Pravish Rajnam Journal of Studies
ISSN
Pravish Rajnam
2348 –3652
ISSN 2348 -3652
Journal of Studies (Where endeavour is success)
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August 2018 Vol. 10
Address for correspondence: C/o Dr. Rajesh Arora, M-47-B, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi – 110017 E -mail ID’s: pravish123@gmail.com; pravish123@rediffmail.com
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Pravish Rajnam Journal of Studies
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Pravish Rajnam Journal of Studies ISSN 2348 –3652
Indexed with NISCAIR, DRJI, ISI (International Society of Indexing), SLI (Science Library Index), Australia and Infobase Index. Impact factor : 1.256 Quality factor : 0.9 IBI Factor 2016 : 2.7 Promoted by Pravish Rajnam Centre for Management Education (Where endeavor is success) Registration No. 2015062974 An educational and research initiative under aegis of Dr. Rajesh Arora…….. Serving the society selflessly since 2000 working on no profit no loss basis
EDITORIAL AND ACADEMIC ADVISORY BOARD CHIEF EDITOR Dr. Rajesh Arora, Management Consultant & Director, Pravish Rajnam Centre for Management Education (PRCME), New Delhi. Associate Professor, Gitarattan International Business School, Rohini, New Delhi. Guest Faculty, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi. ASSOCIATE EDITORS Dr. N. K. Dua, Principal,SJK College, Kalanaur, District Rohtak, Haryana. Dr. Dilip Nandkeolyar, Professor, Christ Institute of Management, Lavasa, Pune. An experienced Industrialist and Educationist. Ex-member of Expert Committee of Maharashtra Board of Technical Education (MSBTE); Ex-Professor, Indira Institute of Management, Pune. ACADEMIC ADVISOR AND SENIOR CONSULTANT Dr. B. Ramaswamy, (Social Scientist & Author) Member Advisory Committee, National commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR), Honorable Pro-Vice Chancellor, Oriental University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Chief Advisor – Members of Parliament of India (LokSabha- EDC) Training of Trainers for Skill India, Digital India, Start up India & Stand up India for Government of India. Formerly- (a) Pro- Vice Chancellor in APG Shimla University Himachal Pradesh, (b) Bench of Magistrate in Sr. Citizens Maintenance Tribunal, (c) Bench of Magistrate in Juvenile Justice Board / Child Welfare Committee. MEMBERS (1) (Late) Mr. Prem Nath Arora, Retired Assistant General Manager, Central Bank of India. (FOUNDING MEMBER) (2) Mr. Manohar Lal Khurana, Social Worker. (3) Mr. N. M. Sharma, President, NM Educational and Development Society, Saket, New Delhi. (4) Mr. Pawan Kr. Modi, Corporate Advisor & Social Worker. (5) Dr. B. Ramaswamy, (Social Scientist & Author) Member Advisory Committee, National commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR), Honorable Pro-Vice Chancellor, Oriental University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Chief Advisor – Members of Parliament of India (LokSabha- EDC) Training of Trainers for Skill India, Digital India, Start up India & Stand up India for Government of India. Formerly- (a) Pro- Vice Chancellor in APG Shimla University Himachal Pradesh, (b) Bench of Magistrate in Sr. Citizens Maintenance Tribunal, (c) Bench of Magistrate in Juvenile Justice Board / Child Welfare Committee. (6) Mr. R. K. Ghosh, Consultant in the field of Management Education, Kolkata (7) Mr. Rakesh Satishchandra Pandya, Visiting Faculty to various Business and Management Schools and Institutions, General Manager (Retd.) Reliance Industries Ltd., Author on panel for NCERT text book on Computerised Accounting System. (8) Dr. Ravindra Kumar, Ex-Senior Professor (Academic Excellence), MBA, Phd (Mgmt., IIT/Delhi), Gitarattan International Business School, Rohini, New Delhi. 1
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(9) Prof. (Dr.) Paresh Shah, F.D.P. (IIM-Ahmedabad), Ph. D. (Finance), FCMA, LL.B., A.A.S.M., M.Com., D.B.M, Director, Fenil Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat and Visiting Faculty to various renowned Management Institutes. (10) Dr. Rajesh Arora, Management Consultant & Director, Pravish Rajnam Centre for Management Education (PRCME), New Delhi. Associate Professor, Gitarattan International Business School, Rohini, New Delhi. Guest Faculty, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi. CHAIRPERSON. (11) Mr. Mukesh Jain, Vice President and Head of Advertising, Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd., Mumbai. (12) Dr. V. Raghu Raman, Senior Faculty (Business Studies), Ibra College of Technology, Sultanate of Oman. (13) Dr. H.K.S. Kumar Chunduri, Faculty Member, Department of Business Studies, Ibra College of Technology, Sultanate of Oman. (14) Dr. N. K. Dua, Principal,SJK College, Kalanaur, District Rohtak, Haryana. (15) Sqn. Ldr. (Dr.) J.P. Singh (Retd), Ex-Director, Trinity Institute of Professional Studies, Dwarka, New Delhi. (16) Dr. Puja Chhabra Sharma, Professor, Ansal University, Gurgaon, Haryana. (Retired from Indian Navy as Commander). (17) Dr. Kanak Lata, Ex-Director and Professor, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh. (18) Dr. Tarun Kumar Singhal, Professor (Symbiosis Institute of Telecom Management) & Associate Dean-Academics (Symbiosis International University), Pune, Maharashtra. (19) Dr. V. Nagajothi, HOD, Department of Business Administration, Rajah Serfoji Government College, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. (20) Dr. Y. Vinodhini, Professor & Principal at AQIBM, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. (21) Dr. Smita Gupta, Assistant Professor, Discipline of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. (22) Dr. Naveen Ahlawat, HOD, Department of computer Applications, SRM University, Delhi NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. (23) Dr. Rakesh R., Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology & Management, (GKMCMT), University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. (24) Dr. Avanish Tyagi, Associate Professor, Lloyd Group of Institutions, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh. (25) Dr. Jitendra Kumar Sharma, Associate Professor, Acropolis Faculty of Management & Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. (26) Dr. Nidhi Mishra, Ex-HOD, Department of Management Studies, PDM College of Engineering, Bahadurgarh, Haryana. (27) Dr. Pankaj Agarwal, Dean (Academics), School of Management Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. (28) Dr. Abhilasha Sharma, Associate Professor, Balaji Institute of Modern Management, Pune, Maharashtra. (29) Dr. Vipin Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, PGDAV College (Evening), New Delhi. (30) Dr. Rajesh Pyngavil, Professor and Academic Coordinator, Rajadhani Business School, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. (31) Dr. Nimit Gupta, Trained by Marketing Guru Philip Kotler, Accredited Management Teacher (AIMA) Prime Minister Awardee, Associate Professor (Marketing), Fortune Institute of International Business, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi. (32) Mr. Pradeep Kumar Dey, Registrar, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. (33) Dr.Punit Kumar Dwivedi, Asst. Professor- Finance, Accounting & Entrepreneurship, Prestige Institute of Management and Research (PIMR), Vijaynagar, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. (34) Mr. K Thangaraj, Managing Partner of M/s.Aashirvaadh Financial Services, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. and Visiting faculty to various business schools. (35) Dr. Tarun K Soni, Assistant Professor, Finance & Economics, FMS Wisdom, Banasthali University, Newai, Dist. Tonk, Rajasthan. 2
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(36) Mr. Mahesh Bendigeri, Assistant Professor – Finance, Global Business School, Hubli, Karnataka. (37) Mr. Ashis Kumar Khanra, Engineering Officer, Central Power Research Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. (38) Dr. Rohit Garg, Director, Hindu Institute of Management, (a part of Hindu Educational and Charitable society, Estd. 1914), Sonipat, Haryana. (39) Dr. Shnehal H Mistry, Professor, C.K.Pithawalla Institute of Management Near Malvan Mandir, Via-Magdalla Port, Behind Gavier Gam, Surat. (40) Dr. Akpotohwo Festus Chukwunwendu, Lecturer 1, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, PMB 071, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. (41) Mr. Rama Shanker Shukla, HoD Humanities (Communication skills), Vindhya Institute of Technology and Science, Satna (Madhya Pradesh. (42) Dr. Yogesh Jain, Assistant Professor, Pacific Institute of Management and Technology, Pacific University, Udaipur., Rajasthan. (43) Prof. Mukesh Bhatia, Faculty Marketing Management, Sri Sharada Institute of Management Research, New Delhi. (44) Dr. Tripti Sahu, Researcher, Research Cell, Sai Balaji International Institute of Management Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra. (45) Dr. Kalpana Agrawal, Faculty, Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Indore. Madhya Pradesh. (46) Mr. N. S. Manna, Faculty, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Kolkata. Examiner and Moderator at NSHM (West Bengal University of Technology), West Bengal. Research Coordinator at CUCSE-CEFM (University of Calcutta - Calcutta Stock Exchange Centre of Excellence in Financial Markets) at University of Calcutta. (47) Dr. Preeti Sharma, Associate Professor, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur. (48) Ms. Rashmi Narayanswamy, Chartered Accountant, Educational consultant and corporate trainer, Pune, Maharashtra. (49) Mr. Pinaki P Ghosh, Visiting Faculty to B Schools in Mumbai, Ex HOD United World – School of Business, Mumbai. (50) Dr. Subas Chandra Das, External Business consultant, Ex Director, DRIEMS, a priemer MBA and PGDM Institute, Odisha. (51) Dr Chintamani Prasad Patnaik, Senior Assistant Professor, Aditya Institute of Technology and Management (AITAM), K.Kotturu, Tekkali Mandal, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh. (52)Dr. Dilip Nandkeolyar, Professor, Christ Institute of Management, Lavasa, Pune. An experienced Industrialist and Educationist. Ex-member of Expert Committee of Maharashtra Board of Technical Education (MSBTE); Ex-Professor, Indira Institute of Management, Pune. (53) Dr. Renu Lamba, guest faculty, University Institute of Applied Management Sciences, Punjab University. Ex- commissioned officer in Indian Air Force (as an EngineerOfficer). (54) Dr. Ramachandran Narayanan, Business Administration Wing, Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu. (55) Dr. Rekha Dhingra, Assistant Professor, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana. © Pravish Rajnam - Centre for Management Education, New Delhi All works appearing in the journal are sole responsibilities of the concerned author(s) or advertisers. The publisher and editors do not accept any responsibilities of liabilities whatsoever for any injury and / or damage to persons or property due to inaccurate or misleading data, information, opinions, contents, etc. that might appear in this journal.
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Editorial This gives me an immense pleasure to announce that ‘Pravish Rajnam - Centre for Management Education’ is coming out with its eighth volume of peer reviewed journal named as ‘Pravish Rajnam - Journal of Studies’ (ISSN 2348 -3652). ‘Pravish Rajnam - Journal of Studies’ is a humble effort to come out with an affordable option of a low cost publication journal, at no profit no loss basis, with the objective of helping young and seasoned academicians to show their research and other works to the world at large and also to fulfill their academic aspirations. The aim of the ‘Pravish Rajnam - Journal of Studies’ is to cover all areas where ever applications of human ingenuity with reference to decision making ability / managerial skills and knowledge are applied to obtain results in order to achieve success. The journal being bi-annual is published twice every year (i.e. in months of January and July every year). With respect to the words in starting name of the Journal as ‘Pravish Rajnam’, which are in themselves quite unique and distinctive, are Sanskrit words as used in our sacred book ‘Shrimad Bhagwat Gita’. They both are related to our theme ‘where endeavour is success’ which is our copyright obtained vision line being in use by us since 1998 onwards in all our activities, trademarks and copyrights. The word ‘Pravish’ stands for person who is able to enter any domain in life and come out with flying colours. He is a good natured person who is independent, friendly, very generous and spontaneous, expressive and talkative and at times may be blunt. He is also very encouraging and may be a team aggregator able to define team objectives. These all are abilities of a good leader, manager and entrepreneur who with an ultimate vision are able to direct all forces of his team in complete synergy towards goal accomplishment. This is what Lord Krishna wanted Arjun to achieve. The word ‘Rajnam’ as used in ‘Shrimad Bhagwat Gita’ means ‘by the royal order’. When demons are destroyed by almighty God and royal order of honesty and truthfulness will prevail and whole world will become a peaceful society where everyone will respect and care for each other. Thus term ‘Pravish Rajnam’ as used by us means that we all in academic field should inculcate honesty, truthfulness, dedication, goal oriented working and all other good habits in our students so that they obtain notion of ‘service before self’ such that success of others should give them happiness and contentment. It is matter of great honor and privilege to state that this particular issue is a sole collection of selected research based papers presented by various speakers / researchers at International Conference ‘ICIREIB-2018’ organized by ‘Pravish Rajnam - Centre for Management Education’ on 11th August 2018 on theme of "The importance of role of executors in institutions building". THE CHIEF GUEST OF HONOUR IN THE CONFERENCE WAS HONOURABLE DR. SASIKALA PUSHPA, MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT, RAJYA SABHA, PARLIAMENT OF INDIA, NEW DELHI. ALSO THE CONFERENCE WAS CHAIRED BY DR. B. RAMASWAMY, SOCIAL SCIENTIST & AUTHOR and CHIEF ADVISOR – MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT OF INDIA (LOK SABHA- EDC). In our day to day life we all strive to achieve perfection. We all believe that we all will be getting results in proportion to our efforts. But life has something else stored therein for. Thus we all intend to leave all to destiny. We all believe that whatever comes, are all nothing, but Almighty God blessings, as per their wishes. We all accept whatever we get, believing that we have to survive within whatever we achieve. 4
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Still there are some individuals in all sphere of life who believe otherwise. They keep on tolling, always aspiring themselves and others around to achieve more. Their hunger to get more, increases with efforts they put in. For them their objective is to achievements of targets so that not only they benefit but others around also obtain some benefits. Based on these lines we find some persons again in all sphere of lives who do their jobs with such dedication and commitment, that it is for others around to pick up and improve their skills. It's their duty to add further knowledge, in inputs he gets from others. This is how knowledge and experience passes from one to another with some improvements every now and then. Thus we all acknowledge, the importance of value addition, as the role of executors, who exhibit the enhancement skills along with leadership qualities, which finally culminates into entrepreneurship skills. Hence based on all above the topic for International conference has been selected as "The importance of role of executors in institutions building". Hence this topic will help everyone to keep themselves in tune with current happenings and also enable them also to strive for some achievements which will again help the society with newer developments which will be beneficial to society and mankind. Hence this topic will help in overall growth and development of society. All works appearing in the journal are sole responsibilities of the concerned author(s) or advertisers. The publisher and editors do not accept any responsibilities of liabilities whatsoever for any injury and / or damage to persons or property due to inaccurate or misleading data, information, opinions, contents, etc. that might appear in this journal. I hope academicians and students will find out the journal to be very useful for enriching their knowledge and meeting their academic aspirations. Thanks, Dr.Rajesh Arora, Chief Editor, Pravish Rajnam Journal of studies ISSN 2348 -3652 (www.prcme.in)
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BRIEF PROFILE Honourable Dr. Sasikala Pushpa Ramaswamy, Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India, New Delhi
Dr. Sasikala Pushpa Ramaswamy, has been the Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha). She completed her B.A. (English Literature) from University of Madras, Chennai and M.A. (Public Administration) from University of Madras, Chennai. She has also done a Diploma in Business Administation from the Southern Cross University, Singapore. Her Ph.D. in Public Administration is from Manonmaniyam Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu. She has been an ardent political and social worker, teacher and educationist. Earlier, she served as the Mayor of Thoothukudi Corporation, Tamil Nadu. She also held positions like: Member, Committee on Human Resource Development; Member, Committee of Privileges; and Member, Committee of Women and Children at national level. She is a proficient Bharatanatyam dancer. She enjoys coaching IAS aspirants. In this direction, she has also organized free IAS Training Centres in rural Tamil Nadu for the Below Poverty Line (BPL) youths; has provided career guidance to students in various colleges across Tamil Nadu; and has organized developmental activities for rural women to impart training, skills and to engage them in income generation activities. She has held positions like: Joint Secretary (Women Wing, A.I.A.D.M.K., 2009); Deputy Secretary (Youth Brigade Wing, A.I.A.D.M.K., 2010); and Secretary (Women Wing, A.I.A.D.M.K., 2013. She has been associated with development of sports in rural areas of Tamil Nadu. Countries visited by her include, South Korea (as a member of the delegation sponsored by the Government of South Korea for World Mayors Conference on Climate Change in 2013); South Africa (as a member of the delegation sponsored by the Government of South Africa for World Youth Conference in 2010); and Singapore. She specializes in research in research on British Administration. She is a prolific writer and commentator.
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BRIEF PROFILE DR. B. RAMASWAMY Social Scientist & Author
Member Advisory Committee, National commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) Honorable Pro-Vice Chancellor, Oriental University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh Chief Advisor – Members of Parliament of India (Lok Sabha- EDC) Training of Trainers for Skill India, Digital India, Startup India & Stand up India for Govt of India FMR- Pro- Vice Chancellor in APG Shimla University, Himachal Pradesh FMR- Bench of Magistrate in Sr. Citizens Maintenance Tribunal FMR- Bench of Magistrate in Juvenile Justice Board / Child Welfare Committee Dr. B. Ramaswamy is a well-known Social Scientist. He was a Pro-Vice Chancellor of APG Shimla University Himachal Pradesh. He is currently working as a Chief Advisor for the Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha- EDC) Govt of India. He has obtained all his qualifications from the reputed institutions and universities such as Loyola College- Madras University, Delhi School of Economics – Delhi University, Madurai Kamaraj University, National Law University, Indian Law Institute (ILI), National Institute of Disaster Management-(Ministry of Home Affairs) and World Bank Institute (Washington-USA), The National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD) Govt of India, FICCI & Global Institute of Intellectual Property, IGNOU, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies(UPES) , etc. Apart from his exemplary achievements in the field of Sociology academically and professionally, he has several other qualifications and professional achievements in the fields of Disaster Management, Journalism and Mass Communication, Human Rights, IPR , Cyber Law, Personnel management and Industrial Relations, Vedic Culture, Leadership, issues of women and children etc. He holds a Doctorate in Sociology from Singhania University, Honorary Doctorate from Cosmopolitan University, USA & Inter- American University of Humanistic Studies, Florida, USA, in the field of Social Science. He was also awarded Honorary Doctorate on Humanities in Apostolic International University, Affiliated with and Accredited by International Institute of Church Management Inc. Florida, USA. He has guided M Phil and Ph. D scholars on his competent areas. He is a Visiting Fellow, Advisor, Member in several prestigious Institutions both in Government and Private such as IIT Roorkee, YASHADA, Raj Bhawan, Pune and NIPCCD, Govt. of India, Delhi. He has been the advisor to various prestigious schools of India namely, 7
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Convent of Mater Dei school in Delhi; Convent of Jesus and Mary in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh; Thamarai International School in Tanjore, Tamil Nadu; Convent of Jesus and Marry in Mussorrie, Uttarakhand; Delhi Tamil schools in Delhi and so on... He has published over 50 books and 150 different articles both in National and International magazines of repute. He continues to write articles to leading magazines and newspapers. Being a renowned Social Scientist, he has been invited as a key note Speaker to deliver key note addresses and Chief Guest to various functions, seminars, national and international conferences, Convocations and workshops. He has delivered around 850 speeches so far. He motivates large number of youth including the school children. He makes tremendous impact while delivering each lecture which brings tremendous mind transformation to the youth of India towards nation building. He is a Government authorized trainer in “skill India” and “start up and stand up India”. He holds important positions in Government viz Magistrate, Maintenance TribunalMaintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizen Act 2007. He also worked as Deputy Chief Warden- Civil Defence Corps, Delhi and as Director in very many Institutions and Private bodies. He was an acting Chairperson, Child Welfare Committee, Government of NCT, Delhi – A bench of Magistrates constituted under section 29 of Juvenile Justice, Being an expert Social Scientist and Educationist; he is interviewed regularly by the various electronic media, TV channels and Press. His passion is directed towards our Nation Building through Quality Education especially to those who are deprived of Quality education. He has so far produced more than over 1000 Civil Service officers in the country.
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ARTICLES
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CONTENTS
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Page No.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ROLE OF EXECUTORS IN 10 INSTITUTIONS BUILDING Dr. Tanvir Hussein, Associate Professor & Director for University Ranking Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALISATION OF 17 ENTREPRENEURIAL FEMINISM AT GRASS ROOT LEVEL: MEASURES TO SEDIMENTATION OF DEMOGRAPHIC VACUUM IN ENTREPRENEURIAL PRACTICES Dr. Vikram Bansal, Assistant Deputy Director, Haryana Vishwakarma Skill University, Haryana, India. Dr. Shashi Kant, Assistant Professor, Bule Hora University, Ethiopia, Africa. A STEP TOWARDS ENDING FEAR BASED EDUCATION Dr. Priyadarshini Jain, Assistant Professor, The Glocal University.
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EVITABLE GREEN MARKETING AS A PARADIGM SHIFT FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIROPRENEURIAL VENTURE NURTURING IN INDIA Dr. Vikram Bansal, Assistant Deputy Director, Haryana Vishwakarma Skill University, Haryana, India. Dr. Shashi Kant, Assisant Professor, Bule Hora Universiy, Ethiopia, Africa
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THE IMPORTANCE OF ROLE OF EXECUTORS IN INSTITUTIONS BUILDING Dr. Tanvir Hussein, Associate Professor & Director for University Ranking Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT The academic environment around the globe has witnessed the change drastically, over the last decade and that is due to the evolution of information technology which has changed the way businesses has been planned, executed, expanded and profits generated in the past. The new creed of entrepreneurs, academic entrepreneurs, who were the minorities amongst the businessmen has been mushroomed, and their presence can be felt in every arena of economic activities. Expeditiously, hundreds of avid institutions were originated. Contrary to this, Government of India (GOI) has opened this sector for private companies and given more liberty to public higher education institutions (HEIs) with an aim to provide quality education for all. On the other hand, this sector has provided the golden opportunity to the academic entrepreneurs and executors to demonstrate their enhancement skills along with leadership qualities, which eventually culminates into entrepreneurship skills, and established their credentials. They played vital role in establishing various private HEIs in just few years and some of these private HEIs has been featured in top academic ranking agencies of the world, but still lots is required to be achieve, merely establishing institutions and making them a profit generating institutions was not the sole aim, for the purpose GOI launched Institute of Eminence list and chosen 6 institutes based on strict criteria. Beyond doubt, the executors or academic entrepreneurs should work towards making hardcore quality academic environment and develop the employable youths for the industry. The current paper is an exploratory in nature, the author strived to have a better understanding of the problem of quality education by private HEIs in India and the role of its executors, the data is collected through secondary and primary method. Discussions and unstructured interviews with the executors and other stakeholders of HEIs in India and abroad forms the primary data while various reports published on HE, GOI websites forms the secondary source of data collection. KEYWORDS: Executors, higher education, quality education, Institute of Eminence, unstructured interviews, International Quality Standards, intrapreneurs, stand alone institutions, research and innovation centers, financial sustainability, employ-ability. INTRODUCTION This paper sets out to describe the role of executors in building private higher educational institutions (HEIs) in India in fulfilling the GOIs commitment towards quality education and education for all. When GOI planned to privatize education in India, they had following objectives: First and foremost was to provide Quality Education for all the sections of the society. To reduce the financial burden on the government and aspect financially sound private parties to join education sector.
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The remote and small urban areas of the country should also avail the facilities of quality education, where government was not able to deliver the education facilities. Government of India open higher education sector for private companies with intention that there will be direct relations with corporate & academia The private corporate should contribute in developing highly skill youth of the country. Youths should be made more skillful and employable to contribute in the development of the country International Quality Standards should be achieved and maintain in spreading education and developing our youths. The GOI was successful in attracting the investment from private individuals, and the big corporates which give rise to the new creed of entrepreneurs, called as academic entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are the minorities amongst businessmen, while the sole aim of any business is to make more and more profit with expansion of business, although entrepreneurs are more concern with innovation and hunger to do something creative and new for the humanity to establish their credibility, this quality of entrepreneurs leads them towards lucrative business of education which had ample opportunities with lots of innovation required to be done in Indian education set-up. For better understanding, it is considered that academic entrepreneurs are the executor for HEIs, which also include other executors like intrapreneurs. According to Skinner & Ivancevich, the intrapreneur is (1) an entrepreneurial person employed by a corporation and encouraged to be innovative and creative”. (2) “a person with entrepreneurial characteristics who is employed within a large corporation.” (3) “are usually found in enterprises that encourage experimentation, tolerate failure, recognize success and share the wealth”. The executors of higher education institutions have proved their credibility and skills over the last decade by establishing and running various private higher education institutions like universities, colleges, professional and vocational institutions. Before we go in depth and study the role of executors, it better to understand the players and composition Indian education sector, which is one of the largest higher education systems in the world and has been witnessing healthy growth in its number of institutions and enrollment in the last few decades.
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Figure-1: The Players of Higher Education at a Glance ► University ► Colleges
and university-level institutions
► Stand ► 78%
Alone Institutions of these institutes have been set up by private sector.
FORM OF PRESENCE FIELD OF STUDY
LEVEL OF STUDY Classification of Indian Higher Education system
► Undergraduate ► Postgraduate ► PhD
► Diploma
►Undergraduate
courses enroll 87% of the total number of enrolled students in degree courses
► General
courses (i.e. arts, science and education) ► Professional courses (i.e. engineering, management & law) ► General courses account for the larger share of HEIs and student enrollment.
MODE OF DELIVERY
► Classroom
teaching education, Correspondence, Online ► Study centers ► Around 4.2 million students enrolled in distance education programs. ► Distance
(Source: Data compiled from various reports on Higher Education by UGC) From figure 1, it is depicted that 78% of the institutes were set-up by private sector, which is classified in to levels of study and field of study while mode of delivery comprises of classroom, study centers as well as distance education mode with about 4.2 million students enrolled. The following figure 2 mention the composition of Indian higher education with total 799 universities out of which 47 are Central universities while 367 are State government owned and 313 by private ownership. Total colleges in the country were 39071 and stand-alone institutions were 11923 as per the UGC website and AISHE 2016-17 report.
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Figure-2: Composition of Indian Higher Education Universities 799 Central State 47 367 ► Have
Private 313
Colleges
Stand Alone Institutions
39071
11923
considerable academic, administrative and financial autonomy ► Can award degrees ► Institutions are subject to fewer regulatory constraints, since they governed by the Act under which Asare per the AISHE 2016-17, there they are formed.
► Lower
investment required to set up affiliated colleges (given their typical scale) than to establish universities ► Affiliated to a university and therefore governed by its mandate or guiding principles
► Face
limited regulatory interface since they deal with a single regulatory body (AICTE) ► AICTE regulates a range of issues relating to setting up of such institutions and their operations, land, infrastructure, Technical,including 64 Agriculture & intake, faculty, etc.
are 459 General, 101 Allied, 50 Medical, 20 Law, 11 Sanskrit and 7 Language Universities. 60% Colleges were in rural areas. 11.1% Colleges are exclusively for Women. Out of the overall 78% Colleges are privately managed; 64% Private-unaided and 14% Private aided. As it is apparent, from figure 1 and figure 2 that private sector is getting more stake in institution building and their executors were playing a major role to maintain and develop the standard of education. LITERATURE REVIEW As noted by Schumpeter (1965) “entrepreneurs as individuals who exploit market opportunity through technical and/or organizational innovation”. And these entrepreneurs established various institutions and organization as Ramachandran, 2014 explained that “institutions are organizations with a unique identity and respect. We feel proud to be associated with them. They are unique in several ways, and they are not easy to be copied. It is not just for a moment in history that they shine, but they continue to shine, spreading light of guidance, inspiration and leadership across many decades, and sometimes centuries”. Besides entrepreneurs, intrapreneurs contribution in institution building cannot be ignored and the distinction between 'institution building' and 'institutional development' should be clearly understood as some of the management experts assert that the terms mean different things: 'building' is said to refer to creating new institutions from scratch, and 'development' to improving existing institutions (Van Reenen and Waisfisz, 1988). Thus, intrapreneurs are more involved in developing the institution which already established, in particular, 'building' from nothing implies more concern with the supply of basic resources - staff, buildings, equipment, finance - than with 'development' but both need innovative and leadership skills of the executors. At this juncture the meaning of the institution should not be vague as document by Milton Esman, that the introduction of change takes place primarily in and through formal organizations and when these organizations are change inducing, change-protecting, and formal, they are considered to be institutions. These organizations and the new patterns they foster become institutionalized, e.g. meaningful and valued in the societies in which they function. (Blase, 1973: 1/5 - 1/6). ln more summary form, Esman defined institution as ''a new or remodelled organization which induces and protects innovations" (Blase, 1973: 257) The second scholarly definition of 'institution' is that, it is a set of formal and informal rules. The effective institution building may sometimes involve changing relationships among important actors without apparently changing the formal organizational context in anyway. An example would be a project focused on 13
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establishing regular informal interaction between different groups of public servants involved in economic policymaking who had previously not been communicating with one another. This may be effective institution building if it leads to more considered policymaking (Schiavo-campo, 1994). RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY The current paper is an exploratory in nature, the author strived to have a better understanding of the problem of quality education by private HEIs in India and the role of its executors, the data is collected through secondary and primary method. Discussions with academia, personal unstructured and structured interviews with the executors and other stakeholders of HEIs in India and abroad forms the primary data while various reports published on HE by University Grant Commissions (UGC), GOI websites forms the secondary source of data collection. ROLE OF EXECUTORS IN PRIVATE HEIs Today, education faces the rising challenges of standardized testing, strained budgets, teacher retention, and global workforce competition. In India, Higher education is facing these challenges because there has been a huge demand and supply gap. And it is evident from the latest All India Higher Education Survey (AIHES) released by HRD Ministry of GOI that the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education of Indian has registered an increase from 24.5% in 2015-16 to 25.2% in 2016-17, its good sign that GER is on rise, on the contrary jobs are shrinking or we make analyze that these private universities are not producing employable youth. The Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017) recognizes the challenges facing India’s higher education system and proposes several initiatives to resolve these, e.g., through increased funding for disadvantaged groups, deployment of cutting-edge technologies, faculty development programs, improved governance structures and provision of incentives for research. The Government intends to achieve enrollment of 35.9 million students in higher education institutions, with a GER of 25.2%, through these initiatives by the end of the Plan period. Which has been achieved successfully. It also intends to significantly improve the quality of the education system, while enabling the co-existence of multiple types of institutions including research-oriented, teaching and vocational studies. Figure-3: Comparison of GER in Higher Education Sector
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India target the GER of 30% by 2020, but it is still far behind countries like China with GER of 39.4% and US with 86.7%. In a way to achieve the target of 30% the Central Government has launched various initiatives to improve the academic quality in HEIs. The HRD ministry launched National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2015. NIRF released its first ranking list in 2016, then in 2017 and in 2018. In 2018, GOI also launched their much-awaited list of ‘Institutes of Eminence’ (IoE) which is selected based on rigorous indicators, the six institutes were tagged as Institute with Eminence (IoE). The IISC Bangalore; Bombay, Delhi, Kharagpur and Madras IITs; Delhi University; Jadavpur University and Anna University qualified in public category, BITS Pilani, Manipal Academy and Jio Institute were the only Empowered Expert Committee (EEC) picks in the private category (Vishnoi, 2018). Out the three-private institute proposed Jio institute is selected under greenfield category for new or proposed institutions that are yet to come into existence (times of india, 2018) and received the Certificate of Intent based on the four strict criteria. SUGGESTIONS The private sector was expected to play an instrumental role in achieving the outcomes like employability, patents, teaching quality etc. through the creation of knowledge networks, research and innovation centers, corporate-backed institutions, and providing support for faculty development. Although, the report by EEC notes the lack of “financial sustainability” in private institutions, especially those that are younger and with smaller alumni base. The lack of independent governance structures in younger private institutes along and excessive reliance on fee are worrying, says the report. While highlighting faculty vacancies, EEC said finances are holding back hiring, especially in state-controlled universities. (Vishnoi, 2018). Thus, the GOI objective of privatization HE is half fulfil by sharing its financial burden it is also evident from the fact which EEC notes that for IoE only 40 applications were received in the private category — 11 for greenfield ones and 29 from existing institutes — and 74 in public category. Most of these 29 institutes have existed for less than 20 years and are “yet to find their feet”. Only two of them reported an enrolment of 3,000 students and for them to be within 500 in world ranking in the next 10 years is “a tall order”, the EEC report says. (Vishnoi, 2018) Here the role of executors of HEIs becomes challenging, if the executors of BITS Pilani and Manipal Academy can achieve the most reputed tag in HE by GOI then other big private players can also achieve it and can contribute in quality education. While the intrapreneurs or the executors of public institutions can also work in the same direction and achieve the Institute of Eminence which is the measuring rod for HEIs performance in India attached with the reward from the GOI. The author has looked at how the quality of higher education can be enhanced by focusing on some key levers such as merit-based student financing, internationalization by promoting partnerships with foreign universities, student and faculty exchange programs, conducive research environment, patents, high-quality faculty, improved technology, focus on employability and entrepreneurial programs for students and partnerships with academia, industry and the Government. In this report, the author has showcased the Indian education environment highlight the positive and impressive role played by executors in building institutions, although more is required to be done to boost the quality of teaching, research, learning, and their outcome, in these institutions. Going forward, one can expect many more Indian institutions to follow the suit by pursuing the quality imperative in innovative and diverse ways, to be listed in ‘institute of eminence’ eventually. 15
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REFERENCES AISHE 2016-17. http://mhrd.gov.in/statist?field_statistics_category_tid=32#; date of extraction Aug. 5, 2018 Blase, M., 1973, Institution Building: A Source Book, Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities, Inc., East Lansing, Michigan Knoema.com,2014. https://knoema.com/atlas/United-States-of-America/topics/Education/Tertiary-Ed ucation/Gross-enrolment-ratio-in-tertiary-education; date of extraction Aug. 5, 2018 Knoema.com,2014. https://knoema.com/atlas/China/topics/Education/Tertiary-Education/Gross-enrol ment-ratio-in-tertiary-education; date of extraction Aug. 5, 2018 Ramachandran, Kavil (2014). Institution Building: Experiences, Lessons and Challenges. IUP Journal of Management Research; Vol. 13, No. 1 https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3259723421/institution-building-ex periences-lessons-and-challenges-dagger> Schiavo-campo, S., 1994, "institutional Change and the Public Sector: Towards a Strategic Framework', in Schiavo-campo, S. (ed.), Institutional Change and the public Sector in Economies in Transition, World Bank Discussion Papers, Washington, D.C. Schumpeter J. A. (1965). Economic Theory and Entrepreneurial History. In: Aitken HG (ed) Explorations in enterprise. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA Singh Anisha (2017). https://www.ndtv.com/education/gross-enrolment-ratio-for-higher-education-incr eases-to-24-5-says-mhrd-1663416; date of extraction Aug. 5, 2018 Skinner S J & Ivancevich J M. http://bankofinfo.com/intrapreneurship-definition-by-many-authors/ Times of India 2018. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hrd-ministry-issues-clarification-after-i nstitution-of-eminence-tag-to-jio-institute/articleshow/64923290.cms; date of extraction Aug. 5, 2018 UGC, 2018. https://www.ugc.ac.in/centraluniversity.aspx; date of extraction Aug. 5, 2018 Van Reenen, G. and B. Waisfisz, 1988, Final Rzporl dn lnstitutional Development, Institutional Development Advisory Services, The Hague. Vishnoi Anubhuti, 2018. Institutes of Eminence: Expert committee points to lack of eminence; Economic Times; July 11, 2018
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DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALISATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL FEMINISM AT GRASS ROOT LEVEL: MEASURES TO SEDIMENTATION OF DEMOGRAPHIC VACUUM IN ENTREPRENEURIAL PRACTICES Dr. Vikram Bansal, Assistant Deputy Director, Haryana Vishwakarma Skill University, Haryana, India. Dr. Shashi Kant, Assistant Professor, Bule Hora University, Ethiopia, Africa. ABSTRACT Despite the incubation of a number of Feminine-led ventures and a significant increase of initiatives, policies and resources designed to promote and develop Feminine feministic entrepreneurship, the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship persist. This research paper addresses two questions: Why does, inspite the various policy and institutional initiatives, the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship persist? And, what does the literature suggest to us about the best ways to promote Feminine’s entrepreneurship? Based on a feminist perspective this research paper argues that current Entrepreneurial Feminism promotion policies undoubtedly benefit individual Feminine but when the demographic bias in the context in which feministic entrepreneurship is embedded, is left intact, efforts may remains a challenge and without any significant macroeconomic or social entrepreneurial impact. KEYWORDS: Feminine entrepreneurs, World Economic Forum, demographic vacuum, ecosphere. Industry preferential segmentation, entrepreneurial incubation. INTRODUCTION Feminine entrepreneurs have been assimilated as the ideal type of new engines for development and the rising stars of the economies in Democratic countries like India to bring prosperity and welfare. A variety of stakeholders has pointed at them as an important ‘untapped source’ of economic development and development (Minniti and Naudé, 2015). The World Economic Forum identified Feminine entrepreneurs as “the way forward” at their annual meeting in 2012 (WEF, 2012). Others speak of Feminine entrepreneurs as if they are the ‘New Feminine’s paradigm movement’. They state: “forget aid, focus on foreign investment in Feminine entrepreneurs as key drivers for development and development” (Forbes, 2011). THIS RESEARCH HYPOTHESISE AND GENERALISE THESE OF THE QUESTIONS Why does the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship persist? How to practically gauge the divide between Feminine and men entrepreneurs in Democratic countries like India and what do various analytical perspectives tell us about the best ways to promote Entrepreneurial Feminism and closing the demographic vacuum? What is perceived about the impact and effects of the practices and policies aimed at closing the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship? Describes the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship in terms of differences between men and Feminine. Explore the various analytical perspectives explaining the proximate and ultimate determinants causing the demographic vacuum. Generalise the feminists critique and proposes a multi-level framework of analysis that questions structural power structures and patriarchal societies, and challenges the demographic bias in feministic entrepreneurship promotion. Reviews the literature on critical ideological prespective and key factors for successful Entrepreneurial Feminism promotion policies and what is known about their impact. Section seven and eight discuss vacuums and implications for 17
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further research, addressing the need for a systematic impact assessment of Entrepreneurial Feminism promotion policies. Such an impact analysis entails a feminist multi-structures framework that pays due regard to the extra-economic, legal-, normative- and cognitive context of feministic entrepreneurship while considering the work-family interface. Entrepreneurial Feminism promotion undoubtedly benefits individual Feminine, but when the main vacuum for the persistence of the demographic vacuum is left unchallenged –which is that entrepreneurs, men and Feminine alike, operate in patriarchal, demographic biased economies and societies, efforts remain in vain and without any significant macroeconomic and social change. THE DEMOGRAPHIC VACUUM IN FEMINISTIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP The demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship has been identified and studied by a number of scholars (Minniti, 2015). The demographic vacuum is commonly defined as the difference between men and Feminine in terms of participants engaged in entrepreneurial activity, motives to start or run a business, industry choice and business performance and development. FEMININE’S AND MEN’S ACCOMODATION IN ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSPHERE As compared to men there is a slight lower number of Feminine worldwide engaged in entrepreneurial ecosphere. An important resource of data is the Global Feministic entrepreneurship Monitor project, which estimates that more than 187 million Feminine are engaged in entrepreneurial activity (GEM, 2012) DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDE IN MOTIVES The demographic vacuum becomes more apparent though when Feminine’s motives to start or run a business are compared to men’s. Worldwide, Feminine are much more likely to be driven by necessity than men when starting a business (GEM, 2015Thus, the proportion of Feminine with necessity motivations declined in recent years, especially in Brazil and China and some of the countries in Eastern India, thereby contributing to a narrowing of the demographic vacuum (GEM, 2012). In Western India however, many economies nowadays show an increase or no change in necessity motivated Feminine entrepreneurs compared to men. A possible reason could be that the economic downturn affected both men and Feminine with rising numbers of unemployment. Necessity-based feministic entrepreneurship, then, substitute’s employment during economic crisis when there is less jobs available (GEM, 2012). INDUSTRY PREFERENTIAL SEGMENTATION AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INCUBATION The demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship is most apparent when reviewed by industry choice and entrepreneurial orientation. Feminine seem to pursue certain businesses at the expense of others. For example, they are virtually absent from the manufacturing and construction sector while they are overrepresented in the consumer sector and mostly engaged in retail businesses (GEM, 2015). In Latin America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa, Feminine entrepreneurs dominate the consumer sector and retail business by more than 75%, compared to just 48% of men entrepreneurs. Men, on the other hand, operate more frequently in manufacturing, construction and the business services sector, especially in the more developed and high income countries (GEM, 2015). ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESSION AND PERCEIVED EXPECTATIONS The demographic vacuum is also visible in business performance (GEM, 2015). As mentioned earlier, feminine are not only less likely than men to start a business, their 18
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businesses also tend to be smaller, have fewer staff and less development expectations. Furthermore, Feminine generate relatively lower revenues than men, and earn less income from entrepreneurial activity. Finally, maintaining and growing the business beyond start-up is a serious challenge for all Feminine entrepreneurs, especially in Democratic countries like India. Even though the exit rate of new businesses is high everywhere (40 – 50 %), exit rates of Feminine-owned businesses are even higher, especially in Democratic countries like India. Some reasons mentioned for high exit rates among Feminine entrepreneurs are lack of financing, insufficient profitability, and family responsibilities. Improvement of macroeconomic conditions (higher wages, increase of available jobs, lower discrimination) is also a factor, and retirement. Often mentioned by female respondents - but largely unexplored or specifically identified by researchers as an explanation for high exit rates among Feminine entrepreneurs - are ‘personal reasons’ (GEM, 2015). ANALYSING THE DEMOGRAPHIC VACUUM: PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE DEPENDENT DETERMINANTS Recent global surveys thus manifest the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship persists ivitably at different substructures and varying widely across countries. Yet a quick scan of current research suggests that there are some commonalities as to the proximate and ultimate determinants of these differences. FINANCIAL CHALLENGES Even though the indological prespective is not conclusive, a common challenge for Feminine to establish and run a business is access and control over finance (Minniti, 2009; Jamali, 2009). Feminine entrepreneurs appear to have less access to external sources of capital and angel investment than men when securing finances. SOCIAL STIGMA IN TRAINING AND ACCESS TO ENTREPRENEURIAL INCUBATION One challenge often mentioned in research on Feminine entrepreneurs in Democratic countries like India is that they enjoy a relatively low level of education and skill training. This, combined with a deficit of career guidance, generally seems to limit their access to various publically and privately offered support services including business development services and information on business development (Kitching and Woldie, 2004; Davis, 2012). Others found that a lack of relative experience and entrepreneurial skills also accounted for the fact that Feminine entrepreneurs had a preference in industry orientation and thus were less well represented in industrial activities. ACCOMODATION IN SAPTIAL SPHERE BETWEEN WORK AND FAMILY INTERFACE Another more recently frequent mentioned challenge is the combination of the business with family responsibilities, which may undermine the success of the business (Jennings and McDougald, 2007). Feminine entrepreneurs indicate that they deploy several strategies to cope with the double workload and challenges deriving from combining business with family. But while self-employment may provide flexibility, Williams (2004) found that (in India) the amount of time spent caring for children are negatively related to success (as measured by self-employment duration). Furthermore, the location of the business at home may also undermine the legitimacy of the business as perceived by customers and creditors (Marlow, 2002 FEMININE’S TABOOS AND DEMOGRAPHIC BASED VIOLENCE Others identify the issue of safety and protection of Feminine entrepreneurs, especially those operating in the informal economy. Even though less documented in
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academic research, there are numerous stories of killings, harassment and rape of female vendors and micro-business owners. LATENT SOCIETAL SUPPORT Furthermore, scholars point out that normative constraints and societal attitudes based on cultural and religious beliefs in some countries are not supportive of the work of Feminine in general or that of Feminine in feministic entrepreneurship in particular (Jamali, 2009; Baughn et al, 2006). LEGAL PARADOX AND PROCEDURES Varying across countries, the lack of government support in terms of policy, laws and services has been identified as a barrier for Feminine entrepreneurs (Jamali, 2009). Even though this varies greatly across countries, most research indicates that regulations, taxation and legal barriers can pose serious obstacles for running and starting a business. This may affect both men and Feminine to a certain extent and more research is needed to identify country specific issues. Data from the annual report Feminine Business and the Law (World Bank, 2012) measured that in India, Feminine have fewer inheritance rights than men and moreover, there are 1 or more legal differences between Feminine and men that limit Feminine’s economic opportunity in over 75% of the world’s economies. According to that same report, Feminine only own 1% of the world’s property and in 2/3 of countries, legal rights of Feminine decline with marriage, 44 countries restrict the number of hours Feminine can work and 71 countries restrict the types of industries. WORK-FAMILY PREREQUISTICS : BECOMING A NICE WOMAN AND OTHER COPING STRATEGIES A demographic sensitive, multi-level analysis along the lines proposed by Brush, de Bruin and Welter (2009) lends itself rather well to analyse the intrinsic relationships between business and the family that play an important role in business performance and development. There is evidence that family support (both financial and emotional) is an important determinant of entrepreneurial behavior: it shapes the confidence of Feminine entrepreneurs to achieve their ambitions, enhancing the chances for the development of their business (Anna et al, 2000). More importantly, the division of work and care responsibilities within the household between husband and wife plays a vital role in the performance of entrepreneurs and the development of their businesses (Jennings and McDougald, 2007; Aidis et al 2007). POWERLESS NETWORKS: A REFLECTION OF ASSIGNED DEMOGRAPHIC ROLES A demographic sensitive, multi-level analysis of Entrepreneurial Feminism also sheds light on the importance of social networks. It is commonly agreed that both male and female entrepreneurs rely on role models and social networks for information and access to resources. A strong positive and significant correlation exists between knowledge of another entrepreneur and a person’s involvement in starting a new business (Minniti, 2015). PATRIARCHIAL SOCIAL ORDER : PUSH & PULL FACTORS Baughn, Chua and Neupert (2006) describe how the institutional context produces regional push & pull (defined by the levels of demographic equality) that contribute to entrepreneurial activity. Their study finds evidence that demographic inequality is an inhibitor for development & development whereas negative demographic attitudes in societies can restrain or hinder individual choices and chances. Demographic inequality then functions as an inhibiting pull factor for feministic entrepreneurship; a barrier for successful start-up as a result from lack of access to financial and social
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capital. Demographic equality on the other hand functions as an enhancing pull factor that may increase the level of Feminine’s participation in feministic entrepreneurship. FILLING THE DEMOGRAPHIC VACUUM: WHAT IS THE MANIFESTATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL FEMINISM PROMOTION POLICIES? Successfully explaining the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship thus entails a multi-level framework of analysis based on consistent and reliable demographic-segregated data, that pays due regard to the extra economic, normative context of feministic entrepreneurship, considers the work-family interface, and that takes on a feminist perspective on demographic. By implication, it would seem that a potentially successful policy or support program that aims to address the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship would need to be based at least in part on such a framework. Hence the questions emerge as to what kind of policies and support schemes are currently conducted (and by whom), and what we know about their effects, results and impacts? What are the key factors and critical conditions for successful support schemes and policies? The following section addresses the need for systematic impact assessment of Entrepreneurial Feminism promotion and development policies and support schemes. ENTREPRENEURIAL FEMINISM ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Not only the research community has taken on the challenge to explain and fill the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship, also the development community has embraced the promise of the Feminine entrepreneur as a resource to achieve economic development. Headlines such as ‘Forget Foreign Aid, Focus on Foreign Investment In Feminine Entrepreneurs’, ’Feministic entrepreneurship Is The New Feminine's Movement’ or ’The Rise of the Female Entrepreneur’ are paramount in the media, conferences, studies and materials that circulate in the development . ASSESSING IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL FEMINISM PROMOTION There is a wide variety of studies and project evaluations available from public institutions and development agencies involved in Entrepreneurial Feminism promotion (ILO, EU, World Bank and OECD). Even though these studies bring valuable and useful information and conclusions, the validity of these studies are subject of debate. Also, a growing number of academic working papers using interesting research methods, such as field experiments and randomized trials, are becoming available. Some conclusions can be drawn from these studies. Randomized impact evaluations from for example Sri Lanka and Peru suggest that the effects of business skills trainings are quite limited as the authors found little to no evidence for the impact of these schemes on Feminine’s business performance (Karlan and Valdivia, 2011 and Mel, de e.a. 2012). This evidence is significant because many Entrepreneurial Feminism development schemes seek to address a perceived knowledge vacuum by means of training. LESSONS FROM ASSESSING IMPACT ON DEMOGRAPHIC EQUALITY Thus the question remains: does Entrepreneurial Feminism promotion and development turn Feminine into successful ventures with greater sales while creating employment opportunities, thus contributing to economic development? Moreover, does it change the demographic biased context in which feministic entrepreneurship is embedded and create demographic equality or social change? – And if so, how?
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So far, there is little to no systemic evidence that economic development and feministic entrepreneurship promotion schemes changed the place of Feminine in societies (Duflo, 2011). Here, an important area of impact might be overlooked. More research is needed to examine for example the role that successful Feminine entrepreneurs’ (can) play in influencing and changing the normative, political and economic context of feministic entrepreneurship. LESSONS FROM EVALUATING FEMINISTIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT POLICIES Despite a growing number of contributions, the debate whether we can actually teach individuals to be entrepreneurs is still very much unsettled (Henry, 2005). Some argue for the need to distinguish between the ‘art of feministic entrepreneurship’ and the ‘skill of feministic entrepreneurship’, suggesting that some aspects of feministic entrepreneurship can successfully be taught but that business education does not make a successful entrepreneur per se whereas other variables are at play. (Henry et al, 2005). Likewise, promising evidence has been found for a group of policies that focuses on enduring local interventions (Storey, 2003). Here informal and formal support structures are created, for example by chambers of commerce, through trainings publically sponsored incubators, research and development (Minniti, 2009). Minniti’s findings suggest that a diverse set of context-driven policies delivered at multiple levels (national, regional and local) are more conducive to feministic entrepreneurship than single-issue policies (e.g. focused on access to financial resources). NEW INSPIRING DIRECTIONS IN ENTREPRENEURIAL FEMINISM PROMOTION PRACTICE An alternative approach to fill the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship is suggested by Amine and Staub (2009). Drawing on institutional theory, they propose to improve the legitimacy of Feminine's efforts to become entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa, by means of social marketing. The concept of social marketing is defined as: ‘specifically selected communication goals and messages that are tailored to promote shifts in beliefs and related attitudes towards Feminine, work and their enterprises’. These shifts in beliefs and attitudes are formulated at three related levels. First they propose actions in the regulatory environment consisting of promotional activities for Feminine’s political leadership at the highest level to bring about changes in laws to improve the social status of Feminine. These actions are set to enhance access to capital (microcredit loans) and ownership of land (to be used as collateral). Secondly, they propose a series of actions in the normative environment consisting of large-scale, regional, long-term advertising campaigns. Based on anti-smoking campaigns, they need to bring about attitude change among men towards their wives and daughters as individuals with the right of self-determination and as future business people. Thirdly, they suggest actions in the cognitive environment that entail adequate educational and training schemes for girls and Feminine. Amine and Staub (2009) here suggest instruments to use such as outdoor billboards and posters, mobile units equipped with video and sound equipment, radio advertising, promotional events, relationship marketing through peer-to-peer contacts, viral and buzz marketing through the use of opinion leaders and word-of-mouth communications, celebrity endorsements: using artists, celebrities and political figures to spread the message. What these instruments have in common is that most of them are targeted at collective audiences instead of individuals, with high levels of reach and repetition, set out to change and challenge normative systems. 22
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ADDRESSING THE ANALYTICAL VACUUMS IN THE ENTREPRENEURIAL FEMINISM LITERATURE When reviewing research on Feminine’s feministic entrepreneurship it becomes apparent that, even though the available data and studies on the topic is growing, there is lack of reliable and consistent data on Feminine’s feministic entrepreneurship particularly in Democratic countries like India and emerging economies (Minniti and Naudé, 2015; Jamali, 2009). Following from that, a main point of criticism is that most of the literature available on Entrepreneurial Feminismdraws on experiences in developed economies and Western societies (Ahl, 2006). On the other hand, consistent country specific data on the scale and scope of the demographic vacuum in feministic entrepreneurship remains unclear, indicating a need for findings to be more frequently compared with the nature and challenges of men’s feministic entrepreneurship instead of solely listing barriers and obstacles for Feminine. ADDRESSING THE POLICY VACUUM: TOWARDS A SYSTEMATIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF FEMININE FEMINISTIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROMOTION This papers aims to contribute to this emerging research agenda by pointing out the need for a systematic impact analysis of Entrepreneurial Feminism promotion policies and practices. There is a need to better understand and determine whether and if so, how support schemes and policies can impact on economic development and beyond that, generate the kind of social change required to change the demographic bias in feministic entrepreneurship. In order to establish an inventory of existing WEP policies the analysis at least the following questions need be addressed: On vacuum analysis: What are the stated, as well as omitted, reasons for designing the policy or support program? Is the policy or support program based on a multi-level (micro-, meso- and macro) analysis? Was a demographic-neutral, demographic-sensitive or feminist perspective used? Are legal, normative and cognitive institutional barriers considered? Is the work-family interface analyzed and considered? On what data, research and other institutional support is the policy or support program based and what is their status (research centers, knowledge institutes, evaluating organizations, best practices, etc.) On the policy goal and program objectives: What can be said about how Feminine entrepreneurs are positioned, what are they compared with or contrasted from? What are the goals of the policy or support program? What is it aiming to achieve and what not? What are the indicators for success? What value will the policy or support program produce? Is this formulated in (collective or individual) economic terms, social terms or in combination? On target groups: What likely areas, contexts or groups are targeted or excluded from the policy? What or who is not chosen as relevant? On instruments and strategies: What can be said about the instruments chosen to implement the policy? Is there singular or a diversity of strategies to impact on all different levels? Are strategies to cope with work-family interface included?
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The above questions will not only help to understand the coherence of goals, instruments, target groups and resources but also uncover causal claims and assumptions. Table 1 is a suggestion for a policy inventory that critically analyzes WEP policies and schemes offered and implemented by agencies. It provides a typology of the policies according to the demographic perspectives they adopt, and brings them into relation with policy goals and objectives, indicators, target groups, instruments and methods of assessment. The table is only partly filled as it serves here to illustrate what the proposed analysis would include. Table 1 Typology of different demographic perspectives in policies and support schemes for feministic entrepreneurship development and promotion Traditional / Demographic Feminist perspective ‘demographic sensitive perspective neutral’ perspective Vacuum Feministic Different obstacles The context of analyses entrepreneurship is and constraints at feministic money-, market- micro, miso and entrepreneurship is and management macro define regional in any society driven and results business performance and leads to formal and into development for men and informal and development Feminine. Once institutionalized that are when these areas barriers removed, biased in favor of are enhanced men and Feminine patriarch society and are on equal grounds norms that both induce to compete and and restrict the increase business proportion and level of performance Feminine’s feministic entrepreneurship and its potential impact on development and social change View on (role Feministic Feministic Feministic of) feministic entrepreneurship as entrepreneurship as a entrepreneurship as an entrepreneurshi a demographic-neutral embedded economic p demographic-neutr positive economic activity in a regional al economic activity that may context potential activity, unrelated benefit Feminine. process for social to regional socio – Feminine traits and change and characteristics are a macroeconomic bonus and should be factors of power seen and used as a and income, and resource unrelated to family obligations or care responsibilities.
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Goal and main Economic Economic Social change in terms objectives development and development, of renegotiated poverty alleviation economic work-life balance for empowerment and both men and Feminine, poverty alleviation political and economic that may benefit representation and Feminine. decision-making, The efforts of public and private institutions to promote or develop Feminine’s feministic entrepreneurship in Democratic countries like India will undoubtedly continue to benefit individual Feminine entrepreneurs. But, as long as the demographic bias in the context in which feministic entrepreneurship is embedded is left intact, our efforts may remain in vain and without any significant macroeconomic and social impact. With all the money in the world, combined with an accumulation of ‘good intentions’ and ‘great ambitions’ perhaps not much will change as long as those that enjoy the powers and privileges of the demographic biased context will either step aside, make room or engage in this endeavor for social change. Here, taking on a feminist perspective is promising due to its ‘political’ nature in the sense that it intrinsically calls for change and alternatives. Because like poverty, the demographic bias in feministic entrepreneurship is not inevitable: people have created it, and thus can be overcome. REFERENCES Acs, Z. and Szerb, L. (2007) Feministic entrepreneurship, Economic Development and Public Policy. Small Business Economics, 2007, Vol. 28 Issue 2/3, p. 109-122. Acs, Z.; Bardasi, E.; Estrin, S.; Svejnar, J. (2011) Introduction to special issue of Small Business Economics on female feministic entrepreneurship in developed and developing economies. Small Business Economics, vol. 37 issue 4 November 2011, p. 393 – 396. Ahl, H. (2006) Why research on Feminine entrepreneurs needs new directions. Feministic entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30, p. 595–621. Aidis, R.; Welter, F.; Smallbone, D. and Isakova, N (2007). Female Feministic entrepreneurship in Transition Economies: The case of Lithuania and Ukraine. Feminist Economics 13(2), April 2007, p.157-183. Alam, Syed S.; Mohd, J.; Mohd, F.; Omar, Nor A. (2011) An Empirical Study of Success Factors of Feminine Entrepreneurs in Southern Region in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics & Finance, May2011, Vol. 3 Issue 2, p166-175. Baughn, C.; Chua, B.; Neupert, K. (2006) The Normative Context for Feminine’s Participation in Feministic entrepreneurship: A multicountry study. Feministic entrepreneurship Theory and Practice Volume 30, Issue 5, P.687–708. Beath, A., Fotini Christia and Ruben Enikolopov (2012) Empowering Feminine. Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan. The World Bank, Impact Evaluation Series no. 76. Policy Research Working Paper 6269, published online. Cornwall, A. et al. (2007) Feminisms in Development. Contradictions, Contestations & Challenges. London and New York: Zed Books. Pearson, R (2007) Reassessing paid work and Feminine’s empowerment: lessons from the global economy. In: Cornwall, A. e.a. (2007) Feminisms in Development. Contradictions, Contestations & Challenges. P. 201 – 214. London and New York: Zed Books.
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Della-Giusta, M.; Phillips, C. (2006) Feminine entrepreneurs in the Gambia: challenges and opportunities. Journal of International Development, Nov2006, Vol. 18 Issue 8, p. 1051-1064. Davis, Paul J. (2012) The global training deficit: the scarcity of formal and informal professional development opportunities for Feminine entrepreneurs. Industrial and Commercial Training, Jan 1, 2012, Vol. 44, Issue 1, p. 19 – 25. Eckhardt, J. and Shane, S. (2003) Opportunities and feministic entrepreneurship. Journal of Management,Vol. 29 No. 3, p. 333-49. Europian Commission (2008) Evaluation on Policy: Promotion of Feminine Innovators and Feministic entrepreneurship. DG Enterprise and Industry, ENTRO4/093-FC-Lot 1EC. Feldman, S. (2003) Paradoxes of institutionalisation: The depoliticisation of Bangladeshi NGOS. Development in Practice, 13: p. 5–26. Gurmeet, Singh and Rakesh, Belwal (2008) Feministic entrepreneurship and SMEs in Ethiopia: Evaluating the role, prospects and vacuums faced by Feminine in this emergent sector. Demographic in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 23 Iss: 2 p. 120 – 136. Global Feministic entrepreneurship Monitor (2011) The Feminine’s Report 2015. Published online, http://www.gemconsortium.org Global Feministic entrepreneurship Monitor (2012) GEM 2011 Global Report. Published online, http://www.gemconsortium.org Harding, S. (1987) Introduction: Is there a feminist method? In S. Harding (Ed.), Feminism & methodology: p. 1–14. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ILO (2003), Facilitating Feminine’s feministic entrepreneurship: lessons from the ILO’s research and support schemes. Paper presented by Gerry Finigan at the OECD workshop on Feministic entrepreneurship in a Global Economy: Strategic Issues and Policies Karlan, D and Martin Valdivia (2011) Teaching Feministic entrepreneurship: Impact of Business Training on Microfinance clients and Institutions. The Review of Economics and Statistics, May 2011, 93(2): 510-527. Kitching, B. and A. Woldie (2004) Female Entrepreneurs in Transitional Economies: A Comparative Study of BusinessFeminine in Nigeria and China. Paper presented at the Hawaii International Conference on Business, 21-24 June. Honolulu. Kobeissi, Nada (2015) Demographic factors and female feministic entrepreneurship: International evidence and policy implications. Journal of International Feministic entrepreneurship, Mar2015, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p. 1-35. World Bank (2012) Feminine Business and the Law. Removing barriers to economic inclusion. Published online, http://wbl.worldbank.org World Economic Forum (2012) Global Demographic Vacuum Report 2012. Published online, http://www.weforum.org/reports/globaldemographic-vacuum-report-2012
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A STEP TOWARDS ENDING FEAR BASED EDUCATION Dr. Priyadarshini Jain, Assistant Professor, The Glocal University. ABSTRACT The paper presents a view about today’s education system, which is based on developing a fear in an individual. The fear of justifying and establishing himself/herself in the predetermined societal norms,. The paper focus on the reasons, need and ways of coming out of, this fear based educational system. The paper is divided into three part, the first part presents the reasons behind the fear based education, the second part talks about the need to get rid of such system and third part deals with the ways in bringing an end to the fear based education. INTRODUCTION The modern society which is emphasizing on achievement and successful career, school curriculum requirements, complex exams demanding broad academic knowledge, uninteresting, traditional lessons and gaps in teacher competence lead to emergence of school fear and stress. According to Almond (1981), today’s schools are tomorrow’s societies; therefore formation of the education system determines the formation of the future political and social order. Only favorable organizational culture can involve every member (parent, teachers and administrators/mangers of communities) into development of environments favorable for every individual. THE REASONS : BEHIND THE FEAR Fear arises when individual encounters danger. In normal conditions, fear helps to avoid danger. Contrary to anxiety, fear is always related to a specific object in the environment — person, thing, or event. Fear is accompanied by tension, agitation, activity lacking in harmony and changed perception. Strong fear reduces individual’s active involvement in life. At the same time, fear warns about the imminent danger, stimulates vigilance, increases sensitivity, and suppresses pain and ability to adapt to the changed conditions. Fear is agitation, tension, and emotional state, presentiment of danger. An increasing, panic fear leads to illness and suffering. Fear is caused by big concern, anxiety and danger, which are often groundless, imaginary. Fear is an emotion caused by real or alleged danger, self-protection instinct, experiences, or upbringing. Regularly experienced fear can turn into a mental quality, i.e. timidity. Fear inhibits human activity, ingenuity, memory and ability to adapt to change. Being under constant stress and fear, individual is not able to meet life challenges. The fear in the schools are classified into fear of exams, fear of teachers, fear of answering teacher’s questions, fear of failure, fair of being laughed at, and fear of punishment for low marks. A child experiencing any of these fears may start changing: become reserved, angry, or aggressive. Fear can be analysed both at the school and at the educational system level. Reasons of fear can be classified into those related to school and those unrelated to school. School-related problems bring to light the role of school as an institution with its own culture, ethos and community. In case of stress caused by other factors, it should be analysed whether it is in any way related to educational situations. Other reasons of stress can be punishments by parents, restrictions, prohibitions, or emotional aloofness at home. Emergence of school fear is influenced by the following factors: • Teacher training paradigm, impacting teachers’ behaviour in the educational process: authoritarian vs. democratic, humiliation vs. praise. • Choosing the content of instruction material and conveying it through selected educational forms and methods. • Determining students’ abilities to be able to differentiate and individualise the educational content. 27
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• Achievement assessment: what is assessed — work or the whole personality? • Student relationships in the educational institution: competition or collaboration? • Parent support and cooperation with school. The fear issue is just not an educational problem rather it is a social phenomenon. Based on the national educational documents and society expectations towards school, it can be argued that overcoming student stress and fear is an urgent issue on the way to creating an open, democratic society. In the Lithuanian Educational Concept (1992), it is declared that the aim of education is laying the ground for a dynamically self-renewing society, an open and critical social consciousness, instead of justifying and establishing the existing social and ideological structures. THE NEED : TO MOVE AHEAD In the present system both students and teacher experience a certain load of tension during every session. Educational institutions are often subject to tense situations: course completion deadlines, performance standards, parents expectations, examinations, teachers’ reproaches, interpersonal hostility, unfair assessment, work overload, etc. A research study in 2012 published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General — found that pressure could have a negative effect on learning. In several experiments children were told that learning was difficult. As pointed out by McLaughlin, all personal dimensions are interrelated both logically and psychologically. Personal beliefs are in a complex way related to attitudes, emotions and motivations. Emotions are made of cognitive forms, which allow assessing many aspects of situations. Feeling fear means assessing situation as threatening, feeling guilt means admitting unmet commitments and responsibilities. To properly understand an individual we need a holistic approach. Education is holistic in terms of its effects. Introducing to a child new learning subject means not only opening a possibility for cognitive and intellectual development, but also initiation of new attitudes, emotions and motivations. Education is not a production line. It is an organic happening. You cannot create an education system independent of the society in which we exist. Are we as a society willing to cultivate an ecosystem suitable for a child to grow up in the best possible way? At present, we try to make them (an individual) resources (a stock or a supply which will be available for use in future) which serves our economic engine. According to Alston (1991), truth and critical inquiry are subject to the same goal — to develop individuals able to effectively manage their lives and to support their communities. Broad critical understanding and the development of attitudes and values based on liberal education promote not only personal autonomy and citizenship, but also the establishment of the new paradigm. Immature person is not autonomous, and he or she is not able to resist the outside impact. It should be admitted that children do not become autonomous in vacuum; this process requires relevant educational environments. A STEP AHEAD : SENSING THE FUTURE The new paradigm needs a focus on those who deliver the system. Drawing on the field of Positive Psychology, Oades, Robinson, Green and Spence (2011) advocate for the development of the Positive University, which they define as “... the development of educational environments that enable the learner to engage in established curricula in addition to knowledge and skills to develop their own and others’ well being” (p.432). The system requires an environment where an individual can nurture his/her natural abilities.
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Solution to the problem of student stress and school fear is a complex process requiring the interaction of various institutions and persons. This process is complicated, however it should be noted that the Lithuanian education system and its schools have favorable conditions for solving this problem. Finding solutions to the problem of school fear requires medical, psychological and educational competence, thus it involves into collaboration process the specialists of these areas and the family. This essay emphasises educational competence and educational means which enable the students to acquire competencies and to integrate into society as autonomous, tolerant and free individuals. It can be argued that creation of positive learning environments affecting students’ needs for security and eliminating stress situations which lead to fear of different kinds, is influenced by the external, internal and educational factors: • External: legal, economic, political, technological, cultural. • Internal: values, culture, philosophy, human resources, communication, and qualification. • Factors related to the educational process: educational aims, content, methods, means, and interaction in the educational process. The paradigm of liberal education which is aimed at nurturing child’s natural abilities can responds to the current needs of individual and society. Type of the paradigm is also related to the external factors of education system: traditional paradigm dominates in centralized system, whereas decentralization is accompanies by emphasis on education of free individual. In other words, paradigm change and the political, social and educational evolution of society are syn chronic, conditioning each other phenomena, thus democratic society reinforces the paradigm of liberal education, whereas educating free individual facilitates the development of democratic society. Secondly, establishment of the new paradigm first of all requires a large number of its adherents among teachers. A contrast between traditional role and todays challenging role starts from basicly a shift from didactic process to participatory processes, from just the classroom work to integrating school, communities and environment. So, education involves search for methods, forms and learning environments, which integrates philosophical and educational perspectives. According to Schnabel (1998), the choice of realistic model of a lesson is made based on an assumption that child is not an abstract executor, unaffected by environment. Teacher training, from primary to end of the career, should be based on the lifelong learning concept.An autonomous individual consciously chooses discipline as personal responsibility, respect for law and order because such individual has consciously chosen democracy. Teaching is aimed at achieving the balance between the cognitive and emotional aspects, and at the same time between freedom and responsibility. Lastly, the system need executors who could be institution builders with their primary concern being systems growth, with the motivation patterns as collaboration, extensions and creativity. The system needs to focus on building a favorable organizational culture and the process requires understanding of the following five elements. The five elements of this process are as follows: 1. The relevance of competence and skills in an educational system rather then just knowledge. 2. The importance of the assessment of the working climate rather then just administrative files and reports.
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3. The need for monitoring all steps of the educational process and not just the final report. 4. The importance of individual accountability & development to affirm criteria of merit. 5. The importance of connecting individual, parents and teachers for a creation of positive learning environments. REFERENCES Bitinas B. Ugdymo filosofija [Philosophy of Education].- Vilnius: Encyclopedia, 2000. Baron G 1980. Research in educational administration in Britain. In: Bush T, Glatte r R , Goodey J & Ric he s C (ed s). Approaches to School Management, 3-26. Baron G & Taylor W 19 69 (ed s). Educational Administration and the Social Sciences. London: Athlone. Fullan M. Poky jėgos [Forces of Change].- Vilnius, 1998 Gage N., Berliner D. Pedagogical psychology[Educational Psychology]. — Vilnius: Alna litera, 1994. Gunter H & Ribbins P 2003b. The field of educational leadership: studying maps and map ping studies. British Journal of Educational Studies, 51:254-281. Hurrelmann K. Family and stress, Sculptress, Family and Stress. Beltz Verlag: Weinheim and Basel, 1994. Hughes M 1985. Th eory and practice in educational management. In: Hughes M , Ribbins P & Th om as H (ed s). Managing Education: The System and the Institution. London: Holt Education, 3-43. Ribbins P 2 00 5a . Thinking about leadership: what is power? Ribbins P 2 00 5b . Seven precepts for leadership research . Management in Education, 19 :19 -22 . Ribbin s P 2 006 a. History and the stud y of administration and leadership in education: introduction to a special issue. Journal of Educational Management and History, 38:113-125.
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EVITABLE GREEN MARKETING AS A PARADIGM SHIFT FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIROPRENEURIAL VENTURE NURTURING IN INDIA Dr. Vikram Bansal, Assistant Deputy Director, Haryana Vishwakarma Skill University, Haryana, India. Dr. Shashi Kant, Assisant Professor, Bule Hora Universiy, Ethiopia, Africa ABSTRACT In recent decades we can see around the venture that the things are transforming like never before due to technological advancement, paradigm shift in economy and political influences. It has been also observed in two decades that there is a major paradigm shift in end users taste and preferences. The companies who are continuous monitoring and focusing on these issues are much more strategically successful than the rest. There is an intense competition in the market and every company wants to fill the vacuum of the market by providing desired product and services to the end users. In current market scenario, the studies show that end users are now health and environment conscious. Perhaps this is the reason, that the concept of green product and green marketing are taking place slowly and steadily in the market. It can be also as a paradigm shift for those companies, who believe in innovation and redesigning their products and services in ecological manner. It is a perfect time for those entrepreneurs who want to come and be a part of this evitable green market. The purpose of this research paper is to aim in general to understand the opportunities for enviropreneurs in the transforming scenario of market paradigm shift. The study is based on available literature, various facts and figures, on this issue. It tries to bring a objectivity based study which can be applied in current global market scenario. The study is conceptual in nature and validates its findings with the sub-structure of a proposed model. KEYWORDS: Green market; Consumer behavior; Environment; Enviropreneurs; Opportunities; Sustainable development. INTRODUCTION Paradigm shift is a very common phenomenon which can be observed anywhere whether it is venture, economics or anything. It occurs some times in cyclic way or may be in a random order. In the same way, when we take a look towards end users, we find that their needs, wants, demands, test and preferences are also transforming. This paradigm shift is not specific to a particular product category but it is in every product segment. There may be several reasons for that such as increasing consumer household income, paradigm shift in life style and increasing consumer awareness etc. Among these paradigm shifts market also need to adopt some paradigm shifts for its survival and for that there is a need of new product development concept, product redesign, process design, paradigm shifts in marketing policies etc. A successful venture organization always focuses on these paradigm shifts and implements it into its operations within time. Transforming consumer behavior in the market generates a new market which may be observed as a challenge and paradigm shift both by many organizations. Those organizations that are capable enough to adopt paradigm shifts and can fulfill the desire of their customers, they take it as a paradigm shift but there are several organizations who failed to adopt these paradigm shifts many times. In recent scenario it has been observed that the consumer behavior is taking a shift towards the eco-friendly product which is also called green product. The significant reason behind this paradigm shift is increasing pressure on human’s planet inform of various pollutions and certain other issues caused by these pollutions. 31
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Therefore consumer, Government and venture organizations are taking this issue seriously around the world. Government is making strict norms and regulations to forbid the problem arises by venture organizations, end users and other sources. Wherein increasing consumer awareness towards environment paradigm shift their consumption and buying pattern of products. On the other hand venture organizations are also finding fruitful results in adopting green practices in their venture operations. Among all these development certain concepts are coming in the field of management such as green marketing, green supply chain management, reverse logistics, waste management etc. which not only fulfills the needs of the end users but also give assurance about the green and clean environment. Every individual want to keep the environment green and clean because they are aware about the consequences, and due to that they seek green products in the market many times.. The concept of green marketing came into existence way back in 1980’s in United States and European country and the development goes on. Green marketing concept is gaining its popularity across the world as environment is an international issue now days. Green marketing helps in reducing the impact of environmental consequences with the help of fulfilling the demand of the consumer’s green need and also creates the demand for the green product. It is also one of the facts that transforming consumer’s perception towards green products leads to the genesis of green market. Green marketing concept not only fulfills the needs of the consumer but it also participates in the sustainable development in long run. Due to the increasing growth and development of the green market, there are various opportunities are also coming for entrepreneurs around the world. Innovations and new product development are among the important ingredients of the entrepreneurship and can be observed in the green marketing concept. An entrepreneur always focuses on innovative ideas and brings the paradigm shift in the society and market with the help of their enterprise. Providing safeguard to the environment is a Nobel work for the society and the humanity and a good entrepreneur take care of this entire task as he is also responsible for social welfare. We can see around us, many entrepreneurs those who paradigm shift the concept of ventures in their own way and provided solution for various problems in the society. Paradigm shift in consumer buying pattern on the basis of eco-friendly or green product there is a space creation for the enviropreneurship. Enviropreneurship innovates, substitutes the traditional or conventional products into the green products and taps the green market. Creation of the green market is a kind of an paradigm shift for these enviropreneurs as it is an evitable market and not penetrated enough. These enviropreneurs are also called enviropreneurs as they build their venture which is favorable to the environment and society. The concept of enviropreneurs is not only helping consumer in getting their green products and services but also make people learn towards greening ecosystem. But enviropreneurs also face challenges such as lack of substitution of the conventional products, cost controlling, redesigning, raw material and lack of R&D infrastructure etc. These challenges can be reduced in further development. On the other hand it is also true that successful enviropreneurs create paradigm shifts in the society in form of providing a good natural environment. Various developed and developing countries are now started adopting green practices
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such as green marketing, green supply chain and waste management, which is a favorable atmosphere for such enviropreneurs. The nurturing of enviropreneurs also encourages young graduates to come and be a part of this evitable paradigm shift. Enviropreneurs can make profit through the market as well as social recognition in the society. Therefore we can say it is not all about venture only but somewhat it is a kind of social activity in terms of providing a safeguard to our natural environment. The paper is trying to focus on how an evitable green market is a paradigm shift for green entrepreneur and sustainable development in India. The paper is segmented in various parts such as theoretical background of the study i.e. literature review, identification of various parameters on the basis of the literature review, methodology, development of the conceptual model, discussion and findings, managerial implication, conclusion, contribution of the study, limitations and future research scope. LITERATURE REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES The top ten environmental issues facing our planet is population, climate paradigm shift, loss of biodiversity, the phosphorus and nitrogen cycle, water, pollution, ozone layer depletion, ocean acidification, over fishing and deforestation (Planet earth herald). Rapid development in the economy which is always works like an indicator of a successful development of a nation is among the major cause of environmental loss. Development of a nation is mainly dependent upon the successful industrial output. But many times the environment gets ruin in the development war by the nations. The increasing pressure on our green planet is continuous going on and human have also started to experience the consequences of the environment in form of various havoc. Issues like global warming, climate paradigm shift are the part of every news now days. Excessive use of natural resources and dependency on non-renewable energy are the major challenges in front of the human kind. Government and various other agencies are continuously working to provide a better shield to the natural environment and endeavors are going on at international level and on the other hand, sustainable development is key agenda of the Government as it saves our natural resources for meeting the present and future needs. Various committees, NGO’s and teams have been formed to control the consequences of the environment and also showing positive results. It is the matter of fact majority of the censure goes to the industries but they are not the only responsible for the creation of environmental problems. Human consumption pattern is also very much responsible in harming the environment as consumption leads to the direct creation of environmental pressure from the use of various products and services as in case of a through car driving burns fossil fuel which is limited resource on the earth. The transforming income level, life style pattern and their responsiveness towards environment aff ects our natural ecosystem. Studies also show that awareness and education gives positive approach towards the environment. Environmental issues are one of the major ingredient of many research work as it is directly associated to the existence of human and its planet. It is also true that environmental consequences can be controlled by transforming certain consumption behavior of mankind in long term.
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TRANSFORMING CONSUMER CONSCIOUS BEHAVIOR TOWARDS GREEN PRODUCTS Paradigm shift is a very natural phenomenon of nature and same is applicable for the human. Paradigm shift in consumer behavior has many reasons such as paradigm shift in income, life-style and many more, but it is also observed that there are certain paradigm shifts take place in consumer buying attitudes which is based on their knowledge, awareness and education Environmental knowledge also paradigm shifts the mind of the consumer which can be observed in their purchase intentions towards green products or ecological products. Transforming consumer behavior towards green products leads to the increasing demand of it and develops an arena for the green market. Demographic criteria are less significant than the psychographic criteria in case of green consumer purchase behavior. The study also reveals that the demand for green product can be understood as the consumer has the willingness to pay for the high priced product or premium price for it. Environmental concern started in way back 1970 and its importance is increasingly in today’s Cenozoic era in context to the sustainability. Green perceived value would positively aff ect the green trust and green purchase intention, while green perceived risk negatively aff ect both of them and expectation of green product is o en hurt by the perception that these product are low value and failed to fulfill their environmental claims. The problem is generally known as consumer skepticism, which need proper attention in order to eliminate it. There is need of more promising reliable companies those who can make reliable promises related to the green product. As the demand of the environmentally responsible product is increasing and need to remain competitive, has provoked many managers seeking information related to the responsible purchase behavior. There are some adverse findings also which discourages the green marketers also such as end users environmental concern is not reflected in their purchase behavior ,There may be various causes for it as lack of marketing strategies etc. GREEN MARKETING CONCEPTS AND PHILOSOPHIES Green marketing concept evolve in 1960 when US and Europe has realized the environmental burden and formed agencies like environmental protection agency(EPA) with the objective of becoming green and clean. The ecological pressure was also realized by the venture houses and they started greening venture. The development goes on and till 1990 it took a proper shape. The American marketing association (AMA) conducted the first workshop on ‘ecological marketing’ in 1975. The proceeding of the workshop converted in the form of a book on green marketing entitled “ecological marketing”. It was the evolution phase of green marketing in the field of academia. Green marketing has various synonyms such as ‘ecological marketing’; ‘sustainable marketing’ and ‘environmental marketing’. The development of the green marketing is taking place rapidly now days as every organization want to enjoy the competitive advantage and it works. Green marketing not only helps in organizational competitive advantage but also responsible for organizational performance in many cases Organizations are adopting green marketing strategies due to assertive and defensive ways. Young and educated generation is taking very much interest in green products but there are still some obstacles such as substitution of the raw material, process redesign, cost etc. 34
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On the other hand various organizations are working on the reduction of the cost of green product with the help of reverse logistics and green supply chain management so that they can make the product more aff ordable for the maximum market segment. Automobiles are one of the highest pollutant product segments and therefore green marketing is also taken a better shape around the world and companies like Nissan, GM, Ford, Daimler Chrysler etc. and other car manufacturers are working aggressively in this area. Studies claim that the Green marketing is future of the marketing management. GENESIS AND ATTRIBUTES OF ENVIROPRENEURS The work on the phenomena of environment entrepreneurship had begun in the late 1970 and till 1990 it got the attention. According to the study were the pioneers in the field and began to employ the term ‘environmental entrepreneurs’, ‘enviropreneurs’, ‘eco-entrepreneurs’ and also derivate as ‘eco-preneurs’. The term ‘enviropreneurs’ was coined by Terry Clark from Goizueta Venture School, Emory University. The term enviropreneurs is a combination of two word i.e. environment and entrepreneurship. Enviropreneurs are the formulation and implementation of environmental advantage, corporate strategies and creating revenue. An entrepreneur is someone who produces for the market and he is determined and creative leader always looking for opportunities to improve and expand his venture and one of the best innovators. In the same way enviropreneurs are also innovating and participating in the process of sustainable development. Sustainability is the main stream of the venture strategy; hence entrepreneurs are the important chain for holding the responsibility towards sustainable society. Sustainable entrepreneurs aim to introduce environmentally and socially friendly innovations to a large group of stakeholders. Sustainable entrepreneurship gained force in recent years as a global movement that aims to promote venture to pay close consideration to their social and environment. Enviropreneurs are important to the economic development as they are the significant contributors in providing the job and also treated as the driving force towards the paradigm shift, they also get appreciated for introducing the innovation, adopting and developing new thoughts and responsive towards paradigm shift in rapid, flexible and effi cient than the larger organizations. The nexus of environmental, economic and social objectives creates enviropreneurial strategies which lead to active entrepreneurship and innovation to solve green problems while boosting competition and benefiting society. Enviropreneurial venture process and marketing also leads to competitive advantage of the firm. A study reveals three key sociological constructs in green venture i.e. personal motivation and mission; locality and a forward thinking which leads to sustainability for long run. INDIAN MARKET SCENARIO FOR ENTREPRENEURS There is a good hope from the new Government in India in the development of entrepreneurship. Finance Minister of India has released the budget of 2017-18 and gave focus to the entrepreneurship as for creating a conducive eco-system for the venture capital in MSME’s (Micro, Small and medium enterprises) sector Rs. 25,000 crore fund to act a catalyst to attract private capital by way of providing equity, quasi equity, so loans and other risk capital for start-up companies and he also announced a national wide incubation and accelerator program, entrepreneurial friendly legal bankruptcy frame work. 35
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Indian clean energy sector is a $US20 billion paradigm shift. It has the potential to generate 10 mn jobs in India by 2025 and is witnessing the emergence of energy entrepreneurs, who are all set to write new codes in the energy domain. In recent news, Union Bank cuts interest rates in MSME’s loans. On the other hand it is also one of the facts that India has the power of young and educated graduates who are vibrant and full of enthusiasm and ready to accept the opportunities of entrepreneurship. The Government is continuous providing better inputs for the venture opportunities, which helps these entrepreneurs. The current market condition is favourable for entrepreneurs in country like India. Several agencies are formed for the development of the prospective entrepreneurs which creates a suitable environment. Indian economy is growing rapidly, and investors from abroad are also keen to invest in Indian market which proofs India is a better place to invest. Government is also focusing on development of better norms for FDI (Foreign direct investment), for attracting investors from abroad. METHODOLOGY The paper is based on exploratory research and conceptual in nature. The study has been done on the basis of extensive literature review. All the relevant findings of the research papers which further helps in developing a conceptual framework of the study. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL MODEL On the basis of the study of literature and identification of various significant ingredients, a conceptual model has been proposed. INGREDIENTS Environmental issues:- The world is facing crucial time for our natural environment as it is blighting, which can be experienced by every individuals in form of various problems like pollutions, global warming, climate paradigm shift etc. Consumer behavior:- Due to the problem arising in our natural environment, people are aware and changing their consumption behavior and seeking product and services which are eco-friendly. Favorable market condition:- Indian market is suitable for entrepreneurs than ever before as paradigm shift in Government policies for the entrepreneurs. Green marketing:- Green marketing is a result of development in changing consumer behavior pattern towards green products. It profits to both consumer and marketers. Green entrepreneur:- An entrepreneur, who develops green business with the help of adopting green practices. DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS The conceptual framework shows in Figure 1 that the concept of enviropreneurs starts from the environmental concerns such as pollutions, global warming, climate paradigm shift, scarcity of natural resources and other havoc caused by disturbance in the ecosystem. Due to increasing awareness may be with the help of environmental knowledge and education people are becoming more responsive towards the environment. These factors are also responsible for the transforming consumer behavior towards green product or eco-friendly product. The perception towards green product gives a positive impact on the development of the green market. Green market is an evitable market, which brings ample of opportunities in every field such as greening supply chain, green production, green design and many more. The current market scenario has various opportunities for the entrepreneurs as well as for enviropreneurs. These opportunities can be also helpful for bringing motivation and 36
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empowerment to the enviropreneurs. The successful enviropreneurs lead to the sustainable development in long term. Study based on the literature survey and conceptual model shows the following major findings of the study: 1. There is a bright opportunities for the enviropreneurs as the green market is expanding and consumer behavior is favorable towards green market. 2. India is going to be one of the best destinations in the world for the investment point of view. 3. The study found that there is a conceptual link among environmental concern, evitable green market, enviropreneurs and sustainable development. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS The study findings and discussion of the study would be beneficial for the academicians, research scholars, practitioners, managers and policy makers. The study would be benefited for the academicians and research scholars, as this study gives further insights in this field and there are less numbers of works are available especially in Indian context. Managers and practitioners can understand the opportunities which are evitable in the field of green marketing and there is need of much more focus on it. As it will be profitable and can be significant for sustainable development. Finally the policy makers must more concern on this issue by creating a suitable environment for the enviropreneurs program. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION On the basis of various explanations in this paper we can understand various opportunities for the enviropreneurs due to emergence of green market. Transforming consumer behavior towards green market is another significant and positive indicator for the enviropreneurs. Enviropreneurs or enviropreneurs are not only important just for the fulfilling the need of end users but they mean more than it. Enviropreneurs have the responsibility towards achievements of social objectives, economic objectives, environmental objective and sustainable objectives. Enviropreneurs are the warriors who continuously work, in order to protect the nation from all the evils such as poverty, unemployment and pollution etc. If we think of the traditional entrepreneurs they have also big responsibility on their shoulders but enviropreneurs have some more responsibility that is adoption of green practices and other environmental tasks. India is a country of young people. Our majority of the youth are getting good education and thousands of young generations are getting graduate each year. This means that India has great potential
towards enviropreneurship. In India most of the entrepreneurs are young and their concept of venture is unique and somewhere they implement the practical aspects of their education in their venturees and getting a great success. The concept of
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enviropreneurs is not diff erent, the one who more innovate green product or services more he become a successful enviropreneurs. Although it is diffi cult to innovate green products many times as it is diffi cult to provide substitutes for various raw materials, this is a kind of challenge which a green entrepreneur can handle. There are several examples of enviropreneurs who are continuously involved in the green venturees. CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY Before planning this paper we have reviewed various research papers in reputed journals but none of the study was completely based on such kind of issue even though in Indian scenario, and which shows a research gap between consumer behavior and enviropreneurs. Therefore in order to bridge the gap this study has been propounded on this issue and would surely help in this discipline. LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH Every study has their own limitations same as in this study. There is lack of good studies which is relevant to this paper especially in context to consumer behavior, green marketing and the enviropreneurs. This paper can be a base for further research and one can make an empirical research paper by using the concept and various identified parameters of this study. Although the concept is not very new but needs proper attention by researcher as the issue is very important for our economy and environment both. There are still many things may be le in this paper which can be added in the further research work. REFERENCES Zarnowitz V Moore GH (1986) Major paradigm shifts in cyclical behavior, UMI: 519-582. Christensen P (1997) Different lifestyles and their impact on the environment. Sustainable development 5: 30-35. Saxena RP, Khandelwal PK (2008) Consumer attitudes towards green marketing on exploratory study. University of Wollongong Research Online 1-31. Straughan R, Roberts J (1999) Environmental segmentation alternatives: a look at green consumer behavior in the new millennium. Journal of consumer marketing 16: 558-575. Chen YS, Lin CL, Chang CH (2013) The influence of green wash on green word-of-mouth (green WOM): the mediation effects of green perceived quality and green satisfaction. Quality and Quantity 48: 2411-2425. Pavleen K, Raghbir S (2006) Children in family purchase decision making in India and the West: A review, Academy of Marketing Science Review. Lampe M, Gazda GM (1995) Green marketing in Europe and the United States: An Evolving Venture and Society Interface. International Venture Review 4: 295-312. Polonsky MJ, Rosenberger PJ (2001) Reevaluating Green Marketing: A strategic approach. Venture Horizon 21-30. Gleim MR (2013) Against the Green: A Multi-method Examination of the Barriers to Green Consumption. Journal of Retailing 89: 44-61. Keskin D, Diehl JC, Molenaar N (2013) Innovation process of new ventures driven by sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production 45: 50-60. Menon A, Menon A (1997) Enviropreneurial Marketing Strategy: The Emergence of Corporate Environmentalism as Market Strategy. Journal of Marketing 61: 51-67. Green warriors: Entrepreneurs and Innovators inspire paradigm shift with eco-friendly venture ideas, India today (n.d). 38
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Olugu EU, Wong KY, Shaharoun AM (2011) Development of key performance measures for the automobile green supply chain. Resource, conservation and recycling 55: 567-579. Brecard D (2011) Environmental tax in a green market. Environment Resource Economics 49: 387-403. Hall JK, Daneke GA, Lenox M (2010) Sustainable development and entrepreneurship: past contributions and future directions. Journal of Venture Venture 25: 439-448. Dean TJ, Mc Mullen JS (2007) Toward a theory of sustainable entrepreneurship: reducing environmental degradation through entrepreneurial action. Journal of Venture Venture 22: 50-76. Zu L (2014) International perspective on sustainable entrepreneurship. Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Venture Success through Sustainability . Farinelli F, Bottini M, Akkoyunlu S, Aern P (2011) Enviropreneurship: the missing link towards a greener economy. ATDF J 8: 42-48. Allen JC, Malin S (2008) Enviropreneurship: a method for managing natural resources? Soc Nat Resour 21: 828-844. Sathish K (2014) India Budget, A Boost to Entrepreneurship. National Entrepreneurship Network Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Sabharwa lP (2012) Power (full) entrepreneurs, EntrepreneurIndia. Parmar B (2014) Union Bank cuts interest rate on MSME loans. Venture line, The Hindu.
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Pravish Rajnam Journal of Studies
ISSN
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Pravish Rajnam Journal of Studies ISSN 2348 –3652 Indexed with NISCAIR, DRJI, ISI (International Society of Indexing), SLI (Science Library Index), Australia and Infobase Index. Impact factor : 1.256 Quality factor : 0.9 IBI Factor 2016 : 2.7 Promoted by Pravish Rajnam Centre for Management Education (Where endeavor is success) Registration No. 2015062974 An educational and research initiative under aegis of Dr. Rajesh Arora……. Serving the society selflessly since 2000 working on no profit no loss basis Guidelines for Contributors PRJS invites academicians and professionals to contribute articles, research papers, case studies, abstract of doctoral dissertations and book reviews. The following are the guidelines for the authors; • The contribution must be original, neither published nor under consideration for publication anywhere else. • The cover page should contain the title of the paper, author’s name, designation, official address, contact phone, email address. The next page should contain an abstract of not more than 150 words along with five key words. • The main text should not contain the authors name or affiliation. The face sheet should contain a declaration by the author(s) stating that the article/ research paper has not published or not been submitted or accepted for publication by any other journal, magazines or book publishing houses. • The manuscripts should normally be of around 4000- 5000 words (15-20 pages). • The authors should submit one hard copy, one soft copy (CD – MS word format) of the manuscript for publication typed in double spaced, time new roman, 12 font size leaving 1.5 inch margin on all sides on A- 4 paper. Moreover, the contribution should be send as an email attachment to pravish123@gmail.com • Typescripts should be typed on one side of the sheet. Figures, tables, graph or chart should appear soon after the text and numbered numerically with appropriate headings. • All notes are indicated by a serial number by using foot notes in the text. • Follow British spellings throughout: ‘programme’ not ‘program’, organisation’ not ‘organization, ‘behaviour’ not ‘behavior’. • Follow APA style of referencing and the same can be put at the end of the manuscript. For example; Book: Moon, C (1994), “Changing Pattern of Business – Government Relations in South Korea”, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi. Journal: Kaur, Harvinder, (2004), “Time Varying Volatility in the Indian Stock Market”, Vikalpa, Vol.22, No.3, pp.52-60. Website: Complete address with URL, along with date of accessing the website. http://www.fms.edu/aboutfms/fmscommunity.php; last accessed on 12.02.2014. • Author(s) will receive pdf copy of the journal on compilation of formalities. • Please send your brief profile with areas of interest and academic affiliation etc. also with the contribution.
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