Application of Tensile Membrane Structures in Architecture, Research Paper

Fig.1, Denver International Airport, Fentress Architects, Denver, Colorado, USA http://www.birdair.com/projectGallery/browse.aspx?id=stadiums Fig.2 Frei Otto, Olympic Stadium Munich, 1972 http://bioinspiredarchitecture.wordpress.com/ Fig.3 Herzog de Meuron, Allianz Arena M端nchen, 2005 http://www.checkonsite.com/wp-content/gallery/munich-allianz-arena/munich-allianz-arenachristian-scholz.jpg Fig.4 Sioux Tipi, Fort Yeates http://www.bisonquest.com/teepee.html Fig.5 The tent-like structures,of the nomads of Turkestan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt Fig.6 Vladimir Shukhov, First tensile steel structure, Nizhny Novgorod, 1895 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Tensile_Steel_Lattice_Shell_of_Oval_Pavil ion_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_1895.jpg Fig.7 Vladimir Shukhov , Doublecurvature steel lattice Shell , 1897 http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=678936 Fig.8 Buckminister Fuller, U.S. Pavillon, 1967 http://www.flickr.com/photos/artimageslibrary/3761543516/ Fig.9 SOM Architects, Fabric tensile roof at the Jeddah Airport, 1977 http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=553 Fig.10 Millennium Dome, structural details http://www.therunninghead.com/casestudies/pdf/space.pdf Fig.11 Millennium Dome, Section http://architecture.about.com/od/greatbuildings/ig/Richard-Rogers-Partnership-/MillenniumDome-Section.-0Ci.htm Fig.12 Double-curvature, system basis Fig13. Example of anticlastic form http://shadesofgreendesign.com.au/biomimicry-structural-efficiency-structural-artists/ Fig.14. The dome, hyperbolic paraboloi,d parallel valley, shaped membranes http://bldgsim.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/tensile.jpg?w=425&h=246 Fig.15 Allianz Arena structure design http://www.asce.org/uploadedImages/NewsNEW/CE_Magazine/2008_Issues/August_2008/0808feat5.jpg Fig.16 Gridshell structure http://www.carpenteroakandwoodland.com/timber-engineering/gallery/gridshell-chiddingstonecastle Fig.17 Tensegrity structure http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQTT_Kq5YHgDg7nYwO1YZa74ya3lMBvkgUZG2PkWKk2Baf19GmC2v-258V Fig.18 Textile membrane materials http://www.karinpatriquin.com/site/2012/04/18/tensile-structures/ Fig.19 ETFE membrane in Aquatic Center, Beijing http://www.robaid.com/wp-content/gallery/gadgets1/konarka-6.jpg Fig.20 PTFE membrane, Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, South Africa http://2010stadiumwatch.blogspot.com/2009/02/now-were-into-twenties.html Fig.21;Sustainable solutions for membrane structure 3