Contents
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Muscles
1 General overview...................................................................................... 98 2 Muscles of the head – Musculi cranii...................................................... 102 2.1 Facial muscles – Musculi faciei......................................................... 102 2.2 Masticatory muscles – Musculi masticatorii..................................... 108 2.3 Fasciae of the head........................................................................... 109 3 Muscles of the neck – Musculi colli........................................................ 110 3.1 Superficial muscle group – Musculi colli superficiales..................... 111 3.2 Suprahyoid muscles – Musculi suprahyoidei.................................... 112 3.3 Infrahyoid muscles – Musculi infrahyoidei....................................... 113 3.4 Scaleni – Musculi scaleni................................................................... 114 3.5 Deep muscle group – Musculi colli profundi.................................... 115 3.6 Cervical fascia – Fascia cervicalis...................................................... 115 4 Muscles of the back – Musculi dorsi....................................................... 116 4.1 Superficial layer (spinohumeral muscles)........................................ 117 4.2 2nd layer (spinoscapular muscles)..................................................... 118 4.3 3rd layer (spinocostal muscles)......................................................... 118 4.4 Muscles of the back proper – Musculi dorsi proprii......................... 119 4.5 Fasciae of the back........................................................................... 123 5 Muscles of the thorax – Musculi thoracis............................................... 124 5.1 Muscles of the thorax – thoracohumeral muscles.......................... 125 5.2 Muscles of the thorax proper........................................................... 126 5.3 Diaphragm – Diaphragma................................................................. 127 5.4 Fasciae of the thorax........................................................................ 127 6 Muscles of the abdomen – Musculi abdominis...................................... 128 6.1 Anterior group.................................................................................. 128 6.2 Lateral group..................................................................................... 129 6.3 Posterior group................................................................................. 130 6.4 Fasciae of the abdomen................................................................... 130 7 Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor – Diaphragma pelvis............................. 131 7.1 Fasciae of the pelvis......................................................................... 132 8 Muscles of the upper limb – Musculi membri superioris....................... 133 8.1 Muscles of the shoulder joint.......................................................... 133 8.2 Muscles of the arm – Musculi brachii............................................... 134
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8.3 Muscles of the forearm – Musculi antebrachii................................. 136 8.3.1 Anterior group......................................................................... 137 8.3.2 Lateral group........................................................................... 139 8.3.3 Posterior group........................................................................ 140 8.4 Muscles of the hand – Musculi manus............................................. 142 8.4.1 Muscles of the thenar eminence (thumb group)................... 143 8.4.2 Muscles of the hypothenar eminence (little finger group).... 144 8.4.3 Interossei and lumbricals........................................................ 145 8.5 Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb – Vaginae tendinum membri superioris............................................ 146 8.6 Fasciae of the upper limb................................................................. 147 9 Muscles of the lower limb – Musculi membri inferioris......................... 148 9.1 Muscles of the hip joint.................................................................... 148 9.1.1 Anterior group......................................................................... 149 9.1.2 Posterior group........................................................................ 150 9.2 Muscles of the thigh – Musculi femoris........................................... 152 9.2.1 Anterior group......................................................................... 153 9.2.2 Medial group........................................................................... 154 9.2.3 Posterior group........................................................................ 155 9.3 Muscles of the leg – Musculi cruris.................................................. 156 9.3.1 Anterior group......................................................................... 157 9.3.2 Lateral group........................................................................... 157 9.3.3 Posterior group........................................................................ 158 9.4 Muscles of the foot – Musculi pedis................................................. 160 9.4.1 Dorsal group............................................................................ 161 9.4.2 Medial group (group of the great toe).................................... 161 9.4.3 Lateral group (group of the little toe)..................................... 162 9.4.4 Middle group........................................................................... 162 9.4.5 Interossei and lumbricals........................................................ 163 9.5 Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb – Vaginae tendinum membri inferioris............................................. 164 9.6 Fasciae of the lower limb................................................................. 165 10 Review questions and figures................................................................. 166 11 Acknowledgements and references....................................................... 168
Digestive system
1 General overview.................................................................................... 170 2 Oral cavity – Cavitas oris......................................................................... 172 2.1 Cheek – Bucca................................................................................... 172 2.2 Lips – Labia oris................................................................................. 173 2.3 Gum – Gingiva................................................................................... 173 2.4 Teeth – Dentes.................................................................................. 174 2.5 Tongue – Lingua................................................................................ 176 2.6 Palate – Palatum............................................................................... 178 2.6.1 Hard palate – Palatum durum.................................................. 178 2.6.2 Soft palate – Palatum molle..................................................... 179 2.7 Palatine tonsil – Tonsilla palatina..................................................... 178 2.8 Salivary glands – Glandulae salivariae.............................................. 180 3 Pharynx – Pharynx................................................................................... 182 4 Oesophagus – Oesophagus..................................................................... 185 5 Stomach – Gaster..................................................................................... 186 6 Small intestine – Intestinum tenue......................................................... 188
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6.1 Duodenum – Duodenum.................................................................. 188 6.2 Jejunum and ileum – Jejunum et ileum............................................ 190 7 Large intestine – Intestinum crassum..................................................... 191 7.1 Caecum – Caecum............................................................................. 192 7.1.1 Vermiform appendix – Appendix vermiformis........................ 193 7.2 Colon – Colon.................................................................................... 193 7.2.1 Ascending colon – Colon ascendens........................................ 193 7.2.2 Transverse colon – Colon transversum.................................... 194 7.2.3 Descending and sigmoid colon – Colon descendens et sigmoideum........................................ 194 7.3 Rectum – Rectum.............................................................................. 195 8 Liver – Hepar........................................................................................... 196 9 Gallbladder – Vesica biliaris/fellea.......................................................... 199 10 Pancreas – Pancreas................................................................................ 200 11 Peritoneum – Peritoneum........................................................................ 201 12 Review questions and figures................................................................. 202 13 Acknowledgements and references....................................................... 204
Respiratory system
1 General overview.................................................................................... 206 2 Nose – Nasus........................................................................................... 206 3 Nasal cavity – Cavitas nasi....................................................................... 207 4 Paranasal sinuses – Sinus paranasales.................................................... 208 5 Pharynx – Pharynx................................................................................... 209 6 Larynx – Larynx........................................................................................ 210 7 Trachea – Trachea.................................................................................... 214
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8 Bronchi – Bronchi.................................................................................... 215 9 Lungs – Pulmones.................................................................................... 216 10 Pleura – Pleura........................................................................................ 220 11 Mechanics of breathing movements...................................................... 221 12 Tables – Laryngeal muscles by function................................................. 222 13 Review questions and figures................................................................. 222 14 Acknowledgements and references....................................................... 224