Waller, P
COTIPSO Thesis
o British Field Manual - PE is an operation carried out to restore peace between belligerent parties who do not all consent to interventions and who may be engaged in combat activities (Oliver, 2002). •
Peacemaking - diplomatic process or military actions to gain an end to disputes usually by establishing a cease fire.
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Peacebuilding - actions that support political, economic, social and military measures. Peacebuilding describes the effort to rebuild and reform societies that have been torn by internal conflict (Cowdrey, 1994).
PSOs have also had to change due to a changing world. In today’s wars it is harder to distinguish between combatants and non combatants. The UN has only sanctioned PEOps twice: Korea 1950 and Operation Desert Storm 1991 (Cowdrey, 1994). When the Cold war ended Peace operations remained peacekeeping rather than peace enforcement missions: they did not envision using military force to pursue their mandates and impose a settlement on warring factions (Coleman, 2007).
UNSG developed the concept of peace enforcement in 1992-3 due to the perceived failure of UN peacekeeping forces to prevent massacres which showed both the limitations of peacekeeping methods and the need for enforcement operations that can impose a peace on an on-going conflict (Coleman, 2007)
The UN has avoided discussions on PE; they do not want to open discussions which could lead to an escalation that may undermine the impartiality of an ongoing PKOp. It has let others discuss this and this has led to a trend for regional organisations to conduct PE (Oliver, 2002).
PEOps are required to manage broken or ineffective cease fires. Forces need to be more heavily armed than peacekeepers and undergo extensive training and be under the command of United Nations Secretary General (UNSG). Today’s missions have more extensive range of duties, more robust mandates and they are increasing need with new players (regional) joining interventions (Oliver, 2002). Page 8 of 41