Accelerating sustainable wash positioning paper

ACCELERATING SUSTAINABLE WASH SERVICES

POSITIONING PAPER BY THE WASH ALLIANCE INTERNATIONAL July 2015 1

www.washalliance.nl

Welcome We are the WASH Alliance International. We have extensive experience in implementing large-scale WASH programmes in Africa and Asia. We have in place a multinational network of close to 100 partners in 8 countries, from CSOs to banks and from governments to businesses. And, we have developed an approach that helps us to reach more people, for less.

This makes us the relevant partner for governments and donors all over the world to make sure everybody on this planet has access to and uses safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation.

BETWEEN 2016-2020 WE WANT TO PROVIDE SAFE WATER TO AT LEAST 2.5 MILLION PEOPLE AND IMPROVED SANITATION TO 5 MILLION PEOPLE AGAINST â‚Ź17 PER PERSON.

Doing more, for less The WASH Alliance International stands for a shift from hardware-construction towards WASH sector development. Our innovative approach will not only sustain after our programs stop, it will also accelerate and meet the needs of a growing population.

For the whole Sustainable Development Goals period till 2030, we plan to provide water to 17.5 million people and sanitation to 35 million people against declining costs.

In this concept note we present our 2016 – 2020 programme, approach and track record.

For more information, see www.washalliance.nl

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To learn more about us, our work and our 2016 - 2020 programme, please navigate through these sections:

1. PROGRAMME 2016 - 2020 Between 2016-2020 we will provide safe water to at least 2.5 million people and improved sanitation to 5 million people against declining costs. This, while taking into account urbanisation, climate change, environmental degradation, and growing demands for food and energy. Read more about our programme on page 4

2. WASH ALLIANCE INTERNATIONAL WASH Alliance International is a multi-national consortium of close to 100 partners, working closely together with communities, the private sector, banks and the public sector. Together we offer an innovative, sustainable and scalable approach to create full coverage in WASH. Read more about our consortium on page 15

3. THEORY OF CHANGE We achieve acceleration and service sustainability through our WASH sector development approach. We strategically combine effective multi-stakeholder techniques, demand creation, business development and community mobilisation.

Read more about our Theory of Change on page 19

4. TRACK RECORD By the end of 2015 we have provided 1 million people with sanitation and 880,000 with water. The financial, institutional, environmental, technical and social sustainability aspects of WASH provision have been at the core of our work over the last five years.

Read more about our track record on page 23

5. COUNTRY PROGRAMMES

6. ABBREVIATIONS Page 32

Page 27

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1. PROGRAMME 2016 - 2020: ACCELERATING WASH

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2. WASH Alliance International

The context of our programmes Much has been achieved under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the past decennia.

Although the targets for the MDG on water have been achieved, currently 700 million people do not have access to water. Sanitation is considerably lagging behind. Around 2.5 billion people do not use an improved sanitation facility, out of which 1 billion people practice open defecation1. Sustainability remains a key challenge with an expected need for rehabilitation of water for 700 million people.

Similarly, sanitation service and value chain development often remains at an infant stage due to ineffective governance, finance and market linkages.

water stress, requiring integrated approaches and stronger connections to water-related fields such as energy and food security. It is against this context that we present our programme to you.

In this document we explain that the WASH Alliance International can contribute significantly to the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goals on WASH. We furthermore outline how we link our programmes closely to the broader water goals, such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, food security and energy needs. We also intend to show how we contribute to the development of the private sector and how we can link Aid and Trade.

Emerging issues that relate to WASH are food security, climate change and the fair division of global public goods (such as water and energy).

The proposed SDGs have a separate goal on Water (SDG6) within which WASH is placed in the broader context of water availability, efficiency of use, water quality, the health of water-related ecosystems and fair division of water and waste in the global context.

SDG 6 aims at full coverage of WASH for everyone in all countries by 2030. Governments from all over the world recognise the increasing complexity and scale of global water challenges, notably growing

1. WHO/UNICEF. 2014. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation – 2014 update. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.

WHO and UNICEF: Geneva, Switzerland

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1. Programme 2016 - 2022: Accelerating WASH

Our proposition The WASH Alliance International accelerates its collaborative programme in eight countries in Africa and Asia: Bangladesh, Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nepal and Uganda as shown in the next figure.

environmental and integrated water resource management (IWRM) approaches more easily.

In the coming business plan period 2016-2020, our strategic focus is on accelerating the provision of WASH services and strengthening and anchoring the sustainability of these services. We also link WASH services more strongly to climate change, ecosystem health, IWRM and food security. Acceleration and sustainability are key to reach the SDG’s for 2030.

Results achieved by 2020 Based on the experience of the last five years, we have the products, capacities and infrastructure lined up to accelerate the delivery of results at scale against relatively declining costs.

At the end of 2020, the eight countries will have: • A functioning public-private WASH sector in our focus areas, delivering improved water, sanitation and hygiene services to everyone and forever, • 2.5 million additional people use improved water and 5.2 million people more use improved sanitation services. Due to the functioning WASH sector, the services continue to expand in coverage and quality to accommodate population growth, • Sustainable use of water-related ecosystems and their services, as water stores, water regulators etc.

• The Country WASH Alliance plays a strong role in WASH advocacy, joint implementation and in continuous learning and innovating together. They are flexible in membership and can easily adapt to changing circumstances. They are ready to expand to other areas in their country.

We have the ambition to expand our scope of work to 2 to 4 additional countries in the coming business plan period. With the experience built up over the last years we know how to replicate our approaches in new areas and are able to scale up our activities in a relatively short time frame.

The strategic choices we have made for our 20162020 programme are (1) a focus on reaching full coverage in a chosen number of operational areas2, also servicing the hard to reach groups. This is done in close collaboration with partners outside the alliance working in the same area and coordinated with government at all levels to align with the governmental planning agenda. (2) An inclusive approach reaching everyone. (3) A shift to a more urban programme, as a response to rapid urbanisation and the resulting WASH needs of people in urban slums in addition to rural population and (4) the choice of our operational areas is also based on a landscape approach in addition to administrative (districts) areas to include

2. As opposed to the ‘pocket’ approach that the Mid Term Evaluators described in our programmes in 2013

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1. Programme 2016 - 2022: Accelerating WASH

1.1 Country Programmes The Country WASH Alliances have developed country programmes, in which they outline their commitment to work on WASH sector development in a sustainable way leading to continuous acceleration of services. In chapter 5 an overview of the country programmes of Ethiopia and Bangladesh are provided, with the specific thematic focus for that country and the operational areas chosen.

Below we summarise the main WASH Alliance products & services and the new elements in the programme 2016-2020.

Access to and use of WASH services

Urban Water: • WASH Committees in slums; • Mini Water Grid (new) Urban Sanitation: • Diamond Model (Institutionalised Business Approach) • Privately managed public toilets • Faecal Sludge Management Rural WASH • CLTS • Mini Water Grid (new) • WASH committees • Water in water scarce areas (RWH, sand dams) • Resilient WASH services (e.g. flood & earthquake resistant WASH at Institutions • Integrated WASH Approach (incl. RWH)

Financial Products

Institutional Products

Environmental Products

Hygiene Services • Community campaigns • Media campaigns • Menstrual Hygiene (new: business development) • Loans to entrepreneurs, consumers • Guarantee Fund for MFIs • Financial & business workshops &mentoring • Finance blending (new) • Budget tracking • Joint purchase with consumer organisations (new) • Set-up & coordinate multi-stakeholder platforms (e.g. CLTS, WASH Committees, Diamond Model) • Theory of Change for Accelerating Sustainable WASH • Training of stakeholders in roles & responsibilities • Catchment Area Assessment & follow-up planning (from pilots to scale) • Training & capacity building on landscape approach, ecosystem management, 3R (WASTE), 3R (water), sand dams

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1. Programme 2016 - 2022: Accelerating WASH

Technical Products

• Water Compass (decision support tool to choose an appropriate source of water) • Sanitation Decision Support Tool • Training on technologies: RWH, sand dams, manual drilling, Ecosan, disaster resilient technologies, FSM • Awareness & Demand creation (media, campaigns, films, ToT) • Training: Gender, Social inclusion, RTWS • WASH committees • FLOW (mobile surveys) • RSR (IATI compliant online Monitoring) • Sustainability Monitoring Framework, including the Sustainability Index

Social Products

Information Products

All the above products are contributing to further sector development and empowerment of people. This will result in acceleration of access to WASH services for people. Based on the inputs from the Country WASH Alliances (see table below), the collaborative programme for 2016-2020 provides water to at least 2.5 million people and sanitation to 5.16 million people. We facilitate the provision of these services against an average approximate cost of € 17 for water and € 17.50 for sanitation, which will continue to decline.

Population Population growth

Population Coverage 2020

SDG SDG target target 2030 2020

WAI target %

23 67

7,8 22,2

0,72 2,05

9,3% 9,2%

Bangladesh 144 mln

1,5%

155 mln

Water 85% Sanition 57 %

Benin

11 mln

3,5 %

13 mln

Water 67% 4 Sanition 52 % 6

1,4 2,0

0,19 0,27

13,7% 13,4%

Ethiopia

96 mln

1,3%

102 mln

Water 57% 44 Sanition 28 % 74

14,7 24,5

0,40 0,57

2,7% 2,3%

Ghana

26 mln

0,0%

26 mln

Water 92% Sanition 15 %

0,7 7,5

0,08 0,79

11,4% 10,6%

Kenya

44 mln

2,7%

51 mln

Water 62% 19 Sanition 32 % 35

6,4 11,5

0,50 0,61

7,8% 5,3%

Mali

16 mln

3,0%

18 mln

Water 64% 7 Sanition 22 % 14

2,2 4,8

0,06 0,08

2,7% 1,7%

Uganda

37 mln

4,0%

45 mln

Water 73% Sanition 75 %

12 11

4,0 3,7

0,60 0,78

14,9% 20,9%

Total

374 mln

410 mln

Water Sanitation

111 229

37,2 76,3

2,55 5,15

6,9% 6,8%

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1. Programme 2016 - 2022: Accelerating WASH

1.2. International programme

the complexity of sustainability hard to grasp and address in their interventions, while many aim to have certainty about the long-term functionality of the WASH facilities that have been built through public DGIS funding.

Below we describe the international program of the WASH Alliance International with a focus on gender and social inclusion, sustainability, acceleration, climate change and innovations on finance.

Gender and social inclusion The WASH Alliance International incorporates the social aspects of WASH interventions in all its programmes, in particular gender equality and social inclusion. We consider women as important ‘agents of change’ in WASH programmes. Similarly, WASH programmes create multiple entry points for female empowerment. As they are mostly in charge of all tasks related to water for consumption purposes (e.g. food preparation, child care, and laundry), they manage to increase hygiene levels in the household and the community. The WASH Alliance International incorporates gender aspects in all programmes, both in a strategic (like advancing women’s rights, participation and structural power positions related to WASH) and a practical manner (such as menstrual hygiene management and sexdisaggregated facilities). Depending on the context, the WASH Alliance International uses a variety of approaches to ensure that everyone irrespective of age, income, position or physical/mental state enjoys access to and use of sustainable WASH services. This includes fostering social accountability processes helping all to express their WASH needs and ensuring that the poorest are included in the programmes of the governments.

The WASH Alliance International is convinced that sustainability needs to be addressed at two different levels: in planning and management to improve the likelihood of sustainability and with external checks to provide proof of sustainability. To this end, the following two international programmes are proposed: the Sustainability Monitoring Framework (SMF) and the sustainability checks.

Planning and managing for sustainable WASH services (SMF) The WASH Alliance International has been working on long-term sustainability since 2011 with the introduction of the ‘FIETS Sustainability Principles’ for WASH interventions. The FIETS principles are and will continue to be used as the basis for all our capacity building, programming and managing of our interventions.

In 2012, the WASH Alliance International in cooperation with IRC, translated these principles into a practical instrument, the Sustainability Monitoring Framework (SMF), to integrate sustainability into WASH programming, planning and management right from the start. The SMF helps WASH actors to (1) create a shared understanding of sustainability and (2) assess up to what extent the (planned) interventions deal with all obstacles to sustainable WASH services, using the Sustainability Index.

Sustainability The lack of sustainability of WASH facilities and – services is a structural problem in the WASH sector.

Much of the investments done by donors or national governments in the WASH sector are lost due to bad management, inappropriate technologies, lack of savings for adequate maintenance, lack of embedding into IWRM in the wider landscape etc.

Partner organisations and governments alike find

The WASH Alliance International uses the Sustainability Monitoring Framework (SMF) mainly to build the capacities of our partner NGOs, but also of the governmental authorities, on sustainability of three WASH thematic areas: water service delivery; household sanitation facilities and hygiene practices.

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1. Programme 2016 - 2022: Accelerating WASH

The tool can be applied in the programming, planning and management phase.

To date, the WASH Alliance International has trained partners and authorities in Ghana, Uganda and Kenya on the use of the SMF. This was received by the partners with much enthusiasm, and partners in other countries are now requesting to be trained in the SMF. In 2015, a data management tool and an online training have been developed, to make it easier to scale up the SMF to all our countries. In 2016, the WASH Alliance will do a training of trainers in all countries, so that these experts can train all the partners and interested authorities, with the assistance of the (free) online training tool.

Sustainability checks The WASH Alliance International is going to monitor sustainability by introducing ‘Functionality Checks’ and ‘Sustainability Checks’. The ‘Functionality Checks’ are regular internal checks conducted approximately every three months to assess if WASH facilities are still functional. Partners will be instructed on how to incorporate these into their normal monitoring supported by Akvo FLOW. We further look at possible cooperation with consumers in the functionality feedback loop, for example feedback by consumers to the mechanic by phone in case the water pump is not working.

However, we belief that Sustainability entails more than functionality or ‘proving that the pump is still working’. It also entails checking functionality of the management structures, preservation of water resources etc. The ‘Sustainability Checks’ therefore serve to demonstrate that a new WASH facility or service is likely to be still functional after 15 years. We believe that this is a responsibility of the government in the country itself, and not the responsibility of an NGO or foreign donor. In order to guarantee independence, we propose a two-layered system for the ‘Sustainability Checks’: 1. Governmental authorities in our project

countries check the sustainability of WASH facilities and services in their area of jurisdiction (bi-)annually, making use of software e.g. Akvo FLOW for data collection. In some cases, for example with public toilets, Service Level Agreements between government and the private sector are a good way to guarantee sustainability and a good level of service delivery; 2. Regional/ national WASH authorities have the sustainability checked by an independent and accredited accountant’s company, e.g. KPMG/ SGS that verifies the functionality on the basis of a national (legal) standard and brings out reports on this which are made public.

The WASH Alliance International will facilitate the introduction of the Sustainability Checks by • Training national authorities on monitoring the sustainability of WASH facilities by using among others Akvo FLOW for data collection and training on Service Level Agreements; • Advocating with the national government for a national standard on the long-term sustainability of WASH systems and a mandate to regional/ provincial authorities to have this verified. For this advocacy message, the WASH Alliance International will work closely with the WASH-IT programme that is one of the Strategic Partnerships under the Dialogue and Dissent policy with the Ministry.

We fully realise that it might be difficult to get governments on board to do the sustainability checks. Until and unless national authorities take up the monitoring and auditing of the sustainability, the WASH Alliance International will organise that an auditor performs this sustainability check, e.g. by. making use of Akvo FLOW. We propose that ‘sustainability checks’ are performed once in two years till the government takes over.

Acceleration The sector development as described under the

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1. Programme 2016 - 2022: Accelerating WASH

country programmes will lead to acceleration of sustainable WASH service delivery in the field. The WASH Alliance International will facilitate linking, learning and innovations across the Country WASH Alliances and its staff, to generate best practices for achieving the next level of acceleration.

Starting from 2012, the WASH Alliance International has paid much attention to Financial and Institutional Sustainability through its learning agenda. The learning agenda was implemented through finance workshops, follow-ups with business consultants, the intensified diamond approach and a learning project. The latter resulted in 17 ambassadors of change on innovative WASH business concepts and on experiments on new businesses, such as FSM. By now, there is a broad understanding among the partners and as a consequence many private sector partners and financial institutions joined the programme, new business models were developed and NGOs took on the role of facilitating sector development.

In 2014 and 2015 ‘acceleration cases’ have been created and documented, describing how we achieve acceleration for urban sanitation, rural sanitation, lobby and advocacy and for environmental approaches through our ToC. We will take these programmes to the next level of acceleration. For example the urban diamond sanitation case in Uganda that is now operating successfully in four towns can be replicated to many more cities effectively by (1) standardising and optimising the process used, (2) cooperating with the same financial institutions, (3) peer-to-peer communication: neighbouring cities show interest because they see the success in the other cities, thus automatically creating demand, (4) workshops and trainings can be organised for more cities at once, optimising our own inputs.

Scaling requires a different mind-set focused on

reaching everyone (‘thinking big’) and this requires standardisation of services, more cost efficiency, and using effective techniques for lobbying the government, community mobilisation and generating demand. In support of the country programmes, the WASH Alliance International aims to support an international learning agenda with: 1. Joint research & documentation to capitalise successful ‘acceleration cases’ as the basis to describe standardisation of the services in a ‘WASH Catalogue’, with service provision models for rural sanitation, urban sanitation, mini water grids, inclusion of IWRM in WASH programmes, etc.

2. Training all relevant stakeholders on how to operationalise their role in acceleration.

3. Peer-to-peer learning programmes, such as a trade mission for MFIs that are not convinced of the business case in WASH, to an MFI that is having a WASH loan portfolio already.

4. ‘Ambassadors of acceleration’ programme, making a few motivated WASH professionals ambassadors of change.

Innovation on finance The WASH Alliance International is determined to develop the WASH sector in such a way that it becomes ‘financially sustainable’: WASH services should be increasingly financed by the government (taxes) and the users (tariffs & paying for own facility) and less and less by donor funds (transfers). In the countries we will continue working on private sector development, working with MFIs and leverage our Guarantee funds to expand funding, but we need to do more.

Payment systems: Promotion of payment systems will be a new element in our programme. Water and sanitation provision are services requiring recurrent payments from households to businesses/ services providers. We have taken first steps in exploring innovative electronic payment systems, allowing

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1. Programme 2016 - 2022: Accelerating WASH

scaling-up of services. E.g. small-grid water systems with phone payment system and ‘Pay as You Fetch’ models and systems like ‘Water Tokens’, ‘Mobile Money’ and ‘Prepaid Water’. We have submitted a research proposal on Prepaid Payment Systems to the EU Horizon 2020 programme, for which the concept note has been approved.

and through the connection of WASH to ‘nexus’ themes such as (2) food security and energy, and climate change. Working on WASH through these supporting themes, eventually will have a bigger impact on our WASH related objectives.

Payment for ecosystem services: Linking improved land and water management by stakeholders and users upstream and downstream to safeguard and more equitably share water resources.

1. IWRM: • The catchment area or landscape approach: this involves a thorough analysis of the area targeted including e.g. the classification of the ecosystem, mapping of water- and waste flows and specific problems related to water supply, sanitation and hygiene, land-use, potential use and re-use and the implications for key ecosystem services.

The results of the analysis give insight in the interdependence between the communities and the ecosystem, and are used for the design of an inclusive and integral landscape-specific plan.• • The 3R approach for preservation of water resources (Recharge, Retention and Re-use) in a catchment area: this is an innovative methodology for sustainable management of water resources by extending the chain of water use as much as possible within a basin. It focuses on local solutions for groundwater and small surface water storage such as: building micro dams.

• Application of environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions such as: - innovative rain water harvesting technologies; - closing the water- and nutrient loop:

capturing rainwater for watering vegetables

or improving soil fertility and hence the

buffer capacity of the soil - recycling-oriented productive sanitation:

development of sanitary facilities that

use recycled water and process faecal

sludge for agricultural purposes.

• Application of new technologies to make water

Blending Finance: During the past years we have focused on getting local Financial Institutions on board as partners of our Alliance. In order to reach scale, we are investigating the possibilities of blending grants with (soft) loans and social investments from social impact investors (similar to the Water Banks).

1.3. The wider context: IWRM and Nexus themes Under the previous programme, the WASH Alliance International has developed practical environmental approaches as part of its e-sustainability programme.

With expertise from its environmental partners, WAI has moved from concepts to implementation, actually ahead of and in line with SDG6.

In addition, WASH can be connected to a multitude of other important issues such as food security, energy and the challenge of providing sufficient water for all the different competing purposes at household level.

WASH is not an isolated topic but has to be placed in a wider context. Therefore, the WASH Alliance International will expand its work on (1) the placement of WASH in the larger context through Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approaches,

Examples of our approaches in this respect are:

3. Link to the country list of the Dutch government: http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/ontwikkelingssamenwerking/partnerlanden-enfocuslanden’. Transition countries are countries that the Dutch government wants to support in poverty reduction (amongst others on water) and with economic growth, through market access and improvements in the private sector climate. The transition countries that we work in are: Bangladesh, Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Uganda

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1. Programme 2016 - 2022: Accelerating WASH

and sanitation facilities more flood or disaster resilient.

2. Food security, energy and multiple use: • The 3R approach for waste: Reduce, Re-use and Recycle to minimize the negative effect of waste water, solid waste and faecal sludge on the environment mainly through reusing of waste products with simple treatments. The treated products will be mainly used for local agricultural purposes contributing to increased food security in the intervention area or for energy production through biogas.

• Linking to the development of City Region Food Systems through the participation in new alliances between the water, sanitation and environmental and agricultural sector.

• Multiple use systems this includes the supply of water not only for consumption but for multiple uses, like production and crops. Both however require water that is free of pathogens to avoid the risk of transmission of diseases. In addition, water for production means food security and income generation which enables households to pay for their water and their household latrine.

Human excreta can be used as fertilizer for their gardening, and access to- and use of safe drinking water is crucial when it comes to better nutrition.

3. Climate change We continue to work on climate change adaptation and mitigation through our environmental approaches. On top of that we want to explore the best ways to quantify the contribution of WASH programmes to climate adaptation, for example through ecosystem management and mitigation in terms of CO2 reduction. In a later stage we will assess the possibilities of generating carbon credits from this to monetise our contribution, learning from programmes such as Lifestraw Water filters4. We will need a private partner investing in the certification process in order to obtain carbon credits. This party

buys the carbon credits for compensation and/or for CSR. We will investigate possible cooperation with ICCO Fair Climate Fund having the knowledge about CO2 reduction and the carbon credits market and realizing the certification. The WASH Alliance International will bring to this partnership the network and the programmes for stimulating the water filters, biogas generation, etc.

There are possibilities for quantifying CO2 reduction in the following fields: 1. Biogas generation out of human excreta at household level. CO2 reduction by not using firewood anymore for cooking but biogas.

2. Provision of safe drinking water at household level. CO2 reduction by not boiling the water anymore before use, but using a filter. We need to find out if carbon credits can also be generated for small piped water systems, water pumps in combination with behavioural change on storage of water etc.

3. Wetland ecosystem conservation and restoration to reduce GHG emissions, safeguard carbon stores and enable sequestration, especially peatlands.

4. Reforestation. CO2 generation at the long term, as trees need time to grow.

In the next programme 2016-2020 we will ensure that these approaches are taken from successful pilots to being applied in all targeted areas as well as bring them to a higher scale, to continue and expand our contribution to climate change adaptation and mitigation.

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2. WASH ALLIANCE INTERNATIONAL

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2. WASH Alliance International

Introduction The WASH Alliance International has its origin in the Dutch WASH Alliance which was supported by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 2011 to 2015. It is a multi-national consortium of close to a hundred partners, working together with NGOs, communities, the private sector, banks and the public sector in eight countries in Africa and Asia. In Africa we run programmes in Ghana, Mali, Benin, Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya. In Asia in Nepal and Bangladesh. Each of the partners contributes specialised knowledge and together the WASH Alliance International offers an innovative, sustainable and scalable approaches to create full coverage in WASH. The WASH Alliance International has ample experience in implementing and monitoring large scale programmes and by the end of 2015 has provided 1 million people with sanitation and 880,000 with water.

Unique and at the heart of the WASH Alliance International are the Country WASH Alliances, consisting of 5 to 15 partner organisations in each country (see figure 3). These are civil society organisations that each have complementary expertise to contribute to WASH sector development. Every partner brings in a different area of specialisation, from urban sanitation to Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS), from advocacy expertise to expertise on integration of the environmental and business dimension into our WASH programmes. The Country WASH Alliances are managed by Country Coordinators and supported by their Steering Committees. They play a key role in the process of sustainable WASH sector development & acceleration and have built a joint track record in designing a joint WASH programme that fits the local context, coordinating the selection of private and public sector partners and setting a joint lobby and advocacy agenda.

Dutch WASH Alliance 12 partners

Bangladesh WASH Alliance

Benin WASH Alliance

Ethiopia WASH Alliance

Ghana WASH Alliance

Kenya WASH Alliance

Mali WASH Alliance

Nepal WASH Alliance

Uganda WASH Alliance

9 partners

6 partners

10 partners

5 partners

9 partners

8 partners

14 partners

11 partners

Figure 3: Organogram of the WASH Alliance International

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2. WASH Alliance International

With this organisational set up the WASH Alliance International can operate flexible, mobilising international and local resources to meet the demands for WASH in approaches that have been tested under varying conditions.

The alliance is this way also able to provide WASH services at scale in a consistent way over the various intervention areas. The country context is fully respected and our country partners drive the process of sector development and facilitating service provision.

All partners have local offices that are able to manage the operations and handle the logistics.

During the last five years, the staff of the WASH Alliance International, together with the Dutch partners, gave leadership to the development of a joint vision and joint values, actively supported the country programmes by facilitating innovations, training on sustainability and acceleration, and by facilitating joint learning across borders.

The Country WASH Alliances and the Dutch partners all are part of an international ‘WASH Alliance family’ that is dedicated to full coverage of WASH and they support each other to achieve this goal.

Vision, mission & ambition As WASH Alliance International we envision a world where all people have access to and make use of sustainable water and sanitation services that they can afford, and where all people can live under hygienic living conditions to improve their health, dignity and economic living standard.

water and sanitation facilities from a hardware-construction approach towards a WASH sector development approach, which is sustainable and able to accelerate for scale.

It is our mission to ensure sustainable WASH services for all people, including the marginalised, in the areas where we work. This can only be realised if we trigger a shift in the dominant approach of providing

The WASH Alliance International aims to provide full coverage with sustainable WASH services for all in an expanding number of areas where we work, contributing directly to SDG 6. Our work also contributes directly to the

It is our ambition to contribute to the SDG for universal access to WASH services.

5. In the coming 5 years we will ensure access to and use of water for 2 million people and access to and use of sanitation for 5.2 million. We expect to double this outcome every 5 years. In 2030 this constitutes access of 17.5 million people for water and 35 million people for sanitation.

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2. WASH Alliance International

other targets of SDG 6, such as sufficient and safe water for multiple uses via an IWRM approach at all scales, water use efficiency, improved water quality, sustainable water withdrawals and a clean environment. The impact of our work, however, will go much beyond SDG 6, as access and use of WASH services has a positive impact on health (SDG 3), gender equality and empowerment of women and girls (SDG 5), inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction (SDG 8 and SDG1), sustainable use of freshwater ecosystems and their services (SDG 15) and safe, resilient cities and settlements (SDG 11).

WAI Management Unit The staff of the WASH Alliance International (which consists of staff of the WASH management unit and the country coordinators), supported by the staff of the partners will facilitate the acceleration of WASH and provide: 1. Management and monitoring of the programme (compliant with the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) and online), 2. Communication, 3. Learning, building and sharing knowledge on sustainability and acceleration to establish best practices and quality standards, 4. External auditing to guarantee sustainability for 15 years, 5. Innovating our approaches, improving the FIETS sustainability, developing business and financing models and quantifying carbon reduction.

International lobby for sustainability and acceleration will be realised through a partnership with the WASH IT strategic partnership. The WASH IT will link its international lobby to our Country WASH Alliances.

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3. THEORY OF CHANGE FOR ACCELERATING SUSTAINABLE WASH SERVICES

18

3. Theory of Change for Accelerating Sustatinable WASH Services

To realise sustainable access to WASH services for all, we build upon a strong track record.

We contribute to a shift from a hardware-construction approach towards a sustainable service delivery and WASH sector development approach.

This approach will not only sustain results after our programmes stop, it will also accelerate in terms of scale and scope and be able to meet the needs of a growing population.

We facilitate the development of a system in which all stakeholders, such as the private and public sector, as well as organised citizens and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), work together and know and take accountability for their roles and responsibilities.

To reach our ambition, our Theory of Change (ToC) is built upon three integrated pillars: Developing a functioning and enabling WASH market, in which the private sector is providing quality products and services at an affordable price and in which the financial sector facilitates the access and use of finance for entrepreneurs and consumers.

Developing an enabling public sector for WASH, in which the government takes up its responsibility as duty bearer, creates a supportive policy and regulatory environment for sustainable WASH services for all, with strong M&E frameworks and allocates sufficient budget for WASH. Empowering, informing and organising citizens for sustainable WASH: informed citizens will demand, participate and pay for sustainable WASH services and practice healthy hygienic behaviour; organised citizens will claim high quality WASH services from the market; and empowered citizens hold the government accountable for delivering quality WASH services for all.

All our partners, many of which are NGOs, provide specialised knowledge to advance the development of these three pillars, to facilitate cooperation between the stakeholders and to stimulate that the three pillars are strengthened in a sustainable way.

Results 2011 - 2014

3 credit products developed 19

3. Theory of Change for Accelerating Sustatinable WASH Services

In order to ensure that the WASH sector development takes place in a sustainable way we apply our FIETS Sustainability Principles. These principles have five elements of sustainability: financial, institutional, environmental, technical and social sustainability. A special focus within our sustainability approach is given to the recognition of the interdependencies

between water, energy, the condition of waterrelated ecosystems, food security and climate change. In our work we highlight an integrated approach with which we can manage the risks of water, energy, environment and food scarcity, while realising inclusive green growth.

20

3. Theory of Change for Accelerating Sustatinable WASH Services

FIETS Principles Financial sustainability Continuity in the delivery of products and services related to water, sanitaÂŹtion and hygiene is assured, because the activities are locally financed and do not depend on external (foreign) subsidies.

Institutional sustainability WASH systems, institutions and procedures at the local level are functional and meet the demand of users of WASH services. All WASH stakeholders at the local and national level are clear on their own roles and responsibilities.

Environmental sustainability WASH interventions are placed in the wider context of the natural environment. We impleÂŹment an approach of integrated and sustainable management of water, waste (-water) flows and resources.

Technological sustainability The techÂŹnology or hardware needed for WASH services continues to function: it can be maintained, repaired and replaced by local people. Appropriate technology is affordable and does not deplete the (natural) resources on which it depends for its functioning.

Social sustainability Appropriate social conditions are realised to make sure that the current and future society are able to create healthy and liveable communities. Social sustainable intervention is demand-driven, inclusive, gender equal, culturally sensitive and needsbased.

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4. TRACK RECORD

22

4. Track record

In 2011, the Dutch WASH Alliance, with financial support from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, started implementing five- year programmes in eight countries in Africa and Asia. By the end of the programme in 2015, the WASH Alliance will have realised sustainable access to water services to 880,000 people and sustainable access to improved sanitation facilities to 1 million people.

This was achieved by working on sustainable WASH sector development, working on the three pillars of our ToC (private sector development, public sector development, empowered and organised citizens) with the following results so far: 1. Private sector • More than 10,000 entrepreneurs have been organised and trained on good quality WASH products and business planning. Consequently, their income has gone up and their working conditions improved (e.g. pit emptiers).

• Collaboration was established with seven local, regional, national and international Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs). Guarantee funds have been established with five of them to reduce their market entry risk, at a value of €360.000,=.

• Approximately 40 of our partner NGOs established WASH credit schemes at local level.

• Innovation and business development on Faecal Sludge Management, e.g. with black soldier flies transforming sludge to animal feed and production of biogas.

2. Public Sector • Public WASH budgets increased in five countries as a result of our budget tracking approach.

• Country WASH Alliances are represented in government WASH coordination structures and influence policy and implementation.

• Government staff has been trained on many different topics, including the Right to Water and Sanitation (RTWS), budget tracking and on

environmental approaches to WASH. • Measures (45) have been taken by governmental institutions with respect to the Right to Water and Sanitation in five countries, resulting in improved social equality in access to water and sanitation facilities.

• Governments have taken up their roles in multi stakeholder platforms to implement existing policies and make regulations to support the policies, e.g. fines are given for dumping faecal sludge in the open and land is provided for faecal sludge management.

3. Empowered and organised citizens • Awareness on hygiene has been created through Community-led total sanitation (CLTS), reaching out to urban, rural and pastoralist communities to abandon open defecation.

• Menstrual hygiene has been put on the agenda and out in the open.

• Community WASH programmes have led to changed behaviour leading to improved health, the empowerment of women, the building of community WASH infrastructure and good management of these structures by the community.

• 17 ambassadors of change have been trained in four countries who have expertise on inclusive business development in WASH, creating Public private partnerships (PPPs) and the new role of NGOs in facilitating sector development.

The development of these three pillars of the ToC has been done by applying our FIETS principles.

For example training on E-sustainability, whereby training was provided to approximately 2300 staff and other stakeholders over the last 4 years resulting in these environmental approaches are increasingly taken up in programmes. The WASH programmes in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda include the 3R approach in water (Recharge, Retention and Re-use) and 3R waste management (Reduce,

23

4. Track record

Recycle, Re-use). To ensure technical sustainability, the application of locally suitable, disaster resilient and affordable technologies was promoted through e.g. the development of the online tool ‘Water Compass’ for the selection of water management methods.

The Country WASH Alliances have not only contributed to the sustainable development of the three pillars, but also enhanced coordination between WASH stakeholders at national, regional and district level in seven countries. Currently, 365 multi-stakeholder structures are revived or created, 11% at national level, 14% at regional level and 75% at community level. Also the private sector is increasingly represented. In the past 5 years, the eight Country WASH Alliances have laid a strong foundation for WASH sector development and innovation. All the stakeholders (private sector, public sector, NGOs, empowered citizens) are now on board and have started taking up their respective roles in the WASH sector. As illustrated in the below graph, the first level of acceleration in our programmes has been achieved. From the year

2013 onwards, an exponential growth in outreach has been achieved.

Our approach creates sustainable results while the investment costs continue to decline. The above graph shows that access to WASH services costed € 33 per person over the first three years, declining to € 20 euro per person on average over five years. The financial leverage of our funds in the countries has continued to increase, as more consumers started building their own water and sanitation facilities with savings or by accessing a loan.

Each country is currently at a different level of sector development, depending on the context (urban/ rural, density of the population, natural disasters etc.).

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4. Track record

1. Example of urban WASH sector development The city of Tamale in Northern Ghana is confronted with fast population growth, posing major challenges for water, sanitation and hygiene. More than 85% of the 500,000 inhabitants has no access to sanitation and 1 in 5 people defecate in the open.

To achieve access to sanitation for everyone, the Ghana WASH Alliance (GWA) strengthens the public and private sector players in urban waste management: • With households, GWA creates demand for sanitation products, credits and re-use options (composting and biogas production); • With governments, GWA improves regulations and policies to support private sector initiatives; • And to the private sector, GWA provides business training and access to finance for investments in the sanitation value chain.

In the next phase of the programme, 2016-2020 Acceleration Phase, we expect that • To achieve full coverage of access to improved sanitation; • Costs to create access to sanitation will decrease from €12,60 to €7,00 per person; • The amount of faecal sludge collected and treated is three times as high as now.

The approach will be replicated in other cities in Ghana.

2. Example of rural WASH sector development Kajiado County is a rural region in Southern Kenya, where 25% of the population has no access to any form of sanitation.

The Kenya WASH Alliance implemented four clusters of activity: (1) Raise the awareness of the communities on the health risks of open defecation through CLTS-sessions; (2) Training local entrepreneurs on fabrication and marketing of sanitation products; (3) Work with micro finance institutions to develop affordable sanitation credits; (4) Convince national governments to allocate more budget for sanitation.

In the next phase of the programme, 2016-2020 Acceleration Phase, we expect that: • The number of villages declared ‘open defecation free’ rises from 15 to 200 • Diarrhoea will fall out of the top ten of most prevalent diseases • Local banks will have multiplied financial investments in sanitation with a factor 10.

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5. COUNTRY PROGRAMMES

26

5. Country plans

Ethiopia Programme 2016-2020 As a result of Ethiopia Wash Alliance 2011-2015 programme 58.477 people use improved sanitation facilities and 41.130 use improved water resources.

In Ethiopia in general progress towards commitments of the WASH Alliance in terms of sustainable WASH outcomes and outputs for 20112015 are on track. The outcome for sanitation has been reached mainly through the combined efforts in Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), hygiene & sanitation education and Eco-san technology demonstration. The access and use of improved drinking water is even far ahead of the targets set for the current programme, mainly because many water committees have been established and trained in 2013, to manage larger schemes in 2014 and 2015.

WASH in Ethiopia The latest JMP report for the progress of MDG targets for WASH revealed that the country is on track of MDG targets for drinking water target which reached 57% but lagging behind for usage of improved sanitation facilities below 28% currently.

WASH Implementation Framework (WIF) with the objectives of integration, alignment, harmonization and partnership in the WASH sector and One WASH Programme (OWN) for sector wide approach are some of the key WASH sector achievements.

along with increasing the engagement of private sector and capacity building of partners and other stakeholders and communities.

Five key programme priorities are identified: 1. Improved Access to Sustainable Safe Water Supply 2. Improved Sanitation and Safe Hygiene Practices 3. Improved livelihood of the communities through Use of Water Supply for Multiple Purposes and Greater Integration with other Sectors 4. Improved Dialogue, Policy Initiatives and Change of Practices 5. Improved Programme Quality and Effectiveness Partnerships The Ethiopian WASH Alliance consists mainly of NGOs. More representatives from private sector (including financial) will be involved in the years to come and also representatives from the public and financial sectors.

Intervention areas The EWA focusses its programmes on 3 regions: Afar, Dire Dawa and East Haraghe to reach full coverage in these regions.

Strategic priorities For 2016-2020 the strategic focus areas of EWA are improving the access to and use of water supply, sanitation and hygiene services, enhanced dialogue, policy initiatives and change of practices and improved programme quality and effectiveness. These are expected to be achieved by institutionalizing and deepening our sustainability framework (FIETS approach), promoting the empowerment of women & girls, strengthening the partnership with various WASH sector actors

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5. Country plans

Country

Population Population 2011 growth

Population Coverage 2020

SDG target 2030

SDG target 2020

Ethiopia

96 mln

102,2 mln

44 74

14,7 24,5

1,%

Water 57% Sanition 28 %

Intervention areas

Target full coverage

Afar zone 3 (rural WASH)

0,25

0,26

Water 50 % Sanition 30 %

0,1 0,2

0,13 0,18

Afar zone 3 (school WASH)

0,02

0,02

WASH

0,01

0,01

Dire Dawa (urban WASH)

0,25

0,27

Water 90% Sanition 78 %

0,0 0,1

0,03 0,06

East Haraghe (rural WASH)

0,34

0,36

Water 32% Sanition 9 %

0,2 0,3

0,25 0,33

East Haraghe (school WASH)

0,04

0,04

WASH

0,0

0,00

0,1 0,3 0,8

0,10 0,27 0,84

Afar, Dire, E-Haraghe and national

Totaal

73%

43%

Learning 3R Policy engagement

0,90

0,95

Water Sanition Instit. WASH

28

0,40 0,57 0,01

5. Country plans

Bangladesh Programme 2016-2020 As a result of Bangladesh Wash Alliance 2011-2015 programme 211,516 people use improved sanitation facilities and 134,345 use improved water resources, with a per capita investment of €7 per person.

WASH in Bangladesh Bangladesh has made good progress in providing basic water and sanitation services to its people. It is now estimated that throughout Bangladesh, 85% of people have access to improved water and 57% use sanitary latrines. Open defecation has almost ended with only about 3% of the people not using toilets of any kind. Still there lots of challenges remain in Water and Sanitation Sector in Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh has identified 1136 Unions as hard to reach area and the WASH situation is very poor in these hard to reach areas.

Urban sanitation and faecal sludge management is crucial challenge need to be addressed. Only 20% of Dhaka city dwellers have access to sewerage connection and only 2% of faecal sludge is properly treated.

Strategic priorities Considering that Bangladesh is highly prone to different natural hazards such as flooding, water logging, cyclones, earthquakes and Tsunamis, the Bangladesh WASH alliance programme will ensure use of disaster resilient WASH facilities. Approaches such as “Catchment Assessment” and “Integrated Water Resource Management” will be scaled up in the new phase of the programme. The Bangladesh WASH alliance also uses t 3R strategy on waste (reduce, reuse and recycle) to minimize the negative effect of wastewater, solid waste and faecal sludge on the environment mainly through reusing of waste products with simple treatments. The treated products will be mainly used for local agricultural purposes contributing to increased food security in the intervention area.

Partnerships The BWA as an Alliance takes part in many government commissions related to WASH policy development.

Further, WASH Alliance has built close collaboration with other important actors in Bangladesh. BRAC and ASA have expressed their willingness to be part of the WASH Alliance programme in the next phase of the programme, which will strongly increase the acceleration of the programme.

Simavi, IRC, Wetlands International and Akvo, partners of WASH Alliance International, will also implement the Strategic Partnership programme (WASH It) with the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Bangladesh in 2016 to 2020. This programme contributes to improving enabling environment for WASH and will be closely linked to the WASH Alliance Programme in Bangladesh.

Intervention areas WASH Alliance has selected 3 districts (Sathkira district of Khulna Division, Barguna district and Bhola district of Barisal division) in the South of Bangladesh, a marginalised area with many natural hazards. A full coverage of sustainable integrated WASH in these districts will be the leading strategy of the WASH Alliance programme.

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5. Country plans

Country

Population Population 2011 growth

Population Coverage 2020

SDG target 2030

SDG target 2020

Bangladesh

144 mln

155 mln

23 67

7,7 22,2

1,5%

Water 85% Sanition 57 %

Intervention areas

2020

Burguna district 0,89

0,5%

0,92

Water 85 % Sanition 57 %

0,14 0,39

0,14 0,39

Sathkira district

1,99

0,62%

2,05

Water 85% Sanition 57 %

0,31 0,88

0,31 0,88

Bola district

1,78

0,42%

1,81

Water 85% Sanition 57 %

0,27 0,78

0,27 0,78

Totaal

4,7

0,5%

4,8

Water Sanition

0,7 2,1

0,7 2,1

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6. Abbreviations

6 Abbreviations CLTS

Community-led total sanitation

CSO

Civil society organisation

FIETS

Financial, Institutional, Environmental, Technical, Social Sustainability

GWA

Ghana WASH Alliance

IATI

International Aid Transpacrency Initiative

IWRM

Integrated Water Resource Management

MDG

Millennium Development Goal

MFI

Micro Finance Institutions

NGO

Non-governmental organization

PPP

Public-private partnership

RTWS

Right to Water and Sanitation

SDG

Sustainable Development Goal

SME

Small and medium-sized enterprises

SMF

Sustainability Monitoring Framework

ToC

Theory of Change

WAI

Wash Alliance International

WASH

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

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WASH Alliance International c/o Simavi, Fonteinlaan 5 2012 JG Haarlem, The Netherlands www.washalliance.nl info@washalliance.nl +31-23-5175791