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Unit 15: Special particles 1
Ⱎ㧊䋊㧊GἾ䝚⯒G⺆㤢㣪 “Michael learns golf” Ⱎ㧊䋊㧊GἾ䝚⓪G⺆㤢㣪 “As for golf, Michael learns (it)” 㑮㧪㧊G㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒G㫡㞚䟊㣪 㑮㧪㧊G㓺䕢Ợ䕆⓪G㫡㞚䟊㣪
“Susan likes spaghetti” “As for spaghetti, she likes (it)”
Second, a special particle can appear after an existing case particle, such as 㠦, 㠦㍲, and 㦒⪲, in order to add the special meaning. ぢ⧒㧊㠎㧊GỆ㔺㠦㍲G㧦㣪 “Brian sleeps in the living room” ぢ⧒㧊㠎㧊G Ệ㔺㠦㍲⓪G 㧦㣪 “As for the living room, Brian sleeps (there)” Third, a special particle can appear not only after a noun but also after an adverb, such as ゾⰂ “fast” and 㕎ỢG“cheaply; at a low price.” ⁎G㔳╏㧊G㦢㔳㦚GゾⰂG㭮㣪 “That restaurant serves the food fast” ⁎G㔳╏㧊G㦢㔳㦚GゾⰂ⓪G㭮㣪 “(I don’t know about other things but) that restaurant serves the food fast” ⁎GṖỢṖGὒ㧒㦚G㕎ỢG䕪㞚㣪 “That store sells fruit at cheap prices” ⁎G ṖỢṖG ὒ㧒㦚G 㕎Ợ⓪G 䕪㞚㣪 “(I don’t know about other things but) that store sells fruit at a low price” Consequently, one cannot simply memorize where a certain particle (including both case and special particles) always appears in a certain context. This is because, as seen above, a particle can appear in the place where you would expect the other particle to be.
The special particle Ⱒ The one-form special particle Ⱒ adds the meaning of “only” or “just” on the noun it attaches to. The special particle Ⱒ can appear in place of the case particles 㧊VṖ or 㦚V⯒. ⋮㡺ↂṖG䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㎪㣪 “Naoko drinks coffee” ⋮㡺ↂⰢG䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㎪㣪 “Only Naoko drinks coffee” ⋮㡺ↂṖG䄺䞒ⰢGⰞ㎪㣪 “Naoko drinks only coffee” ㌂㧊ⴂ㧊G䞲ῃ㠊⯒GὋ䟊㣪 “Simon studies Korean” ㌂㧊ⴂⰢG䞲ῃ㠊⯒GὋ䟊㣪 “Only Simon studies Korean” ㌂㧊ⴂ㧊G䞲ῃ㠊ⰢGὋ䟊㣪 “Simon studies only Korean” The particle Ⱒ can also be attached to an existing case particle, such as 㠦 and 㠦㍲.
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7/4/2008 1:36:54 PM