• Different NFM measures can reduce flood risk, but this will best be achieved through the widespread application of many types of approaches across the entire watershed. • When considering NFM measures, the watershed needs to be assessed in terms of sources (upland), pathways (channels), and receptors (floodplain and downstream communities). • When addressing sources and impacts of flooding, the linkages between surface water and groundwater need to be considered. • The full cost and benefit of NFM measures can only be assessed by including their delivery of other co-benefits (e.g., biodiversity, water quality, carbon storage, recreation, and landscape), the gains from which may be greater than those solely for flood risk reduction. • Economic and flood study appraisals should consider benefits for NFM beyond just flood risk reduction to enable policy-makers to make decisions reflecting the true net present value of investment in NFM. • Engagement with land managers, especially to recruit them to host NFM measures, is best undertaken through a trusted intermediary, such as Tweed Forum, who understands farming and farm businesses and can communicate effectively.
19.1.6.5 Further Information Black, A., L. Peskett, A. MacDonald, A. Young, C. Spray, T. Ball, H. Thomas, and A. Werritty. Forthcoming. “Natural Flood Management, Lag Time and Catchment Scale: Results from an Empirical Nested Catchment Study.” Journal of Flood Risk Management. Dittrich, R., T. Ball, A. Wreford, D. Moran, and C. J. Spray. 2018. “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Afforestation as a Climate Change Adaptation Measure to Reduce Flood Risk.” Journal of Flood Risk Management 12 (4): e12482. Mott MacDonald. 2020a. Integrating Natural Capital into Flood Risk Management Appraisal: Study Report. Edinburgh, UK: Mott MacDonald and Tweed Forum. https://northsearegion.eu/media/15157/integrating-natural-capital-intoflood-risk-management-appraisal-report-v3.pdf. Mott MacDonald. 2020b. Integrating Natural Capital into Flood Risk Management Appraisal: Practical Guide: Study Report. Edinburgh, UK: Mott MacDonald and Tweed Forum. https://northsearegion.eu/media/15158/integrating-naturalcapital-into-frm-appraisal-practical-guide-v3.pdf.
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