118
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Exploring the Links between International Business and Poverty Reduction
References and sources 25
The primary producers in UI’s supply chain include small-scale farmers and agricultural workers employed on farms and plantations. This research focuses on small-scale farmers, not on plantation workers or farm labourers. The conclusions in this report about poverty impacts for small-scale farmers within the supply chain do not necessarily hold true for these other types of poor agricultural worker.
26
All data in this paragraph are from UI internal management reports.
27
The Unilever purchasing figures for palm oil and tea were provided by Unilever. The market-share estimates were calculated by the report author, using data published by FAO STAT.
28
AC Nielsen survey, 2004.
29
This was estimated from information in UI management reports and the research team.
30
The figures in Figure 6 are based on actual or best-estimate data available during the preparation of this report. Some of the information was generated through the background research, some was provided directly by UI, and some data were estimated on the basis of information obtained from UI and independent sources. The estimates are realistic, and probably conservative, but are not complete and should be used for indicative purposes only.
Antos, Jim n.d. Global Equity Research/Unilever Indonesia. Available at www.ubswarburg.com/researchweb Asian Labour News (2004) Review – State concerns: unemployment angst, Laksamana, 18 January 2004 Asiaweek (2001) Asiaweek 1000: The region’s largest companies, 9 November 2001, Time Inc. Available at www.asiaweek.com Biro Pusat Statistik SAKERNAS: Indonesia National Labour Fo rce Survey, 1996, 1999, 2000, and 2000, Jakarta: BPS CLSA (2001) Saints and Sinners—Who’s Got Religion? Corporate Governance in Emerging Markets, Corporate Governance Watch, Hong Kong: CLSA Coalition of Dutch CSO & Trade Unions (2003) CSR Frame of Reference, The Netherlands: MVO-Platform
31
For more information on this topic, see recent AccountAbility / BSR reports at www.economicfootprint.org
Economist Intelligence Unit (2003) Indonesia Country Fo recast, London: Economist Intelligence Unit
32
Professor C.K. Prahalad’s book, The Fo rtune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, is arguably the best known of a growing number of publications focusing on marketing to poor consumers as an opportunity and growth area for companies.
Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (2004) Country Analysis Indonesia, 13 December 2004
33
Association of Cosmetic Companies. Data on size of companies and market share were not available.
34
UI Annual Report 2002.
35
Figures based on one visit to a Jakarta warung by Oxfam in 2004.
36
UI internal CSR reports, 2002.
37
Internal CSR records, 2003.
Goodman, D. and M. Watts (eds.) (1997) Globalizing Food: A grarian Questions and Global Restructuring, New York: Routledge
38
Conversation with Tonny Pranatadjaja, Unilever Indonesia.
IMD (2001) Wo rld Competitiveness Yearbook 2001, Geneva: IMD
Gadjah Mada University Team (2004) ‘Black Soybean Seed Development’, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Gardner, Sarah (2003) ‘Women in trade unions’, Inside Indonesia 76 (Oct/Dec), Melbourne: Indonesia Resources and Information Programme Incorporated
IMF (2004) International Financial Statistics Yearbook 2004, Washington DC: IMF International Labour Organization (ILO) (1999) ‘Towards Gender Equality in the World of Work in Asia and the Pacific’, Technical Report for discussion at the Asian Regional Consultation on the Follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women. Manila, 6–8 October 1999, Bangkok: ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Ionescu-Somers, Aileen (2001) ‘Unilever Indonesia: Linking Business Strategy To Job Creation’, paper prepared under the supervision of Professor Ulrich Steger, International Institute for Management Development, Lausanne, Switzerland Prahalad, C.K. (2004) The Fo rtune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School of Publishing SMERU Research Institute (2001) Wage and Employment Effects of Minimu m Wage Policy in the Indonesian Urban Labor Market, Indonesia: SMERU Research Institute State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia (2003) Act of the Republic of Indonesia Number 13 concerning Manpower, unofficial translation, Government of Indonesia