Isambard Kingdom Brunel Extract

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ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL

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‘Brunel’ arrives back at Bristol with broad gauge engine Iron Duke on 9 March 2006. GREAT BRITAIN TRUST Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s revolutionary steam ship Great Western in a stormy mid Atlantic, as painted by Joseph Walter. SS GREAT BRITAIN TRUST

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ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL Robin Jones

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Contents Chapter 1 Brunel: Rediscover the Legend .............................................................. 7 Chapter 2 Marc Brunel: The Revolution Begins .................................................. 9 Chapter 3 The Thames Tunnel: The Eighth Wonder of the World ................ 20 Chapter 4 Reach for the Sky: Bristol and its Suspension Bridge ...................... 37 Chapter 5 A Head for Steam: God’s Wonderful Railway .................................. 47 Chapter 6 Biggest is Best: Brunel Broad Gauge .................................................. 53 Chapter 7 The Railway Adventure Begins: Paddington to Swindon .............. 56 Chapter 8 Let’s Build Our Own: The Rise and Fall of Swindon Works .......... 67 Chapter 9 Box and Beyond: The GWR Line from Swindon to Bath .............. 75 Chapter 10 Temple Meads: The First Great Terminus ........................................ 85 Chapter 11 The ‘Flying Durchman’ is Here: The Bristol & Exeter Railway ...... 93 Chapter 12 Locomotives: Steam Behemoths of the Broad Guage .................... 101 Chapter 13 ‘The Atmospheric Caper’: The South Devon Railway .................. 117 Chapter 14 Brunel’s Second Paddington: The Ultimate Great Western Station .................................................................................. 131 Chapter 15 Broadening Horizons: Brunel’s GWR Empire Expands ................ 138 Chapter 16 Go Great Western – To New York: The First Transatlantic Liners .. 155 Chapter 17 How the West was Finally Won: The Bridge at Saltash and Beyond .......................................................................................... 175 Chapter 18 The Great Eastern: The Final Epitaph ............................................ 187 Chapter 19 Victory of the Narrow Minded: 1892 .............................................. 197 Chapter 20 Fire Fly: Brunel’s Steam Dream Reborn .......................................... 203 Chapter 21 Bringing Brunel Back Down to Size: Modelling the Broad Gauge .. 213

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Isambard Kingdom Brunel, as painted by his brother-in-law JC Horsley, in 1833.

BRUNEL ENGINE HOUSE

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Chapter 1

BRUNEL Rediscover the Legend

sambard kingdom Brunel. ree names. ree people in one. Born in Portsmouth on 9 April 1806, there was Brunel the great engineer, who would habitually throw out the rulebook of tradition and established practice, and start again with a blank sheet of paper, taking the technology of the day to its limits – and then going another mile. en there was Brunel the visionary, who knew that transport technology had the power to change the world, and that he had the ability to deliver those changes.

Finally, there was Brunel the artist – who rarely saw technology as just functional, and strove to entwine the fruits of the Industrial Revolution with the elegance and grace of the neo-classical painter.

His bridges, tunnels and railway infrastructure have entered a third century of regular use, and the beauty of their design and structure has rarely been equalled. e three decades, from the 1830s to the 1850s, saw an explosion of technical excellence, and it was Brunel who in so many cases lit the blue touchpaper.

He did not always get it right first time, and it was le to others to reap the fruits of his many labours. Nevertheless, his actions fast-forwarded the march of progress by several decades.

In 2006, Britain celebrated the 200th anniversary of Brunel’s birth, with a multitude of events large and small. It turned out to be a wonderful year, in which Isambard’s many legacies were re-examined – and revisited.

Four years later, celebrations were again staged to mark the 175th anniversary of the Great Western Railway, arguably Isambard Brunel’s finest achievement.

Each of his landmarks are national treasures in themselves. ere is the spectacular Royal Albert Bridge at Saltash, the magnificent glass-roofed terminus of Paddington, Maidenhead bridge with its elliptical arches that many said would never stand up, the stupendous Clion Suspension Bridge, completed shortly aer his death, to his design by a team of admirers, Bristol’s original Temple Meads

I

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8 Isambard kingdom Brunel

station, the Dawlish sea wall railway route – everyone’s favourite section of the national network, and many more.

However, I hope that readers will use this volume as a travel guide to explore some of the lesser-known delights that he has bequeathed to us: the wonderful Bristol & Exeter Railway station at Bridgwater, the Wilts, Somerset & Weymouth Railway booking office at Bradford-on-Avon, and the loy Devil’s Bridge ‘flying bridge’ at Bleadon near Weston-super-Mare, to name but a few.

An excellent starting point is one of London’s true hidden gems, the Brunel Engine House Museum at Rotherhithe, and its wonderful displays about the ames Tunnel through which you can travel by underground train below.

Didcot Railway Centre in oxfordshire is a must, with its demonstration broadand mixed-gauge running line and award-winning replica Fire Fly locomotive.

Don’t miss out STEAM – Museum of the Great Western Railway in Swindon, which takes you on a unique journey through time to tell the story of God’s Wonderful Railway and the man who created it, with North Star, the engine that made the line work, taking pride of place. en there’s Bristol’s Floating Harbour, one of the world’s greatest waterfronts and, with many multi-million-pound development schemes in progress, getting better by the week. e jewel in its crown is, of course, the SS Great Britain, a vessel everyone should visit at least once in their life.

Brunel was the catalyst, which the Industrial Revolution needed to take it further to the next stage. He was by no means the only pioneer of his day, but perhaps more than anyone else, with the aid of the steam engine, provided the link between that great era of discovery and invention, and the modern world.

Why do we remain so fascinated by Brunel and his inventions?

Maybe it is because he symbolises the swashbuckling hero we are all seeking in perpetuity, the person who really does have the power to bring the future to today.

Robin Jones

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Chapter 2

MARC BRUNEL the Revolution Begins

hat I find most amazing about Marc Isambard Brunel is that Hollywood has never seen fit to produce a blockbuster movie about him. His story of world-shaping success has all the ingredients that you might expect from a late-18th century James Bond or Indiana Jones; a larger-than-life character who so oen would throw caution to the wind, in the pursuit of a greater goal, regardless of the risks – with a classic fairytale romance thrown in.

Rejecting the life of a priest at an early age and cheating the guillotine, in Scarlet Pimpernel fashion, during the French Revolution – as would his future bride – Marc Brunel escaped to the United States, where he made his name, before losing his fortune in England and winning it back again.

Not only that, but – most importantly – there would be a futuristic tunnel involved along the way – an essential ingredient in most Bond films. is one, however, would not be the fictional big-screen den of some sinister mastermind who wanted to take control of the world, but one which would genuinely change it in more ways than the young Marc could ever have imagined.

Furthermore, he would have a son who would not only follow in his engineering footsteps, but who, nearly two centuries aer his birth, would take second place behind Sir Winston Churchill in a nationwide poll to find the greatest Briton of all time, even beating Shakespeare – not bad for someone who was half French.

Marc Brunel was born on 25 April 1769 in the hamlet of Hacqueville, near Rouen in France, the son of a wealthy farmer, Jean Charles Brunel, and his second wife, Marie Victoria Lefevre.

As soon as he could read and write, the young Marc displayed a talent for drawing, mathematics and mechanics.

His father, however, was having none of Marc’s aspirations to become an engineer and join the new breed of pioneers spawned by the Industrial Revolution, on the other side of the English Channel.

W

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Samuel Drummond’s portrait of Marc Brunel in later life, showing the Thames Tunnel, his greatest achievement.

BRUNEL ENGINE HOUSE

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Marc Brunel 11

The fall of the Bastille on 14 July 1789.

The ensuing Reign of Terror not only brought royalist Marc Brunel and his future wife together, but led to him fleeing France and making his fortune as an engineer in New York.

The block mills in Portsmouth’s dockyard where Marc Brunel set up shop on behalf of the Royal Navy, following his arrival from the USA. PORTSMOUTH HISTORIC DOCKYARD

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12 Isambard kingdom Brunel The plaque, which marks the spot where Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born in Portsea. PORTSMOUTH HISTORIC DOCKYARD

Jean Charles insisted that his son had a career in the church, and so at the age of 11, he was sent to a seminary in Rouen. ere, the Superior saw that Marc’s talents in drawing and woodwork would be better engaged elsewhere, especially as he had no religious leaning. So, it was arranged for him to stay with an elder cousin, Madam Carpentier, whose husband, a retired ship’s captain, had become the American consul in Rouen.

While living with the Carpentiers, Marc attended the Royal College in Rouen, and excelled at mathematics, geometry, mechanics and drawing.

His scholarly success led him to a place as a cadet on the naval frigate Marechal de Castries and a six-year career at sea.

In January 1792, Marc returned home to find his native country embroiled in the worst excesses of the French Revolution. A Norman, and a staunch royalist sympathiser, he was at odds with the aims of the murderous Jacobins.

When, in January 1793, he made scathing remarks in a speech about the brutal Robespierre, during a visit to the Café de l’Echelle in Paris, he was lucky to escape a howling, revolutionary mob by the skin of his teeth, hiding in an inn for the night.

In Rouen, he found that the Carpentiers had a new guest, 17-year-old Sophia kingdom.

She was the youngest of 16 children of Portsmouth naval-contractor, William kingdom, who had died some years before. Her family had decided to send her to France with a friend, Monsieur de Longuemarre, and his English wife.

Feeling the heat because of his sympathies with the Ancien Régime in France, and with Rouen in Jacobin hands, Marc fled the country for the USA, alone, but with the elaborate help of friends, amid justifiable fears for his safety.

He obtained a passport, aer falsely claiming he was buying grain for the Navy, sailed away on the aptly named Liberty, and then established himself as a surveyor, architect and civil engineer in New York. ere, Marc built the old Bowery eatre, in its day, the largest theatre in North America. He also built many other buildings, including an arsenal and a cannon

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Marc Brunel 13 Bust of Mark Brunel in the Brunel Engine House museum, above Thames Tunnel at Rotherhithe.

ROBIN JONES

foundry, as well as improving the defences between Staten and Long Island, and surveying a canal between Lake Champlain and the Hudson River at Albany.

He eventually took US citizenship and became chief engineer to the city of New York. one of his designs won the competition for a new US capitol building to be built in Washington DC, but it was found too costly to implement and another plan was chosen instead.

While Marc prospered on the far side of the pond, Sophia remained in grave peril for her life.

Following the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Britain declared war on France, and all British nationals were imprisoned. Sophia found herself in a convent at Gravelines, near Calais, which had been turned into a makeshi prison – complete with a guillotine. is, despite representations from the Carpentiers and Republican families, whose children she had taught English.

Sophia was not released until July 1794, when Robespierre was overthrown. e following year, she returned to her family’s London home.

In February 1799, Marc decided to leave America and start again in England – perhaps driven by an all-consuming desire to renew his acquaintance with Sophia, whom he had never forgotten. ey were reunited in spring that year, and were married at the parish church of St Andrew in Holborn, on 1 November 1799, setting up their first home in Bedford Street, Bloomsbury.