We also use a number of common phrases to suggest we have freedom of choice: It's u p to you what you wear. You choose. Do as you wish. It's your choice. Nobody's forcing you. No one's telling you what to do.
SECTION Obligations 1 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL OBLlGATlONS
We can express moral and legal obligations with verbs. Note that we often use the passive: Visitors are not allowed /permitted to picnic on the grass. Smoking on these premises is strictly forbidden. Chewinggum has been bannedpom the canteen area. JosĂŠ has now been barred p o m five diferent clubs. Guests are required to vacate their rooms by midday. You're breaking the law. We can express obligation or permission with adjectives: Military sewice is still compulsory in many countries. Is her evidence permissible in court? Joining the union is not obligatory. We also use many prepositional phrases to express legal obligation: Is this within or outside the law? Some people think they are abuve the law. You're under no obligation to say anything ifarrested. ItS i n your contract. 2 MORAL OBLlGATlON
We can express obligation using nouns: It's your duty to help them. You have an obligation to support yourfamily. There's no need tofeel guilty. We can also express moral obligation using adjectives: He was sent o f f o r illegitimate use of the elbow. There has been talk of an illicit liaison. Their demands were (totally) unreasonable. We can also use verbs: You're supposed to smile at all of your clients. You're not expected to leave a tip. You're not obliged to pay to go into the gallery. 3 PERSONAL OBLlGATlON AND FREEDOM OF CHOICE
We use many common phrases to express personal obligation: It's your job to make sure they all get back safely. Isn't i t your turn to cook? It's up to you to tell him; after all, he's your brother. It's al1 down to you to decide ifyou're going. (= you must decide)
Which point above - 1, 2 or 3 - do these sentences relate to? a Please yourself. b Do as you think fit. c You needn't feel obliged to stay more than a few minutes. d It's entirely your decision. e Parking outside this exit is prohibited at al1 times. f It's your life. .................................................................................................................. 1
@ Fill in each of the following sentences with an appropriate word from the list. compulory obligatory illegitimate permissible illicit permitted illegal forbidden a Psychologists maintain we are al1 tempted by the concept of ........... fruit. b The referee deemed the punch ........... and disqualified him. c it's .......... for children to buy cigarettes. d The driver was found to have above the . . . . . . . leve1 of alcohol in his blood. e Were ........... affairs more or less common centuries ago than they are now, do you think? f There are three . . . . questions in the exam. g Do you think '1 didn't see him yet' would be . . in a composition? h 1s the use of hyphens in 'two-year-old child' . ? Tick ( J )the underlined words or phrases that can complete each of the following sentences. Sometimes one will be possible, sometimes both. a This sort of behaviour is not acce~table/ unacce~table. b It's always dangerous to take on unaualified / disqualified staff. c The goal was disallowed / not allowed because of handball. d Contributions to the pension scheme are noncompulsorv / not obligatory. e Smoking is disallowed 1 not permitted in the school. f This song has been barred / banned by severa1 radio stations.