Q
W onders of Africa
Af r i ca’ sCul t ur e.Af r i ca’ sPr i de.
I ssue03Sep. 201 8
4Most peacef ul count r i es i nAf r i ca
AFRI CA: T
G
C
C : Car bonRi chCount r y STRANGE: M
A
NADA GOSAKA MeettheLi beri anwomanwhohasdedi catedherl i f ei n moti vati ngandencouragi ngLi beri anstoembraceeducati on
www. bi t. l y/ afri canel i tes
1 0 A T
G
05
:
C
2, 000Y O C R M H B F T
M 20C
L
07
DEMOCRATI C REPUBLI C CONGO: Car bonRi chCount r y
NADA GOSAKA Meett heLi ber i anwomanwhohas dedi cat edherl i f ei n mot i vat i ngandencour agi ngLi ber i anst oembr aceeducat i on.
1 6
P
A 21A
A
S
27 ERI TREA29 32MBARI
Qutazi ne AdvertPl acem ent
Reach usFacebook:Qutazi ne www. f acebook. com / qutazi ne
5
DI SCOVERI NG
2, 000Y M H
O B
Cent ur i esofspecul at i onsr el at edt ot hel ostci t yofRhapt amay havebeenendedwi t hadi scover y made dur i ng a hel i copt er fli ght over Tanzani a' s Mafia I sl and. A setofpar t i al l y submer ged anci ent r ui ns ar e be l i eved t obet heRoman mar ket t own,whi chhadbecomel ostt o t hepagesofhi st or y. The di scover y t ook a pl ace when scubadi verAl an Sut t on spot t ed an unusual l yshaped f or mat i on i nt he wat er whi l e flyi ng i n a hel i copt er of ft he coastofTanzani a.Af t era f ew year sofsear chi ng f ort her ui ns, he announced hi ssuccessi na bl ogpost. QQ
L F
C
T
R
DI SCOVERI NG
7
DEMOCRATI C REPUBLI COFCONGO Car bonRi chCount r y Q
G
D
DI SCOVERI NG
TheCongoBasi ni st hesecondl ar gestdr ai nagebasi nont hepl anet , dr ai ni ng3. 7mi l l i onsquar edki l omet r es.I nt hecent r eoft heCongo Basi n,shar edbet weent heRepubl i c ofCongo( ROC)andDemocr at i cRepubl i cofCongo( DRC) ,i sashal l ow depr essi on,over l ai dbyswampveget at i on,knownast heCuvet t eCent r al e.Af ew gr eyl i t er at ur esour ces si ncet he1 950’ sment i ont hatwi t hi n t heCuvet t eCent r al ei ti spossi bl et o findpeat ,awet l andsoi lcompr i sed ofsemi decomposedpl antmat er i al , whi chhasaver yhi ghcar bon( C) cont ent .However ,ast hesesour ces donotpr ovi det hel ocat i onsoft he peatdeposi t s,t hepr esenceofpeat beneat ht heswampveget at i onof t heCuvet t eCent r al ewasunconfir med. Mysel fandat eam ofr esear cher s, f r om bot ht heUKandRepubl i cof Congo,t her ef or esetaboutt oest abl i shwhet herpeatwaspr esent wi t hi nt heCuvet t eCent r al e. Gi vent hesi zeoft her egi on,weused mul t i pl esat el l i t epr oduct st ofir st i dent i f yar east houghtl i kel yt ohave envi r onment alcondi t i onssui t abl e f orpeatdevel opment .Oursear ch f ocusedont henor t hoft heROCi n t heLi koual aDepar t ment ,wher ewe car r i edoutext ensi vefiel dcampai gns,cover i nganar eaof40, 000 km2andvi si t i ngat ot alofeai ght fiel dsi t es,al lt houghtl i kel yt o habourpeat . Q
8
6
OurAf r i c a Mo t o mb oJ a c o b -CEO, Qu t a z i n e
Ea r n e s t Co l e ma n -Di r e c t o r , Qu t a z i n e
Ku n g a woRa t h a b i l e -S o u t h e r nAf r i c a , Qu t a z i n e
J o e sMa r k e t i nI n c . -Ma r k e t i n g , Qu t a z i n e
Ro b e r t La mb e r t -Ca n a d a , Qu t a z i n e
Wel l , wear esohappywi t hyouf oral lyoursuppor ti nourl astedi t i on.
Ch i n o n y eEmma n u e l a -Ni g e r i a , Qu t a z i n e
Thi sedi t i onhasamazi ngst or i est hatwi l ldr opyourj aw. Haveyoueverwonder edwhyAf r i cai sachoi cedest i nat i onf orl ot sof Eur opean,and t heAmer i cans ?Wel lt hat ’ sbecauseAf r i cai soneof t hemostpeacef ulcont i nenti nt hewor l d,Maur i t i us,Bot swanaet c t opswor l dmostpeacef ulnat i ons. Thi sedi t i onf eat ur esgol dexcavat i oncount r i esi nAf r i ca,t hecar bon r i chDemocr at i cRepubl i cofCongo. Pl easeenj oy!
Q
Qut az i neI nt e r nat i onal
Cal gar y ,Canada 61Cov e hav e nGar de nsNE, Cal gar y , AB,T3K5X1
A
:T
G
C
Af r i ca THEGOLD CONTI NENT
Q
1 0
A
:T
G
C
1 1
Beni ni sani mpor t antmi ni ngcount r yi nWestAf r i ca. I t ’ snearAf r i ca’ s secondl ar gestgol dpr oducer . I ti si nt hesamegeol ogi call ocat i onast hel eadi nggol dpr oducer si n Af r i cawi t hi nt heWestAf r i cangeogr aphi calf or mat i on. Mostoft he gol di nBeni ni smi nedbyar t i sanalgol dmi ner sf r om t hegol dr i ch vei nscl oset ot hevi l l agesofTchant angouandKwat enai nt heAt akor a Mount ai nsi nt heNor t hwestr egi onsi nt hecount r y. Gol dhasal sobeen mi nedf r om al l uvi algol dsedi ment sf r om t hePer maRi verandi t s maj ort r i but ar i es.
Q
1 2
T D S CT AFRI CA:THEGOL ONTI NENT
TheMi ni ngi ndust r yofGhanaaccount sf or5% oft hecount r y' sGDP andmi ner al smakeup37% oft ot al expor t s, ofwhi chgol dcont r i but es over90% oft het ot almi ner alexpor t s. Thus, t hemai nf ocusofGhana' s mi ni ngandmi ner al sdevel opment i ndust r yr emai nsf ocusedongol d. Ghanai sAf r i ca' sl ar gestgol dpr oducer , pr oduci ng80. 5ti n2008. Ghanai s al soamaj orpr oducerofbauxi t e, manganeseanddi amonds. Ghana has23l ar gescal emi ni ngcompani es pr oduci nggol d, di amonds, bauxi t e andmanganese, and, t her ear eal so over300r egi st er edsmal lscal e mi ni nggr oupsand90mi nesuppor t ser vi cecompani es.
Q
AFRI CA:THEGOLD CONTI NENT
Mi ni ngDevel opmenti n Gambi a. Gambi ahasal ong hi st or yofmi ni ngdespi t et he f actt hatt hecount r y' s mi ni ngi ndust r yi sst i l lver y smal l . Longbef or et hear r i val oft hewhi t ei mper i al i st s, al ngmi ned l uvi algol dwasbei al ongst r eamsandr i ver si n sever alpl aceswi t hi nt he count r i est er r i t or y. Gambi aboost sofsever al nat ur alr esour cest hati ncl udegol d, t i n, t i t ani um, l at er i t eandsi l i casand. Thi s makest hecount r y’ smi ni ng sect orqui t ei mpor t antt o t hecount r y’ seconomy addi ngasi gni ficantper cent ageoft hecount r y’ s GD . Q
1 3
A
:T
G
C
1 4
Mor occoi soneoft hemostst abl e Ar abcount r i esi nAf r i can.I naddi t i on,t hecount r yhasar obust mi ni ngsect ordespi t et hef actt hat gol dmi ni ngmayst i l lr emai nal i t t l e bi tunder devel oped. Mi ni ngcont r i but esabout6% oft he count r y’ sGDPwi t hmostofi tbei ng f r om t heexpor tofphosphat e.Bei ng t het hi r dl ar gestphosphat epr oduceri nt hewor l dmostoft hemi ni ng act i vi t i esi nMor occoar ecent er edon phosphat e.However ,i ti si mpor t ant t onot et hatgol dhasbeendi scover edi nmanypl acest hr oughoutt he count r y,andt hear t i sanalmi ner sest i mat edďŹ gur esofgol dmi nedeach yeari sconsi der abl e.
Q
Mor occo,l i kemostot hercount r i es i nvol vedi nt heanci entTr ansSahar ant r ade,hasgr eathi st or yofgol d mi ni ng.Mostoft heear l ymi ner s l ear nedt hear tf r om t heMusl i msi n t henei ghbor i ngSpai nandt he mi ner si nt hesout her nAsant e Kot okoki ngdom i nWestAf r i ca.
NADA GOSKA L ONDON
1 6
NADA GOSAKA
Q
ONDON NADA GOSKA L
1 7
NADA GOSKA Asat e a c he r ,Iwa st r a i ne df ort hr e eye a r s . Af t e rt he t r a i ni ngIha df ourye a r sofe xpe r i e nc ewi t ht he m.
Tha nIs t a r t e dwor ki ngwi t hCybe r EdChr i s t i a n Sc hoolofExc e l l e nc e .
Be c a us eofmygoodpe r f or ma nc ei nt hec l a s s r oom, t heCount ydi r e c t orde c i de dt opr omot emea ndI wa ss e ntt ot hec a pi t a lc i t yofGui ne a ,whi c hi s c a l l e dCona kr y .Whe nIgott oCona kr ymye xpe r i e nc ewi t hki dswa sve r ya we s ome .
Howi st hee duc at i onals y s t e mi nLi be r i a?
La t e l yIde c i de dc omi ngt oLi be r i a ,a nda t t e nde d t heA. M. E.Uni ve r s i t yi nMonr ovi a ,Is t udi e de a r l y c hi l dhood.
Q
Educ a t i oni nLi be r i a ,i snotmot i va t e d,s oa sa t e a c he ri nLi be r i ayouha vet obes t r ongt omot i va t e a nde nc our a get he s eki dst oknowt hei mpor t a nc eof e duc a t i on. Thegove r nme nts houl dl ooki nt oi t ,c or por a t eor ga ni z a t i ona nde ve nt hec ommuni t yl e a de r s .
ONDON NADA GOSKA L
. . . t he g o v e r nme nt s ho ul di nc r e a s e t e a c he r ’ s s a l a r i e s . I mp r o v i ng e d uc a t i o ni n Li b e r i ad e p e nd s o nt e a c he r s s a l a r y , Te a c he r s a r eno tp a y we l l .
Q
1 8
A
–T
4M
M
P
P
C
C
IA
20
–
M
Maur i t i usi savol cani ci sl andt hathasposi t i onedi t sel fasapeacef ul nat i on. Fundf orPeace( AUni t edSt at est hi nkt ank)i ni t sl at estFr agi l e St at esI ndexhasr ankedMaur i t i us, anI ndi anOceani sl andnat i on, ast he mostpeacef ulcount r yi nAf r i ca. Theannualr epor tr el easedsi nce2005hasMaur i t i usr ankedt hel east f r agi l ecount r yi nAf r i caand1 48t hi nt hewor l d. Mostpeopl ei nMaur i t i usar emul t i et hni candmul t i cul t ur al , whi chbeat s t hemyt hofdi ver si t ycausi ngal ackofpeace. Maur i t i usi sknownf ori t sbeaches, l agoonsandr eef s. Themount ai nous i nt er i ori ncl udesBl ackRi verGor gesNat i onalPar k, wi t hr ai nf or est s, wat er f al l s, hi ki ngt r ai l sandwi l dl i f el i ket heflyi ngf ox. Capi t alPor tLoui shas si t essuchast heChampsdeMar shor set r ack, Eur ekapl ant at i onhouse and1 8t hcent ur ySi rSeewoosagurRamgool am Bot ani calGar dens.
The count r y’ s democr acy andeconomi c f r eedom i s r anked y. hi ghl
Ther ear et housandsof di f f er entcul t ur esandl anguageswi t hi nt hi spopul at i on.Thi smakest he cont i nentoneoft hemost di ver se. However ,t hi sdi ver si t y wor ksnegat i vel yast he cont i nenti sconsi der ed l essst abl eduet oour soci al ,pol i t i cal ,economi c anddemogr aphi cvul ner abi l i t y. Ther epor tr el easedhas Maur i t i usr ankedt hel east f r agi l ecount r yi nAf r i ca and1 48t hi nt hewor l d. Themostf r agi l ecount r y i nAf r i ca,accor di ngt ot he i ndex,i sSout hSudan. Thesecount r i eswer e r ankedbasedont hedi f f er entpr essur est heyf ace t hati mpactt hei rl evel sof f r agi l i t y.Accor di ngt ot he Gl obalpeacei ndex,we havecompi l edt het op1 0 m ostpeacef ulcount r i es i nAf r i ca. Q
Thel andl ockedcount r yhasexper i encedr api deconomi cgr owt h overt hel astdecadeasAf r i ca’ s secondl ar gestcopperpr oducer af t erDRCongo.Buti t sover r el i anceoncopperhasmadei tvul ner abl et of al l i ngcommodi t y pr i ces.
B
Bot swana,oneofAf r i ca’ smost st abl ecount r i es,i st hecont i nent ’ sl ongestcont i nuousmul t i par t ydemocr acy.I ti sr el at i vel y f r eeofcor r upt i onandhasagood humanr i ght sr ecor d.
S
L
Si er r aLeonei sr ankedt hemost peacef ulcount r yi nWestAf r i ca byt heGl obalPeaceI ndex— And t het hi r dmostpeacef uli nAf r i ca.
Si er r aLeone,acount r yi nWest Af r i ca,hasaspeci alsi gni ficance Bot swanahasi nt hepastbeen i nt hehi st or yoft het r ansat l ant i c r ankedast hebest gover ned sl avet r adeast hedepar t ur epoi nt count r yi nAf r i ca.I thasaver y f ort housandsofWestAf r i can pr ot ect i veconst i t ut i ont oi t s capt i ves.Thecapi t al ,Fr eet own, peopl et hathasbeenenf or cedby wasf oundedasahomef orr epat i at edf or mersl avesi n1 787. t hei rgover nment .Thi scont r i br ut est oi t sabi l i t yt obeamongt he opeacef ulAf r i cancount r i es. Si er r aLeonehasexper i enced t subst ant i aleconomi cgr owt hi n Thecount r yhost saver ycompet - r ecentyear s,al t hought her ui ni t i vebanki ngbusi nesswhi chi s ousef f ect soft heci vi lwarcont i nr ankedhi ghl yi nAf r i ca. uet obef el t .Thecount r yi sal so r i chi ndi amondsandot hermi nAf r i ca’ sbestpol i ceser vi cei st hat er al s. ofBot swanadespi t ebei ng r anked47t hbesti nt hewor l d. Thi si saccor di ngt ot heWor l dI nt er nalSecur i t yandPol i ceI ndex ( WI SPI )r el easedbyt wobodi es, t heI nt er nat i onalPol i ceSci ence at i on( I PSA)andt heI nst i Associ t ut ef orEconomi csandPeace ( I EP) . Spar sel ypopul at ed,Bot swana pr ot ect ssomeofAf r i ca’ sl ar gest ar easofwi l der ness.Saf ar i based t our i sm –t i ght l ycont r ol l edand of t enupmar ket–i sani mpor t ant sour ceofi ncome. Bot swanai st hewor l d’ sl ar gest pr oducerofdi amondsandt he t r adehast r ansf or medi ti nt oa mi ddl ei ncomenat i on.
Z Zambi a,unl i kemostofi t snei ghbor s,hasmanagedt oavoi dt he warandupheavalt hathas mar kedmuchofAf r i ca’ spost col oni alhi st or y,ear ni ngi t sel far eput at i onf orpol i t i calst abi l i t
Zambi aal sohasoneoft he wor l d’ sf ast estgr owi ngpopul at i onswi t ht heUN pr oj ect i ngt hat i t spopul at i onwi l lt r i pl eby2050. Abi l i t yt okeepof fwarhasbeena hugecont r i but ort obei ngamong t hepeacef ulcount r i esi naf r i ca.
G Ghanai sr ankedhi ghert han count r i essuchasFr ance,USA, Chi na,Togo,Sout hAf r i ca,Ni ger i a andRussi a,ast hemostpeacef ul count r yi nt hewor l d.Butt r ai l ed count r i essuchasSi er r aLeone, Zambi aandt heUni t edKi ngdom. ndexsai dt het r ansi t i onof Thei poweraf t ert he201 6el ect i oni mpr ovedGhana’ sover al lscor e. Ghanai sconsi der edoneoft he mor est abl ecount r i esi nWest Af r i casi ncei t st r ansi t i ont omul t i par t ydemocr acyi n1 992. Gol d,cocoaandmor er ecent l yoi l f or mt hecor ner st oneofGhana’ s economyandhel pedf uelaneconomi cboom.
A
21
S Ser i ousandbi gnosed.That ’ st heshoebi l l ed st or k,al soknownasW hal eheadorsi mpl yshoebi l l .Youguessedi t :i t snamecomesf r om i t shuge shoeshapedbeak.Andt hat ’ snott heonl yt hi ng t hat ’ sbi gabouti t .I nf act ,t hi sst r angebi r dseems compl et el youtofpr opor t i on.I tcangr ow upt o5 f t( 1 . 5m)t al land4f t( 1 . 2m)l ongandhasmassi ve f eet .Nott oment i oni tl ooksl i keal i vi ngr el i cf r om pr ehi st or i ct i mes.
A
S
O C TAVIA D R U G H
Q
A
A
S
A
22
Wi despr eadi nAf r i ca’ sequat or i alr egi ons andagr eataddi t i ont oAf r i ca’ swi l dl i f e, t he col obusmonkeyi snotget t i nghal ft hepubl i ci t yi tdeser ves. I t sname, col obus, means “ mut i l at ed”i nGr eek, andt her e’ sagood r easonf ori t–t hesemonkeyshaveno t humbs, anadapt at i ont hathel pst hem oundt r eesf ast er . m ovear
C
H
M
B
Don’ tbef ool edbyi t sappear ance.Thesecr eat ur esar evi ol ent ,t osayt hel east ,agoodexampl et hatsi zeandl ooksdonotmat t er .W i t h anast yt emper ,honeybadger sar eeagert o pi ckafight .Theyat t ackl i ons,buf f al oes,even humans.Thei rbi t ei ssopower f ult heycan r epelal i onat t ack,yett hei rkeyst r engt hr e mai nst hei rendur ance.Dur i ngafight ,t hey canhol dt hei rposi t i onf orf arl ongert hant hei r opponent ,t huswear i ngdownl ar geani mal s.
Q
A A
B
S S
V
A A
W hatar eyourďŹ r stt hought supon l ooki ng att hese cr eat ur es?Mi ni at ur eYodas?Theymaynotseem l i ke i t ,butt hese ar e pr i mat es,r el at ed t o chi mps,apes andt oushumans.Nat i vet ot hei sl andofMadagascar ,t he bushyt ai lofan ayeaye i sl ongert han i t s body.Thesenoct ur nalpr i mat eshavel ar geeyesand ear sand l i ve i nr ai nf or estt r ees,and avoi d comi ng downatal lcost s.
Q
A A
23
1 4
A
S
A
24
D D
Thesemi ni at ur eant el opesar esocut eandcuddl yyouwi l lbe t empt edt ot akeonehomewi t hyou.Theyar eonl y1 4i n( 35. 6 cm)t al landwei ghabout6l bs( 2. 7kg) .Theyar epr obabl ysmal l ert hanyourdog! Di kdi ksl i vei ndr ybushl andsi nEast er nandCent r alAf r i casuch asCongo,youcani magi net heyhavemanypr edat or s.They’ r e aneasyt ar get ,whi chi swhyt heypr ef erhabi t at swi t ht al lveget at i on.Despi t et hei rsi ze,t hey’ r epr et t yf ast–r eachi ngspeedsof upt o26mi l es/ hour( 42km/ h) .Bynow youar epr obabl ywonder i ngwher et hei rnamecomesf r om,r i ght ?W hent heyf eel t hr eat ened,t heyr uni nzi gzagpat t er ns,whi st l i ngt hr ough t hei rnosesandmaki nga“ di kdi k”noi se. Unl i keot herant el opespeci es,di kdi ksdonotl i vei nher ds,but i npai r s.Theymat ef orl i f e.W hat ’ smor e,t heyar ewat er i ndependent–t heyt akeal lt hewat ert heyneedf r om veget at i on.
Q
A
S
A
25
Thesecut el i t t l ecr eat ur esl i veonl yi nr ai nf or est sandscr ubl and i neast er nMadagascar . Cover edi nyel l ow spi nes,usedascamouageaswel lasf orde f ense,wi t hal ong snout ,t hesemammal s ar eact i vedayand ni ght .
T
O
Q
I tl ooksl i keaf ai l edgenet i cexper i ment .Thef eetbel ong t oazebr aandt hebodyt oahor se,r i ght ?Wel l ,t heokapi i sact ual l ymor ecl osel yr el at edt ot hegi r af f e. Nat i vet ot heI t ur iRai nf or esti nt heDemocr at i cRepubl i c ofCongo,i tappear sl i keamyt hi calcr eat ur ef r om af ant asymovi e.Notsol ongago,i tact ual l ywas.Bef or ebei ng di scover edbyWest er nsci ent i st si n1 900,t heokapiwasr ef er r edt oast heAf r i canuni cor nbecausei twasconsi der ed nomor et hanamyt h.
A
A
S
A
26
Wi t hal ongsnout ,pi gl i kenose,r abbi t l i keear sand t ai ll i keakangar oo,i tl ooksl i kei t ’ smadeoutof ani malpar t s.Tr ansl at ed,i tmeans“ ear t hpi g. ”Aar dvar ksar ei ndeedaboutt hesamesi zeofasmal lpi g. Aar davar ksar esol i t ar y,el usi ve,noct ur nalcr eat ur es spr eadt hr oughoutsubSahar anAf r i cai nawi de ar r ayofhabi t at s–gr assl ands,savannas,woodl ands, r ai nf or est s.
P
Q
I nFebr uar y201 7,Googl er ai sed awar enessaboutt hewor l d’ smost t r af fickedani malbyusi ngt hepangol i nf ort he201 7Val ent i ne’ sDay Googl eDoodl e.Thi sar mor pl at t ed mammall i vesi nwoodl andsandsavannahsi nt r opi calr egi onsof Af r i ca,usi ngi t sshar pcl awst odi g hol esunderdensebushes.The pangol i ndependsont r eesf orpr ot ect i onagai nstpr edat or s.I ncaseof anat t ack,i tr ol l si nt oabal l ,r eveal i ngi t sshar pscal es.
OUMBAN K I NGDOM &B AMUM S CRI OT F
&
Ther oya lpa l a c eofFoumba n,whe r e t heki ngoft heBa mums t i l lr e s i de s t oda y ,wa sbui l ti n1917.ThePa l a c e Mus e umt e l l st hehi s t or yoft hedyna s t yoft heBa mumki ngsf r om1394t o t hepr e s e ntda y ,wi t hi nf or ma t i onon t hemos tf a mousoft heBa mumki ngs , I br a hi mNj oya ,whodi e di n1933a nd whoc r e a t e dawr i t i ngs ys t e ma tt he e ndoft he19t hc e nt ur yc a l l e dBa mum s c r i pt .
Theki nga l s oc ol l e c t e dnume r ous ma nus c r i pt sc ont a i ni ngt hehi s t or yof hi spe opl e ,a ndus e dhi ss c r i ptt oc ompi l eapha r ma c opoe i a ,t ode s i gnac a l e nda r ,a ndt oke e pr e c or dsa ndf orl a w. Hea l s obui l ts c hool s ,l i br a r i e sa nds e t upapr i nt i ngpr e s s .
Thef i r s tve r s i onoft hes c r i pti nc l udi ng465s ymbol s ,butKi ngNj oyas i mpl i f i e danumbe roft i meunt i li ti nc l ude d73s yl l a bi cs i gnsa nd10nur a l s .Tonei ndi c a t or sc a nbea dde d BAMUM WRI TI NGSCRI PT me TheBa mums yl l a ba r ywa si nve nt e di n t ot hes i gnsi fne c e s s a r y . 1896byKi ngI br a hi mNj oyaoft he Ba mum. Af t e rpa r tofCa me r oonc a meunde r Q
27
OUMBAN K I NGDOM &B AMUM S CRI OT F
Fr e nc hc ont r oli n1919,t hel i br a r i e sa ndt he pr i nt i ngpr e s swe r ede s t r oye d,ma nyoft he booksi nt heBa mums c r i ptwe r ede s t r oye d, a ndt het e a c hi ngoft hes c r i pti ns c hool s wa sba nne d. Af t e rCa me r oonbe c a mei nde pe nde nti n1960,Nyoj a ' ss ona ndhe i r , Se i douNj i mol uh,c ol l e c t e ds uc hBa mum ma nus c r i pt sa ndot he rma t e r i a l st ha ts ur vi ve da ndputt he mi nhi sf a t he r ' smus e um. Toda yt heBa mumSc r i pt sa ndAr c hi ve s Pr oj e c ti st r yi ngt or e vi vet heBa mums c r i pt byt e a c hi ngi tt oyoungpe opl e . TheBa muml a ngua ge( Shüpa mom)i sa Ba nt oi dl a ngua ges poke ni nCa me r oonby a bout200, 000pe opl e .I ti sa l s oknowna s Ba mouni nFr e nc h.
BAMUM SCRIPT
Q
28
R I T R E A E
29
ERI TREA ' Er y t hr ae um' , l i t e r ar yme ani ng "t her e ds e a". Whe n I t al yc ol oni z e da s t r i pofl andal ong t heRe ds e ai n 1890,t he ygav ei t t hename“Er i t r e a” The t e r m " ERI TREA" de r i ve sf r om ' s i nus Er yt hr a e us ' ,t hena meGr e e kt r a de s me noft he t hi r dc e nt ur yB. C. E.ga vet ot hebodyofwa t e r be t we e nt heAr a bi a npe ni ns ul aa ndt heAf r i c a c ont i ne nt(now knowna st her e ds e a ) .La t e r , dur i ngt heRoma ne mpi r e ,t heRoma nsc a l l e di t ma r e' Er yt hr a e um' ,l i t e r a r yme a ni ng"t her e d s e a " .Whe nI t a l yc ol oni z e das t r i pofl a nda l ong t heRe ds e ai n1890,t he yga vei tt hena me" Er i t r e a " . Er i t r e ai sl oc a t e di nt henor t he a s t e r nAf r i c a whi c hc r e a t i onwa ss oc l os e l yl i nke dt oEt hi opi a ,Er i t r e a ' si de nt i t y de ve l ope di ns t r uggl e s a ga i ns ti t sa nc i e nta ndl a r ge rne i ghbourt ot he s out h,Whi c hdi vi s i onwa sbe t we e nt heChr i s t i a nhi ghl a ndswhoa r ec ul t ur a l l yhomoge ne ous , a ndt hepr e domi na nt l yMus l i ml owl a nds ,who a r ec ul t ur a l l yhe t e r oge ne ous . Q
Er i t r e a ' sl ong wa rofl i br a t i on,ma na ge dt o br i dges omeoft het r a di t i ona ldi f f e r e nc e sbe t we e nt hehi ghl a nda ndl owl a ndpopul a t i on. Thepopul a t i onofEr i t r e ai sa ppr oxi ma t e l yt hr e e t ot hr e ea ndaha l fmi l l i on( 1994)di vi de dbe t we e nni nee t hni cgr oups . Al t hough,t heEr i t r e a c ons t i t ut i ons t a t e st ha t"a l lni nee t hni cl a ngua ge si nt hec ount r ya r ee qua l ,butt hegove r nme nt ofEr i t r e aha st woa dmi ni s t r a t i vel a ngua ge s :" Ti gr i nyaa ndAr a bi c " Ti gr i nyai sas e mi t i cl a ngua ges poke nbyt heTi gr e a nsofEt hi opi a ,whi l eAr a bi cwa sc hos e nt o r e pr e s e ntt hel owl a ndMus l i m gr oupsi nt he c ount r y . "Er i t r e a nc ui s i ne "i sar e f l e c t i onoft hec ount r y' shi s t or y ." TheI nj e r r a "i sc ommonl ye a t e n
R I T R E A E
30
ERI TREA i nt her ur a la r e a s .I ti sapa nc a ke -l i kebr e a dt ha t i se a t e nt oge t he rwi t has a uc ec a l l e d" t s e bhi "or " Wa t " . Thes a uc ema ybeofahota nds pi c yme a tva r i e t yorve ge t a bl eba s e d.I nur ba nc e nt r e s ,one f i ndst hes t r ongi nf l ue nc eofI t a l i a nc ui s i nea nd pa s t ai ss e r ve di na l lr e s t a ur a nt s . TheEr i t r e ae c onomyi st ot a l l yde pe nde ntupon a gr i c ul t ur a lpr oduc t i on. Ove r75pe r c e ntofpopul a t i onl i ve si nt her ur a la r e a sa ndc onduc t sa s s i s t a nc ea gr i c ul t ur a lpr oduc t i on. Whe r e a s ,20pe r c e nti se s t i ma t e dt obet r a de r s a ndwor ke r s .Noma j orpr oduc t i ona nde xpor t a t i onofgoodsa r edonebuts omel i ve s t oc ki se xpor t e dt ot heAr a bi a npe ni ns ul a .
Q
Themi ssi on“r ”1 0, 000gi r l si sa ski l landsel fdevel opmentpr ogr ammegear edatempower i ng t heAf r i cangi r lchi l dwi t hi nt he ageof1 2and1 6. Thepr ogr ammewi l leducat e andpr omot eyoungAf r i cangi r l s i nt hef ol l owi ngfiel d: BI ochemi st r y Ar t&Cul t ur e FI l m St udi es Musi cEducat i on Coach WebDesi gn
1 0, 000GI RLS
Soci almedi aeducat i on Thi spr ogr ammei sopent oany Af r i canacr osst hegl obe-nol ocat i onbar r i er . Youmustbef r om anyoft hese count r i es: Zi mbabwe Uganda Zambi a Bot swana Nami bi a Kenya Si er r aLeone Li ber i a Sout hAf r i ca Ni ger i a
C MI SSI ON R 1 0, 000GI RLS
al mcr aonl i ne@gmai l . com Facebook:Al l i anceMandat eForCr eat i veAf r i cans Of fice:QTAHQ,Pl ot4Ai r por tRoad, Of fOkpanam Road,Asaba,Del t aSt at e,Ni ger i a
32
MBI RA
Iwa spe r s ona l l ybl owna wa yf ort hef i r s tt i meI c a mea c r os st hi si ns t r ume ntol i ne ,Iha dt oma kea f ur t he rr e s e a r c honi ta ndt omya ma z me nt ,i tha sa n a mz i ngs ounfout putt ha tha ss a menot e sl i ket ha tofa gr a ndpi a no,i nf a c ta c c or di ngt omyf i ndi ngsi ti s c a l l e d“ TheAf r i c a nha ndpi a no� . Thi spe i c eofi ns t r ume nti sc a l l e dMBI RA. r i ouski ndsofpl uc ke di di ophone sa ndl a me l l a Va phone sha vee xi s t e di nAf r i c af ort hous a ndsofye a r s . Thet i ne swe r eor i gi na l l yma deofba mboobutove r t heye a r sme t a lke ysha vebe e nde ve l ope d.Thembi r a a ppe a r st oha vebe e ni nve nt e dt wi c ei nAf r i c a :a woodorba mboot i ne di ns t r ume nta ppe a r e dont he we s tc oa s tofAf r i c aa bout3, 000ye a r sa go,a ndme t a l t i ne dl a me l l ophone sa ppe a r e di nt heZa mbe z i Ri ve rva l l e ya r ound1, 300ye a r sa go. [ 3]The s eme t a l t i ne di ns t r ume nt st r a ve l e da l la c r os st hec ont i ne nt , be c omi ngpopul a ra mongt heShonaofZi mba bwe ( f r omwhi c ht hewor dmbi r ac ome s )a ndot he ri ndi ge nousgr oupsi nZi mba bwea ndMoz a mbi que . [ 4]The mbi r adi f f e r e nt i a t e di ni t sphys i c a lf or ma nds oc i a l us e sa si ts pr e a d.Ka l i mba l i kei ns t r ume nt sc a met o e xi s tf r omt henor t he r nr e a c he sofNor t hAf r i c at ot he s out he r ne xt e ntoft heKa l a ha r iDe s e r t ,a ndf r omt he e a s tc oa s tt ot hewe s tc oa s t ,t houghma nyormos t gr oupsofpe opl ei nAf r i c adi dnotpos s e s smbi r a s . The r ewe r et hous a ndsofdi f f e r e ntt uni ngs ,di f f e r e nt not el a yout s ,a nddi f f e r e nti ns t r ume ntde s i gns ,but t he r ei sahypot he t i c a lt uni nga ndnot el a youtoft he or i gi na lme t a l t i ne di ns t r ume ntf r om1, 300ye a r sa go.
MBI RA ROM T HES HONAT RI BE
Q
