XYZ-Dimensions of Shock – Final Major Project Visual Research Summary by Paulo Estriga

XYZ DIMENSIONS OF SHOCK

MAJOR PROJECT RESEARCH SUMMARY

DIMENSIONS OF SHOCK

MAJOR PROJECT RESEARCH SUMMARY

DIMENSIONS OF SHOCK

PAULO ESTRIGA MA GRAPHIC BRANDING & IDENTITY 2011 LONDON COLLEGE OF COMMUNICATION MAJOR PROJECT RESEARCH SUMMARY 3

I began my projecy by turning The Shock Doctrine into 34 pages of handwritten notes looking like the three examples shown. Along with part, chapter and page numbers for my guidance, some inter-page connections are already visible, as well as diagrammatic structures at a very basic level and boxes around several recurrent entities.

I started scanning the notes, cutting them out and grouping then in subjects to be visualised. I then tried sketching out diagrammatic structures from the subjects gathered as I scanned the notes, but I found I needed to have all notes processed and all subjects complete before I started working on the structures. The cutting-out process was not practical for this.

I chose the subject of the “holy trinity of free market capitalism” to develop first, for its simplicity. I researched Christian symbology and used it as a basis for the structure. I tried to combine the subject of “the four sole roles of the state” with it, and explored structures based on the square and triangle forms.

Aachen Bold Plain

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Berliner Regular

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!() Braggadocio MT Regular

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Compacta Bold Plain

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Cooper Std Black

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Cresci Regular

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*()

I began to research typefaces to get a feel for how my project should look. At this time I was looking for an 80’s style, something alluding to the dollar bill, something giving the feel of secret/religious societies or a dystopian “1984” look. This spread and the next page show examples of that selection.

Data 70 Plain

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%^&*() Eurostile Demi

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Garage Gothic Black

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Garamond Premier Pro Regular

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Hadriano Std Bold

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Helvetica Neue Lt Std 75 Bold

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() LCD Plain

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%^&*() Linotype Killer Regular

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$() 11

MASTERCARD

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890!$%&*() Mekanik

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Minimum Anoir

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Napoleon Bold

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() P22 Albers One

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() RETRO BOLD PLAIN

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890!$%^&*() SINALOA PLAIN

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890!$%&*() Ticket Bold

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*()

I replaced the cutting-out process with a table bringing together notes forming subjects, with the corresponding page numbers next to them. The annotations on the table show how I continued refining the project as I built structures for the diagrams.

I used the table on the previous page to build structures for all the diagrams. Each of the structures was made with information taken from between one and 18 pages of the book. As I was building them, I would often combine subjects into single diagrams, resulting in the smaller list of structures on the right. This table was the basis for the visual experimentation that followed.

These are examples of tests I did while trying to further define the structure of some diagrams and their type hyerarchy. I later decided there was little use in this practice and abandoned it completely.

I researched several books, blogs and websites, and bookmarked graphics that could serve as good examples for my work. The examples on this spread are from David McCandless’s Information is Beautiful. I analysed both on this page for the “Chicago School” graphic on page 38.

I marked these examples in Diagrams because of their illustrative style, or for how they dissimulate a diagrammatic structure. Both examples above were a big influence for my â&#x20AC;&#x153;Chileâ&#x20AC;? graphic on pages 40-41.

I marked these graphics in World Diagram Collection for their orginal structure (top), for the more conventional use of a flowchart structure (above) and for their pictorial style (next page).

I marked these in Data Flow mostly for their use of type and colour. The Virtual Water graphic on the top of next page was also a good influence due to its pictorial style and combination of text and image.

These examples were taken from Data Flow 2, and by analysing them I developed the vignette and grain treatment of my graphics. I also analysed their use of colour and image and in the case of the bottom two images, their diagramatic structures.

These are more examples marked in Data Flow 2, either for their use of image, colour, type, or structure. The example on the top right of the page was an influence for my â&#x20AC;&#x153;Chileâ&#x20AC;? graphic on pages 40-41.

I analysed these structures marked in Graphis Diagrams when I tried to create more conventional structures for my graphics about countries in The Shock Doctrine, but it didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t take me anywhere.

These images are from two books which I saw as examples of what not to do. The image on the top is from Richard Saul Wurman’s Understanding USA, an admirable endeavour which is unbearably full of chartjunk. Just about every millimeter is competing for attention and it seems to show a designer marvelled at the justdiscovered possibilities of Photoshop and Illustrator, trying out every feature he could find in those applications (which is worrying, considering it was done in 1999). The images just above are from Barnbrook Design’s The Little Book of Shocking Global Facts, which is absolutely

disastrous. It appears to show a designer trying to jump on the data visualisation bandwagon, without having the slightest knowledge about data visualisation. It has so many graphics that are wrong at so many levels that it’s absolutely shocking the hype that’s been around this book. The photo on the left shows probably one of the worst visualisations I’ve ever seen. The photo on the right however, shows something this book actually got right: the referencing system. I would later consider something similar for my own work, but it ended up not materialising. 29

The images on this spread and on the next are graphics I bookmarked for considering them good examples, whether thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s because of the use of colour, typography, image, form, structure or other. The sources were coolinfographic.com, dailyinfographic. com, infographicsshowcase.com, datavisualization.ch, vimeo.com and youtube.com.

Trade Gothic LT Std Condensed No.18

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Bold Condensed No.20

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*()

Through my research, I realised I needed a font with a complete family including condensed and extended versions for versatility. Trade Gothic was one of the strongest contenders (the other was Univers). In the end, I settled on Akzidenz Grotesk (right) as the dominant typeface for my project. I found it to be not only the most harmonious, balanced and versatile of the ones I had shortlisted, but itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also the font used on the covers of The Shock Doctrine, so consistency with the brand is maintained.

Trade Gothic LT Std Bold

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Light

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Regular

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Bold No.2

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Extended

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Trade Gothic LT Std Bold Extended

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() 34

Akzidenz Grotesk BE Regular

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Medium

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Bold

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Extended Regular

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Extended Medium

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Extended Bold

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() Akzidenz Grotesk BE Condensed Regular

Akzidenz Grotesk BE Condensed Medium

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!$%&*()

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*()

Akzidenz Grotesk BE Condensed Bold

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890!@#$%^&*() 35

PREPARATION

SHOCK 1

READYNESS

FRIEDMANITES STOCKPILE FREE MARKET IDEAS FOR A CRISIS

WAR / COUP D’ETAT / TERRORIST ATTACK / NATURAL DISASTER CRISIS

SHOCK 2

SHOCK 1

FEAR AND DISORIENTATION

SHOCK 3

FEAR AND DISORIENTATION

STRIKES AND PROTESTS ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY

WAR OR COUP / NATURAL DISASTER / TERRORIST ATTACK

POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION

SHOCK 2 RESULT

G H O STLY FA CTO R I E S,

ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY

RAS

TR U

CTU R

E, M A S S I N C A R C E R A

RE F

M ARKE T

RTU

TI N

INF

R OT

POPULAR RESISTANCE

DEBT

OR EVE

WEALTH

RYO N E E L S E

FREE

TI O N

SHOCK 3

PREPARATION

POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION FRIEDMANITES STOCKPILE FREE MARKET IDEAS FOR A CRISIS

CRISIS

SHOCK 2

SHOCK 1

SHOCK 3

FEAR AND DISORIENTATION

STRIKES AND PROTESTS ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY

WAR OR COUP / NATURAL DISASTER / TERRORIST ATTACK

POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION

E V E RYB O DY E L

DEBT

TLY

This is the first diagram I designed. It contains data taken from nine pages of The Shock Doctrine. I experimented with colour, form, structure, pictorial styles, visual tone of voice and language. I used vignette, grain and shadow effects to give it a more humanistic, organic look. The images show different stages of development, throughout which I tried to reduce image/text redundancy.

TO R

R OT TI N G

I N F R A STR U

CTU R

ING

M ARKE T

I E S,

INK

HOS FA C

S E: G

CIVIL

WEALTH

L I B E RTI E S

FREE

PREPARATION

FRIEDMANITES STOCKPILE FREE MARKET IDEAS FOR A CRISIS

CRISIS

SHOCK 2

SHOCK 1

SHOCK 3

FEAR AND DISORIENTATION

STRIKES AND PROTESTS ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY

WAR OR COUP / NATURAL DISASTER / TERRORIST ATTACK

POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION

E V E RYB O DY E L

DEBT

TLY

TO R

R OT TI N G

I N F R A STR U

EA CTU R

ING

M ARKE T

I E S,

INK

HOS

FA C

S E: G

CIVIL

WEALTH

L I B E RTI E S

FREE

funds Dr Ewen Cameron’s experiments on psychiatric patients 1957–1961

ISOLATION

FORCED SLEEP

ELECTROSHOCKS

DRUGS

Isolation boxes /chambers

Sleep rooms

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

Uppers, downers, hallucinogens

- soundproofed - white noise / rubber earplugs - darkness / dark goggles

- drug-induced sleep 20–22 hrs a day

- six consecutive shocks instead of one for four treatments totalling 24 jolts per patient - later increased up to 360 jolts per patient

- LSD - PCP - chlorpromazine

nnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

nnnnnn

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnn - cardboard tubing to prevent patients from touching their bodies - patients in isolation for weeks

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

- patients turned every two hours to prevent sores - patients awakened only for meals and toilet - paralysis-inducing Curare drug to prevent escape

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn

- barbiturates

PSYCHIC DRIVING

nnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

mind depatterned, blank slate ready for rewrite

Pattern - arrests at night or early morning raids for disorientation - detainees hooded, blindfolded, stripped, beaten - intense isolation - drugging

- lower intellectual efficiency - increased openness to suggestion - disorientation - dishinibition - reduction of defences

nnnnnn

- amnesia - loss of space-time image - temporary or permanent regression: - thumb-sucking - fetal position - crying for mothers - mistaking doctors and nurses for parents - forgetting how to walk, talk and eat

these experiments lead to the production of CIA’s interrogation manual in 1963

‘KUBARK’ COUNTER INTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION HANDBOOK

nnnnn

- Nembutal - Veronal - Melicone - Thorazine

EFFECTS

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

- playing of tape-recorded messages 16–20 hours a day for weeks

- sodium amytal - nitrous oxyde - desoxyn - Seconal

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

used in several countries with Americans as direct interrogators until the 70’s, from then as mentors only

Guatemala Honduras

nnnnn Vietnam

Iran Philippines Chile Uruguay

Honduras

nnn Brazil

nnnnnnn - electroshocks

nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnn

used on ‘enemy combatants’ by the US post 9/11

AFGHANISTAN

USA

GUANTANAMO

IRAQ

Techniques

- isolation up to 30 days - deprivation of light and sound - hood

- LSD/PCP

- hoods - blackout goggles - headphones - isolation for months

US-run prisons: • dark rooms with loudspeakers on every corner • blindfolds and shackles • prisoners put in hot shipping containers without food, water or sleep for 24 hours • detainees put in 4x4ft, 20in deep cells for up to one week • senses blasted by strobe lights and heavy metal music

nnnnnn

nnnnnn nnnnnnnnn

- stripping - exploitation of phobias

- small cells with blocked-out windows - no clock or calendar - shackles - blackout goggles - headphones

nnnnnnnn

nnnnnnnnnn

- contact only with interrogators - senses blasted with lights and pounding sounds during interrogation

In this graphic compiling data from 13 pages of the book, I used a typical flowchart structure but I made the cells look like official documents with added “redactions: to add an emotional level to the visualisation. The “grunge” photocopy 38

nnnnnnn

- senses bombarded by barking dogs, strobe lights, loud music, sounds of babies crying and cats meowing - regression

nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnn

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn Iraqi-run, US-supervised prisons: • electroshocks • choking • burning with cattle prods

background (just a low-res comp here) is meant to add to that level. It’s one of the few graphics where I felt justified to use a different typeface (American Typewriter Condensed) for added immersion. Detail on the right.

1957–1961

FORCED SLEEP

ELECTROSHOCKS

DRUGS

Sleep rooms

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

Uppers, downer

- drug-induced sleep 20–22 hrs a day

- six consecutive shocks instead of one for four treatments totalling 24 jolts per patient - later increased up to 360 jolts per patient

- LSD - PCP - chlorpromazin

nnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

nnnnnn

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

- patients turned every two hours to prevent sores - patients awakened only for meals and toilet - paralysis-inducing Curare drug to prevent escape

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn

- barbiturates

PSYCHIC DRIVING

EFFECTS

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

- lower intellect - increased open - disorientation - dishinibition - reduction of de

- playing of tape-recorded messages 16–20 hours a day for weeks

nnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

mind depatterned, blank slate ready for rewrite

nnnnnn

- amnesia - loss of space-ti - temporary or p - thumb-sucki - fetal positio - crying for m - mistaking d - forgetting h

ments uction gation 963

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

TION HANDBOOK

s for disorientation d, beaten

used in several countries with Americans as direct interrogators until the 70’s, from then as mentors only

Guatemala Honduras

nnnnn Vietnam

Iran Philippines Chile Uruguay

Honduras

nnn Brazil

I designed this graphic as an illustration to compensate for the thinness of data and to allow me to make a partial comment on the subject, thus influencing the viewer.

I continued to test colours to achieve the right level between shouting and whispering, and using the grain and vignette effects for an organic feel.

E TH

HOLY TRINIT M

ARKE T.DERE GULATION

TAT E.PRIVA TISATION

To design this graphic about the “holy trinity” of free market capitalism, I combined research into Christian symbology (page 8) with research about the design of the dollar bill. I researched typefaces that would give

OCIA L.SPEND ING.CUTS

it a religious/masonic feel, but ended up dropping the most display ones and settling on Caslon.

POPULAR WITH:

CORPORATIONS NO PROTECCIONISM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NO UNIONS • CHEAP WORKFORCE • STEEP PROFITS

1. ECONOMIC SCHOOL OF THOUGHT DISSEMINATED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BASED MOSTLY ON THE IDEAS OF MILTON FRIEDMAN

For this graphic explaining the differences between Chicago School ideology and Keynesianism, I used a “dream” theme to turn the typical flowchart structure into an illustration, trying to make it more appealing to an audience not necessarily interested in the subject. 42

I didn’t use vignette or grain in this diagram because I thought it didn’t need it, and I was more concerned at this time with serving each subject as best as I could, leaving consistency for later. This graphic was made with information from seven pages.

AGAI

INST

POPULAR WITH:

THE PEOPLE

STRONG UNIONS • GOOD SALARIES • FREE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES NARROW RICH–POOR GAP • WEALTH AND LAND DISTRIBUTION PRICE REGULATIONS • PUBLIC JOBS CREATION

2. ECONOMIC THEORY BASED ON THE IDEAS OF JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES AND THE NEW DEAL 3. PREFERRED ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN POST-WAR EUROPE 4. EMERGING ECONOMIC SYSTEM IMPROVING LIVING STANDARDS IN THE POST-WAR THIRD WORLD

PREPARATION 70% FUNDED BY CIA

COUP CLIMATE CREATED AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, MANY STUDENTS JOIN FASCIST GROUP PATRIA Y LIBERTAD

US TRAINERS INCLUDING FROM THE CIA WHIP MILITARY INTO AN ANTI-COMMUNIST FRENZY

TOP CHILEAN BUSINESS LEADERS MEET IN 1971 TO PLAN REGIME CHANGE

SENT TO ARMY FOR APPROVAL

CHICAGO BOYS RECRUITED TO DESIGN ECONOMIC POLICY – “EL LADRILLO”

COUP 11/9/1973 MADE TO LOOK LIKE A WAR, THOUGH ALL ARMY ON ONE SIDE 24 ROCKETS SHOT INTO PRESIDENTIAL PALACE PRESIDENT SALVADOR ALLENDE COMMITS SUICIDE, GENERAL AUGUSTO PINOCHET ASSUMES POWER 13,500 CIVILIANS ARRESTED IN FOLLOWING DAYS

IMPORTANT PRISONERS TAKEN TO DAWSON ISLAND

4-DAY CARAVAN OF DEATH

THOUSANDS TAKEN TO TWO FOOTBALL STADIUMS – NACIONAL AND CHILE

HELICOPTER MISSION TO PRISONS HOLDING SUBVERSIVES IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES

TORTURE AND EXECUTIONS

EXECUTIONS

SEVERAL CHICAGO BOYS BECOME SENIOR ECONOMIC ADVISERS 1973–1974 PRIVATISATIONS INCLUDING OF SOME BANKS

ECONOMY CONTRACTED 15% IN ONE YEAR

SPECULATIVE FINANCE APPROVED

BORDERS OPEN TO IMPORTS

375% INFLATION HIGHEST IN THE WORLD

SPENDING CUT BY 10% APART FROM MILITARY SPENDING (INCREASED)

BREAD PRICE UP

NEARLY TWICE ALLENDE’S HIGHEST

PRICE CONTROLS ELIMINATED

ALL PROFITS FOR FOREIGN CORPORATIONS AND SPECULATORS (PIRAÑAS)

HUNGER

20% UNEMPLOYMENT (FROM 3% UNDER ALLENDE)

1975 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PROFESSORS MILTON FRIEDMAN AND HAROLD HARTBERGER FLY IN ADVICE: ECONOMIC SHOCK TREATMENT ACHIEVE COMPLETE FREE TRADE

CUT SPENDING BY 25% IN 6 MONTHS

SPENDING CUT BY 27%

1980 SPENDING HALVED

ABOUT 500 COMPANIES PRIVATISED

1982 EXPLODED DEBT

HYPERINFLATION 30% UNEMPLOYMENT

MAJOR DEPRESSION CAUSED BY PIRAÑAS WHO BOUGHT THE COUNTRY’S ASSETS ON BORROWED MONEY AND HAD $14 MILLION DEBTS

BAILOUT NATIONALISATION OF MANY OF THE COMPANIES

MANY CHICAGO BOYS INVESTIGATED FOR FRAUD

CHILE SAVED BY NEVER-PRIVATISED MINING COMPANY CODELCO, WHICH GENERATED 85% OF CHILE’S EXPORT REVENUES

1983 17,700 INDUSTRIAL JOBS LOST

1988 45% BELOW THE POVERTY LINE

INCOME OF 10% RICHEST UP 83% IN 15 YEARS

BY THE END OF PINOCHET’S REIGN PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM REPLACED BY VOUCHERS AND CHARTER SCHOOLS

NO MORE FREE HEALTHCARE

KINDERGARTENS, SOCIAL SECURITY AND CEMETERIES PROIVATISED

3,200 DISAPPEARED OR EXECUTED

80,000 IMPRISONED

20,000 EXILED

I managed to turn a structure which initially looked like the image above into the word “Chile”, dispensing arrows or other navigational aids. Information flows in the same direction as reading, and colours demarcate years. The flag colours along with the inverted star add a semiotic dimension to the graphic (the inverted flag is an international sign of distress, and the exclamation mark means danger). There is a letterpress effect for organicity. Information from 16 pages was used in this graphic.

PREPARATIONMEET IN 1971CHICAGO BOYSECONOMIC POLICY TOP CHILEAN BUSINESS LEADERS

FOR COUPTO

LADRILLO” PLANRECRUITED TO“EL HANDED TO

70%REGIME CHANGEPOLICYARMY DESIGN ECONOMIC

FOR APPROVAL

FUNDED BY THE CIA COUP CLIMATE CREATED AT

US TRAINERS

CATHOLIC

INCLUDING FROM

UNIVERSITY

THE CIA

JOIN FASCIST GROUP “PATRIA Y LIBERTAD”

FRENZY

WHIP THE MILITARY INTO AN

MANY STUDENTS

ANTI-COMMUNIST

11 SEPTEMBER

1973

ECONOMIC ADVISERS

PRIVATISATIONS

OF SOME

375%

INFLATION

RATE HIGHEST

IN THE

WORLD NEARLY

TWICE

BANKS HIGHEST SPECULATIVEBORDERS FINANCEOPENED TO APPROVEDIMPORTS

MADE TO LOOK LIKE A

WAR

THOUGH ALL ARMY

24 ON ONE SIDE

PRICE CONTROLS REMOVED

ROCKETS SHOT INTO

PRESIDENTIAL PALACE

PRESIDENT SALVADOR

4-DAY

COMMITS

TO NORTHERN PRISONS

ALLENDE

“CARAVAN OF DEATH” HELICOPTER MISSION

EXECUTING

SUBVERSIVES HELD

THOUSANDS 13,500PRISONERS TAKEN TO TAKEN TO

AUGUSTO PINOCHET ASSUMES

1973 1974 INCLUDING

COUP

SUICIDE GENERAL

SEVERAL

CHICAGO

BOYS BECOME SENIOR

MOST IMPORTANT

CIVILIANS

NATIONAL AND CHILE

DAWSONMANY TORTURED THE FOLLOWING DAYSISLANDAND EXECUTED POWERINARRESTED

STADIUMS

FROM ECONOMY SPENDING CUT BY

10%

EXCEPT FOR MILITARY SPENDING (INCREASED)

ECONOMY

CONTRACTS

15% IN 1 YEAR

ALLENDE’S

BREAD PRICE

UP AND

RISING HUNGER ALL PROFITS FOR

FOREIGN

19 19

CAUSED BY “PIRAÑAS”COMPANIESCHICAGO WHO BOUGHT THE COUNTRY’S ASSETSBAILED OUTBOYS ON BORROWED MONEYTHROUGH

MILTON

1983

FRIEDMAN AND ARNOLD HARBERGER FLY IN TO ADVISE

PINOCHET

ECONOMIC

SHOCK THERAPY

RECOMMENDED SPENDING TO BE

CUT BY

25%

IN 6 MONTHS

MOVE TO COMPLETE

(“PIRAÑAS”)

FREE TRADE CUT BY

AND SPECULATORS

20% UP FROM 3%

UNDER ALLENDE

INVESTIGATED FOR

FRAUD

75 80

UNEMPLOYMENT

CORPORATIONS

MAJOR DEPRESSIONFAILEDSEVERAL

SPENDING ACTUALLY

27%

AND HAD $1.4 MILLION IN DEBTSNATIONALISATION ECONOMY SAVED BY NEVER-PRIVATISED MINING COMPANY CODELCO

RESPONSIBLE FOR

85% OF CHILE’S EXPORT REVENUES

SPENDING

CUT BY

177,000

HALF

1988 1990 INDUSTRIAL JOBS LOST

SINCE THE COUP

NEARLY

500

RICHEST 10% UP

THE POVERTY LINESINCE THE COUP

PRIVATISED SINCE THE COUP

82 DEBTHYPER

UNEMPLOYMENT

OUT OF

INCOME OF 45% OF CHILEANS 83%

BELOW

COMPANIES

RATE AT

30%

CONTROLINFLATION

END

NO NO FREE OF PINOCHET’S REIGN

PUBLIC

SCHOOL SYSTEM KINDERGARTENS,

80,0003,200 20,000TOTAL

SOCIAL

SECURITY,TOTAL IMPRISONED AND

CEMETERIES

DISAPPEARED

PRIVATISEDTOTAL EXILEDOR EXECUTED

HEALTHCARE

PREPARATION

FRIEDMANITES STOCKPILE FREE MARKET IDEAS FOR A CRISIS

CRISIS

FUNDS DR EWEN CAMERON’S EXPERIMENTS ON PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS 1957–1961

SHOCK 2

SHOCK 1

SHOCK 3

FEAR AND DISORIENTATION

STRIKES AND PROTESTS ECONOMIC SHOCK THERAPY

WAR OR COUP / NATURAL DISASTER / TERRORIST ATTACK

POLICE OR ARMY REPRESSION

ISOLATION

FORCED SLEEP

ELECTROSHOCKS

DRUGS

Isolation boxes /chambers

Sleep rooms

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

Uppers, downers, hallucinogens

- soundproofed - white noise / rubber earplugs - darkness / dark goggles

- drug-induced sleep 20–22 hrs a day

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

- six consecutive shocks instead of one for four treatments totalling 24 jolts per patient - later increased up to 360 jolts per patient

- LSD - PCP - chlorpromazine

nnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

nnnnnn

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnn - cardboard tubing to prevent patients from touching their bodies - patients in isolation for weeks

FREE

- patients turned every two hours to prevent sores - patients awakened only for meals and toilet - paralysis-inducing Curare drug to prevent escape

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn

- barbiturates

PSYCHIC DRIVING

E V E RYB O DY E L

DEBT

MIND DEPATTERNED, BLANK SLATE READY FOR REWRITE

- lower intellectual efficiency - increased openness to suggestion - disorientation - dishinibition - reduction of defences

nnnnnn

THESE EXPERIMENTS LEAD TO THE PRODUCTION OF CIA’S INTERROGATION MANUAL IN 1963

TLY

TO R

R OT TI N G

I N F R A STR U

CTU R

ING

M ARKE T

I E S,

INK

HOS

FA C

S E: G

CIVIL

WEALTH

L I B E RTI E S

nnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

nnnnn

- Nembutal - Veronal - Melicone - Thorazine

EFFECTS

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

- playing of tape-recorded messages 16–20 hours a day for weeks

- sodium amytal - nitrous oxyde - desoxyn - Seconal

nnnnn

‘KUBARK’ COUNTER INTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION HANDBOOK Pattern - arrests at night or early morning raids for disorientation - detainees hooded, blindfolded, stripped, beaten - intense isolation - drugging

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

USED IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES WITH AMERICANS AS DIRECT INTERROGATORS UNTIL THE 70’S, FROM THEN AS MENTORS ONLY

Guatemala Honduras

nnnnn Vietnam

Iran Philippines Chile Uruguay

Honduras

nnn Brazil

nnnnnnn - electroshocks

nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnn

USED ON ‘ENEMY COMBATANTS’ BY THE US POST 9/11

AFGHANISTAN

USA

GUANTANAMO

IRAQ

Techniques

- isolation up to 30 days - deprivation of light and sound - hood

- LSD/PCP

nnnnnn

- hoods - blackout goggles - headphones - isolation for months

nnnnnn nnnnnnnnn

Y TRINITY HOL

- stripping - exploitation of phobias

nnnnnnnn

- small cells with blocked-out windows - no clock or calendar - shackles - blackout goggles - headphones

nnnnnnnnnn

- contact only with interrogators - senses blasted with lights and pounding sounds during interrogation

nnnnnnn

- senses bombarded by barking dogs, strobe lights, loud music, sounds of babies crying and cats meowing - regression

nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnn

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn Iraqi-run, US-supervised prisons: • electroshocks • choking • burning with cattle prods

ARKE T•DERE GULATION

OCIAL •SPENDI NG•CUTS

TATE •PRIVA TISATION

MARKE T C

L TA A PI

ACCORDING TO MILTON FRIEDMAN

Due to the growing cross-graphic inconsistency, I decided to start addressing the issue by making all graphics work together in greyscale. I found I could make any graphic using only four shades (0% (white), 20%, 50% and 90% black). The absence of 100% black avoided a lot of “shoutiness” due to high contrasts. I reduced the existing six graphics to greyscale, certain that when the time came to add colour again, if the levels of contrast and luminosity were maintained, consistency would also persist. Some tweaking was necessary to make all six graphics work in greyscale. One case was the reduction of graphic detail on the “trinity” and “CIA” graphics. I also temporarily removed all vignette, grain and shadow effects. The images on the next page include an additional version of the “Chile” graphic.

NO ROLE IN EDUCATION, WELFARE, HEALTHCARE, HOUSING, INFRASTRUCTURE OR ANY OTHER.

THE 4 ROLES SHOULD ALSO BE OUTSOURCED WHENEVER THEY CAN BE PERFORMED BY THE PRIVATE SECTOR AT A PROFIT.

POPULAR WITH:

CORPORATIONS NO PROTECCIONISM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NO UNIONS • CHEAP WORKFORCE • STEEP PROFITS

1. ECONOMIC SCHOOL OF THOUGHT DISSEMINATED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BASED MOSTLY ON THE IDEAS OF MILTON FRIEDMAN

THE PEOPLE AGAINST

STRONG UNIONS • GOOD SALARIES • FREE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES NARROW RICH–POOR GAP • WEALTH AND LAND DISTRIBUTION PRICE REGULATIONS • PUBLIC JOBS CREATION

Y SHOC LIC K O

TROSHOC C E

DEPATTERN MINDS

SOCIETIES

ERASURE OF DISTORTING PATTERNS CAUSED BY HUMAN INTERFERENCE REACH BACK TO A NATURAL STATE MENTAL BALANCE

In this graphic, I replaced arrows with cables to give it a more illustrative feel. The lightning is made from international high voltage signage.

PURE CAPITALISM

1953 Iran

CIA-BACKED COUPS (PRE-CHILE)

Developmentalist leader Mohammad Mosaddegh nationalises the oil industry in 1951 CIA and MI6 organise a coup which replaces Mosaddegh with the Shah Brutal repression exerted on political dissidents (arrests, torture and executions)

1954 Guatemala President Guzmán expropriates United Fruit Company’s land with full compensation United Fruit Company lobbies the US government to intervene

1964 Brazil

The CIA funds and organises a coup which leads to the resignation of Guzmán

Developmentalist leader João Goulart, implementer of pro-poor programmes, deposed

Ten years of representative democracy end (Ten Years of Spring), 36 years of civil war ensue

Replaced by General Humberto Castello Branco

Replaced by Suharto

Chicago Boys occupy key economic positions

The CIA compiles a list of 4,500 leading leftists for Suharto and supplies its army

Pro-poor programmes reverted

STUDIED AS MODELS FOR CHILE COUP

1965 Indonesia Developmentalist, proteccionist and wealth-redistributing leader Sukarno deposed

Brazil opened to foreign investment

Leftists are systematically eliminated by Suharto’s soldiers, with reports sent to the CIA

Lack of strong-enough repression allows opposition to regroup

The shock of brutal preemptive repression causes fear and obedience

In 1968 the streets are overrun with antijunta marches, mostly led by students Slowdown of economic policy Democracy shut down, all civil liberties crushed, torture and executions become systematic

HUNDREDS OF CHILEAN STUDENTS PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

CHICAGO PROFESSORS PAID TO TEACH FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHILE

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CHILE

HUNDREDS OF CHILEAN STUDENTS PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO STUDENTS FROM OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES ALSO PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO

BRAZIL ARGENTINA

MEXICO

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

CHICAGO PROFESSORS PAID TO TEACH FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHILE

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CHILE

CHILE PROJECT PAID FOR BY THE US GOVERNMENT AND US FOUNDATIONS 1965 EXPANSION PAID FOR BY THE FORD FOUNDATION

STUDENTS FROM OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES ALSO PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO

BRAZIL ARGENTINA

MEXICO

HUNDREDS OF CHILEAN STUDENTS PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

CHICAGO PROFESSORS PAID TO TEACH FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHILE

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CHILE

CHILE PROJECT PAID FOR BY THE US GOVERNMENT AND US FOUNDATIONS 1965 EXPANSION PAID FOR BY THE FORD FOUNDATION STUDENTS FROM OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES ALSO PAID TO STUDY FREE MARKET CAPITALISM IN CHICAGO

BRAZIL ARGENTINA

MEXICO

CHILE PROJECT PAID FOR BY THE US GOVERNMENT AND US FOUNDATIONS 1965 EXPANSION PAID FOR BY THE FORD FOUNDATION

The image at the top shows the only map-based graphic in this stage of experimentation. It’s also the only one for which I had to resort to Wikipedia to complete the information in the book. Below, a graphic where I again investigated image, pictogram detail levels and redundancy. 49

FORD FOUNDATION CREATED IN 1956 WITH DONATIONS FROM THREE FORD MOTOR COMPANY EXECUTIVES, INCLUDING HENRY AND EDSEL FORD

rket indoctrination a m e e r in the ff o r e third fg und

1956 70’s & 80’s

Begins programme at University of California training students who will help depose Sukarno and lead the Indonesian economy:

BERKELEY MAFIA

1965

Funds expansion of Chile Project to students from the rest of Latin America, some of whom will come to hold top economic jobs in the Juntas of Chile and Argentina, and in other Latin American governments:

CHIGAGO BOYS

le a d i n

This is one of the least successful graphics. I couldn’t really find anything that would give me a visual theme so I gave it an almost editorial-like treatment, as if for a newspaper or magazine page. 50

lead in

an rights activism i n of hum the t h nder ird g fu

ow rld

HAS FORD FAMILY MEMBERS ON THE BOARD UNTIL 1976

Spends $30 million on human rights work in Latin America, backing groups like Chile’s Peace Committee and US-based Americas Watch

Funds a new generation of lawyers dedicated to freeing political prisoners in Latin American dictatorships Helps persuade the US Congress to cut funding to Chile’s and Argentina’s Juntas

ld wor

HOLDS FORD MOTOR COMPANY STOCK UNTIL 1974

Supplied to the Argentine Juntaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s police by Ford Motor Company. Used for hundreds of kidnappings and disappearances.

We took out a celebratory newspaper ad in 1977 aligning ourselves with the Argentine Junta

We collaborated with the Argentine Junta to rid our assembly lines of 25 unionists, tortured in our own factories

In Brazil, we funded the Bandeirantes torture squad, along with General Motors and other corporations

We had our debts paid by the Argentine taxpayer as part of a $15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;$20 billion bailout right before the dictatorship collapsed, and continued to own our assets and profits.

For this one, I researched Argentine Ford advertising of the era and wrote the text in first person to allude more to advertising language. The flowchart lines at the bottom feel unnecessary and forced. The image was made from a photo of a correct model car (and correct production year). 51

Supplied Pinochet with a caravan of golden bulletproof cars

Supplied the details of 16 union leaders to the Argentine Juntaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s military, 14 disappeared forever

For these graphics, I experimented with letting the logos be the form-finding factors. Not very successful.

Bailed out with public money by the Argentine Junta right before the dictatorship collapsed

VÍCTOR JARA COMMUNIST SINGER-SONGWRITER, SANG ABOUT LOVE, PEACE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

VÍCTOR JARA COMMUNIST SINGER-SONGWRITER WHO SANG ABOUT LOVE, PEACE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

TAKEN TO CHILE STADIUM THE MORNING AFTER THE COUP REPEATEDLY TORTURED BY PINOCHET’S SOLDIERS, WHO ALSO BROKE HIS HANDS SO HE WOULD NEVER PLAY GUITAR AGAIN SHOT IN THE HEAD BY AN OFFICER IN A ONE-SIDED GAME OF RUSSIAN ROULETTE FURTHER SHOT WITH 43 MACHINE GUN ROUNDS BY TWO OTHER SOLDIERS DEAD BODY DUMPED IN A SHANTY TOWN

TAKEN TO CHILE STADIUM THE MORNING AFTER THE COUP REPEATEDLY TORTURED BY PINOCHET’S SOLDIERS, WHO ALSO BROKE HIS HANDS SO HE WOULDN’T PLAY GUITAR AGAIN SHOT IN THE HEAD BY AN OFFICER IN A ONE-SIDED GAME OF RUSSIAN ROULETTE FURTHER SHOT WITH 43 MACHINE GUN ROUNDS BY TWO OTHER SOLDIERS DEAD BODY DUMPED IN A SHANTY TOWN – ALL IN THE NAME OF CORPORATE PROFITS

With the top graphics, I tried two versions with different visual tones of voice. The one on the right is the only graphic in which I make a personal comment by text.

IN THE NAME OF CORPORATE PROFITS

On the bottom graphic, I experimented again with the same process that led to the “Chile” graphic, but forming the flag of Argentina with the data instead of a word.

FOR ABLE UNR EL I

AT T EFFEC AND ER T POP CONT ROR IVE ULA ROL ISIN TION LING G S

S ION T A OG E RR

INT

TORTURE THE WHOLE POINT OF

1979

1982

THATCHER’S COUNCIL HOUSING DIVIDE & CONQUER STRATEGY

COUNCIL TENANTS DON’T VOTE TORY

IN 1979 INCENTIVES GIVEN FOR COUNCIL TENANTS TO BUY THEIR HOMES AT REDUCED RATES

THOSE WHO CAN AFFORD IT BECOME HOMEOWNERS

THOSE WHO CAN’T AFFORD IT SEE THEIR RENTS DOUBLE

MORE THAN HALF CHANGE PARTY AFFILIATION TO TORIES

MANY THAT CAN’T AFFORD THE NEW RENTS BECOME HOMELESS

MORE TORY VOTES

AT THE EXPENSE OF...

INCREASED HOMELESSNESS

In the “Torture” graphic at the top, I again used a completely illustrative approach to make a data-thin graphic work. On the “Thatcher housing” graphic, I disguised the structure in the illustration, and on the “UK” graphic I tried a more standard diagram.

25 ki

Doubled unemployment and inflation

Argentina invades Flaklands

Margaret Thatcher elected UK Prime Minister PM’s approval rating = 25%, Government’s approval rating = 18%

British counterinvasion “Operation Corporate”

65 Ar ki

1983

1985

Violent police repression

55 British illed

55 rgentinians illed

1984

Mine closures

Miners strike

MI5 British victory, nationalist wave takes hold of the country

Thatcher wins reelection and support for corporatist revolution

FOR SA

Secret service infiltration and bugging of unionists

Major blow for unionist movement

Miners defeated

FOR SALE LE FOR SA FOR SALE Major leap forward towards even more privatisations

Privatisations

GBR

These images show the initial stages of development of the XYZ concept. The first image shows the first grid accounting for the necessary dividers. At the time I was planning to have dividers at the bottom for references and country names, however I gave up that idea to

simplify the concept. I also wanted the viewer to be able to browse through each book, so having a bottom edge clear of dividers was important. The black is for visualisation purposes, as the likely colour for the covers was black.

This page shows experiments on text emphasis and on the problem of punctuation affecting line spacing. I tried to avoid commas where possible and replace them with rules between connected events. For the sake of speed, I decided to adjust lines left and right in absolute terms, not accounting for optical adjustments, same going for top and bottom of curved letters. Also, any inevitable punctuation stays within the square, and I had to increase the scale of numbers when they were on the same line as letters (in Akzidenz Grotesk, numbers are slightly shorter than letters for balance with lowercase, as seen below).

X7X7X7 57

To follow each country’s shock process Place books side by side, start on a country divider on the left and follow the arrows to the next book. START

XY Z

Use the navigation section at the top of each page to situate yourself within each country’s journey through the three dimensions of shock. X

To browse and compare all occurrences within the same shock dimension Cycle through the pages of each book individually, across countries.

Z 04

CHILE

END

BOLIVIA Y41

The top left image shows an option which I considered, but abandoned for the navigation section. I believe it was more intuitive in terms of positions, but harder to read due to the high numbers of pages in some countries. Below that, a page of instructions I decided became unnecessary as I developed the project. Just above these lines, the end pages of countries’ journeys. The bottom image is the final form, consistent with the design of the navigation section. Page numbers are placed left, centre or right depending on whether they are in the X, Y or Z book, for added situational aid. Above right are examples of the countries’ start pages. I abandoned the top map in favour of one consistent with the current design. I built that map myself to have circle size and spacing equal to the navigation section. 58

ARRESTS X

X11

CHILE

CHILE X11 X

IRAQ

IRAQ Z34

PRIVATISATIONS CHILE Y 04 CHILE Y13 CHILE Y 21 ARGENTINA Y 26 UNITED KINGDOM Y 32 UNITED KINGDOM Z12 RUSSIA Y46 RUSSIA Y 50 RUSSIA Y 51 RUSSIA Y 52 RUSSIA Y 53 IRAQ Y 59 SRI LANKA Y 74

Y02

DEREGULATION CHILE Y 05 ARGENTINA Y 24 ARGENTINA Y 25 ARGENTINA Y 26 BOLIVIA Y 35 BOLIVIA Y 36 RUSSIA Y46 IRAQ Y49 IRAQ Y 60 IRAQ Y 61 IRAQ Y 62 IRAQ Y 63 IRAQ Y 64 IRAQ Y 72

Z 02

CHILE

CHILE Z02 X

Z 34

IRAQ

IRAQ Z41

IRAQ

IRAQ Z47

STADIUMS AS PRISONS

TORTURE

RUSSIA Z27

RUSSIA Z27 IRAQ Z30 IRAQ Z35 IRAQ Z36 IRAQ Z37 IRAQ Z38

SPENDING CUTS CHILE Y 02 CHILE Y 06 CHILE Y12 CHILE Y 21 BOLIVIA Y 34 BOLIVIA Y 35 IRAQ Y 67

Z15

BOLIVIA

BOLIVIA Z15 X

Z 41

BOLIVIA

BOLIVIA Z16

Z16

Z 47

IRAQ Z39 IRAQ Z40 IRAQ Z42 IRAQ Z43 IRAQ Z44 IRAQ Z46

Y49

DEREGULATION CHILE Y 02 CHILE Y 05 ARGENTINA Y 24 ARGENTINA Y 25 ARGENTINA Y 26 BOLIVIA Y 35 BOLIVIA Y 36 RUSSIA Y46 IRAQ Y 60 IRAQ Y 61 IRAQ Y 62 IRAQ Y 63 IRAQ Y 64 IRAQ Y 72

SPENDING CUTS CHILE Y 06 CHILE Y12 CHILE Y 21 BOLIVIA Y 34 BOLIVIA Y 35 RUSSIA Y49 IRAQ Y 67

The first image shows the chosen style for the arrows. Letters are no longer needed because I made all corresponding in- and out- arrows adjacent in height across books. This arrow was made from an Akzidenz Grotesk Bold Condensed uppercase “I” for consistency. The remaining pages show how I started by trying to

have thumbnails on the reference pages, but gave up because of the high number of references in some of them and because of how much they distracted from the main page. The end result places references left, centre or right depending on whether they point to the X, Y or Z book. 59