaluyong Gil G. Gotiangco, Jr. II MSA Advisory Council Professor of History (Retired) College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman Marcelino M. Macapinlac, Jr. Lecturer of History De La Salle University Manila Ateneo de Manila University Christian Paul G. Ramos Assistant Professor of History Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila