1. The Strickland reaction a. is an alternative glycolytic pathway b. is a fermentation reaction in which one amino acid is oxidized and a second amino acid is reduced c. is used to oxidize nucleotides d. results in production of high concentrations of intracellular glycerol, which can be used to counterbalance osmotic pressure 2. The most common pathway for conversion of glucose to pyruvate is a. Enter-Doudoroff b. Pentose phosphate c. Embden-Meyerhoff d. Mixed acid fermentation 3. The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi, which coupled with an exergonic chemical reaction is called _________ phosphorylation. a. Chemiosmotic b. Oxidative c. Substrate-level d. Conformational change 4. The pentose phosphate pathway provides a. ATP b. NADPH c. Four- and five-carbon sugars for amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis d. All of the above 5. The major function(s) of the TCA cycle is(are) a. Energy production b. Provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components c. Direction oxidation of 4 and 5 carbon sugars during anaerobic growth d. a and b 6. The number of ATP molecules generated per atom of oxygen that is reduced when electrons are passed from NADH or reduced FAD (FADH) to dioxygen is called the a. Utilization ratio b. Energy yield c. P/O ratio d. Phosphorylation coefficient 7. Oxygen is always require for the regeneration of NAD from NADH. ! (False) 8. The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called a. Anabolism b. Catabolism c. Metabolism d. None of the above
9. The breakdown of larger, more complex molecule into smaller, simpler ones with the release and trapping of some energy contained within those molecules is called a. Anabolism b. Catabolism c. Metabolism d. None of the above 10. The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called a. Anabolism b. Catabolism c. Metabolism d. None of the above 11. _______ pathways are those that function both catabolically and anabolically ! (Amphibolic) 12. When cells of a facultative anaerobe such as E. Coli are shifted from anaerobic to aerobic condition, a drastic reduction in the rate of sugar catabolism, called the _______ _______ occurs. ! (Pasteur effect) 13. _______ is used as the terminal electron acceptor for oxidizing NADH to NAD in aerobic respiration, but molecules other than oxygen are used as the terminal electron acceptors in _______ respiration. ! (Oxygen, Anaerobic) 14. The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized anaerobically via the Embden-Meyehoff pathway in procaryotes is a. 2 b. 36 c. 38 d. 85 15. In the TCA cycle, two carbons in the form of _______ are added to oxaloacetate at the start of the cycle. a. Acetyl-CoA b. Ethanol c. Carbon dioxide d. Methanol 16. In the TCA cycle, two carbons are removed from citric acid in the form of _______, thereby regenerating oxaloacetate to complete the cycle. a. Acetyl-CoA b. Ethanol c. Carbon dioxide d. Methanol
17. In aerobic conditions, it takes _______ sugar to produce the same amount of ATP when compared to anaerobic conditions a. More b. Less c. The same amount of 18. Organisms that directly reduce almost all of their pyruvate to lactate are called _______ fermenters. ! (Homolactic) 19. Organism that form lactate ethanol and CO2 as end products of glucose metabolism are called _______. ! (Heterolactic) 20. Which of the following can be used as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration? a. Nitrate b. Sulfate c. Carbon dioxide d. All of the above 21. The hypothesis that proton motive force drives ATP synthesis is called the _______ hypothesis. ! (Chemiosmotic) 22. Which of the following may be used as sources of energy by chemolithotrophs? a. Hydrogen gas b. Ammonia c. Elemental sulfur d. All of the above 23. In the process of fermentation an organic substrate, such as glucose, is reduced and an intermediate of the pathway, such as pyruvate, is oxidized. ! (False) 24. An organism may use glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway simultaneously ! (True) 25. The Voges-Proskauer test is positive for butanediol fermenters but negative for mixed acid fermenters ! (True)
12. The destruction or removal of all viable organisms is called a. Disinfection b. Antisepsis c. Sterilization d. Sanitization 13. The reduction of the microbial population to levels that are considered safe by public health standards is called a. Disinfection b. Antisepsis c. Sterilization d. Sanitization 14. The prevention of infection caused by microorganisms is called a. Disinfection b. Antisepsis c. Sterilization d. Sanitization 15. Which of the following influence(s) the efficiency of an antimicrobial agent? a. Concentration of the agent b. Duration of exposure c. Temperature d. All of the above 16. Which of the following environmental factors generally do(es) not have an impact on the efficiency of an antimicrobial agent? a. pH b. Viscosity c. Concentration of organic matter d. Refractive index 17. Which of the following is MOST effective against resistant endospores? a. Autoclaving b. Glutaraldehyde c. Pasteurization d. All of these are equally effective against resistant endospores 18. The time required to kill 90% of the microorganisms or spores in a sample at a specified temperature is the a. Thermal death time (TDT) b. Thermal death point (TDP) c. Decimal reduction time (D value) d. Z value 19. The shortest period of time needed to kill all organisms in a sample at a specified temperature is the a. Thermal death time (TDT) b. Thermal death point (TDP) c. Decimal reduction time (D value) d. Z value
20. The increase in temperature needed to reduce the decimal reduction time to 10% of its value is the a. Thermal death time (TDT) b. Thermal death point (TDP) c. Decimal reduction time (D value) d. Z value 21. Which of the following is a function of pasteurization? a. Killing pathogenic microorganisms b. Reducing the total microbial population c. Increasing the shelf life of the product d. All of the above 22. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supplies is _______. a. Fluorine b. Chlorine c. Either fluorine or chlorine d. Ultraviolet light 23. When antiseptics and disinfectants are compared, antiseptics are generally a. Less toxic b. More toxic c. Equally as toxic d. Unpredictable in toxicity 24. Which of the following is true about filtration? a. It can be used only to remove organisms from liquids b. It does not truly sterilize because it removes rather than kills microorganisms c. a and b d. It canʼt be depended on to remove all viruses from liquids 25. When comparing dry heat and moist heat sterilization, dry heat is a. Faster b. Slower c. Equally as fast d. Sometimes fasters but sometimes slower 26. Which of the following represents the best definition for microbial death? a. The organism will not grow on minimal medium b. The organism will not grow on a medium that normally supports its growth c. The organisms no longer retains its original shape and structures d. None of these adequately describe microbial death 27. Two methods of pasteurization are _______ and _______. a. 63℃ for 30 minutes; 72℃ for 15 minutes b. 63℃ for 30 minutes; 72℃ for 15 seconds c. 63℃ for 30 seconds; 72℃ for 15 seconds d. 63℃ for 15 minutes; 72℃ for 30 seconds
28. Although heavy metal are no longer widely used as germicides, _______ is an effective algicide in lakes and swimming pools. a. Lead acetate b. Copper sulfate c. Silver nitrate d. Mercuric chloride 29. The _______ is measure of disinfectant efficiency in which the disinfectant being evaluated is compared to phenol. ! (Phenol coefficient) 30. The type of filter used in a laminar flow biological safety cabinet is called a(n) _______ filter. ! (HEPA - high efficiency particulate absorbing [or arrestance])