Understanding the Evolution of dwelling patterns: A study of house forms of Rajkot city

UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION IN DWELLING PATTERNS: A study of house forms of Rajkot city.

Pankti Mehta 11191021/B.Architecture Guide : M.F. Pathan

Undergraduate Research Thesis School of Environmental Design and Architecture Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat.

2015-2016

UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION IN DWELLING PATTERNS: A study of house forms of Rajkot city.

GUIDE: M.F. Pathan

STUDENT: Pankti Mehta(11191021) Navrachana University, Vadodara

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE NAVRACHANA UNIVERSITY

THESIS ON: UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION IN DWELLING PATTERNS: A study of house forms of Rajkot city.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF B.ARCHITECTURE 2014-2015

SUBMITTED TO:-

SUBMITTED BY:-

Prof. Gurdev Singh Dean, SEDA

Pankti Mehta 11191021

DECLARATION

I, hereby declare that the thesis “Understanding the evolution of dwelling patterns : A study of house forms of Rajkot city.” is the recorded work done by me. Information derived from published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged by means of complete references.

The thesis was done under the guidance of Professor M.F Pathan, Faculty, at the School of Environmental Design and Architecture, Navrachana University, Vadodara.

Pankti Mehta In my capacity as supervisor of the candidate’s thesis, I certify that the above statements are true to the best of my knowledge.

M.F. Pathan

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank my guide Prof. M.F. Pathan, with whose guidance this journey of learning has been utmost fruitful.

I would like to thank all the teachers and mentors who have helped me directly or indirectly in my growth and learning.

Secondly, the whole of Rajkot RSP squad ( Dhruti, Dhruv, Aditi, Nimisha, Shruti, Dhyey and Nidhi) who helped me in measure drawing. The owner of every house, who allowed me to document their residences.

Devashree, for her worthwhile time spent in proof reading and for providing the needed push at the end.Ashka, for the moral support; Priti, Ruchi, Nimesh, Raj, Vama for sailing along in the same boat and the whole of 2011 batch for the rest.

At last but most importantly, my family, whose selfless support and constant blessings made things seem easier.

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ABSTRACT The study of traditional houses is amalgamation of various processes in society. The house form shapes itself as a result of cultural vocabulary at that time. Over a period of time this accumulated knowledge forms a certain pattern of building and with the changing time this pattern keeps on altering itself with the agreement of society, yet not leaving its rootedness in the culture.

Before building in a contemporary setup, it becomes important to study the origin and the reason for evolution of these house forms till date.The intention is not to replicate the past but to learn maximum out of the accumulated knowledge over decades and then building wisely in the contemporary scenario, keeping in mind the upcoming changes while capturing the essence of the rooted culture.

Thus, study of house forms of Rajkot city is taken as means to understantd the evolution in dwelling patterns of this region.

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CONTENT Acknowledgement................................................................... i Abstact.....................................................................................iii Introduction ............................................................................1 Methodology............................................................................3 Chapter 1 : House forms 1.1 Understanding Space and Place.........................................7 1.2 Defining a ‘dwelling’..........................................................8 1.3 Traditional house forms......................................................8 1.4 Aspects responsible for the formation of a house forms...10 1.5 Role of change in the house forms....................................11

Chapter 2 : Rajkot

2.1 Rajkot:History 2.1.1 Geographical location and topography...........................16 2.1.2 Climate ...............................................................................16 2.1.3 Political history...................................................................17 2.1.4 Native inhabitants and their culture................................19 2.2 Evolution of the city structure 2.2.1 Origin of land utilization.............................................26 2.2.2 Primitive settlements for agrarian purpose.................26 2.2.3 Phase I :Town fortification..........................................27 2.2.4 Phase II: Land utilization outside the fortwall with the establishment of British rule...........................................27 2.2.5 Phase III : After the british rule...................................27 2.3 Traditional built form of Rajkot..........................................34 2.4 Aspects shaping the built form at city level 2.4.1 Political aspects: As means of defence........................37 2.4.2 Associational aspects: As means of functional mix.....37 2.4.3 Climate.........................................................................37

Chapter 3 : Case studies

3.1Criteria for selection of case studies...................................41 3.2 Phase I: 3.2.1 Cluster..........................................................................45 3.2.2 Unit..............................................................................54 3.3Phase II: 3.3.1 Cluster..........................................................................61 3.3.2 Unit..............................................................................71 3.4 Phase III: 3.4.1 Cluster..........................................................................77 3.4.2 Unit..............................................................................88

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Chapter 4 : Analysis

4.1 City level Analysis......................................................97 4.2 Comparitive Analysis at the city level........................105 4.3 Unit level Analysis......................................................108 4.4 Comparitive Analysis at the unit level........................128 4.5 Activity level Analysis................................................132 4.6 Comparitive Analysis at the activity level..................147

Chapter 5 : Conclusion......................................................151 Glossary.............................................................................159 Bibliography......................................................................160

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INTRODUCTION What is it to build, when you don’t have dwelling inside it.

“For building is not merely a means and a way towards dwelling- to build is already to dwell” (Lane 51) Either one should build in the way dwelling occurs or one should dwell in the way we create our built environment. The latter giving rise to an imposed lifestyle generated by modern built form, embedding a forcefully plastic livelihood contradicting to our cultural evolution.Philosopher Martin Heidegger says “building” and “dwelling” are a phenomenon, the creation by the individual consciousness out of its rootedness in culture, time and place”. (Lane 50) In this situation of globalization, in spite of there being differences amongst people in terms of context, culture, social structure and lifestyle, their house forms are similar. There is a distinctive ‘bedroom, hall, kitchen’( bhk) type accepted widely across the country. Leading to standardization of spaces and subsequent loss of identity.

The advancement in technology and its spread across the globe has fastened the rate of building houses. Thus technology has become the prime factor in building rather than culture, lifestyle of inhabitants, social strata or climatic conditions. At a global level there is no difference between a house in India or America, Africa or China,Japan or Russia. In the diverse india too the contemporary houses are all same across all the states in india.

There is a generic code accepted across india to build houses to fulfil all common needs, as a result of which all the houses have become monotonous lacking the intricacies of custom made houses.

‘Major Urban population lives in a homogenous house which are not equipped to meet their heterogeneous needs ,what results is collective interpretation of individual living conditions.’

“We need the rich dimension to help us avoid the all too common triviality of living in the moment, as a continuous prelude to rushing thoughtlessness into the future”. (G.Evenlyn 85) Primitive man built for dwelling, the source of the past marks great importance to the building in present, building in a way that bridges the gap between old and new. Amos Rapoport rightly says that “study of past is of value, philosophically as well as in making us aware of the complexity and overlapping of things. It can also clarify those elements that are constant and those which change”. (Rapaport 11) Change is the only thing constant. “Change is a characteristic of all cultures, but the rate and direction of change vary considerably”. (Rapaport 47) 1

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It is important to merge the past building style with the present, creating a seamless transition between them-to take the essence from the past, on creating the house form adapting to the changing situation. “The task is demanding – to rediscover in the past the essence of its ethos: and then, to redefine it and re-interpret its own language�.

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HYPOTHESIS: The traditional folk house forms of any region are resultant of socio-cultural aspects of that community. Thus these are one of the prime aspects that have led to formation of dwelling patterns in that region.

RESEARCH QUESTION A dwelling takes its form as a repercussion to all the tangible and nontangible aspects forming a physical space to reside in a structured soceity. Therefore how is it possible to have all these house forms similar all across India/globe when the basic aspects of its origin differ?

AIM: This thesis aims at studying the vernacular house forms of Rajkot and its changing pattern along the timeline. It intends to identify the constant and the variable aspects with the changing time and its extent of application to the contemporary house form. It aims at identifing principles from the vernacular for building in todays context.

OBJECTIVES: -To understand the innate meaning of dwelling and the reasons for its formation - To understand the change taking place and the aspects catering to the evolution of a particular house form.

-To study the evolution of the house form in Rajkot, from the time it got established till today, through documentation of the selected case studies from different time period (over 500 years) - Analysing these house form from all different aspects in order to find the variables and constants along the timeline.

-Formulating suggestive principles for the contemporary house form based on the comparative analysis.

LIMITATIONS: The prospectus of the study is very wide thus it is limited to the physical boundaries of the city of Rajkot in Saurashtra. The conclusions drawn are result of the comparative study of cases taken from within the vicinity of Rajkot. The phenomenon of change is observed along the timeline.Thus only a generalised conditions of change will be established here based on the case studies taken.The building by-laws are neglected up to certain extent.Thus the suggestive principles have to be scrutinized before its implementation.

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METHODOLOGY: The study bases itself around the understanding of the traditional house forms and its evolution. Thus there is a theoretical acquirement of knowledge on the need of a dwelling and how the different aspects help in shaping a dwelling and making it a physical house form to live in.The study revolves around the vernacular house forms of Rajkot, Thus -Firstly, the history and Evolution of the city structure is studied - Documentation of 3 clusters and 3 units each from different time period.The documentation is done in terms of plans,elevations,sections and 3D models.Photographs are utilized to support the study.

-The six case studies are then comparatively analysed,deriving the constants and variables along the three different time periods.

-the comparative analysis, then becomes the base for formulating the suggestive principles for the contemporary house forms in this region.

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Chapter 1 House forms

1.1 Understanding Space and Place.........................................7 1.2 Defining a dwelling............................................................8 1.3 Traditional house forms......................................................8 1.4 Aspects responsible for the formation of a house forms...10 1.5 Role of change in the house forms....................................11

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CHAPTER 1

HOUSE FORMS Human is an adaptive being, primitive man adapted themselves in the already existent natural environment. They lived in the caves, sometimes these caves where naturally occurring and sometimes men carved his own space to dwell.

The primitive man led to the development of traditions as their response towards different aspects affecting them in the nature. These traditions, over the period of time developed its own vocabulary, giving rise to evolution of patterns, in certain permutation and combination to become a place/dwelling.

As the time passed, complexity in the civilization increased, people started organizing themselves. Evolution of men led to the increase in its intelligence and subsequent developement of new technology, they started building their own built environment. Consequently there emerged a need to shape the space, according to the pattern of their livelihood.

Thus, the dwellings emerged as a direct translation of these traditions into the physical form.

Chapter 1.1

UNDERSTANDING SPACE AND PLACE Aldo Van Eyack says“Whatever space and time mean, place and occasion mean more. For space in the image of man is place, and time in the image of man is occasion.�( Lawson 230) The existence of space is from the time it prevailed, till the time infinite.

But a space can be called a place when a space gets bounded at a particular location. Thus when infinite space is located its called place.

Space is everywhere. For example, there exists infinite space between a uniformly spread barren land and the limitless sky, when a tree is located on that land, its mere presence can act as generator of many activities, people come there to rest, have food, sit and interact , owing to the shade that the tree provides, hence anchoring and locating the freely flowing space, and loosely binding this space by the activities performed there.

Over here the space has its presence by the virtue of the activities happening there. It was the tree which came first and by the virtue of which many activities got generated and not the tree which went to the activities happening at that particular location.

Contradicting to this, when the activities are bound or have to be roomed, that is when a space has to be dedicated for certain activities or when the space and the activities happening are bound in form of a build form at a particular location, it means that the place is created to room that activity.

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Thus a place is combination of both space located along with the processes/activities happening at that place, making it functional place.

“Thus man’s relation to location and through location to space, inheres in his dwelling” (Lane 53) Man’s relation to space is the manner in which he uses the timeless space to live in, called dwelling. Man’s relation to place, is in how he locates and places the dwelling in a particular pattern, called building.

Chapter 1.2

DEFINING A DWELLING “Dwelling is the basic character of being in keeping with which mortals exist” (Lane 54) Dwelling is containment of all the activities that one is ought to perform in its life span, derived from all the aspects acting on it, in that particular set up. It is a derivative of the combination of processes acting in the society in certain ratio and proportion along with environmental conditions in which it prevails.

Dwelling is a continues processes prevalent, as a repercussion to all the tangible and non-tangible aspects acting on it, building is binding all these activities in a definite form, to room the continuous process of dwelling.

“Building thus characterized is a distinctive letting dwell” (Lane 53) The relation of building and dwelling is similar to that of container and content. A container has to be designed by the virtue of the content its going to hold. Thus it becomes of prime importance to study the nature and being of content and then derive its container.

Thus we can only built if we recognize the nature of its dwelling.

Chapter 1.3

TRADITIONAL HOUSE FORMS The folk or traditional architecture of a house in the built environment can be broadly categorized under the following title: Folk / Traditional architecture

Primitive

Vernacular

Preindustrial vernacular Understanding the evolution in dwelling patterns

Modern vernacular 8

“The folk tradition is the direct and unself-conscious translation into physical form of culture, its needs and values-as well as the desires, dreams, and passion of people”.(Rapaport 2) It is the direct translation of the world view into the built form, making it an ideal situation to live in. These folk traditions are the purest imprint of the way people dwell, representing it close relation to the culture they follow.

Folk/traditional built form can be further bifurcated into: 1. Primitive 2. Vernacular Primitive : “It refers largely to certain technological as well as economic level of development, but also includes aspects of organisation”.(Rapaport 3) These house forms are built by the people residing in it, using their intelligence, ability and resources to the fullest along with the accumulated knowledge with their experience over the years. Thus, these dwellings are built by the collective effort of the society, with the each one owning the capability of doing it on their own.

Vernacular: “The vernacular design process is one of the models and adjustments or variations, and there is more individual variability and differentiation than in primitive buildings; it is the individual specimens that are modified, not the type”. (Rapaport 4) When forces like family structure, size of the house(dependant on the wealth of the beholder), position of women, the degree of privacy and its relation to the environment act onto the dwelling at an individual level, this kind of generation of house form is considered to be vernacular.

“Preindustrial vernacular: When the building tradesmen are used for construction of most dwellings, we may arbitrarily say that primitive building gives way to preindustrial vernacular.” (Rapaport 4) In this case dwelling is built by the one who has the expertise in building, for the society. The one who builds is different from the one who resides in it. The one who builds could be a peasant (one amongst the society) and building could just be a part time job. Thus there still existed an accepted generic code to build in the society. This common code of conduct is laid and followed by the accepted traditions of the society.

High style and modern: Here the expert tradesmen build the specialized building, where “Each building is an original creation, designed and built by a specialist, called high style modern buildings” (Rapaport 8). Thus each house form has its individual identity and does not follow any common code of conduct based on the tradition. Here the only common code of conduct is the Bylaws laid down by the government, according to which the buildings are to be made.

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The existence of house form, started with the individual family making its own dwelling followed by the craftsmen builder making it for everyone in the society and further continued by the expert builder or an architect, leading to mass production of buildings. It is in this way that the process of building has changed from the primitive to preindustrial vernacular and then to the high style modern ways of building.

Chapter 1.4

ASPECTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FORMATION OF A HOUSE FORM: Response to nature by the primitive man gave rise to their living traditions, further repetition of this traditions over a period of time moulded this into a pattern of living. Pattern in this process then in various combinations gave rise to formation of a dwelling. Thus generalization of traditions in different permutation and combination gave rise to that particular typology.

Every type has a pattern. Identification of that pattern and replicating it is what forms a typology.

Vernacular dwellings are a result of interaction between man and environment. ‘Man- his nature, aspiration, social organisation, world view, way of life social and psychological needs ,individual and group needs, economic resources, attitudes to nature, personality, fashions - His physical needs, i.e. the functional program - The techniques available Nature - physical aspects, such as climate, site, materials, structural laws and so on -visual such as the landscape.’ (Rapaport 13) Thus the factors affecting formation and evolution of a house form can be broadly categorised under these two titles: 1. Physical factors: - Associational aspects: site, geographic location and topography - Climate - Available materials 2. Socio cultural aspects: - Worldview - Basic needs - Family - Position of women - Privacy - Social intercourse 3. Construction and Technology The physical aspects help in developing a language to build in a particular region, but what makes house a dwelling is the characterisation and implementation of the socio-cultural aspects responsible to shape the dwelling.

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Chapter 1.5

ROLE OF CHANGE IN THE HOUSE FORM: Change is inevitable. Change is a part of a growing society and itself a reason for its growth. The passage of time leads to evolution of a society in all the aspects. In this evolution there are certain aspects which remain constant and certain which change. Hence it is our utmost responsibility to build in a way that accommodates all the constants while respecting the variations that has taken place over the period of time.

Therefore, building in a way that has the rooted traditions which are still constant in the society, while accepting the certain advancement (technology, construction etc.) which has taken place in the society with the passage of time.

Amongst all these aspects there are certain aspects which are external and some which are internal. Change in the external aspects is acceptable as they are capable of modifying in a way that is harmless to the alteration of existing pattern, whereas internal changes have the potential to alter the existence of the prevailing pattern. Change in the structure is permitted but not so much that it conforms to alteration of the original overall structure.

Thus if the constants are not taken care of and if the house forms are only built with an utmost optimistic approach then the time will come when there will be a decline in vernacular house forms. Leading to multiplicity of houses, with standardization of spaces, and subsequent loss of identity. Thus drastic increase in number of houses being built, which are truly alien to the society and thus belonging to no typology.

It may also lead to loss of generic code of conduct derived from the traditions, which are followed by the residents from thousands of years and could be replaced by a rational code of conduct, to bring in discipline in the built form called Bylaws. These bylaws further could become the only discipline followed by the designers , in which all the physical aspects could be taken into consideration leaving the actual way in which people dwell.

Today: Today, the conflict arises when we dwell in the traditional way in a house, which is not made to accommodate real dwelling in it.

The multiplicity of building and forceful adaptation of dwelling is the common observation today, leading to a highly monotonous development, lacking the real purpose of its existence.

Thus the real plight lies in absence of dwelling in a building. The cognition of homelessness in spite of there being houses in abundance, creating sense of alienation. The bizarre nature of homeless home is a result of building without dwelling. This ambiguity for building is a question posted to human race and its capability of letting dwell.

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CHAPTER 2

RAJKOT

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Chapter 2 Rajkot

2.1 Rajkot:History 2.1.1 Geographical location and topography.......................16 2.1.2 Climate ...........................................................................16 2.1.3 Political history...............................................................17 2.1.4 Native inhabitants and their culture............................19 2.2 Evolution of the city structure 2.2.1 Origin of land utilization...........................................26 2.2.2 Primitive settlements for agrarian purpose...............26 2.2.3 Phase I :Town fortification........................................27 2.2.4 Phase II: Land utilization outside the fortwall with the establishment of British rule...........................................27 2.2.5 Phase III : After the british rule.................................27 2.3 Traditional built form of Rajkot...................................34 2.4 Aspects shaping the built form at city level 2.4.1 Political aspects: As means of defence......................37 2.4.2 Associational aspects: As means of functional mix...37 2.4.3 Climate.......................................................................37

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CHAPTER 2

RAJKOT: HISTORY INTRODUCTION: ‘Rajkot’, believed to be the capital of Saurashtra is largest and the fastest developing cities amongst all the princely states of Kathiawar. The city has the history of 400 years. Today the rapid industrial growth of the city has posted fear in the minds of architects and planners. The change in the house forms is so abrupt that it has no connection with the traditional house forms that has continued itself since decades , reciprocating to the natural environments of this region. Thus it becomes of value importance to study the history of the place ,the aspects shaping the prevalent form and its evolution over the period of time. fig 2.1 Location of rajot in Gujarat

Chapter 2.1.1

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY: Rajkot is situated in the middle of peninsular Saurashtra,in the central plains of Gujarat state in western India. It lies between the latitude 23°08 north ‘ to 20°58’ north and longitude 71°40’ East to 70°20 ‘ East at the height of 128m above the mean sea level.

The general topography of Rajkot is like an upside down soccer, almost undulating with level difference from 125m to 158m from south-east to north and the west. This region has a diverse landscape made up of plateaus, hills, linear ridges and alluvial plains, possessing varied landforms like dry deciduous forest, grasslands, marine ecosystem and wetlands.

The city of Rajkot is situated along the river Aji, separating it from east to west. The river is seasonal in nature originating from hilly areas of Hingolgarh and sardhar with Nyari, Khokaldadi, Bhankudi and Dondi as major tributaries. Rajkot also contains two natural water reservoirs (lakes) called Lalpari and Randerda.

Chapter 2.1.2

CLIMATE: Rajkot has a semi-arid climate, with hot, dry summers from mid-March to mid-June with the temperature of 24°C to 45°C and mild winters from November to February with temperature ranging from 10°C to 22°C.The monsoon season starts from mid june to October receiving an average of 300mm of annual rainfall.

One more weather phenomena associated with the city of Rajkot is ‘cyclone’. The cyclones generally occur in the Arabian Sea during the months after the rainy season, when the entire region experiences a lot of rainfall and high speed winds along with the thunderstorms.

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chapter 2.1.3

POLITICAL HISTORY: Rajkot district belongs to the region of Saurashtra. Saurashtra meaning sau(100) + rashta(states), that is amalgamation of 100 states. In the very beginning, before independence saurashtra could be bifurcated into 16 different regions, namely: 1. Kathiawad 2. Sorath 3. Halar 4. Gohilwad 5. Zalawad 6. Okhamandal 7. Panchal 8.

Macho katho 9. Ghed 10.

Leeli nagher 11. Babariawad 12. Unsarvaiya 13. Bardo 14.

Bhadarkatho and Nodikatho 15. Bhalbaru 16. Nalkatho After independence, all these regions came together narrowing down to 5 major regions of saurashtra, namely: 1.

Madhya Saurashtra 2. Halar 3. Zalawad 4. Sorath 5. Gohilwad Where Rajkot was called capital city of Saurashtra. The city of Rajkot is politically over 400 years old. Rajkot was founded by Thakur Sahib Vibhaji Ajoji Jadeja along with Raju Sindhi.

fig 2.2 Kathiawar in 1855 with its five regions Saurashtra, Halar, Jhalwad, Sorath and Gohelwad

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In 1592 A.D Ajoji( descendant of the Jadeja clan of Jamnagar) lost the battle to Bhuchar Mori. His son Vibhaji inherited Kalawad after Ajoji’s death.He then got married to the daughter of Vaghela Thakur(ruler of Sardhar).People of Sardhar were quite upset with the robberies of Vaghela Thakur. Therefore, Vibhaji along with the Mughal faujdar of Ahmedabad won the throne of Sardhar. As the reward of this help, Vibhaji becam the ruler of Ribada and villages of Kalipati.

In 1611A.D he started to develop a village near river Aji. At this place there was an already existant Rabari clan residing called ‘Nesada’ headed by Raju Sindhi. Thus Vibhaji Jadeja along with Raju Sindhi become the founder of the city of Rajkot. The city was named ‘Rajkote’ in honour of its co-founder Raju Sindhi.

In 1720, Mughal general Masumkhan won Rajkot, changing the name of the city from Rajkote to Masumabad. In his reign the city was fortified making 8 entrance gates to enter the city. In 1732, the son of Jadeja clan killed Masumkhan and once again won the city of Rajkot.

In 1820,british rule got established in Saurashtra. They rented 1024 acres of land outside the fortified city and started developing their administrative headquarters and offices. During this period many merchants bought the land within the vicinity.British East India company founded the Saurashtra agency to moderate all princely states. During their reign, railway line got established, they constructed many colonial buildings, educational institues such as Connaught Hall and Rajkumar college.

Bawajiraj ruled the city till he died in 1890. After his death Britishers practically ruled the city till 17 years until Bawaji’s son Lakhajiraj grew up to succed his thrown.

After independence Rajkot became the capital of the states of Saurashtra headed by U.N Dhebar as chief minister.On may 1 1960, Rajkot was merged with Gujarat after its separation from bilingual State of Bombay.

fig 2.3 Map of Goozerat(Gujarat) 1866

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chapter 2.1.4

NATIVE INHABITANTS AND THEIR CULTURE: INTODUCTION: The native inhabitants of this region are basically cattle rearer. They settled near the bank of river Aji and lived in the dwellings called Nesada.

The community always lived happily amidst forest, mountain and rivers along with their cattle. Thus making them animal lovers and against any form of hunting. Infact , their care for cattle was equivalent to that of the humans and they treated them as part of their own families. Cleaning them, feeding them and decorating them was part of their lifestyle.

Due to the generous nature of people belonging to this community , they are known for their hospitality and their heartfelt welcome that they bestow on their guests. Men are known for their bravery and women for their beauty. The regional language in use is Gujarati with a sweet and rhythmic accent, popularly known as Kathiawadi.

People of this region are vibrant and vivacious, always in festive mood.

Lovers of ornamentation, which could be reflected everywhere, be it their colourful clothes, heavy jewellery, the fashion in which they dress up, elaborate food habits, the manner in which they decorate their houses and their cattle , the bold dance forms, music, art and their intricate handicraft.

fig.2.4 The native inhabitants of saurashtra

fig.2.5 The native inhabitants living in nesada

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fig 2.6The native inhabitants living in nesada

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TRADITIONAL ATTIRE AND JEWELLERY: Men wear paghdi on their head as mark of their self-esteem and bravery.

The traditional outfit of men is chordi at the bottom, tied by string with colourful fomta( woollen balls) hanging on one side of their waist and kediyu on top, kediyu is generally white in colour with colourful traditional embroideries on it. With this there is shawl wrapped at the waist or carried along. Along with this flamboyant attire, men where mojdi as their footwear.

Women drape black jimmies from the waist till the ankle(bottom wear) and a backless blouse with intricate embroidery work on it, with colourful odhani worn overhead.

JEWELLERY: Men and women both are fond of gold chains and pendants, they like to flaunt heavy gold and silver jewellery.

fig 2.7 Attire of men and women

fig 2.8 Image showing traditional outfit of women

fig 2.9Image showing traditional outfit of young men fig. 2.10 Image showing traditional outfit of men

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FESTIVALS: People are always in festive mood and always finding chances to celebrate. There are numerous festivals celebrated in this region, certain having religious importance, certain celebrated with the changing season. All these festivals are enjoyed collectively, few festivals celebrated are: Holi, Diwali, Rakshabandhan, Janmashtami- when the famous ‘lok mela’ takes place, Navratri, Akhatreej, Nagpanchmi, Sitda Satam and many more.

fig. 2.11 outlook of men during festivals

fig.2.12 women applying rangoli at the angan during the festival of diwali

fig. 2.13 men and women enjoying at the ‘lok mela’

fig.2.14 women enjoying after the breaking of fast.

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ART FORMS: Folk dance and music : The few dance styles of this region are: Raas Garba, Dandiya Raas, Teepni Raas, Manjeera Raas, Graba and Garbi. Men with colourful kediya and women with radiant Chaniya Choli , dance with the Dandiya sticks in their hands on the traditional folk songs called ‘garba’ on the beats of Dhol and Manjeera.

fig.2.15 The painting shows teepni dance performed by women on the beats dhol and shehnai played by men

fig. 2.16 The painting shows raas garba performed by women on the beats dhol and played by men

fig.2.17 Image shows dandiya raas performed by men

fig.2.18 Image shows the instruments used traditionally

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fig.2.19 Image shows men dhol

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FOOD: People of this region are majorly vegetarian. They have an elaborate food system. People are known for hospitality and serving delicious food to the guests who come at their door steps.

fig. 2.20 Painting showing the elaborate food items offered to the guests at the marriages.

fig. 2.21 Image shows women cooking food on daily basis

LIFESTYLE: Role of the women is to take care of the house, to keep it clean and decorate it to her utmost aesthetic sense, to take care of the family members and their cattle. Whereas men’s duty is to take their cattle for grazing and to grow vegetables , cereals and fruits to satisfy the needs of their family.

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fig. 2.22 Image showing women decorating their houses

fig 2.23. Image showing women weaving intricate embrodery work, used for decoration purpose.

fig. 2.24 Image showing house decorated with utensils

fig. 2.25 Image shows otlook of cattle on occasions.

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chapter 2.2

EVOLUTION OF THE CITY STRUCTURE:

INTRODUCTION: The city of Rajkot has grown rapidly over 400 years of its political history. The evolution of the city has also lead to the shaping of the house forms and its existent. The study of the evolution of this settlement pattern could lead us to all the contextual forces responsible for formation of the house form till date.

The evolution of the whole city can be divided into 7 levels, from which there are three major phases showing the maximum evolution in the house forms of this city: 1.Origin of land utilization 2.Primitive settlements for agrarian purpose 3. Phase I:Town fortification 4. Phase II: Land utilization outside the fortwall with the establishment of British rule (development along the Dhebar road after establishment of railway) 5. Phase III : After the British rule (Establishment of plots and formation of residences according to the building bylaws during the reign of Lakhajiraj).

6. Phase IV: Industrialisation of the city: developememt of industrial estates in suburbs and residential societies.

7. Phase V : Establishment of R.M.C and R.U.D.A

fig 2.26 Early Gujarat (250 B.C-1300A.C)

25

Understanding the evolution in dwelling patterns

chapter 2.2.1

ORIGIN OF LAND UTILIZATION: In 1259 A.D Jagdusha established relief centre for drought stricken people. He established six granaries namely Gadhvi,Patan,Ghogha,Mandvi, Junagadh and Aji.These centres were selected with the view of easy transport, communication and distribution.

Furthermore, the the dry climate of the region proved to be perfect for food storage. From this period there were evidences found of settlements near river Aji.

fig 2.27 Map of Gujarat showing the settlement distribution during the time of famine

chapter 2..2.2

PRIMITIVE SETTLEMENTS FOR AGRARIAN PURPOSE: Adhering to the topography of this place,this region was basically a grassland fruitful for agricultural purposes. The Rabari settlements were seen along the river Aji. The natives of this region were called ‘Nesada’(Bharwads) with the major occupation of cattle rearing and milk production.

In 1550 A.D there was establishment of Jadeja rule by Vibhaji along with Raju Sindhi who was the head of the Rabari settlement near the river Aji. Thus the village was then known as ‘Rajkote’.Under the rule of Jam Vibhaji the agrarian population flourished expanding the village.

fig 2.28 Establishment of granary near river Aji

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26

chapter 2.2.3

PHASE I:TOWN FORTIFICATION:

In 1722, after Masumkhan’s victory over Rajkot, the town got fortified.

With the increase in safety and security along with the added advantage of its geographical location, which was a connecting link between Kutch and other states of Saurashtra, it was demarcated as the capital. This attracted many merchant communities to settle in the city for trade and commerce.

fig 2.29 Village formation 1646-1722 A.D

fig 2.30 Town fortification 1722-1813 A.D

chapter 2.2.4

PHASE II: LAND UTILIZATION OUTSIDE THE FORTWALL WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH RULE:

In 1813 East India Company established its office away from the fortified town. Outside the fortified wall the railway track was laid establishing a stronger and prominent transport system. Thus the British influence triggered industrial development with establishment of many industries. This shifted the focus of trade from the fortified town to the eastern side of Rajkot civil station along the railway line. Therefore during this period the city started developing towards the western side of the fortified town. chapter 2.2.5

PHASE III : AFTER THE BRITISH RULE The development of the city increased during the reign of Lakhajiraj,for the first time democracy was practiced. With this change in political power the city was then planned at an urban level by the government.

The places in between the fortified city and the British developed city was then divided into plots and converted into either residential or commercial sectors.

27

Understanding the evolution in dwelling patterns

fig 2.31 Phase II : British establishment outside the fortwall 1822-1900 A.D

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28

fig 2.32 Phase III : Development of suburbs 1900-1947 A.D

29

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fig 2.33 Phase IV: Development of residential sector in suburbs 1947-1961 A.D

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30

Fig 2.34 Phase V : Map of Rajkot after establishment of RMC and RUDA

31

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map of current rajkot on

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32

33

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chapter 2.3

BUILT FORM OF RAJKOT: VERNACULAR DWELLING OF THIS REGION

Fig 2.35 Vernacular dwelling of Rajkot.

The vernacular house form of the princely states of Kathiawad are called ‘Dela’.

‘Dela’ literally means a gateway. ‘Delo’ being the huge gateway to the cluster of houses. The cluster on an average contains 6 to 7 single houses in it. All the families living in the cluster are connected to each other through certain common grounds. Thus, each cluster could either belong to an extended joint family or to families with common: -Religion -Caste -Economic background ‘Delo’ is a protected gateway, where dela has the central courtyard shared by all the houses in the cluster, the houses in the cluster are closed from the three sides leaving the entrance open from the shared court ‘Deli’ is a big single house, generally owned by a single joint family. It is a protected gateways consisting of central courtyard, with all the other spaces surrounding it.

The central court plays a very important role for light and ventilation in the hot and dry climate of this region.It is used for multiple purposes and they vary along the different time periods in a day. During daytime, this protected open space is used by women for different household activities, like washing clothes and drying them,cleaning grains, cooking food and taking care of cattle.This makes it a major connecting node of all the houses. During the night time, the place acts as major interactive space.

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34

Fig 2.36 layout of a dela in Jhilariya ( village near Rajkot city).

35

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Fig 2.37 community gathhering of men

Fig 2.38 the delo

Fig 2.39 the delo

Fig 2.40 house inside the delo

Fig 2.41 cluster of housed inside the delo

Fig 2.42 house inside the delo viewed from the fadiyu

Fig 2.43 view towards the osari

Fig 2.44 view from the fadiyu to the semi open osari

Fig 2.45 the semi open osari

Fig 2.46 the semi open osari

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Fig 2.47 the semi open osari

36

chapter 2.4

ASPECTS SHAPING THE BUILT FORM AT CITY LEVEL chapter 2.4.1

POLITICAL ASPECT: AS MEANS OF DEFENCE Considering the political history of rajkot, the city has always remained under the constant fear of warfares. This clearly reflects onto the house formation of the city. The houseforms called ‘dela’ are the protected gateway,which could be closed anytime to protect the people residing in it. Thus the huge door/dela were used as defense strategy to safegaurd the common people and their residences during the times of war.

The size and articulation on the dela clearly defines its role as defense. chapter 2.4.2

ASSOCIATIONAL ASPECT: AS MEANS OF FUNCTIONAL MIX Due to the central location of Rajkot, it became a hub for trade and commerce. The major settlers in the city were either craftsmen or merchants. Therfore, the city developed business culture. Everyone in the city had their own business either big or small. Depending upon ones capability, the major population was indulged in business, ranging from a small shop or office to huge mills and industries.

This culture played a major role in formation of the house forms. Merchants adopted a mixed residential as well as commercial set up, with their shops along with their residences. Thus there remained no demarcation between the commercial and residencial sector and the residential settlements developed along the main commercial street.

This was obsereved to be true until industrialization and British rule, after which the industries and mills came into being, further changing the lifestyle and the urban pattern of the city. This lead to the clear separation between residential and commercial sector. chapter 2.4.3

CLIMATE: The climate of the city plays a very important role in formation of the traditional built form. The hot and dry climate of the city along with the compact urban fabric lead to the formation of open spaces/courts within the house, in order to increase the porosity within the fabric, further circulating the air and making it livable.

37

Fig 2.48 yearly temperature graph of rajkot

Fig 2.49 yearly rainfall graph of rajkot

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Images of ‘DELA’- Protective gateway.

fig 2.50

fig 2.51

fig 2.52

fig 2.53

fig 2.54

fig 2.55

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38

Chapter 3 Case studies 3.1Criteria for selection of case studies...................................41 3.2 Phase I: 3.2.1 Cluster..........................................................................45 3.2.2 Unit..............................................................................52 3.3Phase II: 3.3.1 Cluster..........................................................................61 3.3.2 Unit..............................................................................69 3.4 Phase III: 3.4.1 Cluster..........................................................................77 3.4.2 Unit..............................................................................86

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CASE STUDIES

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40

CHAPTER 3.1

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF THE CASE STUDIES: Intention is to study the evolution and change in the house forms over the span of 400 years. Thus it is important to study the change that has taken place along the timeline, therefore, there are two cases documented (one being delo and the other being a deli) each from the three major phases in the evolution of the city.

Phase I: Inside fortified wall(200-250 years old house).

Phase II: Along the junction road – develpoment during the british time period(90-150 years old house).

Phase III: Development after the urban planning of the city- houses on assigned plots (70 to 90years old houses).

41

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MAP OF RAJKOT DEMARCATING PHASES AND HIGHLIGHTING THE CASE STUDIES

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42

43

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44

PHASE I

45

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chapter 3.2

PHASE 1: Inside fortified wall(200-250 years old house)

DELO

DELI

Map demarcating the fortified town along with the delo and deli taken as case studies

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46

chapter 3.2.1

CASE STUDY I(DELA): PHASE I(200-250 YEARS) Name/ commonly known as: Address/location Approximate age Height/storey Ownership of the premise

Number of houses Number of families staying presently Property use: past and present Commonality amongst families Main occupation Usage of common space:

47

Mawa musa no delo Bedinaka road, near Bedinaka tower 150 years 2 stories- G+1 floors Owned by a single family Past:owned by a single extended joint family Present:owned by a single family but few houses in the cluster are given on rent. six houses four families Past: residential purposes Present:residential purpose All houses belongs to the same family silver craftsmen Place for interaction, washing and drying dirty clothes, parking vehicles

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(Mawa Musa no delo)

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48

(Mawa Musa no delo)

49

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(Mawa Musa no delo)

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50

(Mawa Musa no delo)

51

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Fig 3.1 Western facade of the cluster

Fig 3.2 Approach to the entrance of the cluster

Fig 3.3 Entrance gate/ Delo

Fig 3.4 Covered passage from the dela to the fadiyu

Fig 3.5 View from the entrance gate to fadiyu

Fig 3.6 Entrance to the units from the court

Fig 3.7 The semi open osari

Fig 3.8 View of fadiyu

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52

Fig. 3.9 view of Fadiyu

Fig. 3.10 view of Fadiyu

Fig 3.11 Entrance to the houses from the court

Fig 3.11 Overview of the fadiyu

Fig 3.12 Exit gate

Fig 3.13 entrance to the house from the semi open osari

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chapter 3.2.2

CASE STUDY II(DELI): PHASE I(200-250 YEARS) Name/ commonly known as: Address/location Approximate age Height/storey Ownership of the premise

number of people staying Number of families staying presently Property use: past and present

Main occupation Usage of common space

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kadiya no delo Kadiya kuwarji ni sheri,Kadiawad,Bedinaka road, near Bedinaka tower 150 years 2 stories- G+1 floors Owned by a single family Past:owned by a single joint family that resided Present:owned by a single family, where the ground floor is occupied by owner and first floor is given on rent.

Owners family members: 8 People on rent: 4 four families Past: residential purposes Present:residential purpose and one portion of the house is converted to work space Kadia kaam Place for interaction, washing and drying dirty clothes, parking vehicles

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Fig. 3.14 Accessibility to the unit

Fig. 3.15 Entrance gate (delo) to the unit

Fig. 3.16 view from fadiyu to the semi open osari

Fig. 3.17 challi on the first floor

Fig. 3.18 challi on the first floor

Fig. 3.19 semi open osari

Fig. 3.21 view from the first floor

Fig. 3.20 semi open osari on the first floor

59

Fig 3.21.1 view of the first floor

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PHASE II

61

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chapter 3.3

PHASE II: Development during the british period (90-150 years old house)

DELI

DELO

Map demarcating the developement during British era along with delo and deli taken as case study.

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62

chapter 3.3.1

CASE STUDY III(DELA) : PHASE II(100-150 YEARS) : Name/ commonly known as: Address/location Approximate age Height/storey Ownership of the premise

Number of houses Number of families staying presently Property use: past and present

Commonality amongst families Main occupation Use of common space Usage of common space: past and present

63

Hariharan niwas Harihar chowk, sadar bazar near post office, rajkot 90 years 2 stories- G+1 floors Owned by a single family Past:owned by a single joint family, where each son occupied a house.

Present:owned by a single family but few houses in the cluster are given on rent. past:8 houses present:fourteen houses four families Past: residential+commercial pupose(used as shops along the market edge from outside) Present:residential purpose+commercial pupose(used as shops along the market edge from outside) All houses belongs to the same caste(jain baniya) merchendise Place for interaction, washing and drying dirty clothes and utensils, parking vehicles Past: for interaction present: interaction is decreasing day by day, courtyard used for parking vehicles.

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HARIHAR CHOWK

DR. RAJENDRA PR AS

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Fig 3.23 delo from outside

Fig 3.22 Accessibility to the cluster

Fig 3.24 covered passage opening into the fadiyu

Fig 3.26 view from the courtyard

Fig 3.25 view from the courtyard

Fig 3.28 view of the courtyard

Fig 3.31 panaromic view of the cluster

69

Fig 3.27 view from the courtyard

Fig 3.29 view from the courtyard towards the entrance Fig 3.30 view of the courtyard

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Fig 3.32 arial view of the cluster

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chapter 3.3.2

CASE STUDY IV(DELI): PHASE II(100-150 YEARS) Name/ commonly known as: Address/location Approximate age Height/storey Ownership of the premise number of people staying Number of families staying presently Property use: past and present Main occupation Usage of common space

71

B.B Mehta house Jawahar road, opposite jublee baugh, near telephone office, Rajkot 100 years single stories- G+ terrace Owned by a single family, where a joint family is residing 7 people one Past: residential purposes Present:residential purpose Businessman Front place: used for entry and exit of vehicles(specifically cars) Backyard: used as a garden

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JAWAHAR ROAD

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TELEPHONE OFFICE

(DELI) CASE STUDY IV: B.B MEHTA(UNIT) SITE PLAN

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CASE STUDY IV: B.B MEHTA(DELI)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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SECTIONS AND ELEVATION

CASE STUDY IV: B.B MEHTA(DELI)

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Fig 3.34 view from the backyard

Fig 3.33 Accessibility to the unit

Fig 3.35 view from the front yard, showing the entrance podim

Fig 3.36 entrance gate to the main house

Fig 3.37 view from the front yard showing the entrance to the house form

Fig 3.38 internal staircase to the first floor

Fig 3.39 semi open osari

Fig 3.40 semi open osari

Fig 3.41 the dinning area

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76

PHASE III

77

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chapter 3.4

PHASE III: Development after the urban planning of the city-houses on assigned plots (90-70 years old house)

DELI

DELO

Map demarcating the developement after the British era along with delo and deli taken as case study.

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78

chapter 3.4.1

CASE STUDY V(DELA): PHASE III(70-90 YEARS) Name/ commonly known as: Address/location Approximate age Height/storey Ownership of the premise

Number of houses Number of families staying presently Property use: past and present Commonality amongst families Main occupation Usage of common space: past and present

79

Kothari house prahlad plot, rajkot 90 2 stories- G+1 floors Owned by a single family Past:owned by a single joint family that resided Present:owned by a single family but given on rent.

8 houses five families Past: residential purposes Present:residential purpose All houses belongs to hindus ---Front place: used for entry and exit of vehicles(specifically cars) Backyard: used as a garden

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AD KARANSINGHJI RO

ENTRY

EXIT

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DIGVIJAY ROAD

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N 0

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Fig 3.45 view of the cluster from the street

Fig 3.43 delo from outside

Fig 3.44 covered passage leading to the open court

Fig 3.46 view of the covered passage from the courtyard

Fig 3.47 view from the courtyard

Fig 3.48 view from the courtyard

Fig 3.49 challi on the first floor

Fig 3.50 arial view of the cluster

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Fig 3.51 arial view of the cluster

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chapter 3.4.2

CASE STUDY VI(DELI): PHASE III(70- 90 YEARS) Name/ commonly known as: Address/location Approximate age Height/storey Ownership of the premise number of people staying Number of families staying presently Property use: past and present Main occupation Usage of open space

Understanding the evolution in dwelling patterns

Ghiya house 2 Diwanpara main road, Rajkot 90 years old 3 storeyed G+2 floors Owned by a single family 2 people one Past: residential purposes Present:residential purpose and office along the market edge.

Share invester and broker for drying clothes and paking vehicles.

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CASE STUDY VI: GHIYA HOUSE(DELI) FIRST FLOOR PLAN 91

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PUJA R OOM

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CASE STUDY VI: GHIYA HOUSE(DELI) TERRACE PLAN Understanding the evolution in dwelling patterns

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

SECTION AA’

SECTION BB’

CASE STUDY VI: GHIYA HOUSE(DELI) SECTIONS 93

Understanding the evolution in dwelling patterns

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED

BY BY ANAN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCED AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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WEST ELEVATION

NORTH ELEVATION

CASE STUDY VI: GHIYA HOUSE(DELI) ELEVATIONS

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94

Fig 3.52 view of the southern facade

Fig 3.54 intermediate covered passage opening into the courtyard

Fig 3.53 view of the eastern facade

Fig 3.55 view of the house from the courtyard

Fig 3.56 view of the house from terrace

Fig 3.55 view of challi on the first floor

95

Fig 3.56 view of challi on the first floor

Fig 3.57 first floor

Understanding the evolution in dwelling patterns

Chapter 4 Analysis 4.1 Urban level Analysis.....................................................97 4.2 Comparitive Analysis at the urban level.....................105 4.3 Unit level Analysis......................................................108 4.4 Comparitive Analysis at the unit level........................128 4.5 Activity level Analysis................................................132 4.6 Comparitive Analysis at the activity level..................147

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96

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS CRITERIA The intention is to study and analyse the phases in order to search for the factors that affected the formation, evolution and change in the vernacular house forms of this region, the changes that have taken place along the timeline. To mark the constant and variable factors, with the changing time. Thus the analysis is done amongst three distinct phases( time periods in the history of the city).

The analysis is further divided into three parts: URBAN LEVEL ANALYSIS:To study the aspects affecting the formation of a house form at city level. The aspects taken into consideration are: -

Open versus built

-

Urban pattern

-

Land use pattern

-

Building bylaws

-

Public realm

- Porosity UNIT LEVEL ANALYSIS :To study and analyse formation of the house form at unit level. To study the major factors responsible for shaping the house form in this region and how these are seen as reflection in the formation of pattern and language .The aspects taken into consideration are: -

Location and accessibility

-

Interface between the city and the house form

-

House formation type

-

Family structure

- Privacy - Transparency -

Social interaction

-

Position of women

-

Spatial arrangement

- Thresholds ACTIVITY LEVEL ANALYSIS (BASIC NEEDS) :To study and understand the way in which people dwelt and how that would lead to formation of the dwelling. To study the basic needs of the people and to analyse how the dwelling pattern got concretized into space. For this purpose the basic needs studied are: - Cleaning - Praying - Earning - Feeding - Meeting - Resting 97

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Chapter 4.1

URBAN LEVEL ANALYSIS

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98

OPEN Vs BUILT Phase 1: The old fortified town

BUILT: 58.8% OPEN: 41.2%

Fig 4.1 phase 1

Phase 2:

British rule

BUILT: 30.2% OPEN: 69.8%

Fig 4.2 phase 2

Phase 3:

establishment of plots after the british rule.

BUILT: 55.5% OPEN: 44.5%

99

Fig 4.3 phase 3

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URBAN PATTERN: ROAD NETWORK Phase 1: Road junctions: 71

Pedestrian street: 1.3m-3m primary street: 6m secondary street: 3m-6m

Fig 4.4 phase 1

Phase 2:

Road junctions: 53 Pedestrian street: 3m primary street: 18m-27m secondary street: 9m-15m tertiary street: 6m-7.5m

Phase 1:

Fig 4.5 phase 2

Road junctions: 130 primary street: 9m-12m secondary street: 6m-7.5m tertiary street: 2m-3m

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Fig 4.6 phase 3

100

LAND USE PATTERN: FUNCTIONAL MIX

Residential 39.9% Commercila 11.2% Institutional 1.75% Mixed use 4.5% Recreational 0.18%

Fig 4.7 phase 1

Religious 1.3% Residential 18.94% Commercila 2.35% Institutional 4.5% Mixed use 3.56% Recreational 0.75%

Fig 4.8 phase 2

Religious 0.1% Residential 45.95% Commercila 5.9% Institutional 0.5% Mixed use 2.8% Recreational 0.35%

Fig 4.9 phase 3

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Religious 0.08% Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

BUILDING HEIGHTS: Ground 1.00% G+1 44.36% G+2 10.1% >G+2 3.36%

Fig 4.10 phase 1

Ground 1.1% G+1 6.5% G+2 3.35% >G+2 19.35%

Ground 6.42%

Fig 4.11 phase 2

G+1 40.99% G+2 8.09%

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Fig 4.12 phase 3

102

PUBLIC REALM: NOLLI’S MAP Public space 44.67% Private space 43.3% Semi public 12.03%

Fig 4.13 phase 1

Public space 28.11% Private space 38.2% Semi public 33.69%

Fig 4.14 phase 2

Public space 44.5% Private space 46.3% Semi public 9.2%

Fig 4.15 phase 3

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POROSITY: RESPONSE TO CLIMATE Covered spaces Open public spacestreet Open private spacecourtyards

Fig 4.16 phase 1

Covered spaces Open public spacestreet Open private spacecourtyards

Fig 4.17 phase 2

Covered spaces Open public spacestreet Open private spacecourtyards

Fig 4.18 phase 3

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104

chapter 4.2

COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS AT THE CITY LEVEL: 1. Open Vs built

2. Urban pattern: road network

3. Land use pattern: Functional mix

105

Phase I Built mass is greater then the open space.

The streets are narrow, thus could be used only for pedestrian walking.

As the streets are narrow they always remain shaded, making the edges favourable for gathering spaces

Constants - built mass is greater then the open space.

-the edges along the road side are generators of interaction.

Variables the function of road has increased from vehicular to pedestrian access.

The road network in in heirarchy from primary to secondary to tertiary and sometimes to even quaternary.

The arragement of streets is in such a way that promots privacy.One has to pass through all the levels of heirarchy to reach to the protected gateway There is no There is a mix There is a clear The mixed land use divide between of residendivision between pattern, caters to the commercial tial+commerthe residential, developement of and residential cial, only resicommercial market edge along sectors. Majority dencial or only and industrial with the residential of houses have commercial. sectors.Resisector. Thus leading shops attached The width of the dences are not to increase in into it, opening road makes it combined with teraction amongst into the street, less favourable the houses,but people on daily thus forming the for development the road width basis. market edge. of market edge. makes it little favourable for development of market edge.

All the roads have to be accessed by vehicles. Thus its is difficult to maintain heirarchy.

Growth of the city is irregular and the street pattern is organic in nature.

Phase II Open spaces are greater then the built mass. Due to increased use of vehicles, the road are broader, and they remain just as the medium for transportation.

Growth of the city is abutting to the railway line and the street pattern is a mixture of organic, irregular streets as well as planned wide and straight streets.

Phase III The built mass is slightly greater then the open space. Thus road sizes are medium as they are used both for pedestrian and vehicular purposes and they remain partially shaded making the edge favourable for gathering spaces.

The city growth is planned, thus area development is planned and divided into square plottings.

complete isolation of residential sector from commercial and industrial sector.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

Phase I The land was not ruled by anyone therefore there were no rules followed for constructing buildings Street itself becomes the public space for interaction.

Phase II Bylaws were not formed. Major residences in this area are of government officials during the british rule

Phase III Constants Building Bylaws ---came into existence.

Variables ---

Streets are unfavourable for public interaction therefore dedicated spaces for interaction are introduced.

Interactive spaces are streets as well as there is introduction of dedicated interactive spaces.

6.Porosity/ response To climate

Inspite of there being in a very dense and compact built mass, the fabric is highly porous owing to the courts in each house.

The built mass has colonial influence leading to disappearance of courts in some houses.

Thus the fabric is less porous.

There are places specially allocated to for community interaction (clubs, parks, gardensetc).

Thus interaction is not a part of daily routine.

The open spaces are not designed in a way that leads to decrease in temperature. (bunglow typology incresing).

4.Social and cultural aspects

The delo is observed to be share by people with same religion or caste, or shared by a single joint family, owning to the common lifestyle, work ethics and worldviews.

Majority of the deli are shared by joint families

Majority of the dela are owned by a single family, were the owner lives in one of the houses amongst the cluster and other houses are given on rent, generally to the people of the same caste.

Majority of the deli are occupied by the government official during the british reign.

The community spaces at the city level are chowks, chora, chabutra etc. these are integral part of city planning, thus interaction is part of daily routine.

The roads are The existence wider and built of porosity is mass seems to must,which have shrinked, helps to debut the porosity crease the has decreased, temperature because of the level in the absence of house form. courts.

Thus presence of courtyards is mandatory delo is owned by Delo and deli a single owner are made in a or a trust, and way that prothe residents are motes interacall on rent. tion on daily Majority of the basis. deli are shred by joint families.

4. Building Bylaws

5. Public realm: nollis plan

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

Social interaction is decreasing on daily basis, people are looking forward to more private and less transparent lifestyle.

106

107

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Chapter 4.3

UNIT LEVEL ANALYSIS

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ACCESIBILITY OF CLUSTERS PHASE I : ACCESIBILITY OF DELA AT BEDINAKA TOWER. The cluster is located near the Bedinaka tower. The placement of the cluster is betwixt the two parallel secondary lanes, a tertiary lane on one side and a narrow galli on the other side. Consequently it can be accessed from the two secondary lanes.

fig. 4.19 Map showing location and accesibility of the cluster.

PHASE II : ACCESIBILITY OF DELA AT SADAR BAZAR The cluster is located in the Harihar chowk, Sadar bazar. The two sides of the cluster are shared by other buildings and the other two sides shared by the two primary roads ( Sadar bazar road, dr. rajendra Prasad road). The cluster’s edge to the Sadar bazar road is a commercial edge, therefore the cluster is a mix of residential and commercial, where the interface of the cluster with the bazar has led to the formation of shops at that edge.

fig. 4.20 map showing the location and accessibility of the cluster.

PHASE III : ACCESIBILITY OF DELA AT PRAHLAD PLOT The cluster is located in one of the plottings in Prahlad plot. The two parallel sides of the cluster are shared by other houses, whereas the other two sides fall on the two parallel streets. Both of these streets are tertiary in nature. Thus there are two access points to the cluster, one from either streets.

fig. 4.21 map showing the location and accessibility of the cluster.

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ACCESIBILITY OF UNITS PHASE I : ACCESIBILITY OF DELI IN THE OLD CITY The unit is located near the Mochi bazaar. There is only one access point to the unit, which is from the tertiary lane.

fig. 4.22 Map showing accesibility of the unit.

PHASE II : ACCESIBILITY OF DELI IN THE OLD CITY The unit is located opposite to the Jublee baugh. Amongst the four sides of the house, only one side of it is shared with the other built form, the other three sides open each in a primary, secondary, and tertiary lanes. There are two entries to the house, main entry being from the primary lane and back entry from the secondary lane.

fig. 4.23 map showing the location and accessibility of the unit.

PHASE III : ACCESIBILITY OF DELI IN THE OLD CITY The unit is situated in Diwanpara.

The two adjacent sides of the house are shared by other built forms, whereas the other two open to the roadside, one to the primary lane and other to the secondary street.

The entrance to the house form is from the secondary street.

fig.4.24 map showing the location and accessibility of the unit.

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110

INTERFACE BETWEEN STREET AND DELO

PHASE I

‘Delo’ is the protective interface between the street and the cluster.

The interface is a covered passage opening into the open courtyard. the passage has a further access to the common services on either sides

covered passage

fig.4.25 diagram showing delo as an interface, opening into covered passage, further to open courtyard.

PHASE II

fig.4.26 delo from outside.

‘Delo’ is the protective interface between the city street and the cluster. The interface is a covered passage opening into the courtyard. The typical passage consists of otla along the sides , meant to seat the guards taking care of the cluster and sometimes used by men for casual meetings.

fig. closed delo.

fig. 4.27diagram showing delo as an interface consisting of otla on either sided, thus generating gatherings.

PHASE III

fig.4.28 view from the covered passage towards the courtyard.

‘Delo’ is the protective interface between the city street and the cluster. The interface is a covered passage opening into the courtyard. The passage leading to the courtyard also contains shared services like toilets and staircase (leading to the floor above).

fig. 4.29 diagram showing delo as an interface consisting of shared services.

111

fig. 4.30 delo leading to the courtyard through the covered passage.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

INTERFACE BETWEEN STREET AND DELI PHASE I

‘Delo’ is the protective interface between the street and the unit.It open directly into an open courtyard, where the courtyard has an access to all the commonly shared services as well as the semi open osari of the house.

courtyard

delo street

PHASE II The ‘delo’ over here is a mere gateway leading to the house. The gateway leads to the front yard, where the covered podium leads to the main entrance. The vehicles enter the house from the main entry gate, stop by the podium for the members in the car to enter the house and leave from the exit gate. Thus the open spaces in such houses are the front yard and back yard, with the house form situated in the centre.

PHASE III

fig. 4.31 delo from outside.

Fig 4.32 diagram showing delo as a protective interface opening into the courtyard.

Fig4.33 front enrty to the house.

Fig 4.34enrty gate.

Fig 4.35 diagram showing delo as just a gate opening into the front yard.

‘Delo’ over here also is a protective gateway to the unit. There is a door within a huge door for people to enter in the unit. It is a covered gate leading to the open courtyard.

fig. 4.37 diagram showing delo as an interface between the stree and cluster.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

fig. 4.38 closed delo fom outside.

fig. 4.36 covered gate leading to the courtyard.

112

HOUSE FORMATION TYPE: DELA PHASE I ORGANISATION: LINEAR linear courtyard in the center, with other houses on either two sides.

All the houses are accessible from the central court. Thus forming hierarchy in space, with the open courtyard shared by all the houses, followed by semi open Osari of each individual house, further followed by private orda.

PHASE II

fig. 4.39 diagram showing linear organisation of spaces in the cluster.

ORGANISATION : RADIAL The courtyard is in the centre shared by all the houses surrounding it. The whole cluster is secured by the dela, making a radial pattern of organization

fig. 4.40 diagram showing radial organisation of spaces in the cluster.

PHASE III ORGANISATION: RADIAL The courtyard is in the centre shared by all the houses surrounding it. The cluster on the plot has two access points making linear movement.

COURTYARD

fig. 4.41 diagram showing radial organisation of spaces in the cluster.

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Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

HOUSE FORMATION TYPE: DELI

PHASE I ORGANISATION: RADIAL With the courtyard in the centre and all the other spaces organised around it,like the semi open osari further leading to all the other spaces in the house (like the private orda). The commercial space(shop) attached to the street edge from one side and to the courtyard from the other side

fig. 4.42diagram showing radial organisation of spaces in the unit.

PHASE II ORGANISATION:CENTRAL The concept of courtyard is replaced by front yards and back yards, leaving the functional spaces of the house in the centre.

Therefore the entry to the house is from an open space to semi open to covered.

PHASE III ORGANISATION: RADIAL The house form is located in ‘C’ shape covering the courtyard at the entrance. Thus all the spaces in the house converge to the central courtyard.

fig. 4.43 diagram showing central organisation of spaces in the unit.

COURTYARD

fig.4.44 diagram showing radial organisation of spaces in the unit.

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114

FAMILY STRUCTURE: DIVISION OF HOUSES IN A DELA PHASE I

The cluster is of two stories.

There lived extended joint families ,leading to formation of huge clusters with open courtyard in the centre shared by all the families within the extended family.

The whole cluster belongs to a single family where every son in the family occupies one house.

Fig 4.45 division of houses in the ground floor plan.

PHASE II

Fig 4.46 division of houses in the first floor plan.

The cluster is of two stories with a terrace at the top .A single joint family resided in the cluster, with allocation of each house to each son, accommodating their shops on the market edge. Each colour signifies differnt house

Fig 4.47 division of houses in the ground floor plan.

Fig 4.48 division of houses in the first floor plan.

PHASE III The cluster is of two stories, with a pitched roof. A single joint family resided in the cluster, with the division of each house to a son and also accommodating their shops on the market edge.

Fig 4.49 division of houses in the ground floor plan.

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Fig 4.50 division of houses in the first floor plan.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

PRIVACY:

PRIVACY PRIVACY

FOR OUTSIDERS

FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITHIN THE SAME CLUSTER

FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITHIN THE SAME HOUSE

PRIVACY IN A BUILT FORM CAN BE DETERMINED WITH THREE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: 1. FOR OUTSIDER: The whole house form is non-accessible, except the otla and the shops attached to the house form at the street.

2. FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITHIN THE SAME CLUSTER: The accessibility for people within the cluster can be further bifurcated into: Physical accessibility: areas that can be physically accessed are the central court (fadiyu) ,the semi open osari and the shared services.

Visual accessibility: this is the major factor leading to the transparency amongst the house form; courtyard are visually accessible and at the interface of fadiyu and osari are jail doors, making the osari partially accessible.

Leaving aside the private ordas, all the other spaces in the house are visually accessible.

3. FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITHIN THE SAME HOUSE: For the residents, every area of the house has different degrees of privacy: Public: otla at the street edge Public private: fadiyu, osari Semi private: Bethak, Rasodu, challi, naveru, kothar Private: ordo

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PRIVACY: IN DELA PHASE I

Fig. 4.51 privacy for outsiders.

PHASE II

Fig. 4.54 privacy for outsiders.

Fig, 4.52 privacyfor people living within the same cluster.

Fig, 4.53 privacy for people living within each house.

Fig, 4.55privacy for people living within the same cluster.

Fig, 4.56privacy for people living within each house.

PHASE III

Fig. 4.57privacy for outsiders.

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Fig, 4.58 privacyfor people living within the same cluster.

Fig, 4.59 privacy for people living within each house.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

PRIVACY: IN DELI PHASE I

Fig. 4.60 privacy for outsiders.

PHASE II

Fig. 4.63 privacy for outsiders.

PHASE III

Fig.4.66 privacy for outsiders.

Fig, 4.61 privacyfor people living within the same cluster.

Fig, 4.64 privacyfor people living within the same cluster.

Fig, 4.67privacyfor people living within the same cluster.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

Fig, 4.62 privacy for people living within each house.

Fig, 4.65 privacy for people living within each house.

Fig, 4.68 privacy for people living within each house.

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TRANSPARENCY IN DELA : PHYSICAL AND VISUAL PHASE I

Fig. 4.69 physical accesibility.

PHASE II

Fig. 4.71 physical accesibility.

Fig. 4.70 visual accesibility.

Fig. 4.72visual accesibility.

PHASE III

Fig. 4.73physical accesibility.

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Fig. 4.74 visual accesibility .

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

TRANSPARENCY IN DELI: PHYSICAL AND VISUAL PHASE I

Fig. 4.75 physical accesibility.

Fig. 4.76 visual accesibility .

PHASE II

Fig. 4.77 physical accesibility.

Fig. 4.78 visual accesibility.

PHASE III

Fig. 4.79 physical accesibility.

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Fig.4.80 visual accesibility.

120

SOCIAL INTERACTION: INTERACTIVE SPACES AND ITS ORGANISATION PHASE I DELA DELI

Fig 4.83 plan showing maximum used space by Fig 4.81 plan showing maximum used space by women.

Fig 4.82 section showing maximum used space by women.

PHASE II DELA

Fig 4.84 section showing maximum used space by women.

DELI

Fig 4.87plan showing maximum used space by

Fig 4.85 plan showing maximum used space by men and women.

Fig 4.86 section showing maximum used space by men and women.

PHASE III DELA

Fig 4.89 plan showing maximum used space by women.

Fig 4.90 section showing maximum used space by women.

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Meeting place for men is the chowk or at panchayat under a tree.Meeting place for women is the the place from where they fetch water(well). Generally the interactions happen while doing the household work. Thus major place of interaction is the house itself.

Plans and sections show the organisation of spaces in cluster(orientation of spaces to each other and demarcation of Maximum used space during the day by women and the social interaction between houses in the cluster.

During this period , the social interaction was not limited to the chowk with the group of people , the street edge and the otla at the periphery of the house every evening. With the British, developed a notion of separate meeting place for social interaction, leading to the formation of clubs. Thus the notion of social interaction became the amalgamation of both, meeting being as a routine affairs(the traditional way of meeting) and as the special organised meetings(clubs).

Fig 4.88 section showing maximum used space by women.

DELI

Fig 4.91 plan showing maximum used space by women.

Fig 4.92 section showing maximum used space by women.

Major interaction amongst men occurred at the shops along the street edge. Major interaction for women, is the time when they sit on the otla at the street edge and converse with their neighbours across. Within the cluster, interaction took place all day long, owning to the central court with radial organization, which enabled interaction at any time of the day.

The cluster also has a deep well in the centre of the courtyard, which becomes the major meeting place at the time of fetching water.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

POSITION OF WOMEN: ITS EFFECTS ON SOCIAL INTERACTION PHASE I Women are generally considered to handle and manage the household requirements. Thus there is permanency of women in the house. Majority of women spent maximum amount of time in the house, doing the household work.

Major interaction also happens within the cluster through the common court between all the houses. Space are organised in a way that facilitates women to interact with the neighbours, while doing their household work.These spaces act as nodes for generating interactions.

Majority of the activities in the house are conducted by the women.

Thus prime importance is given to the most used spaces in the house.

Therefore the organisation of the spaces is in accordance to that.

PHASE II Women’s role is seen to transform from being only a house maker to being a house maker along with working ouside and earning money.

This means that now women don’t spend their entire day inside the house doing the household activities and managing the house. Thereby, leading to decrease in the interactive spaces in the house (spaces that augment the social interaction). Further more, leading to developement clubs , coffe shops etc to socialize and enhance interaction.

The fact still sustains, that women are seen to indulge in other activities, but without compromising on managing the household works. Thus still the existence of intermediate interactive spaces is seen in the house forms along with the developement of more private spaces which defy any kind of interaction with anybody

PHASE III Women’s role is seen to transform from being only a house maker to being a house maker along with working ouside and earning money.

Thus the notion of social interaction has gone beyond just meeting the neighbours on daily basis to inviting people and get together at clubs and restaurants.

With the change in system of social intercation, the spaces catering to interaction is also undergoing changes. Thus leading to decrease in spaces that generates emediate interaction with neighbours and increase in private spaces.

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SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF SPACES IN DELA PHASE I RASODU NAVERU

CHALLI FADIYU

ORDO

OSARI

TOILETS

BETHAK

Fig 4.94 diagramatic representaton of juxtaposition of spaces with each other along with its privacy SEMI PUBLIC PUBLIC PRIVATE SEMI-PRIVATE Fig 4.93 spatial arragement of spaces and its relation to each other in plan

PRIVATE

PHASE II

TOILET

TOILET

BETHAK

OSARI

FADIYU

BEDROOM NAVERU

KOTHAR TOILET

RASODU DINNING AREA

Fig 4.96 diagramatic representaton of juxtaposition of spaces with each other along with its privacy SEMI PUBLIC Fig 4.95 spatial arragement of spaces and its relation to each other in plan

PUBLIC PRIVATE SEMI-PRIVATE PRIVATE

PHASE III

Fig 4.98 diagramatic representaton of juxtaposition of spaces with each other along with its privacy SEMI PUBLIC Fig 4.97 spatial arragement of spaces and its relation to each other in plan

PUBLIC PRIVATE SEMI-PRIVATE PRIVATE

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SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF SPACES IN DELI PHASE I KOTHAR NAVERU

DUKAN

RASODU BETHAK OSARI

FADIYU

ORDO TOILETS

Fig 4.99 spatial arragement of spaces and its relation to each other in plan

Fig 4.100 diagramatic representaton of juxtaposition of spaces with each other along with its privacy

PHASE II SERVENT QUARTER

CHOWKDI BACK YARD

DINNING RASODU AREA

NAVERU

TOILET BEDROOM OSARI

BEDROOM

BETHAK STORE ROOM

BETHAK

OSARI

BEDROOM

BEDROOM

ENTRANCE PODIUM

FRONT YARD

Fig 4.101 spatial arragement of spaces and its relation to each other in plan

PHASE III

Fig 4.102 diagramatic representaton of juxtaposition of spaces with each other along with its privacy

TOILET

CHOWKDI

CAR PARKING

DUKAN FADIYU

KOTHAR

RASODU

OSARI

BEDROOM

Fig 4.103 spatial arragement of spaces and its relation to each other in plan

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

BEDROOM

BEDROOM

BEDROOM

Fig 4.104 diagramatic representaton of juxtaposition of spaces with each other along with its privacy

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SPACE DIVISION : AREA CALCULATION(DELA) PHASE I Osari 14.5 12.2 8.2 20.8 25.4 13.5

House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5 House 6

Chali 22.2 20 23 17.4 0 35.3

Bethak 0 15 19.4 17.4 0 0

Rasodu 4.6 10.4 4.2 15.9 28.8 10.4

Naveru 3.6 0 10.3 0 0 0

Kothar 0 0.8 0 2.8 0 10.4

Ordo 51.3 38.8 32.7 42.4 41 26

Toilet 3.8 2.8 2.3 0.7 4.8 4.2

Common services : 4% Shared open court : 21%

PHASE II

House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5 House 6

Osari 12.6 22 15 12 12 12.4

Rasodu 3 11.7

Ordo 35 22.7 32 34.6 17 30

Naveru 10.5 15 -

Bethak 11.11 16.2 17 -

Kothar 5.2 4 7 7.15 8.5

Shop 12.6 52.4 46 45.8 44.7

Dinning 5.6 -

Common services : 1.6% Shared open court : 21%

PHASE III House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5 House 6

Osari 28 37 28 37

Rasodu 17 35 17 35

Ordo 26.2 29.2 19.3 26.2 29.2 19.3

Bethak 28.8 33.7 37 28.8 33.7 37

Kothar 8.3 8.3

Common services :19.2 % Shared open court : 31.7%

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SPACE DIVISION : AREA CALCULATION(DELI) PHASE I Osari Rasodu Ordo Challi Toilet Bethak Naveru Fadiyu

23 10 67 13 0.02 0.07 0.05 15

PHASE II Osari Rasodu Ordo Challi Toilet Bethak Kothar Dinning Study room Chowkdi Service quarters Pooja room Naveru Front yard Back yard

7 3.5 6.5 1.4 3 5.6 4.7 3 2.3 1.2 4.7 0.4 4.7 18 36.5

PHASE III Osari Rasodu Ordo Challi Toilet Bethak Kothar Shop Terrace Parking Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

10 1.9 33.7 20.44 3.9 3.9 4 2.8 15.7 3.11 126

THRESHOLDS Different characteristic threshold leads to different degree of privacy and transparency. thus the use of threshold are of great importance to creat heirarchy in space. The thresholds used at differnt junctions are: -Public to public private:

-Public private to semi private ju

-Semi private to semi private:

-Semi private to private:

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Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

CHAPTER 4.4

COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS: UNIT LEVEL The comparitive analysis is done amongst all the three phase, which further would help to derive the constant and the variable factors.

Location and accessibility of the house form.

Interface between the city and the house form: as the means of protection

Phase 1 - accessed from secondary or the tertiary street.

-indirect entry to the house -Accessibility to the houses is private/protected in nature. Not easily accessible.

- primary street acted as a commercial edge and are broad enough for vehicular access.

-secondary and tertiary streets, could be accessible by vehicles, but are meant for pedestrian access only.

Phase 2 -accessed from either primary or secondary streets.

-direct entry to the house.

Entry of the house is not protected.

-primary street is a mix of commercial as well as residentials built forms.

-street meant for vehicular access.

-primary, secondary and tertiary streets are meant for vehicular as well as pedestrian access.

Phase 3 -accessed either from the secondary or the tertiary streets -indirect entry to the house, making it protected.

- the primary street acts majorly as commercial edge.

-primary, secondary and tertiary streets are meant for vehicular as well as pedestrian access.

All the houses have covered delo as a protective interface, opening into an open court. Thus the house form is and extremely protected.

Majority of the houses have a gate/ parapet wall/ fencing surrounding the house form, demarcating it from the other houses. Thus these were loosely protected.

All the houses have -Houses are covered delo as a highly proprotective interface tected. opening into an open court. Thus the house form is extremely protected.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

Constant -indirect, entry to the house form.

-primary street as majorly commercial edge

Variable - primary, secondary as well as tertiary streets are vehicular as well as pedestrian accessible.

-the way of protecting houses has varied from, self protected ‘delo’, open entries with security guards and security systems.

128

House for- Houses are gener- Houses are gen- Houses are general- Radial house mation type ally linear or radi- erally centre fo- ly radial in nature. formation al in nature. cused in nature. type,

F a m i l y Residents : structure extended joint family

Residents : extended joint family or joint families

Residents : joint family or nuclear families

Position of Majority of the women women were house managers and few even worked but only within their houses( stitching, weaving etc) Percent:

Majority of the women were house managers but few of them worked inside as well as outside their houses.

Percent:

Women started to work along with managing their household works.

Percentage:

Time spent Only inside the More time More time spent inby women: house. spent inside the side the house, but house, but also also spent outside. spent outside.

129

-taking care of the old, as a repercussion to ethical and moral values.

-living along with parents and children.

-women working whole day -women as house managers.

-number of children per family is decreasing.

-Family sizes decreasing day by day.

Half of the time, during the whole day is spent inside the house.

Time is not only spent inside the house, but also outside.

-The work has changed from only household work to also working independently along with the household work.

-The place of their work has varied from being only house to both,working outside (office) as well as at house.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

Social inter- Men: working action place(office),located along the market edge.

Women :house.

Thus house was formed in a way that lead to maximum interaction, along the whole day.

Interactiom coverging

Mode of so- Chowks, street cial interac- edges were the tion major places for social interaction with the other people living in the city, whereas courtyards were interaction space for people living within the same cluster/unit.

Privacy: leading to transparency

External privacy and internal transparency

Men: working place(office),located along the market edge.

Women :house and their work place. Thus women not only interacted with people living in and around the house, but also with the people where she works.

Men: working -house form place(office),locat- as place of ed along the mar- interaction. ket edge or in the commercial sector Women :house and their work place.

Thus women not only interacted with people living in and around the house, but also with the people where she works.

Interactiom diverging

Interactiom coverging

Clubs and public parks were major interaction place to interact with the people living in the city, whereas courtyards were interaction space for people living within the same cluster.

Less externalprivacy and less internal transparency

Chowks, street edges, clubs and public parks were the major places for social interaction with the other people living in the city, whereas courtyards were interaction space for people living within the same cluster/unit.

External privacy and internal transparency

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

The place of interaction for women: From only house form, work place has also became mode of interaction.

-The need to Social interacinteract as a tion, from being social being. the part of the daily livelihood, became an intentional gathering, at special places, made specially for that purpose(clubs, public parks etc.)

External privacy and internal transparency

demand of private spaces within the house is increasing.

130

Radial arrangement of spaces.

Spatial arrangement of spaces (diagram

thresholds

Location of services: -Circulation and movement(staircase) -Wet areas(toilets)

131

thresholds as in- thresholds used teraction initiator just as passage from one space to another.

thresholds used are an intermidiate promoting some interaction.

More edges for interaction

Less edges for interaction

More edges for interaction

Dela: All the services are commonly shared by all the individual houses.

Location:courtyard Deli: All the services are commonly shared amongst the family members.

Location:courtyard

Dela: All the services are commonly shared by all the individual houses.

Location:courtyard.

Deli: The staircase is shares commonly by the family members, toilets and bathrooms are individual.

Location:attached to each bedroom.

Dela: All the services are commonly shared by all the individual houses.

Location:courtyard Deli: All the services are commonly shared amongst the family members.

Location:courtyard

thresholds as means of interaction leading to transparency and security between two spaces.

decreased use of thresholds thus leading to decreased transparency.

Location of services: 1.

Circulation and movement(staircase) 2. Wet areas(toilets)

Dela: All the services are commonly shared by all the individual houses.

Location:courtyard Deli: All the services are commonly shared amongst the family members.

Location:courtyard

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

Chapter 4.5

ACTIVITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

132

ACTIVITY MAPPING : BASIC NEEDS CLEANING : BODY With the first ray of the sun, women in the house wake up. The first thing that they do in the morning is getting rid of all the waste from the body, thus cleaning the body completely.

The first activity in the morning is excreting, cleaning teeth and bathing by using toilets and bathrooms.

CLEANING : HABITAT After cleaning one’s self, women clean the angan, to make the house welcoming to everyone. The house is decorated by rangoli at the entrance and a toran at the entrance door, making the house welcoming and ready for a new start.

PRAYING : NATURE There is a very old tradition of worshiping trees/plants especially tulsi in the morning. Early in the morning with the rise of sun, tulsi is worshiped with offering of water along with chanting of few shlokas.

PRAYING : GOD Praying to god is also part of daily routine. God in form an idol is placed in the house and worshiped everyday by offering fresh flowers and with lighting of diyas along with the incense stick. Further these sticks with are taken to each and every part of the house, thus filling the whole house with aroma from the days beginning.

CLEANING OF BELONGINGS: CLOTHES AND UTENSILS Early in the morning ,before the scorching sun hits the earth, women sitting on a wooden bajot in a squatting position wash all the dirty belongings manually, after which by hanging the clothes on a strings she puts them to dry in a place were sunlight could reach easily. The belongings are washed in naveru/chowkdi and open fadiyu or semi open osari is the suitable place to dry them.

FETCHING AND STORING WATER: Everyday women go to fetch water from the well and store it sufficient for the day.In the house there is a dedicated space allotted to store and drink potable water, called paniyaru.

COOKING: Preparing and cooking food has always been women’s scope of work. Everyday after the cleaning and routine activities in early morning, women start preparations for cooking. Washing vegetables, chopping them, making dough for rotis etc. are prepared before the actual cooking starts. The actual cooking is then done in the rasodu.

EATING: Men in the house are fed first, followed by women and children. Women, as a gesture of respect to their men takes care of all his needs while he is eating.

SIESTA: The profound culture of siesta is dominant in this region. Men and women after the tiresome mornings breaks for sleep between 1pm to 4pm. The whole city sleeps in the afternoon after which they resume back to work remain awake till late night.

CLEANING GRAINS: Grains are bought in bulk for the whole family to sustain them for a year. Women in the daylight, during their free time clean grains and store them year long.

MEETING NEIGHBOURS: Everyday in the evening,after completing the household work women sit on the otlas outside their houses and refresh themselves after the day long work by talking to their neighbours, conversing about all the happenings of the day.

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Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

BASIC NEEDS

ACTIVITIES RELATED

SPACES ALLOCATED

CLEAN: 1.body 2.habitat 3.belonging 4.environs

1.-excreating -bathing -brushing 2.-cleaning the angan 3.-washing utensils -washing clothes -cleaning food items(grains etc.)

1.conducting pooja 2.offering water to tree(tulsi pooja)

1.-toilets -bathrooms -wash basin 2.-fadiyu 3.-naveru -chowkdi -fadiyu or osari

PRAY: 1.god 2.nature

EARN: -living FEED: 1.self 2.others

MEET: 1.neighbours 2.friends and relative 3.society REST: 1.mind 2.body

earning money 1.-preparing (chopping vegetables) -cooking -eating/dinning: lunch,dinner -storing: year long 2.eating together during festivals and functions 1.talking/gossiping with neighbours 2.when friends and relatives come to meet.

3.meeting during wedings and ceremonies.

1.to meditate,performing religios activities, sipping tea or coffee in the evening, gazing 2.ceista,sleeping

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

AREA OCCUPIED BY EACH ACTIVITY(%) 1. 3-5% 2. 20-40% 3. 5-15%

1.dedicated space 1. 0.5-1.5% where ideal of photo 2. 0.5-1.5% of god is placed in the house 2.open space generally fadiyu,where the tree grows shop 5-50% 1. -osari/rasodu -rasodu -osari/challi -kothar 2.fadiyu/osari

1. 10-50% 2. 10-50%

1. otlo/osari/challi 2.bethak 3.fadiyu/osari

1. 5-30% 2. 3-35% 3. 10-50%

1.osari 2.ordo

1. 10-50% 2. 20-40%

134

CLEANING: BODY PHASE I

fig. 4.106 plan showing demarcation of toilets in the unit

fig.4.105 plan showing demarcation of toilets in the cluster

PHASE II

The toilets are the place where the waste from the body gets shed everyday ,thus these places are considered to have accumulated lot of negative energy, along with which these spaces also demand certain amount of light and ventilation for the foul smell to escape and fresh smell to enter.

Therefore, they are generally located in the courtyard, away from the main activities of the house, where they can be properly lit and ventilated.

fig.4.107 section showing position of toilet in the

Cluster: Toilets and bathrooms are used in common located near or in the open courtyard Unit: toilets and bathrooms are located and accessed from inside the house, though in a corner, away from other activities.

fig. 4.108 plan showing demarcation of toilets in the cluster

fig.4.109 plan showing demarcation of toilets in the unit

PHASE III Toilets and bathrooms are used in common located near or in the open courtyard ,there are located away from the other activities in the house.

fig. 4.111plan showing demarcation of toilets in the unit. fig. 4.110 plan showing demarcation of common toilets in the cluster.

135

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

CLEANING: BODY

PHASE I

Fig.4.112 typical toilet layout

Fig. 4.114 section through the toilet Squatting position Ventilation needed for fresh air to enter and foul in use for excreFig. 4.113typical bathroom layout smell to escape. tion

PHASE II

The indian toilet seat got substituted by western toilet seats, thus the position of performing the activity got changed from squatting position to sitting position. Bathing with bucket and tumbler got replaced by showers and wash basins was fixed inside the toilets itself.

fig. 4.117 layout of bathroom fig. 4.115 layout of toilet

fig. 4.116 section through the toilet.

PHASE III The Indian toilet seat got substituted by western toilet seats, yet majorly used toilet seats are indian. This also lead to emergence of in-between solution of Indian and western toilet seats called Anglo-Indian toilets.

fig. 4.118 diagram showing arrangement of services

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

136

CLEANING: GRAINS PHASE I

woman using wind winnowing technique.

courtyard

osari

kothar

Fig. 4.119 plan showing women cleaning grains

PHASE II

Grains are bought in bulk for the whole family to sustain them for a year. Firstly these grained are separated from their shafts by wind winnowing, which requires an open space, thus courtyards are prefers for the purpose. After the grains are separated from the shaft, women in the daylight separate grains from small stones and insects, after which they medicate it by adding organic preservatives. After the long process the grains are finally stored in huge containers and kept in kothar(store room).

The cleaning of grains done once in a year. Grains are bought as per the requirement of the family and cleaned manually. Women sit on the otla outside their houses every evening and clean the grains while continuing their never ending talks and gossips.

otlo

rasodu

osari fig.4.120 diagram showing layout of women clean grains while sitting on an otla in the courtyard.

PHASE III

osari

rasodu

otlo

With the decrease in family size.

The requirement of grains has also decreased per family. Thus the grains are bought in small packs either for the whole year or bought in intervals.

But inspite of that, tradition of cleaning and storing them year long has continued.

fig.4.121 diagram showing women clean grains while sitting on the jhulla(swing) in the osari

137

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

CLEANING: BELONGINGS(CLOTHES AND UTENSILS PHASE I

Fig. 4.122 clothes hung in the courtyard for drying.

fig. 4.123 women washing dirty utensils in the

fig. 4.124 layout of chowkdi while washing utensils. fig. 4.126 section showing position of chowkdi and space for drying clothes.

fig. 4.125 layout of chowkdi while washing clothes

PHASE II

fig. 4.127 women washing dirty clothes in the chowkdi

With the introduction of washing machines. Washing of clothes is done by machine and drying done manually. Clothes are spread on string to dry in the open court, letting the clothes dry faster as they are spread in open.While washing of utensils is done manually.

fig.4.128 washing and drying of clothes done in naveru.

fig. 4.129 section showing space used for dring clothes in the unit(back yard).

fig. 4.130 clothes getting dried in the courtyard

fig. 4.131 diagram showing the feasible area to dry clothes.

PHASE III With the introduction of washing machines. Washing of clothes is done by machine and drying done manually. Clothes are spread on string to dry in the back yard, letting the clothes dry faster as they are spread in open, while washing of utensils is done manually, with introduction of platforms, basins got fitted leading to washing of utensils by standing.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

138

PRAYING: GOD AND NATURE PHASE I

Fig. 4.132 Worshiping god

Fig. 4.134 old women praying to god.

Fig. 4.133 Offering water to tulsi

Fig. 4.135 early morning praying to tulsi

PHASE II The tradition of praying to god is has been carried forward. Thus there is dedicated place/ room for performing religious practices ( like pooja, lighting of essence sticks etc).

pooja room bedroom

fig.4.136 layout of a pooja room

fig. 4.137 pooja room

PHASE III The tradition of praying to god is has been carried forward. Thus there is dedicated place/ room for performing religious practices ( like pooja, lighting of essence sticks etc).

fig. 4.138 space for praying in the house.

139

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

FEEDING: COOKING AND THE KITCHEN LAYOUT

PHASE I The cooking is done in the rasodu.

All the things needed for cooking are arranged in the open stack and all the utensils also arranged in the utensils holder which is hung onto the wall. The extra utensils are used as means of decoration and arranged on a wooden plank above the lintel level.

kothar

rasodu

osari

paniyaru

PHASE II

naveru Fig. 4.139 women preparing and cooking food in rasodu .woman taking care of his men while he’s having food in the osari.

With the introduction of plateforms, the way of cooking has changed from sitting on ground with folded legs to standing and cooking. The introduction of plateforms has also lead to the storing of utensils in the extra space under the plateform. thus leading to increase in storage space and has reduced the arrangement of utensils on abherai as means of decoration.

osari

courtyard

paniyaru

dinning area rasodu

kothar

fig. 4.140 layout showing arrangement of rasodu, dinning area, kothar and paniyaru.

PHASE III With the introduction of platforms, the way of cooking has changed from sitting on ground with folded legs to standing and cooking. Although the habit and comfort level of sitting with the legs folded has always been high, therefore even though platforms are created, women are seen to sit on the platform with their legs folded and cook.

dinning area

rasodu

fig. 4.141 layout showing arrangement of rasodu, and dinning area.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

140

FEEDING: FOLDING ELEVATION OF THE KICHEN PHASE I

Fig.4.142 folded elevation of rasodu

PHASE II

fig.4.143 folded elevation of rasodu.

PHASE III

fig. 4.144 folded elevation of rasodu.

141

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

FEEDING: KITCHEN LAYOUT PHASE I

Fig. 4.150 arrangement of extra utensils for decorative purpose.

Fig.4.145 arrangement of utensils in rasodu.

PHASE II

fig.4.151 image showing kitchen layout and woman cooking food by standing.

PHASE III

fig. 4.153 rasodu

fig. 4.152 rasodu

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

142

FEEDING: EATING AND DRINKING HABITS PHASE I

Fig. 4.154 cleaning of hand in the plate after eating.

Fig. 4.155 elevation of paniyaru

PHASE II

fig. 4.157 paniyaru located in osari.

FOOD: Men in the house are fed first, followed by women and children. Men sit with their legs folded Women as a gesture of respect to their men takes care of all his needs while he is eating. Eating generally takes place in the semi open osari.

WATER: In the house there is a dedicated space allotted to store and drink potable water, called paniyaru. Water in stored in mud pots to keep it cool all day long. Paniyaru is generally located in the semi open osari, besides there is a small window, keeping the water in these mud pots cool.

FOOD:The chairs and tables got introduced for dinning purpose.

Thus sitting on the ground with legs folded slowly changing to sitting on chair and dinning. Thus dining table and chair along with dedicated room for dinning was introduced.

WATER:Drinking water is stored in a mud pot on a raised platform in the osari called paniyaru. Generally located near the window to make the water in the mud pots cooler in this hot and dry climate of Rajkot.

fig . 4.156 dinning table and chair in use for eating.

PHASE III

fig. 4.158 dinning table and chair in use for eating.

fig. 4.160 paniyaru located in osari.

FOOD:The chairs and tables got introduced for dinning purpose. Thus sitting on the ground with legs folded slowly changing to sitting on chair and dinning. Thus dining table and chair along with dedicated room for dinning was introduced.

WATER: even though there are refrigerators to cool the water, it is preferred to store and cool the water in mud pots. Thus there is a dedicated space(small stand) in the kitchen to keep mud pots.

fig. 4.159 dinning table and chair in use for eating.

143

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

STORING PHASE I

Elaborate storage is observed in the house. Thus a separate dedicated room is allotted to keep things in store. This place is called kothar. Big vessels, food containers pitara etc. are kept over here.

Owning to huge joint families store room catered the yearlong needs of the whole family.

PHASE II The introduction of platforms has also lead to the storing of utensils in the extra space under the platform.Thus leading to increase in storage space and has reduced the arrangement of utensils on abherai as means of decoration.

Fig. 4.161 folded elevation of kothar

Fig. 4.162 layout of kothar

fig. 4.164 kothar

PHASE III The introduction of platforms has also lead to the storing of utensils in the extra space under the platform. thus leading to increase in storage space and has reduced the size of kothar. Now the arrangement of utensils on abherai as means of decoration is nearing extinction.

Fig. 4.163 kothar

fig.4.165 kothar

fig. 4.167 partial storage under the plateform.

fig. 4.166 storage under the plateform.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

144

MEETING: SOCIAL INTERCATION PHASE I

Functions or ceremonies where the friends and relatives are invited are to the house are conducted in the open fadiyu, which has the capacity to accommodate large number of people. The semi open osari at the times of group dinning become the place for people to sit and eat.

osari

Fadiyu

osari

Entrance to the cluster Fig. 4.169 conversation with neighbours fig. 4.168 layout showing social interaction inside the cluster

PHASE II

The meeting place of the house called bethak took a new paradigm.A special room got designed which accommodated sofa set( to sit ), carpet was spread on the floor. Thus whether meeting people with in the family or from outside happened in bethak. These western insert also lead to change in the sitting position, from sitting in the groung to sitting on sofa.

fig. 4.171 bethak

fig. 4.170 layout of bethak

PHASE III

fig. 4.172 men sitting comfortably with legs folded on the sofa.

osari

fig.4.173 layout showing osari where neighbours meet on daily basis.

145

The casual meeting of neighbours passing by is done when women after completing their household work sit on a hichka(swing) fitted in the osari or from the challi on the floor above, where the passers by are visible easily.

Other than that a special space is dedicated to the guests coming to the house called bethak, there there is an arrangement of sofa in a c shape, for people to sit and converse.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

RESTING: SIESTA AND SLEEPING

PHASE I Men and women after the tiresome mornings breaks for sleep between 1pm to 4pm. The whole city sleeps in the afternoon after which they resume back to work remain awake till late at night.

Resting in the afternoon takes place in the bethak on the matress.

Ordo

Fig. 4.174 resting in private space generally at the end of the house called orda

PHASE II Men and women after the tiresome mornings breaks for sleep between 1pm to 4pm. The whole city sleeps in the afternoon after which they resume back to work remain awake till late night.

Resting in the afternoon takes place in the bedroom.

fig. 4.175 layout of a bedroom.

PHASE III Men and women after the tiresome mornings breaks for sleep between 1pm to 4pm. The whole city sleeps in the afternoon after which they resume back to work remain awake till late night.

Resting in the afternoon takes place in the bethak. fig. 4.176 layout of a bedroom.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

146

chapter 4.6

COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS: ACTIVITY LEVEL The comparitive analysis is done amongst all the three phase, which further would help to derive the constant and the variable factors.

The perfromance of the basic activities is analysed, thus marking the constants and variables.

Activities performed Excreting

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Constant

Variable

-Position of performing: Squatting position.

-Indian toilets in use.

-Toilets and bathrooms are used in common located in the open courtyard.

-Position of performing: Squatting and Sitting -introduction of western toilet seats.

-Toilets and bathrooms are used in common located in the open courtyard.

Position of performing: Squatting position and sitting.

-both Indian as well as western toilets in use.

-Toilets and bathrooms are used in common located in the open courtyard.

-Squatting position in use.

-Toilets and bathrooms are used in common located in the open courtyard, away from the other activities.

-Thus there is emergence of in-between solution of Indian and western toilet seats called Anglo-Indian toilets.

Washing clothes

-both washing and drying clothes were done manually

-with the introduction of washing machines. Washing is done by machine and drying still done manually.

-Manual wash- -Manual washing of utensils. ing of utensils.

-sitting in a -with introducsquatting posi- tion of plattion in chowkdi forms, basins got fitted leading to washing of utensils by standing.

-with the introduction of washing machines. Washing is done by machine and drying still done manually.

-Manual washing of utensils.

-with introduction of platforms, basins got fitted leading to washing of utensils by standing.

Manual drying Manual washof clothes ing of clothes has changes to mechanized washing of clothes

Washing utensils

147

-Manual wash- -position ing of utensils. of washing is changing from sitting on ground in squatting position to standing position using a basin.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

Cleaning food items(grains)

-grains bought in lot -manually cleaning of grains - cleaning done once a year in lot.

-grains bought in small packs.

-manually cleaning of grains - cleaning done once in a year.

-grains bought in small packs.

-manually cleaning of grains - cleaning done once in a year, or sometimes in few intervals year long.

-inspite of cleaned grains available in market, the mentality of manually cleaning still prevails

-small packets of already cleaned grains available ,therefore buying grains in small packets in few intervals along the year.

storing

Year long storage -kothar made in the house to store things.

Year long storage.

-kothar made in the house to store things.

Storage of few things in intervals.

-kothar made in the house to store things.

Need to store few thing year long.

-notion of gathering things and storing.

-kothar made in the house to store things.

- size of the kothar decreased as more storage space got formed( under the raised plateform).

Praying and conducting rituals

-some time spent everyday to perform rituals/praying to god.

-everyone has big or small business of their own -generally the place of earning(office) was along with the residences.

-some time spent everyday for performing rituals/praying to god.

-majority of the people have big or small business of their own.

-emergence of service sector started.

-Commercial and residential sectors are different

-some time spent everyday for performing rituals/praying to god.

-majority of the people have big or small business of their own.

-emergence of service sector started -Commercial and residential sectors are different

-to pray and belief in one’s respective god.

Earning

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

-majority of the people have big or small business of their own.

-seperation of commertial and residential sectors

148

cooking

Eating

Drinking

dinning

149

Still few women are comfortable to sit and cook. Thus they have started sitting on the plateform and cooking.

Position for Position for eat- Position for eat- Still few people eating: sitting ing: sitting on ing: sitting on are comforton ground with chair and using chair and using able eating legs crossed. dining table dining table with their legs for eating(with for eating(with crossed. Thus introduction introduction they fold their of dining table of dining table legs on chair and chair) and chair) and sit.

-Paniyaru made -Paniyaru made -Paniyaru made -tradition of to store potato store potato store potacooling water ble water, near ble water, near ble water, near by mud pot is a window to a window to a window to still alive. Thus allow air circu- allow air circu- allow air circu- mud pots still lation. lation. lation. in use to store -Water stored - introduction -introduction drinking water. in mud pots of refrigerator of refrigerator keeps the water is slowly taking is slowly taking cool in hot and place of mud place of mud dry climate. pots. pots.

-Paniyaru is - in order to - in order to located in the keep the water keep the water osari, where it cool, it is either cool, it is either could be easily stored in the stored in the accesed, from mud pot or in mud pot or in all the parts of the refrigerator. the refrigerator. the house.

-Paniyaru is -small paniyalocated in the ru is located in osari, where it the kitchen on could be easily the platform. accesed, from all the parts of the house.

Position for cooking: sitting on ground with legs folded

Men eat first followed by women and children

Position for cooking: standing and cooking (with introduction of platforms

Men eat first followed by women and children, or everyone eats together

Position for cooking: standing and cooking (with introduction of platforms

Men eat first followed by women and children , or everyone eats together

Women never eats before men

Introduction of plateforms has changed the way of cooking.

Introduction of dining tables has changes the way of eating

-size of the paniyaru decreased - location of paniyaru changed from osari to rasodu.

Either men eat first or everyone dines together.

Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

Meeting

Resting :siesta

Social interaction and meeting people is part of daily lifestyle. There is a prevailent culture to invite people at home for casual meetings, during festival and functions.

Siesta: small Siesta: small Siesta: small Tradition of nap in the after- nap in the after- nap in the after- siesta noon is taken noon is taken noon is taken in the bethak, on the raised in the room on the matress bed arranged in as the matress spread to sit. the bethak in bethak is replaced by sofa set.

-meeting happened in and around the house.

-specially places got designed for meeting( clubs, cafeteria, parks etc.)

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People meet both at home and also at specially designed places to meet

Frequency of meeting people has decreased from every day to occasionally.

Loction of resting in the afternoons has changed from bethak to bedrooms.

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CONCLUSION The constants at every level of analysis have different menifestations and contributions to the generation of a house form.Carrying the constants ahead, there are some generic principles laid down which could be carried further as the basis to build a built form in this region: AT NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL : The constants derived by comparitively analyzing the three phases could help in laying down the principles for developing mass housing. Thus the constants that could be taken into consideratiom are: Aspects Open vs built

Constants -Built mass is greater then the open space.

-The edges along the road side are generator of interactions.

Urban pattern -The road network is in heirarchy from primary to secondary to tertiary and sometimes even to quaternary. The arragement of streets is in such a way that promots privacy.One hasto pass through all the levels of heirarchy to reach to the protected gateway.

Land use pattern -The mixed land use pattern, caters to developement of market edge along with the residential sector. Thus leading to increase in interaction amongst people on daily basis.

Public realm -The community spaces at the city level chowks, chora, chabutra etc. these are integral partof city planning, thus interaction is part of daily routine.

Porosity -The existence of porosity is must,which helps to decrease the temperature level in the house form.Thus presence of courtyards is mandatory.

Socio-cultural -Delo and deli are made in a way that promotes interaction on daily basis. aspects AT UNIT LEVEL: The constants derived by comparitively analyzing the three phases could help in formulating generic principles as the basis to built the built form.

CONSTANTS HOUSE FORMATION TYPE: -radial arrangement of spaces

SUGGESTIVE PRINCIPLES CLUSTER: radial - open to sky UNIT: radial - open to sky courtcourtyard in the centre, surround- yard in the centre, surrounded by ed by the houses on all the three the other spaces in the house. sides.

Fig 5.1

INTERFACE: -Interface between the city and the house as the mode of protection.

-Interface between the house and the courtyard as a generator of social interaction.

-The need to interact as a social being.

Fig 5.2

Requirement of the intermediate space is must.

Spaces like: Osari,Ravesh

Fig 5.3 diagram showing intermediate spaes.

Fig 5.4 diagram showing location of intermediate spaes.

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-Physical needs: -Mental needs: they need interaction on daily basis.

FAMILY STRUCTURE: -taking care of the old, as a repercussion to ethical and moral values.

-living along with parents and children.

Fig 5.5 diagram showing spaes required to satisfy mental needs.

SOCIAL INTERACTION: -The need to interact as a social being.

-house form as place of interaction.

Fig 5.6 diagram showing spaes arranged to satisfy physical needs

When the spaces converge, interaction too converges. Thus maximum interaction within the house form happens when spaces converge

Fig 5.7 diagram showing converging spaces

External privacy is extremly important, and internal transparecy is a by product needed for living a community life, very much suited to the culture of this region.

PRIVACY AND TRANSPARENCY: External privacy and internal transparency.

Fig 5.8 diagram showing privacy from outside and transparency from inside

STREET

RAVESH

TOILET

RAVESH

RAVESH

ORDO

ORDO

ORDO CHALLI ORDO

FADIYU

OSARI BETHAK

KOTHAR

RASODU

DINNING ROOM

NAVERU

Fig 5.9 diagramatic representaton of relation of one space to another, their juxtaposition along with its privacy

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SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF SPACE:

Fig 5.10 spatial arrangement and connection of each space to another

CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH SPACE: •Fadiyu: semi private space connecting all the houses in the cluster to each other.

•Rasodu:-connected to the osari -located in a way that anyone in the kitchen can keep a watch on people entering the house -space from where any movement inside or outside can be watched.

•Bethak: connected to the osari, located in a Fig 5.11

way that is easy for the guests invited to enter without disturbing any other part of the house.

•Challi: connecting osari to other rooms.

•Kothar:easily accessible from rasodu •Naveru: open to sky space.easily accessible from rasodu and dinning space.

•Ordo: the most private area of the house.

•Ravesh: intermediate between the inside(house) and the street ouside

The orientation of space to each other from the bare minimum house form to a lavish house form:

Fig 5.12

Fig 5.13

Fig 5.15

Fig 5.16

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Fig 5.14

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THRESHOLDS: Thresholds as means of interaction leading to transparency and security between two spaces.

The layout provides maximum edges for interaction, leading to maximum possibility to buildout thresholds.

Fig 5.17 diagram showing maximum edges for interaction

CHARECTERISTICS OF THRESHOLDS AT EACH TRANSITION: public(street) to private(house) : strong physical protection from the private domain, though the thresholds are promotor of interaction. eg. otlo and ravesh at the street edge:

Fig 5.18 digram showing charecteristics of threshold from an outsiders point of view

Fig 5.19 digram showing charecteristics of threshold from an insiders point of view

OUTSIDER: controlled physical as well as visual accessibility.

INSIDER: Controlled physical accessibility but uncontrolled visual accessibility. semi public(courtyard) to semi private(osari): slight demarcation between two spaces as good as it separates them, where both the spaces are physically as well as visually accessible.(eg. A step up, otlo, low height parapet wall, pillars, Jail door and windows). Thus these are not just boundaries between two spaces but also act as major zone of interaction.

Fig 5.20 digram showing charecteristics of threshold from an outsiders point of view

Fig 5.21 digram showing charecteristics of threshold from an insiders point of view

OUTSIDER: controlled physical accessibility and uncontrolled visual accessibility.

INSIDER: Uncontrolled physical as well as visual accessibility.

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semi private(osari)to private(ordo) : both the spaces are separate from each other and the transition is strictly controlled.(eg. Door).

Fig 5.22 digram showing charecteristics of threshold from an outsiders point of view

Fig 5.23 digram showing charecteristics of threshold from an insiders point of view

OUTSIDER: controlled physical as well as visual accessibility.

INSIDER: Uncontrolled physical as well as visual accessibility.

ACTIVITY LEVEL : The constants derived by comparitive analysis are basis to orient internal layout of furniture that is capable of accomodating the basic needs of people.

Activities performed Excreting Washing clothes and utensils Cleaning food Storing Praying Earning Cooking Eating Drinking Meeting Resting

Constants -Squatting position in use.

-Toilets and bathrooms are used in common located in the open courtyard, away from the other activities.

-Manual drying of clothes.

-Manual washing of utensils.

-inspite of cleaned grains available in market, the mentality of manually cleaning is still prevails.

-Need to store few thing year long.

-kothar made in the house to store things.

-to pray and belief in one’s respective god.

-majority of the people have big or small business of their own.

-Still few women are comfortable to sit and cook. Thus they have started sitting on the plateform and cooking.

-Still few people are comfortable eating with their legs crossed. Thus they fold their legs on chair and sit.

-tradition of cooling water by mud pot is still alive. Thus mud pots still in use to store drinking water.

Social interaction and meeting people is part of daily lifestyle. There is a prevailent culture to invite people at home for casual meetings, during festival and functions. tradition of siesta is very much prominant.

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CONCLUSIVE ABSTRACT: Dwelling is reflection of basic aspects forming a society. The ‘Dela’ typology has formed itself over a period of time, accommodating all these basic needs. Change, in these patterns take a lot of time because they are reflections of evolved traditions.Thus they are considered as the ultimate constants.

Today, with the transcendence of time, people are evolving, technology is increasing, leading to the change in their world views. The needs of today are just not limited to the basic ones, but to strive towards the notion of an ideal living in an ideal society. But in attaining the ideal conception of living, the plight lies, in the loss of irrefutable concepts.

Thus to maintain the authenticity of a meaningful house form and its identity in that region the constants are always to be carried forward with the addition of variables to it. Constants should always remain of prime importance and variables of secondary importance, for constants are reason for its mere existence and variables as important value additions.

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GLOSSARY: -Delo: a huge gateway -Deli : a comparatively smaller gateway -Fadiyu: an open courtyard -Osari: semi open space between the completely open courtyard and other covered spaces. Space in the house from where the other spaces in the house can be accessed.

-Rasodu: the kitchen -Ordo: space to room something -Bethak: a space in the house, dedicated for people to sit.

-Challi: intermediate space from where other spaces can be accessed.

Could be inside as well as outside the house.

-Ravesh: semi open intermediate space generally betwixt the house form and the street, like a balcony -Naveru: an open to sky space inside the house, generally used to clean the belongings(utensils, clothes etc.)

-Chowkdi: an open to sky space(could be inside or outside the house, generally used to clean the belongings(utensils, clothes etc.)

-Jhalli : a perforated doorway.

-Jhulla : a swing

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BIBLIOGRAPHY: PUBLISHED WORKS: -House Form and culture –Ammos Rapaport - Architecture without Architects – Bernard Rudofsky -Pattern language- Christopher alexander -Shelter and Society – Paul Oliver -perspective on modern domestic architecture, housing and dwelling- Barbara Miller Lane -The Grunsfeld Variation, A report on the thematic development of an urban tissue- Department of Architecture Massachusetts Institute of Technology -Gujarati loksanskrutic virasat- Jorawarsingh Jadav -Language of space - Bryan Lawson ARTICLES: - G.Evenlyn Hutchinsonin S. Dillion Ripley, ed.,Knowledge Among Men, Smith-sonian Institution Symposium(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966) - A comparison of “identity” in vernacular (traditional) and contemporary (modern) houses Hossein Mehrpoya , Vahid Khuonbazi , Sadeg Ahouei - Sacred Concepts of Traditional Residential Architecture and its Revival in Iranian Modern Housing Mozhgan Mortezaie Far1 and Farid Forouzanfar2 1The MA architecture student, Islamic Azad University of Birjand, South khorasan, Iran.

2Ph.D of Architecture, Faculty member of Islamic Azad University of Birjand, South khorasan, Iran.

-Using ‘Culture’ in Housing Design- Ammos Rapaport - Real time inventory Management visual survey of Interior Architecture elements and space making crafts of Gujarat, India Rajdeep Routh , Neha Singh , Piyush Shah -“Life, the Universe and Everything” Stewardship, Change and the Built Environment Hasan-Uddin Khan: Distinguished professor of Architecture and Historic Preservation ,Roger Williams University,RI Rajkot gazetter: -Information center at jublee garden, Rajkot -Lang library – Gazetters of kathiawad -PWD records INTERNET RESOURSES: -http://www.doityourself.com/stry/characteristics-of-traditional-architecture#b UNPUBLISHED WORKS: -Arzoo Samani ‘Understanding Urban Morphology : through the study of Rajkot city’ (Undergraduate thesis), Indubhai parekh school of architecture.

-Parth Kaneriya ‘Morphology of urban spaces: study of urban space in Rajkot’(Undergraduate thesis), Indubhai parekh school of architecture.

- Suri Sagarika ‘Polyvalence in the traditional dewelling : an enquiry into the adaptability of the Pol house, Understanding the changing pattern of dwellings

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Ahmedabad.’ (Undergraduate thesis), School of Architecture, CEPT University.

- Dey, Pradipta Prabir ‘ Sense of making a home : a study of villages in Bolpur of West Bengal’. (Undergraduate thesis), School of Architecture, CEPT University.

-Raiji Pranav b ‘Rambles : readings on nature, culture and architecture of a city unveiled : Ahmedabad’. (Undergraduate thesis), School of Architecture, CEPT University.

-Solgama Nehal ‘Understanding the cultural influences and transformation in traditional house form : a study of house form in Mangrol’. (Undergraduate thesis), School of Architecture, CEPT University.

ILLUSTRATION CREDITS: Chapter 2: fig 2.1: Location of Rajkot district in Gujarat. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Gujarat_Rajkot_district.png fig 2.2 :Map of Kathiawar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kathiawar_map.jpg fig 2.3 Map of Saurashtra. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Goozerat_Gujarat_1866.jpg fig 2.4 to fig 2.25 and fig 2.35 : Gujarati loksanskrutic virasat- Jorawarsingh Jadav fig 2.26 Map of earlyGujarat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Gujarat_(BC_250_to_1300_AD).jpg fig 2.27 to fig 2.34: Evolution maps of Rajkot: cited from the undergraduate thesis(Arzoo Samani ‘Understanding Urban Morphology : through the study of Rajkot city’ Indubhai parekh school of architecture. fig 2.48, fig 2.49 : https://www.worldweatheronline.com/v2/weather-averages.aspx?locid=1129766&root_ id=1104737&wc=local_weather&map=~/rajkot-weather-averages/gujarat/in.aspx All photographs are taken by the student unless otherwise mentioned.

All drawings are done by the student unless otherwise mentioned.

Chapter 3: Phase I: Dela : base drawings ( hand drawn) cited from the RSP 2009 Rajkot- Indubhai Parekh School of Architecture.

Deli : base drawings ( hand drawn) cited from the RSP 2009 Rajkot- Indubhai Parekh School of Architecture.

Phase II: Dela : RSP 2016 rajkot- School of Environmental Design and Architecture, Navrachana University.

Deli : base drawings cited from Ar. Dhyey Thakkar’s studio.

Phase III: Dela : RSP 2016 rajkot- School of Environmental Design and Architecture, Navrachana University.

Deli : RSP 2016 rajkot- School of Environmental Design and Architecture, Navrachana University.

All photographs are taken by the student unless otherwise mentioned.

All drawings are done by the student unless otherwise mentioned.

Chapter 4: Fig 4.7 to fig. 4.15: Evolution maps of Rajkot: cited from the undergraduate thesis(Arzoo Samani ‘Understanding Urban Morphology : through the study of Rajkot city’ Indubhai parekh school of architecture.

All photographs are taken by the student unless otherwise mentioned.

All drawings are done by the student unless otherwise mentioned.

Rajkot city maps are cited from the PWD Records.

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