November/December 2020

MAGAZINE

NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020 LEGACY OF A REMARKABLE LEADER

HARD-WON NEGOTIATION

SUFFRAGE, SPIRITUALISM & SCANDAL

A RIGHT JOLLY OLD ELF

The Anna Arnold Hedgeman Collection

The Dayton Peace Accords

Maverick Victoria Woodhull

Toledo’s Saint Nick

Page 24

Page 30

Page 34

Page 40

MAGA ZINE

Cover: Civil rights leader Anna Arnold Hedgeman (1899–1990) in a portrait by Leslie Barlow, commissioned by AnokaRamsey Community College in 2020. See "Legacy of a Remarkable Leader—The Anna Arnold Hedgeman Collection," page 24.

Contents N O V E M B E R & D E C E M B E R 2020

Anoka-Ramsey Community College

4

A Message from Our Executive Director & CEO & President, Board of Trustees

24

Legacy of a Remarkable Leader— The Anna Arnold Hedgeman Collection

30

A Hard-Won Negotiation— The Dayton Peace Accords

34

Suffrage, Spiritualism & Scandal— Ohio Maverick Victoria Woodhull

40

A Right Jolly Old Elf— Toledo’s Saint Nick

Vol. 59, No. 6 EDITORS

Bill Eichenberger Tom Wolf CONTRIBUTORS

Angela D’ Souza Randall Edwards Jim McKinnon Cur tis Schieber Lisa Wood

I N E AC H I S S U E

ADVISORY BOARD

Donna DeBlasio Youn gstown St ate Unive r sit y

Nishani Frazier Miami Unive r sit y

Rober t G enheimer Cin cinn ati Muse um Ce nte r

Stephen G eorge O hio Histor y Conne c tion

Alex Hastie O hio v. the World

G eorge Ironstrack Miami Unive r sit y

Chester Pach O hio Unive r sit y

Roger Pickenpaugh Historian an d Auth or

Daniel Rivers T he O hio St ate Unive r sit y

Erin Wingfield O hio Histor y Conne c tion

Echoes Magazine (ISSN 0012-933X) is published bimonthly and distributed by the Ohio History Connection as a benefit of Ohio History Connection membership.

2 6 6 8 17 18 20 22 46 48 50

Contents From Our Editors What’s Your Story?

In the News Historic Sites & Museums At the Ohio History Center & Ohio Village Online Events Featured Events & Exhibits I Wish I’d Been There Young Eyes on the Past Reviews

THANKS TO OUR OHIO HISTORY CONNECTION STRATEGIC PARTNERS:

Editorial Offices: Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Center, 800 E. 17th Ave., Columbus, OH 43211-2474 Phone 844.836.0012 • Email echoes@ohiohistory.org Postmaster: Please send address changes to: Echoes Magazine, Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Center, 800 E. 17th Ave., Columbus, OH 43211-2474 Entire contents © 2020 by the Ohio History Connection.

All rights reserved. Nothing may be reprinted or electronically reproduced in whole or in part without written permission from the publisher. The Ohio History Connection accepts no responsibility for facts and opinions expressed by the authors.

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Contact us at membership@ohiohistory.org or 800.686.1545 to share your new address.

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2 Echoes | NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020

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Legacy of a Remarkable Leader

24

THE ANNA ARNOLD HEDGEMAN COLLECTION Anna Hedgeman was in the thick of it in the 1963 March on Washington, working alongside Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and other organizers. Though she lived in New York City with few Ohio ties, she chose to leave her letters and papers to the Ohio History Connection’s National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center. One of the museum’s most prized collections, it offers a look at her life and the tenor of the times.

A Hard-Won Negotiation THE DAYTON PEACE ACCORDS

30

Twenty-five years ago, all eyes were on Dayton as Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian leaders met at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base with American negotiators and representatives from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the European Union. In a month to remember, the parties brokered peace in war-torn Bosnia and Herzegovina, site of the worst armed conflict in Europe since World War II.

Suffrage, Spiritualism & Scandal OHIO MAVERICK VICTORIA WOODHULL

34

Fifty years before the 19th Amendment was ratified, Ohioborn Victoria Woodhull declared herself a candidate for president of the United States in 1870. Writing in the New York Herald, she stated: “Mrs. Victoria C. Woodhull … proclaims herself as a candidate for the occupancy-in-chief of the White House, and asks it on the score solely that she has the means, courage, energy and ability necessary.”

A Right Jolly Old Elf

40

TOLEDO’S SAINT NICK In the depths of the Depression, the federal Public Works of Art Project employed a Toledo high school student to illustrate The Night Before Christmas on placards that were used in local public library story times. The 1934 illustrations resurfaced during a library renovation in 2003, and we share them here for your enjoyment courtesy of Toledo Lucas County Public Library and Ohio Memory.

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A MESSAGE FROM OUR

Executive Director & CEO & President, Board of Trustees More than any other time in recent years, we know that we’re living through history. As we navigate a pandemic, nationwide protests against racial injustice and a presidential election, our community increasingly relies on the context, evidence and background that history provides to give us grounding and a path forward.

As public historians, our role is to preserve and share our past. As a recognized authority on Ohio history, we are uniquely positioned to help the public understand the complexity and nuance of history, to ensure that all Ohioans have foundational knowledge to inform decisions now and in the future.

While this has been a tumultuous year for us and our partners in history, we want to take a moment to reflect on all that we’ve accomplished.

• Earlier this year, the Fifth District Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed the ruling that the Ohio History Connection has the authority to acquire the lease at the Octagon Earthworks. In July, the Ohio Supreme Court announced their decision to accept Moundbuilders Country Club’s appeal of that decision. Our guiding principles throughout this process have been to ensure full public access to Octagon Earthworks, while also ensuring that the club receives just compensation for the value of the lease. We are unwavering in our belief that this site must be accessible to all, and we look forward to making our case to the Ohio Supreme Court.

• We received an 84% approval rating (excellent or superior) from our readers for our redeveloped and redesigned Echoes Magazine. This continues to be a publication that brings valuable stories and insights about history to our members.

• The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed us to think differently about our work. Within one day of Gov. Mike DeWine’s announcement closing public spaces, we shifted course to give Ohioans needed resources during this time. Ø Our subject-matter experts and educators created engaging, credible and convenient digital materials for students, caregivers and teachers to help them learn at home while schools were closed. Ø Our curators were a part of this work. This year marked the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment, when many women won the right to vote. Our team mobilized quickly to get our exhibits and resources related to this important milestone online.

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Ø We hosted our annual meeting titled The Value of History During Crisis, which brought together business leaders from Ohio and around the country—all with a history background—to talk about how an understanding of our past positively influences our crisis response. More than 500 people took part in this virtual program with us. Ø Right now, our staff is collecting stories about Ohio’s experience with the pandemic. At the same time, they are working to document the historic protests against racial injustice taking place all over the state.

• This year, our State Historic Preservation Office led the way in creating an online process for federal historic preservation tax credit reviews. We know how important these tax credits are to Ohio’s economic development, especially now. Our office was the first in the country to successfully transition to a fully remote federal tax review process. It was so successful that the National Park Service lauded it as a model for other states.

• During this moment of crisis, we’re feeling deeply grateful for donors to our Annual Fund, who are providing critically needed operational support. This year, we saw an increase in donations to the fund of more than 30% compared to last year. We are so thankful for their support of Ohio history.

We thank all who have supported Ohio history this year.

A special thanks to Gov. Mike DeWine, the Ohio General Assembly, our board of trustees and our donors, members and volunteers across the state who make this work possible.

As we move forward into the next year together, we will continue to provide Ohioans with meaningful and engaging experiences to demonstrate the relevance of history today.

You can help us carry out this important work by making a year-end donation using the envelope enclosed in this issue or online at ohiohistory.org/give.

Sincerely,

Burt Logan, Thomas V. Chema, Executive Director & CEO President, Board of Trustees

Suffragists on the steps of the Statehouse in Columbus, 1914 OHIOHIS TORY.ORG

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FROM OUR EDITORS We have been interested in feminist firebrand Victoria Woodhull (see page 34) ever since Ohio History

What’s

Connection Curator Lisa Wood knocked on our door several years ago to tell us about her.

Woodhull, she told us, was the first woman to run for president of the United States, the first woman to become a stockbroker on Wall Street, an early advocate of suffrage and labor rights and a proponent of “free love.”

So it was that a 15-minute debriefing on Woodhull turned into a fascinating hour-and-a-half discussion about this wildly interesting character from the pages of Ohio’s history.

Woodhull was twice a rags-to-riches story, first as a “magnetic healer” and later as a stockbroker and newspaper owner. Thrice married, her life’s journey took her from Ohio to New York to England. Book-length biographies have been written about her.

So we asked Wood what she would have liked to put into her piece if space wasn’t a consideration, and she said, “Three things that would have been interesting to discuss in more depth were her spiritual beliefs, her advocacy for free love and the Beecher-Tilton affair in which she became embroiled.”

Early on, Woodhull impressed suffragist leaders like Susan B. Anthony but subsequently fell out of favor with them.

“She still maintained a strong following in the spiritualist community and continued to lecture publicly on this topic,” Wood says.

Though the 19th-century notion of free love is markedly different from its 20th-century cousin, Woodhull was a devout advocate of a woman’s independence.

“She staunchly defended her right to marry and divorce as she chose, maintaining that if affection between spouses was gone there was no reason for them to stay married,” Wood says.

“Related to her belief that men and women should be able to enter and leave romantic relationships as they chose was her abhorrence of sexual double standards in which men’s having multiple sexual partners was tolerated, but women were punished for the same behavior.”

Woodhull illustrated her objection to that double standard by publishing in her newspaper, Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly, a story about an allegedly adulterous affair involving the prominent Brooklyn minister Henry Ward Beecher and one of his parishioners, Elizabeth Richards Tilton.

“Victoria, who had knowledge of this relationship, had been publicly attacked for defending her own personal life,” says Wood. “She could not resist pointing out the hypocrisy. When Tilton eventually sued Beecher, Victoria was called to testify in court and the trial made headlines all over the country.”

All of which is to say, whenever possible, we’re dedicated to providing readers with a road map—Learn More—at the end of each feature.

Because with Echoes Magazine you’re getting a great story, though sometimes there’s even more to the story.

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In every issue of Echoes Magazine, we feature the stories of Ohio History Connection members and other Ohioans to stoke memories and shed light on our shared past.

For this issue, we asked,

“ November 5 is National Doughnut Day. What is the best doughnut shop in your hometown?”

Here are some of your responses: COPPER TOP BAKE SHOP Bellevue, Ohio, is home to the Copper Top Bake Shop, located in a former bank branch building. The baked goods and coffee are a definite treasure! Baked pastries and an amazing array of glazed and flavored doughnuts are made fresh each day. They can be ordered filled with cream, custard or jelly in about any flavor you can imagine. However, the plain doughnuts don’t really require any filling, as they have a light, fluffy, melt-in-your-mouth texture. Word travels fast and my co-workers get so excited to see a box from Copper Top in the break room.

—Ruth King, Bellevue

Read Echoes Magazine online any time. Visit ohiohistory.org/ memberechoes and enter your member number.

Your Story?

HOMETOWN DOUGHNUTS

WHITE HOUSE FRUIT FARM

Growing up on the west side of Toledo, and in the Old Orchard neighborhood since second grade, there were plenty of grocery stores in which to purchase doughnuts. Mostly we ate Entenmann’s from the grocery shelves.

But by far the best-tasting doughnuts were a real treat when we got them, and those were from Suzy-Q Donuts, part of the White Hut Hamburger company owned by the Fine family in Old Orchard. What was best about them was the great variety with different flavors, textures, icings and colors. The cream-filled doughnuts were my favorite, especially the custard-filled variety. When you went into the store, they were all displayed in glass cases where you could see the choices laid out before you.

When she was in junior high school, my older sister, Sue, babysat for Mr. Fine’s granddaughter (for whom the doughnuts were named) and often came home after weekend “sitting” with a box of Suzy-Q doughnuts. I haven’t had anything like them since.

White House Fruit Farm in Canfield has the best doughnuts by far. My younger brothers, parents and I have gone there for years, and now my son goes there. It is kind of a family tradition. If you ask my brothers, their blueberry doughnuts are the absolute best! However, my dad likes their plain and my mom loves their chocolate. They have amazing fudge and apple cider, too! Just saying. My son can never decide which flavor doughnut he wants. It literally takes him 10 minutes to decide.

—David Keck, Howard

—Ashley Nichole (Arnold) Morrow, Youngstown

SCHULER’S BAKERY Schuler’s Bakery in Springfield has wonderful doughnuts. I have gone in to make a purchase and felt warmth on the bottom of the box.

That’s fresh! They have numerous varieties of doughnuts. It has been a fixture here for many years, now being carried on by grandsons of the founder.

—Virginia Warren, Springfield

HONEY DIP

THE CLOSEST ONE

My vote for the best doughnuts in Columbus is Honey Dip on Kenny Road. We went there for special occasions when I was a kid in the early ‘80s (it was a Jolly Pirate then— I do miss those treasure chest boxes!) and now that we live even closer, my wife has rediscovered it. They have every type of doughnut, and they’re all amazing. I enjoy the old-fashioned type, and her favorites are the cream- or jelly-filled—but they have something for everyone.

For me this is a no-brainer. Of course, it’s the closest one!

—Megan Real, Columbus

Sandusky Library

SUZY-Q DONUTS

—Joan Kreps, Powell

RESCH’S BAKERY On East Livingston Avenue on the east side of Columbus sits Resch’s Bakery. They’ve been in business for over 100 years. They have the best doughnuts. I do not usually like glazed doughnuts, but Resch’s glazed are wonderful. They melt in your mouth and leave you wanting another.

—Gini McQuade, Columbus

World War I poster

WHAT’S YOUR STORY? We want to know your stories, so in every issue of Echoes Magazine we ask you a question, then run selected answers in the following issue. Here’s the question for January & February: From Jan. 25 to 27, 1978, one to three feet of snow fell in Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Wisconsin. Winds averaged between 50 and 70 miles per hour, creating snowdrifts as deep as 25 feet. The wind chill was well below zero. What do you remember about the blizzard of 1978? What are the stories you tell about it?

Email your story responses (50 to 150 words) by Nov. 10 to echoes@ohiohistory.org or, if you follow us on Facebook, send us a Facebook message.

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In the News ON EXHIBIT

Art of Soul!

See paintings, sculptures, quilts and other works of art that reflect the theme of Impact in the seventh annual Art of Soul! Juried Art Show on exhibit at the Ohio History Connection’s National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center in Wilberforce now through Feb. 27, 2021.

Jurors have chosen 46 works by 22 artists from across the United States reflecting themes and perspectives related to the African diaspora and African American culture, history or experience.

This year’s jurors include Ed Dixon, owner of Edward A. Dixon Gallery, specializing in the exhibition, education, appreciation and sale of international fine art; Key Jo Lee, assistant director of academic affairs at the Cleveland Museum of Art; and Michael Reese, co-owner of Reese Brothers Productions, which offers a variety of services to clients interested in purchasing quality works of art.

Visitors and social media friends of the museum will have a chance to vote for their favorite artwork for a People’s Choice Award. Prize winners and selected artists will be recognized at an artists’ reception and awards ceremony at the museum on Sat., Feb. 27.

DAY-TRIP DESTINATION

Located about one hour from Columbus or Cincinnati or just half

an hour from Dayton or Springfield, the museum is an easy day trip from central or southwest Ohio. Art of Soul! is included with museum admission, as are four other special exhibits: Queens of the Heartland, featuring stories of 30 accomplished African American women of the past two centuries who have ties to Ohio; Behind the Mask—Black Power in Comics, exploring the painful and triumphant history of African Americans in comic books; African Americans Fighting for a Double Victory, about Black servicemen and women in World War II; and What’s In Your Attic? Selections from the Permanent Collection, featuring some of the fascinating history, art and pop culture items the museum has collected since it opened in 1988.

PLANNING YOUR VISIT

Located at 1350 Brush Row Rd. in Wilberforce, Ohio, the National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center is open Weds.–Sat. 9 a.m.–4 p.m. Guests are asked to wear masks and maintain safe social distance.

Admission is $6, $5/senior, $3/ages 6–17, Free/Ohio History Connection member or age 5 & under.

Born 2 Breathe 2 by Louis Burroughs Jr.

Questions? Call 800.752.2603 or visit ohiohistory.org/naamcc.

This year’s Art of Soul! Juried Art Show is made possible in part by a grant from the Ohio Arts Council.

Can’t travel to Wilberforce? See a preview of this year’s Art of Soul! exhibit online through Feb. 27, 2021, at ohiohistory.org/artofsoul.

Spreading the Gospel

by Maxine Thomas

8 Echoes | NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020

How Long by Jimi Jones Art of Soul! images courtesy of the National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center OHIOHIS TORY.ORG

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HISTORIC PRESERVATION

$556,327 National Park Service Grant Will Benefit Ohio Main Street Communities The Ohio History Connection has been awarded $556,327 to re-grant to Ohio’s Main Street communities for rehabilitation of historic commercial and industrial buildings that prioritizes economic impact and encourages reactivation of vacant first-floor commercial space and upper-floor residential space. The Ohio Main Street Program, administered by Heritage Ohio, a statewide historic preservation nonprofit, works with communities across our state to revitalize historic downtowns and traditional commercial areas.

Paul Bruhn, former executive director of the Preservation Trust of Vermont.

Through a competitive process, 41 applicants from across the country applied for the grants, requesting a total of $22.3 million, with $4.8 million available. The grant to Ohio will be administered by the Ohio History Connection’s State Historic Preservation Office.

ONE OF EIGHT GRANTS NATIONWIDE

“We are excited to be working with Heritage Ohio to bring these grant funds to Ohio’s Main Street communities,” says Amanda Schraner Terrell, director of the Ohio History Connection’s State Historic Preservation Office. “This is a rare opportunity to provide federal bricks-and-mortar dollars to smaller communities to encourage economic revitalization through preservation projects.”

Ohio is one of just eight states to receive the Paul Bruhn Historical Revitalization Grants, awarded through the U.S. Department of the Interior’s National Park Service. This marks the second year of funding for the National Park Service grant program, named in honor of the late

“Heritage Ohio is thrilled to be working with the Ohio History Connection to administer the grants,” says Heritage Ohio Executive Director Joyce Barrett. “Heritage Ohio has been coordinating the Ohio Main Street Program since 1997. Seventeen Ohio Main Street communities have

REVITALIZING HISTORIC DOWNTOWNS

Ohio’s Main Street Program The Ohio Main Street Program works with communities across the Buckeye State to revitalize historic downtowns and commercial areas.

The Main Street approach was developed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation starting in 1980 to save historic commercial architecture and has become a powerful economic development tool, too.

The program is designed to improve all aspects of a central business district. Improving economic management; strengthening public participation; honoring historic preservation and beautification; and

10 Echoes | NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020

making downtown a fun place to visit are considered critical to recruiting new businesses and residents.

Building on downtown’s inherent assets—rich architecture, personal service, traditional values and a sense of place—the Main Street approach has rekindled entrepreneurship, downtown cooperation and civic concern in participating communities.

It’s earned national recognition as a practical strategy appropriately scaled to local resources and conditions. And because it’s a locally driven program, all initiatives stem from local issues and concerns.

FOUR POINTS

The four-point Main Street methodology—Organization, Design, Promotions and Economic Development—works to create a

pre-qualified for a competitive application process. We expect four communities to be chosen to help fund transformative historic rehabilitation projects in their downtowns.”

ELIGIBLE COMMUNITIES

Ohio Main Street communities eligible to apply for the grants are Cambridge, Delaware, Kent, Marietta, Medina, Middletown, Millersburg, Painesville, Piqua, Portsmouth, Ravenna, Tiffin, Van Wert, Vermilion, Wadsworth, Wellington and Wooster.

As Ohio’s official historic preservation and Main Street organization, Heritage Ohio fosters economic development and sustainability through preservation of historic buildings, revitalization of downtowns and neighborhood commercial districts, and promotion of local tourism. Learn more at heritageohio.org.

The Ohio History Connection’s State Historic Preservation Office is Ohio’s official historic preservation agency.

Learn more at ohiohistory.org/shpo.

total image for the community.

The Main Street approach gradually builds on existing resources and fosters improved community leadership and support on behalf of the central business district for the long term.

LEARN MORE

Learn more about the Ohio Main Street Program and how your community can benefit at heritageohio.org/ohio-mainstreet-program or contact Frances Jo Hamilton, Heritage Ohio Director of Revitalization, at 614.258.6200 or fhamilton@ heritageohio.org.

City Architecture

2020 RECIPIENTS HONORED

State Historic Preservation Office Awards Outstanding historic preservation achievements in four communities are being honored with the Ohio History Connection’s 2020 State Historic Preservation Office Awards.

Each year since 1984, the Ohio History Connection’s State Historic Preservation Office has recognized achievements in historic preservation by presenting awards in two categories: Public Education and Awareness, and Preservation Merit.

PUBLIC EDUCATION AND AWARENESS AWARD

The Public Education and Awareness Award is for increasing interest in historic preservation.

Eligible activities include, but are not limited to, media, newsletters, publications, interpretation, original research, educational programs and special events that have substantially increased public understanding and awareness of historic preservation at the local, regional or state level.

2020 recipients are:

Fenway Manor Apartments, Cleveland

and Renewal Housing Associates LLC for the rehabilitation of Fenway Hall, a 1923 apartment hotel at 1986 Stokes Blvd. in University Circle, as the Fenway Manor Apartments.

Cleveland: Millennia Companies, City Architecture, K2M Design and The Albert M. Higley Co. for rehabilitation of the 1912 Hotel Statler at 1127 Euclid Ave. as The Statler apartments.

East Ringgold area: The Barr Family and Jarrod Burks for their work to

The Statler, Cleveland

research and preserve the Snake Den Mounds complex in Pickaway County.

Hamilton area: The Harry T. Wilks Family Foundation for acquisition of the ancient Fortified Hill Earthworks near Hamilton in Butler County, ensuring its preservation.

Learn more about this year’s recipients and explore past State Historic Preservation Office Award recipients at ohiohistory.org/ hpawards.

Camera One

Chillicothe area: Paul LaRue and Hopewell Culture National Historical Park for their collaboration in developing the lesson plan Camp Sherman and the Mound City Earthworks: A Unique Story of Preservation.

PRESERVATION MERIT AWARD

The Preservation Merit Award is for preserving Ohio’s prehistory, history, architecture or culture.

Eligible activities include, but are not limited to, restoring, rehabilitating or otherwise preserving an important building or site; longtime stewardship of a property; promoting protective legislation; funding preservation projects; offering leadership, support or service; and furthering preservation at the local, regional or state level. 2020 recipients are: Cleveland: Orlean Company, City Architecture, Drake Construction

Snake Den Mounds Complex, East Ringgold Area OHIOHIS TORY.ORG

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Warsaw Avenue Historic District, Cincinnati

HISTORIC PRESERVATION

Recent Ohio Additions to the National Register of Historic Places ASHTABULA • ASHTABULA COUNTY ASHTABUL A MAIN AVENUE HISTORIC DISTRICT Roughly bounded by Park Pl., Collins Blvd., W. 48th St., Center St. and Park Ave.

Ashtabula’s Main Avenue Historic District is associated with the history of commerce in this northeast Ohio city from 1864 to 1969, a period of transformation for smaller towns and cities like Ashtabula due to industrial development and advances in transportation. The district encompasses 40 buildings dating from 1869 to 1969 plus North Park, the Soldiers & Sailors Monument and the landmark Cederquist Clock. Two buildings in the district were already listed in the National

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Seville Inn, Seville

Register: the 1910 Ashtabula Post Office and Federal Building and the 1920 Hotel Ashtabula.

warehouse by rail, then out to area retailers by wagons and delivery trucks.

ATHENS • ATHENS COUNTY STEDMAN-SHAFER GROCERY WAREHOUSE 21 N. Shafer St.

CINCINNATI • HAMILTON COUNTY WARSAW AVENUE HISTORIC DISTRICT 3104–3220 Warsaw Ave.

Built in 1906 for F. C. Stedman Co., a regionally important wholesale grocer, this sturdy brick warehouse continued in use by Stedman’s successor in the market, C. D. Shafer, from 1922 to 1945 and remains in warehouse use today.

Designed by architect William F. Mills, it was built by masonry contractor Charles Kircher using locally made brick. The structural support system is a grid of large timber posts and beams. The location on a rail spur between the Athens rail yard and the city proper was strategic, facilitating movement of goods into the

The Warsaw Avenue Historic District is west of downtown Cincinnati on Price Hill, one of the Queen City's seven hills. The ascent up Price Hill is steep, with only three roads leading to the top, one being Warsaw Avenue. The historic district begins at the high point of Warsaw Avenue and extends two blocks west. Developed between 1885 and 1925 correlating to advances in transportation, the Warsaw Avenue commercial district was vital to development of Price Hill and communities to the west.

The streetscape has seen few changes since 1925 and the district encompasses 16 historic buildings in architectural styles ranging from Italianate, Second Empire and Romanesque Revival to Beaux Arts and Italian Renaissance Revival.

One, the District #3 Police Station, was previously listed in the National Register.

All National Register images courtesy State Historic Preservation Office

COLUMBUS • FRANKLIN COUNTY MARKET-MOHAWK CENTER 250 E. Town St.

Associated with the history of community planning and development in the capital city, Market-Mohawk Center is part of the Market-Mohawk urban renewal area of the 1960s on the southeast side of downtown Columbus. Completed in 1970, the four-story building was designed

by Columbus architects Eberts & Storkel under direction of United Redevelopment Corporation. One of more than two dozen structures built in Market-Mohawk, it was designed for office use and stands in a row of buildings of similar size and scale.

COLUMBUS • FRANKLIN COUNTY KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS BUILDING 80 S. 6th St. / 306 E. State St.

Completed in 1926, this five-story building served local members of the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic fraternal organization, as a meeting place and social club. It is locally significant as an example of the Second Renaissance Revival style popular for such buildings at the time. Built of red brick trimmed in ivory-colored terra cotta, it was designed by Richards, McCarty & Bulford, who were among the city’s leading architects of the time.

Original features include meeting, ceremonial and social rooms with vaulted or beamed ceilings, wood paneling, ornamental plaster and wrought-iron lighting. A gym and pool remain intact. A terra-cotta wreath above the Renaissanceinspired entrance encircles the Knights of Columbus shield.

SEVILLE • MEDINA COUNTY SEVILLE INN 39 W. Main St.

Seville’s commercial center benefited from successive improvements in transportation that included Ohio’s first generation of inter-county turnpike roads in the 1820s, a railroad in the early 1870s and, in the 1920s, upgrading of the old turnpike road as State Route 3, also known as the 3-C Highway.

Located on this site since the 1830s, the Seville Inn and its predecessors offered travelers lodging and meals, housed boarders and for many

years operated a restaurant open to the public. The first hotel, built in 1833 and enlarged about 1851, burned down in 1895 and was replaced by the present Seville Inn with six sleeping rooms. A regional landmark, the Seville Inn offered lodging until 1972.

WILBERFORCE • GREENE COUNTY TAWAWA CHIMNEY CORNER 1198 Brush Row Rd.

Associated with two early civil rights leaders whose work helped lay the foundation for later activism by Martin Luther King Jr. and others whose efforts resulted in civil rights reforms of the 1960s, Tawawa Chimney Corner is a large frame house built in 1896–1897 on 5.7 wooded acres near Wilberforce.

At separate times, it has been the home of two African Methodist Episcopal Church bishops, Benjamin W. Arnett (1838–1906) and Reverdy C. Ransom (1861–1959), both notable in civil rights history. Arnett, who lived at Tawawa Chimney Corner from 1880 to 1906, served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1886–1887 and led the successful effort to repeal Ohio’s remaining Black Laws. He was a close advisor to governor and later president William McKinley. Ransom, who lived at Tawawa Chimney Corner from 1933 to 1959, was a member of the Niagara Movement, a civil rights group formed in 1905. A powerful, eloquent speaker and writer who advocated for civil rights for more than 70 years, he was an early advocate of the Black social gospel, which applied Christian ethics and social justice activism to the fight against racial oppression and profoundly influenced the mid-20th-century civil rights movement.

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Give the Gift of X

X

Ohio

Let Ohio Women Vote Suffrage Centennial Merchandise This graphic from a 1915 postcard in Ohio History Connection collections features a color image based on Ohio’s state seal, with a woman’s face framed by the rising sun and the slogan “Let Ohio Women Vote.” Tumbler $21.99 X Magnet $6 X Comp Book $7.99 X Journal $12.99 X

I Love Ohio Puzzle Showcase your love of Ohio with this 1000-piece jigsaw puzzle. Features staples of the Buckeye State in a collage design that once completed measures 24”x 30.” $19.99 X

Etch A Sketch Celebrate the 60th anniversary of this classic drawing toy. Released in 1960 in Bryan, Ohio, by the Ohio Art Company, Etch A Sketch has been a staple of children’s lives ever since. Original size Etch A Sketch is 7.5” x 9.” Pocket size Etch A Sketch is 3” x 3.75.”

Regular $22 X Pocket $8.99 X

Ohio Bike T-Shirt This Ohio Bicycle T-shirt makes the perfect gift.

Triblend heather navy T-shirt featuring a handdrawn Ohio bike image comes in both unisex and women’s cuts, with sizes of S, M, L, XL and XXL. $24.99 X 14 Echoes | NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020

Buckeye Towel and Mug Give the gift of the Buckeye State with this dish towel and mug combo. Both towel and mug feature a unique drawing of the state of Ohio along with various symbols of the Buckeye State.

Towel $16.99 X Mug $17.99 X

Old-Fashioned Cookbooks Spice up your culinary game with these old-fashioned recipe books.

Each book features unique vintage recipes along with some special historical notes. Book dimensions are 8.5” x 5.5.” Each book is $3.99 X

Mastodon Book and Plush Looking for a unique gift? This collection of mammoth and mastodon merchandise honoring the Ohio History Center’s Conway Mastodon should do the trick. Take home your own woolly mammoth with various sizes of these adorable plushes. Tie the whole lot together with a reading of Bonnie Worth’s Once Upon a Mastodon. Small Plush dimensions are 9” x 6” x 3.” Medium Plush dimensions are 12” x 9” x 5.”

Book $9.99 X Small Plush $13.99 X Medium Plush $24.99 X

Ohio History Store Shop ohiohistorystore.com 24/7 for these and other merry gifts!

X Ohio History Connection members enjoy a 10% discount.

Online orders add 7.5% sales tax plus shipping and handling.

Questions? Call 800.797.2357.

OHIOHIS TORY.ORG

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Ohio History Connection Archival Collections

OHIO HEROES

The Notorious FEA Florence Ellinwood Allen was the first woman to serve as a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court.

Allen was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, on March 23, 1884. Allen’s parents were Corinne Marie Tuckerman Allen and Clarence Emir Allen, a former professor of Latin and Greek at Western Reserve College. The Allen family had moved to Utah because of Clarence Allen’s health before Florence’s birth. From a young age, Florence Allen had an interest in music. She attended Western Reserve University, graduating with honors in 1904. After graduation, Allen traveled to Germany to further her music studies. Unfortunately, a nerve injury kept her from pursuing a career in music, and she returned to the United States in 1906.

EARNED LAW DEGREE IN 1913

Between 1906 and 1909, Allen utilized her musical training as a music critic for the Cleveland Plain Dealer. At the same time, she pursued a graduate degree in political science and constitutional law at Western Reserve. She received her master’s degree in 1908, and in the following year, she moved to New York City to work for the New York League for the Protection of Immigrants. She also earned a law degree from New York University School of Law in 1913.

Allen returned to Cleveland, where she gained admittance to the Ohio bar and established her own law practice. It was unusual for women to be lawyers during this period, but Allen, like many other women, sought additional employment opportunities during the 1910s and 1920s. She worked especially hard to challenge discrimination against women. Because Allen was a wellrespected figure in the community, she was appointed assistant

16 Echoes | NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020

Florence E. Allen, 1923

prosecutor of Cuyahoga County in 1919. The following year, with women voting for the first time because of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Allen was elected judge of the Court of Common Pleas.

In 1922, Allen won a seat on the Ohio Supreme Court. Not only was she the first woman to serve on Ohio’s highest court, but she was also the first woman to serve on the supreme court of any state.

FIRST WOMAN JUDGE IN A FEDERAL COURT

Allen continued to serve as a justice of the Ohio Supreme Court until 1934, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed her to the Sixth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals. Once again, Allen established a precedent as the first woman judge in a federal court.

She eventually became chief judge of the court, until her retirement in 1959.

Allen authored several books throughout her lifetime, including a book of poetry as a young woman and her memoirs, titled To Do Justly (1965). She died at her home in Waite Hill, Ohio, on Sept. 12,

1966. Throughout her life, Allen challenged traditional assumptions about women’s roles and acted as a role model for women who wanted to pursue legal careers. Her contributions to numerous women’s organizations and improvements in women’s status throughout the 20th century have been recognized through dozens of honorary degrees and induction into the Ohio Women’s Hall of Fame.

This biography is from Ohio History Central, our online encyclopedia of Ohio history. Discover many more great Ohioans and many more stories of Ohio history online at ohiohistorycentral.org.

Memberships make great holiday gifts for family and friends. Enjoy free regular admission to 50+ historic sites & museums, fun and engaging virtual content and six bimonthly issues of Echoes Magazine.

Visit ohiohistory.org/join to start your holiday shopping!

O HI O HIS TO RY CO NNEC T I O N

Historic Sites & Museums NORTHWEST OHIO 1. Armstrong Air & Space Museum 2. Cedar Bog Nature Preserve 3. Cooke-Dorn House 4. Fallen Timbers Battlefield Memorial Park 5. Fort Amanda Memorial Park 6. Fort Jefferson Memorial Park 7. Fort Meigs 8. Fort Recovery Museum & Monument 9. Glacial Grooves Geological Preserve 10. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums 11. Indian Mill 12. Inscription Rock Petroglyphs 13. Johnston Farm & Indian Agency 14. Lockington Locks

NORTHEAST OHIO 15. Custer Monument 16. Fort Laurens 17. McCook House 18. Museum of Ceramics 19. Quaker Yearly Meeting House 20. Schoenbrunn Village 21. Shaker Historical Museum 22. Tallmadge Church 23. Youngstown Historical Center of Industry & Labor 24. Zoar Village

SOUTHWEST OHIO 33. Adena Mansion & Gardens 34. Davis Memorial Nature Preserve 35. Fort Ancient Earthworks & Nature Preserve 36. Fort Hill Earthworks & Nature Preserve

CENTRAL OHIO

37. Harriet Beecher Stowe House

SOUTHEAST OHIO

38. John Rankin House 39. Miamisburg Mound

47. Big Bottom Memorial Park 48. Buckeye Furnace

26. Hanby House

40. National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center

27. Logan Elm

41. Paul Laurence Dunbar House

50. Campus Martius Museum

28. Newark Earthworks

42. Serpent Mound

51. John & Annie Glenn Museum

29. Ohio History Center & Ohio Village

43. Story Mound

52. Leo Petroglyphs & Nature Preserve

30. Shrum Mound

44. U.S. Grant Birthplace

53. National Road & Zane Grey Museum

31. Wahkeena Nature Preserve

45. U.S. Grant Boyhood Home & Schoolhouse

54. Ohio River Museum

32. Warren G. Harding Home & Memorial

46. William Henry Harrison Tomb

55. Our House Tavern

25. Flint Ridge Ancient Quarries & Nature Preserve

49. Buffington Island Battlefield Memorial Park

Some Ohio History Connection museums and attractions have reopened. Others remain closed. Before traveling, visit ohiohistory.org/sites or call 800.840.6127 to confirm what's open, hours and any special requirements.

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P R O G R A M S & E X H I B I T S AT T H E

Ohio History Center & Ohio Village

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most Ohio History Center & Ohio Village programs have moved online.

See pages 20–21. Before traveling to visit the Ohio History Center & Ohio Village, we recommend that you first visit ohiohistory.org/sites or call 800.686.6124 to confirm hours and any special requirements.

All Ohio History Center & Ohio Village programs and events currently require advance registration. To register or confirm that a specific Ohio History Center & Ohio Village program will take place as scheduled, call 800.686.1541.

Our online calendar offers more up-todate information about programs and events at the Ohio History Center & Ohio Village. Find it at ohiohistory.org/calendar.

All Ohio History Center & Ohio Village visitors including Ohio History Connection members must reserve timed tickets in advance at ohiohistory.org/openinfo.

Ohio History Center & Ohio Village admission is $13, $11/ages 60+, $7/ages 4–12. Ohio History Connection members and ages 3 & under enjoy free admission.

Masks are required at all indoor locations on the Ohio History Center & Ohio Village campus and are highly encouraged in outdoor locations. Please practice social distancing and proper hand washing.

Questions? Call 800.686.6124.

FEATURED EVENTS • • • ECHOES IN TIME THEATRE

Military SUN., NOV. 8 F 1 & 3:30 P.M. Ohio History Center Auditorium, Columbus 4 These three short one-actor living-history plays share a military theme in honor of Veterans Day. See Chuck

18 Echoes | NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020

Malone in The Truth About Hangar 18 and learn about the speculation over UFOs at Dayton’s Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in the 1950s and 1960s; Anthony Gibbs in Courage in the Skies, about World War II’s famed Tuskegee Airmen; and Grace Matchett in The Meat-Grinder War, about the war in Korea from 1950 to 1953. Advance registration required. $5, Free/Ohio History Connection member. 800.686.1541 or reservations@ ohiohistory.org.

FAMILY FIELD TRIP DAYS

Native American Heritage THURS., NOV. 19 & SUN., NOV. 22 Ohio History Center, Columbus Take the family on a field trip to the museum! November is National Native American Heritage Month, a time to celebrate the cultures, traditions, histories and contributions of native people. Explore exhibits and interactive activities designed for K–12 students and their caregivers. Families, homeschool groups, hybrid learning pods and friends are all welcome. Advance ticket purchase is required and all students must be accompanied by an adult. Find more information and register at ohiohistory. org/familyfieldtrips or 800.686.1541.

Dickens of a Drive-Thru SAT. & SUN. DEC. 5, 6, 12, 13, 19 & 20 EVERY 30 MINUTES THROUGH 3:30 P.M. STARTING 10 A.M. SAT. & NOON SUN. Ohio Village, Columbus 4 Enjoy sights and sounds of Christmas Past from the warmth and comfort of your car!

See villagers readying homes and businesses for the holidays and enjoy sounds of the season through your car radio. Advance timed tickets required.

Drive-through experience lasts about 20 minutes and may be canceled if weather is inclement $25/car, $10/ member car, Free/Premium member car. 800.686.1541 or ohiohistory.org/ dickens FAMILY FIELD TRIP DAYS

A World of Holidays in Your Own Back Yard WEDS., DEC. 9 & WEDS., DEC. 16 Ohio History Center, Columbus Take the family on a field trip to the museum! December’s Family Field Trip Day looks at holiday-related traditions across many cultures. Explore exhibits and interactive activities designed for K–12 students and their caregivers. Families, homeschool groups, hybrid learning pods and friends are all welcome. Advance ticket purchase is required and all students must be accompanied by an adult. Find more information and register at ohiohistory. org/familyfieldtrips or 800.686.1541.

FEATURED EXHIBITS • • •

Ohio—Champion of Sports ONGOING Ohio History Center, Columbus Ohio—Champion of Sports features more than 70 stories and 35 oral histories covering more than 25 sports ranging from baseball, football and basketball to roller derby, skateboarding and e-gaming.

The exhibit showcases the Ohio athletes, coaches, owners and fans at the center of the action and explores sports through the themes of Character, Adversity, Innovation, Identity, Tradition and Victory—values that relate to the human condition—to connect a broad audience to Ohio’s national sports history. You can test your basketball skills at the Wall of Hoops, record a “victory dance” to share with family and friends, run an obstacle course and record your own “One Minute Legends” sports story.

Sponsors The Harry C. Moores Foundation Pro Football Hall of Fame Community Partner Columbus Recreation and Parks Department

Dickens of a Drive-Thru, Dec. 5, 6, 12, 13, 19 & 20

Suffrage Centennial

Votes for Women— 100 Years of Change ONGOING Ohio History Center, Columbus Votes for Women commemorates the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment. Through the voices of Ohio women, explore women’s activism in the suffrage movement and other related social movements—such as voting and citizenship—from the 19th century to the present. Featured are a suffrage parade blouse, jacket and sashes worn in the 1910s by Mary Stuart Andrews of Warren, who worked for the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association, and a suffrage parade banner made in 1910 by the Columbus Sign Co.

1950s—Building the American Dream ONGOING Ohio History Center, Columbus Get a look at life in the 1950s. Peek in the closets and snoop in the drawers of a real, fully furnished Lustron steel house made right here in Ohio. From the contents of the cupboards to the news on TV and the toys in the yard, this exhibit is a fascinating journey back in time.

Family Field Trip Days, Nov. 19 & 22 & Dec. 9 & 16

World War I Display ONGOING Ohio History Center, Columbus See equipment, weapons, uniforms and memorabilia commemorating the centennial of World War I.

Creative Ohio—Artists, Artwork & Their Inspiration ONGOING Ohio History Center, Columbus Through pieces from Ohio History Connection collections, explore the artwork, inspiration and creative processes of four Ohio artists—PaulHenri Bourguignon (1906–1988), Emerson Burkhart (1905–1969), William Hawkins (1895–1990) and Josephine Klippart (1848–1936)—and create your own artistic masterpiece!

Support provided by the Erika Bourguignon Charitable Trust

Ohio History Center & Ohio Village Hours Echoes Magazine goes to the printer about three weeks before you receive it.

When our November & December issue went to press in October, the Ohio History Center & Ohio Village in Columbus remained closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic except for select special events requiring advance tickets.

For the most current information about Ohio History Center & Ohio Village hours, visit ohiohistory.org/ openinfo, email info@ohiohistory. org or call 800.686.6124.

Shop our Ohio History Store online 24/7 at ohiohistorystore.com.

In response to requests from members, we now offer auto-renewal when you purchase or renew your membership online.

OHIOHIS TORY.ORG

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AT T E N D FROM A N Y W H E R E !

Online Events Outschool.com Live Online Educational Programming Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by the Ohio History Center, Columbus 4 We’re hosting interactive online programs on Outschool.com for students of all ages!

Grab your family and be contestants in a game show or detectives on a case, take a virtual tour and more! Visit ohiohistory.org/ outschool to see scheduled programs.

YEAR OF THE WOMAN

Tips for Holiday Entertaining with the Martha Stewarts of the 19th Century WEDS., NOV. 4 F ONLINE DISCUSSION BEGINS AT 7 P.M. F RSVP FOR LINK Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by Harriet Beecher Stowe House, Cincinnati 4 This online discussion will share advice from Harriet Beecher Stowe and her sister, Catherine, for making the perfect home for the holidays. See how much of it works for you! Find suggested readings under “Join the Discussion— Year of the Woman Discussion Series” at stowehousecincy.org. Led by John Getz, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Xavier University, and co-presenters. Advance registration required. $7. 800.847.6507 or stowehousecincy.org WEBINAR

Soldiers Through Time SAT., NOV. 7 F 6–7 P.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by the Ohio History Center, Columbus 4 Explore Ohio’s military history from your own home! Learn about military history from those who (re)live it in a dynamic virtual panel where you’ll hear from living-history re-enactors about the evolution of a soldier’s camp life, uniform and more over time. You can also check out some great educational videos and highlights from our military history blogs. Advance registration required. $5, Free/Ohio History Connection member.

Register and explore at-home activities

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and resources at ohiohistory.org/ marchthroughtime.

CURATOR LECTURE

“The Cause Dearer to Me Than Any Other in the World” SUN., NOV. 8 F 4 P.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by Harriet Beecher Stowe House, Cincinnati 4 Learn about Harriet Beecher Stowe’s youngest sister, Isabella Beecher Hooker (1822–1907), who wrote articles and essays, founded the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association and helped organize the 1870 National Woman Suffrage Association Convention. Though she died before women got to vote, her legacy played a large role in adoption of the 19th Amendment. Advance registration required. $7. 800.847.6507 or stowehousecincy.org HISTORICALLY SPEAKING LECTURE SERIES

Double Freedom—The History of the Black Barber in Ohio THURS., NOV. 12 F 7 P.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by the National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center, Wilberforce 4 Hear Cecelia McFadden and Nettie Ferguson of Franklin County Genealogical Society’s African American Interest Group share the story of Black barbers. Learn how their skills fueled their emancipation, civil rights and economic freedom, serving as a launch pad to other economic and community endeavors. Free. Advance registration required. 800.752.2603 or ohiohistory.org/naamcc WEBINAR

Identifying and Preserving Family Photographs from the 1800s SAT., NOV. 14 F 10:30 A.M.–12:30 P.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by the Ohio History Center, Columbus 4 Join Ohio History Connection Audiovisual Curator Lisa Wood to learn about the types of

photographs common in the 1800s, dating photographs and preserving them for future generations. Advance registration required. $20, $15/ Ohio History Connection member.

800.686.1541 or ohiohistory.org/ genealogy PLEASURES OF THE CUP

Monocles & Brandy SAT., NOV. 14 F 7–8 P.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted

by Ohio Village, Columbus 4 21+? Join us from the comfort of home as our Pleasures of the Cup series goes virtual!

Create drinks along with our mixologist, then watch as the Monocles & Brandy Society recruits new members. Be on the lookout, though—there’s a criminal in their ranks! Can you help solve this 1880s mystery before it’s too late? Alcohol not provided. Advance registration required. $15, Free/Ohio History Connection member. 800.686.1541, reservations@ ohiohistory.org or ohiohistory.org/cup

Thanksgiving Traditions— Fact or Fiction?

WEDS., NOV. 18 F 6:30–7:30 P.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by the Ohio History Center, Columbus 4 Join Reneé Gokey of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian and learn how stories of the first Thanksgiving have been colored by myth and legend over time. Discover early ways of celebrating the harvest, including traditions that continue among the Shawnee people today, and explore ways of honoring the day with more complete stories of American Indians and their present-day descendants.

Advance registration required. $15, Free/ Ohio History Connection member.

800.686.1541 or reservations@ ohiohistory.org HISTORIAN-IN-TRAINING

Cultural Traditions AGES 3–6 MON., NOV. 30 F 10–10:20 A.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by the Ohio History Center, Columbus 4 Join us in learning about cultures from around the world by registering for our at-home Historianin-Training kit. You’ll receive activities and information along with a Zoom link for a special activity with our museum

educators. Kits arrive 7–10 business days after registration closes, pending shipping. Advance registration required by Nov. 22. $10/child (3–6). 800.686.1541 or ohiohistory.org/learn YEAR OF THE WOMAN

Merry Abolitionist Christmas WEDS., DEC. 2 F 7–8:30 P.M. ONLINE DISCUSSION BEGINS AT 7 P.M. RSVP FOR LINK Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted

by Harriet Beecher Stowe House, Cincinnati Get a look at the surprising connections between the abolitionist movement, especially its women activists, and the development of Christmas customs of today. Led by John Getz, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Xavier University, and Christine Anderson, associate professor/co-director, Public History Program, Xavier University.

Advance registration required. $7.

800.847.6507 or stowehousecincy.org PLEASURES OF THE CUP

Drinks of the 19th Century SAT., DEC. 5 F 7–8 P.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted

by Ohio Village, Columbus 4 21+? Join us from the comfort of home as our Pleasures of the Cup series goes virtual! Create your own 19th-century pub crawl at home and try quirky Dickensian concoctions. We'll send you recipes in advance so you can make drinks along with our mixologist and learn more about the Victorian-era drinking scene. You'll learn how to play 19th-century parlor games to round out your evening in the 1800s. Alcohol not provided. Advance registration required. $15, Free/Ohio History Connection member. 800.686.1541, reservations@ohiohistory.org or ohiohistory.org/cup PANEL DISCUSSION

Thinking Outside the Box— The Novel Architecture of Byron Ireland’s Ohio History Center WEDS., DEC. 9 F 6:30–8 P.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by the Ohio History Center, Columbus 4 Join us for a panel discussion celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Ohio History Connection’s home, the Ohio History Center, an extraordinary example of mid-century Brutalist architecture designed by Columbus architect Byron Ireland. Panelists will discuss how this

remarkable building came to be (and whether it would ever happen today); how it fits into the history of architecture; and the preservation, restoration and future of this modernist landmark. Moderator Michael Bongiorno AIA is managing principal and design director for AECOM. $15, Free/Ohio History Connection member. Advance registration required.

800.686.1541 or ohiohistory.org/50 WEBINAR

Identifying and Preserving Family Photographs from the 1900s SAT., DEC. 12 F 10:30 A.M.–12:30 P.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by the Ohio History Center, Columbus 4 Join Ohio History Connection Audiovisual Curator Lisa Wood to learn about the types of photographs common in the 1900s, dating photographs and preserving them for future generations. We’ll also discuss strategies for organizing your digital pictures. Advance registration required. $20, $15/Ohio History Connection member. 800.686.1541 or ohiohistory. org/genealogy

LEARN AT HOME Find engaging and educational resources to keep students learning at home. ohiohistory.org/learnathome

HISTORIAN-IN-TRAINING

Air & Space AGES 3–6 FRI., DEC. 18 F 10–10:20 A.M. Online—Attend from Anywhere! 4 Hosted by the Ohio History Center, Columbus 4 Register for our at-home Historian-in-Training kit. You’ll receive fun activities, like creating a clothespin biplane, along with a Zoom link for an air-and-space story time. Kits arrive 7–10 business days after registration closes, pending shipping. Advance registration required by Dec. 14. $10/child (3–6).

800.686.1541 or ohiohistory.org/learn

AT THE OHIO HISTORY CENTER

NOV. 19 & 22

NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE DEC. 9 & 16

A WORLD OF HOLIDAYS IN YOUR OWN BACK YARD Advance registration required

800.686.1541 ohiohistory.org/familyfieldtrips OHIOHIS TORY.ORG

21

F E AT U R E D O H I O H I S T O R Y C O N N E C T I O N

Events & Exhibits Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in-person programs may be subject to rescheduling or may move online.

Before traveling to attend any program, we recommend that you first visit ohiohistory.org/sites or call 800.840.6127 to confirm hours and any special requirements.

Most programs and events at Ohio History Connection sites currently require advance registration. To register or confirm that a specific program will take place as scheduled, call the number or visit the website listed after each program below.

Our online calendar offers more upto-date information about programs and events at Ohio History Connection historic sites and museums. Find it at ohiohistory.org/calendar.

Most Ohio History Connection historic sites and museums are managed by local partner organizations. Masks are required at all indoor locations and are highly encouraged in outdoor locations.

Please practice social distancing and proper hand washing.

Questions? Call 800.840.6127.

NORTHWEST OHIO NORTHWEST

Hayes Train Special Model Train Display FRI., NOV. 27–SUN., JAN. 4, 2021 F VISIT RBHAYES.ORG FOR DAYS AND HOURS CLOSED THANKSGIVING DAY, CHRISTMAS EVE, CHRISTMAS DAY AND NEW YEAR'S DAY Hayes Presidential Library & Museums, Fremont 4 See operating model trains running through a Victorian holiday scene on a winding, multi-tiered, 12x24-foot layout. Included with regular admission: $20/Hayes Home & Museum, $13/Museum-only, $5/ages 6–12. Free/ Ohio History Connection member or ages 5 & under. 800.998.7737 or rbhayes.org

22 Echoes | NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020

Grand Illumination and Holiday Lights Display ILLUMINATION: FRI., NOV. 27 F 7 P.M. DISPLAY: 7–11 P.M. NIGHTLY THROUGH JAN. 31, 2021 Armstrong Air & Space Museum, Wapakoneta 4 Join us on Fri., Nov. 27, for a community countdown and the lighting of our annual holiday lights display. The free display changes yearly and is on each night from Nov. 27 through Jan. 31.

419.738.8811 or armstrongmuseum.org

A Presidential Christmas at Spiegel Grove—Tree Lighting, Sleigh Rides and Hayes Train Special THURS., DEC. 10 F 5:30–7:30 P.M. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums, Fremont 4 New this year, Hayes Presidential Library & Museums will decorate a large pine tree on the grounds of Spiegel Grove, estate of President Rutherford B. Hayes, in a nod to the White House Christmas tree. Be on hand for the free tree lighting at 5:30 p.m. From 5:30 to 7:30 p.m., enjoy horse-drawn sleigh rides with South Creek Clydesdales for $5.50/person, Free/age 2 & under. Explore the Hayes Museum and its holiday model train display until 8 p.m. for $13, $10/ ages 13–18, $5/ages 6–12, Free/Ohio History Connection member or ages 5 & under. Discount coupon at rbhayes.org.

800.998.7737 or rbhayes.org

Model Train Clinic SAT., JAN. 2, 2021 F 1–4 P.M. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums, Fremont 4 As the holiday season nears its end, your cherished model train deserves a little special attention. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums can help ensure that your train is in tip-top shape for next year and beyond. Veteran model train hobbyists lead the clinic. They'll assist you with advice related to model train maintenance and repair, as well as estimating the value of older model trains. Reduced museumonly admission $10, $5/ages 6–12, Free/ Ohio History Connection member or ages 5 & under. In the event of inclement weather, the clinic will be canceled.

800.998.7737 or rbhayes.org

FEATURED EXHIBITS • • •

The Press and The Presidency THROUGH SUN., FEB. 28, 2021 Hayes Presidential Library & Museums, Fremont 4 Since George Washington, presidents have had to respond to negative press and use media to their advantage.

Explore how the press and presidency have coexisted throughout American history in this special exhibit, included with regular admission: $20/site pass (Hayes Home + Museum), $13/Museum-only, $5/ ages 6–12, Free/Ohio History Connection member or ages 5 & under. 800.998.7737 or rbhayes.org

Holiday Open House SUN., DEC. 13 F 1–4 P.M. VISITOR CENTER OPEN NOON–5 P.M. Fort Meigs Visitor Center, Perrysburg Join us in the Visitor Center to celebrate the holidays. War of 1812 soldiers and civilians will be on hand to offer demonstrations and answer questions about the war and camp life. Enjoy holiday music, refreshments and handson activities and shop our museum store for unique holiday gifts. Free.

800.283.8916 or fortmeigs.org

SOUTHEAST OHIO SOUTHEAST

Appraisal Clinic SAT., NOV. 7 F 10 A.M.–2 P.M. Campus Martius Museum, Marietta 4 For a $5 per item donation, experienced antiques and fine art appraiser Andrew Richmond will help you identify and value your family heirlooms, prized objects and garage-sale finds. Proceeds benefit Campus Martius Museum.

Optional museum admission is additional.

800.860.0145 or mariettamuseums.org

Campus Martius Experience SAT., NOV. 21 F 5–8 P.M. Campus Martius Museum, Marietta Experience two centuries of history and discovery in one unforgettable evening.

This fundraiser hosted by Friends of the Museums benefits operations of Marietta's Campus Martius & Ohio River Museums.

Your $60 ticket includes adult libations for every taste, mouth-watering hors d’oeuvres provided by local caterers and live music. Each ticket holder will be entered into a drawing to win one of three museum store gift certificates. Advance registration required. 800.860.0145 or mariettamuseums.org BROWN BAGGIN' THRU HISTORY

Auctioneering vs. History FRI., DEC. 4 F NOON–1 P.M. Campus Martius Museum, Marietta 4 Hear from guest speaker Jeff Little, a professional auctioneer since 2008 and an expert on antiques. This program is free thanks to the generous support of Washington County Public Library. 800.860.0145 or mariettamuseums.org

Visit with the Pioneers SAT., DEC. 28 F 9:30 A.M.–5 P.M. Campus Martius Museum, Marietta You’re invited to meet some of Marietta’s early citizens in the 1788 home of Gen. Rufus Putnam. Included with museum admission. Ohio History Connection members enjoy free admission.

800.860.0145, 740.373.3750 or mariettamuseums.org

FEATURED EXHIBITS • • •

Celebrating The Pioneers ONGOING F MON.–SAT. 9:30 A.M.–5 P.M., SUN. NOON–5 P.M. Campus Martius Museum, Marietta See a special exhibit based on the book The Pioneers, by David McCullough. The Ordinance of 1787 opened a vast wilderness west of the Ohio River for settlement, spurring “Ohio fever.” Members of the Ohio Company of Associates, a real estate company formed in Massachusetts in 1786, led the way. Get a look at the lives and personalities of some of the people mentioned in the book, and see personal objects associated with them. Included with museum admission: $7, $4/ages 6–college with ID, Free/Ohio History Connection member or ages 5 & under. 800.860.0145 or mariettamuseums.org

SOUTHWEST

Behind the Mask— Black Power in Comics

Winter Solstice Sunrise

ONGOING F WEDS.–SAT. 9 A.M.–4 P.M. National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center, Wilberforce 4 Interest in Black comic book characters is exploding, thanks to the hugely successful Marvel film Black Panther.

In this exhibit, explore the painful and triumphant history of African Americans in comic books. Included with museum admission: $6, $5/senior, $3/ages 6–17, Free/Ohio History Connection member or ages 5 & under. 800.752.2603 or ohiohistory.org/naamcc

SOUTHWEST OHIO

SUN., DEC. 20 F 7:30–8:30 A.M. GATES OPEN 7:15 A.M. Fort Ancient Earthworks & Nature Preserve, near Oregonia and Lebanon Experience the solstice as American Indians of the Hopewell culture, who built Fort Ancient, may have done 2,000 years ago. See the wonder of the sun rising between Fort Ancient’s earthen walls on the shortest day of the year and learn about the importance of archaeoastronomy to the Hopewell people. In compliance with Ohio guidelines, we will be practicing safe social distancing. 800.283.8904, 513.932.4421 or fortancient.org

FEATURED EXHIBITS • • •

2020 Art of Soul!

Juried Art Show THROUGH SAT., FEB. 27, 2021 9 A.M.–4 P.M. National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center, Wilberforce 4 See a juried show of works by artists from across the U.S. that depict the theme of Impact as it relates to the African diaspora and African American culture. The annual show is judged by a panel of local, regional and national art professionals. Free. 800.752.2603 or ohiohistory.org/naamcc Announced in the September & October 2020 issue of Echoes Magazine as taking place at the King Arts Complex in Columbus, this exhibit has moved to the Ohio History Connection’s National AfroAmerican Museum & Cultural Center in Wilberforce due to the COVID-19 Public Emergency in Columbus and Franklin County.

African Americans Fighting for a Double Victory ONGOING F WEDS.–SAT. 9 A.M.–4 P.M. National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center, Wilberforce 4 Explore the many ways African Americans served our country during World War II, and get a look at the impact Black veterans had on postwar advances in civil rights. Included with museum admission: $6, $5/senior, $3/ ages 6–17, Free/Ohio History Connection member or ages 5 & under. 800.752.2603 or ohiohistory.org/naamcc

Queens of the Heartland ONGOING F WEDS.–SAT. 9 A.M.–4 P.M. National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center, Wilberforce 4 Explore life stories of 30 accomplished African American women with ties to Ohio.

Born between 1825 and 1991, all are either natives of the Buckeye State or chose to come to the first free state in the Northwest Territory in search of an education, a place in society or an occupation. The exhibit features portrait illustrations of all 30 women by New York-based artist Nicole Washington.

Included with museum admission: $6, $5/senior, $3/ages 6–17, Free/Ohio History Connection member or ages 5 & under. 800.752.2603 or ohiohistory.org/ naamcc Queens of the Heartland is sponsored in part by the Ohio Arts Council

What’s in Your Attic?

Selections from the Permanent Collection ONGOING F WEDS.–SAT. 9 A.M.–4 P.M. National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center, Wilberforce 4 See milestones of museum history and get a look at some of the fascinating history, art and pop culture items in our collection. Included with National AfroAmerican Museum & Cultural Center admission: $6, $5/senior, $3/ages 6–17, Free/Ohio History Connection member or ages 5 & under. 800.752.2603 or ohiohistory.org/naamcc

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Top: At her swearing-in at City Hall in 1957, Anna Arnold Hedgeman became the first woman to serve on the cabinet of a New York City mayor, serving for one term under Robert F. Wagner Jr. Bottom left: Hedgeman ran unsuccessfully for the New York State Assembly in 1968. Bottom right: A thank-you note to Anna Hedgeman signed by Eleanor Roosevelt.

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Legacy of a Remarkable Leader THE ANNA ARNOLD HEDGEMAN COLLECTION BY BILL EICHENBERGER

T

he Ohio History Connection’s National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center opened in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1988 and soon scored a major coup, securing the papers of educator, civil rights activist and writer Anna Arnold Hedgeman before her death in 1990.

Hedgeman lived a life of firsts: first African American student at Hamline College in Saint Paul, Minnesota; first African American woman graduate of Hamline; and first African American woman to serve on a mayoral cabinet in New York City.

She was born in 1899 and witnessed history up close for nearly all of the 20th century.

Jim McKinnon, an archivist at the National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center, has been processing Hedgeman’s papers for the better part of two years, working his way through more than 200 linear feet of materials.

Echoes Magazine Editor Bill Eichenberger spoke with McKinnon about this exciting collection.

Echoes: Hedgeman lived most of her life in New York City. How did the National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center come into possession of her papers?

JM: Hedgeman did have a connection to Ohio. In 1924, when she left her teaching position at Rust College in Holly Springs, Mississippi, she started working for the YWCA in Springfield, Ohio. She was in Springfield for about two years before moving to the Jersey City YWCA. Anna’s sister, Blanche, also lived in Dayton and Columbus; she was married to James A. Parsons from Dayton, who donated his papers to us.

Echoes: Can you describe what’s in the collection?

JM: The collection consists mostly of correspondence from the late 1940s to the late 1980s. The bulk of the material is from the 1960s when Hedgeman worked for the National Council of Churches. There are conference materials, photos, newspapers, countless publications about civil rights and religion, as well as materials about major cities she visited while traveling for her work.

Echoes: How far has the museum gotten in cataloguing the collection?

JM: The collection is about 200 linear feet of material, most of which was not in folders when processing started. The papers were in boxes, in no order and not grouped together in any way. I’m halfway through the boxes, so I’ve got about 100 linear feet to process. (That does not include library material or the hundreds of newspapers that are part of the collection.)

All images courtesy of the National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center OHIOHIS TORY.ORG

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Echoes: How did growing up in Anoka, Minnesota, shape Hedgeman’s views on race?

JM: Growing up as a member of the only African American family in Anoka had a huge impact on who she was and how she viewed the world. She said, “Because I grew up within a white community, ranging from an ordinary human brute, to your almost peasant-type, to your businessmen, bankers, and so-on … and then college professors who were mostly Ph.D.s, etc., I came to know and evaluate white people just as I would anybody else. There was no sense of their having any superiority that I later was supposed to believe they had. I always had the corrective.”

Echoes: Talk about Anna’s 1922 journey to Mississippi for her first job at Rust College.

JM: She took the train from Chicago to Mississippi and discovered the day before she was to leave that she had two choices: take the Jim Crow train all the way from Chicago to Jackson, or take a train to Cairo, Illinois, and then change to the Jim Crow train.

She chose to change trains in Cairo.

In her oral history for the Black Women Oral History Project done by the Radcliffe Institute at Harvard University, she mentions the trip. “I decided to change. I was so glad I did because I was in a very comfortable coach, and the change made me know that difference right away … the ‘colored coach’ was dirty … people were piling on with baskets of food and crying babies. And the food annoyed me very much. You just didn’t eat on the train, in public.”

The front (left) and back (right) of Malcolm X’s business card

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She goes on to say that she thought the people were just poor and she decided she needed to have a good breakfast and asked the conductor where the dining car was. She says the conductor, employing a slur, told her Black passengers “don't use the diner.” And she says “a whole new vista of things appeared … I didn’t know this was the pattern of the United States, then. I only thought it was this horrible South into which I was going.”

Echoes: Hedgeman lived through and participated in making history, didn’t she?

JM: She witnessed so many things during her lifetime. She was born in 1899, and was only three when the Wright Brothers flew for the first time in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, but she saw air travel explode and later flew across the Atlantic to Europe and to India. She was alive when the first astronauts were sent into space and when Neil Armstrong walked on the moon.

Obviously, she lived through the civil rights era, the women’s rights era and was 20 years old when women were able to vote in the 1920 election. She crossed paths with Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, W.E.B. Du Bois, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Nelson Rockefeller, Bayard Rustin, the list goes on and on. She knew Dorothy Height, Mary McLeod Bethune and Cecilia Saunders.

Echoes: When Robert Wagner became mayor of New York City, he made Hedgeman the first African American woman to hold a cabinet position in New York City. How did that happen?

JM: Hedgeman was a big supporter of Robert Wagner while he was campaigning. When Wagner won the mayoral race, she went to congratulate him.

He was appreciative for the role that she played in his election and said he’d like to have her as part of his administration.

The National Council of Churches sent out this tip sheet to prepare its participants for the 1963 March on Washington. Hedgeman was one of the event’s organizers.

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Souvenir portfolio from the 1963 March on Washington

He suggested a position already held by an African American woman and she didn’t want that. She had her own plan, saying “You know, Mr. Mayor, you really need to appoint me to some post not currently held by a Negro … I’d like to be one of your assistants in City Hall.”

The mayor was taken aback and responded with “Oh … let me think about that … .” Eventually, she was appointed as an assistant, but when she showed up to work the first day, she had no desk, which resulted in her being put into an office in the basement. But she pressed on and made the best of the situation.

She found City Hall to be exciting and stimulating.

Her time in the mayor’s office was only a little less than four years, but she helped organize workshops among political women, because she knew they had a much bigger role to play than in the past.

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Flyer for a 1963 rally featuring Malcolm X

Echoes: Hedgeman consulted with the leaders of the March on Washington. Describe what happened when she found out not a single woman was scheduled to speak.

JM: As you can imagine, she was not happy. They weren’t even going to introduce the women who took part in the March.

She wrote a scathing letter to A. Phillip Randolph and the rest of the planning committee. In it, Hedgeman states: “In light of the role of the Negro women in the struggle for freedom and especially in light of the extra burden they have carried because of the castration of the Negro man in this culture, it is incredible that no woman should appear as a speaker at the historic March on Washington Meeting at the Lincoln Memorial.”

Echoes: You unearthed something interesting to do with that incident in her papers, didn’t you?

A note to Anna Hedgeman signed by Coretta Scott King after Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968

JM: I found a handwritten document, eight or nine pages long. As I was reading it, I thought it sounded so familiar. Finally, I realized it was her draft of the letter she sent to the planning committee.

The document is written in red ink and the way it is written, the large words, the lack of form, I could sense that it was written in a fit of anger and complete disgust. The handwritten letter stops halfway down the last page, in the middle of a sentence as if Hedgeman decided she felt better and needed to stop before she could even finish her thoughts, but clearly she did finish and typed the letter.

There are so many treasures like that in her collection.

LEARN MORE MORE LEARN

Anna Arnold Hedgeman wrote two personal narratives, The Trumpet Sounds: A Memoir of Negro Leadership (1964) and The Gift of Chaos: Decades of American Discontent (1977).

Biographer Jennifer Scanlon’s Until There is Justice: The Life of Anna Arnold Hedgeman was published by Oxford University Press in 2016. The first-ever biography of Hedgeman “upends conventional understandings of many aspects of the civil rights and feminist movements.” It explores her work as a teacher, lobbyist, politician, social worker and activist and “paints a compelling portrait of one of the most remarkable yet understudied civil rights leaders of our time.”

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A Hard-Won Negotiation THE DAYTON PEACE ACCORDS TURN 25 BY RANDALL EDWARDS

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n Oct. 16, 1995, John McCance was pulled into a meeting at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton and given a temporary but important assignment: public affairs liaison between the U.S. Air Force and Department of State for a diplomatic summit to be held at the base the following month.

With the official announcement two days later, Ohio’s sixth-largest city was thrust unexpectedly onto the world diplomatic stage, becoming overnight the city that cradled hope for peace in war-torn Bosnia and Herzegovina—the site of the worst armed conflict in Europe since World War II. “The work on the base started right away, because there was a lot to be done,“ McCance remembers.

The stakes were high. The war between the various ethnic groups that made up the former Yugoslavia had dragged on for more than three years and had shocked the world with its violence. The conflict eventually took a quarter million lives and made “ethnic cleansing“ a household phrase.

The term was used to describe the attacks on Muslim communities by ethnic Serbs, who subjected civilians to murder, rape and imprisonment in camps that, to the horrified world, looked far too similar to Nazi concentration camps. The worst single atrocity occurred during the summer of 1995, when Bosnian Serb forces massacred more than 7,000 Bosnian Muslim boys and men in Srebrenica.

DAYTON RALLIES FOR PEACE The importance of the talks was not lost on Dayton residents, says Mary Ramey, director of the Dayton International Peace Museum.

Throughout the city, candles burned in windows as symbols of hope. Peace vigils occurred night after night outside the gates of the air base. “Occasionally the negotiators would come out to Dayton Daily News headlines are courtesy of Wright State University Libraries, Special Collections and Archives OHIOHIS TORY.ORG

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restaurants in town and people would stand and applaud them,“ Ramey says.

softball games, church rivalries and the occasional barroom fight.“

Mostly, though, Dayton’s famous guests, including Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, Bosnian President Alija Izetbegović and Croatian President Franjo Tudjman, remained inside the small compound at Wright-Patt with American negotiators and representatives from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the European Union.

KEEPING THE PLAYING FIELD LEVEL

CHIEF NEGOTIATOR Richard Holbrooke, the diplomat who served as the chief U.S. negotiator, deliberately picked a site conducive to the kind of “proximity talks“ made famous in 1978, when President Jimmy Carter sat down with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to hammer out the historic peace agreement at Camp David.

“Ideally we wanted an area we could seal off from the press and all other outsiders, close enough to Washington so that senior administration officials could visit, yet sufficiently remote,“ Holbrooke wrote in his account of the events, To End a War. Holbrooke also recognized that Ohio’s citizenry was made up of many European immigrants and their descendants.

“Ohio’s famous ethnic diversity was also on display,” Holbrooke wrote. “We did everything possible to emphasize the fact that in the American heartland people from every part of southeastern Europe lived together in peace, their competitions restricted to

Peace discussion at Wright Patterson Air Force Base featuring retired Gen. Wesley Clark (white uniform) and Chief U.S. Peace Negotiator Richard Holbrooke (pointing at map).

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The sprawling air base, which at the time contained 23,000 military personnel over 80,000 acres, was selected partly because there were five nondescriptbut-identical buildings to house visiting officers.

All were within walking distance of the Hope Hotel, a 200-room conference facility named for Ohio favorite son Bob Hope, who entertained American troops for decades. The talks would take place at the conference center from Nov. 1 to 21.

Although a military base the size of Wright-Patt is always a beehive of activity, the weeks preceding the talks were notably intense, McCance says. The officers’ quarters were refreshed and walls were torn down to create “presidential suites” for the visiting leaders.

“They brought in five sets of identical furniture, including the pictures on the wall, so that no one could say another president had a nicer suite,” McCance says.

ONE OF HUNDREDS As just “one of hundreds“ of military personnel involved in hosting the event, McCance says he didn’t recognize the significance of the event until it was nearly over “When you’re in the middle of it, you’ve got your sleeves rolled up and you’re doing it.

You don’t really grasp the magnitude of it until you’re able to step back.”

Left to right: Dr. Haris Silajdžić, former prime minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Krešimir Zubak, president of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Alija Izetbegović, president of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina; U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher; Franjo Tudjman, president of the Republic of Croatia.

Left to right: Retired Gen. Wesley Clark, Chief U.S. Peace Negotiator Richard Holbrooke, Lt. Gen. Lawrence Farrell.

Chief U.S. Peace Negotiator Richard Holbrooke signs a Peace Accords document.

The drama of the three-week negotiation is captured in Holbrooke’s book, but in the end, the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, known by just about everyone as the Dayton Accords, was agreed to and initialed in Dayton and signed two weeks later in Paris. It brought an end to the hostilities and established a framework for governance that endures today and is remembered by the people of the nation it sought to protect, says Dayton City Commissioner Matt Joseph, who visits Bosnia annually with his wife, Irena, a native Bosnian who met Joseph at the University of Dayton after the war.

“It happens about two or three times a year that I get a call from someone from (Bosnia and Herzegovina) who wants a tour of the Hope Hotel (now known as the Hope Hotel and Richard Holbrooke Conference Center).“ Likewise, for Dayton, Bosnia “is forever embedded in our consciousness,” Joseph says.

Center: President of the Republic of Croatia Franjo Tudjman.

MEMORIAL PLAZA In 2015, the city dedicated a memorial plaza at the corner of Salem and West Riverview avenues in memory of Holbrooke, who died in 2010. The Bosnian city of Sarajevo is a Dayton Sister City, exchanging delegations every few years. The Dayton Literary Peace Prize is awarded each year to recognize the power of the written word to forge peace.

And in October 2019, a new, interactive exhibit focused on the region opened at the Dayton International Peace Museum. Using video, photographs and interactive displays, the exhibit covers the war, America’s reluctance to engage, the talks and the aftermath, including the conviction of Serb leaders for war crimes and the rising tide of nationalism in the modern world.

Randall Edwards is a freelance writer who lives in Columbus.

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Dayton has celebrated the anniversary of the peace accords every five years, with the last event, in 2015, featuring a keynote address from former President Bill Clinton. Due to uncertainty about the coronavirus pandemic, plans for this year’s event remained uncertain when Echoes Magazine went to print.

Learn more at daytonpeaceaccordsat25.business.site.

Likewise, the Dayton International Peace Museum has been closed to the public since March and a reopening date has not been set. For more information, visit daytonpeacemuseum.org.

Photos on pages 32–33 courtesy of the Hope Hotel, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base | Staff Sgt. Brian Schlumbohm, photographer Left to right: Alija Izetbegović, president of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina; U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher; Franjo Tudjman, president of the Republic of Croatia OHIOHIS TORY.ORG

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Courtesy of Robbins Hunter Museum

Suffrage, Spiritualism & Scandal

OHIO MAVERICK VICTORIA WOODHULL BY LISA WOOD

“W

e mean treason; we mean secession … We are plotting revolution; we will overthrow this bogus republic and plant a government of righteousness in its stead … which shall not only profess to derive its power from consent of the governed, but shall do so in reality.”

So declared a 34-year-old woman from Homer, Ohio, by the name of Victoria Claflin Woodhull in a speech in Washington, DC, on Feb. 16, 1871. By “we,” Victoria meant the women of the United States who did not then have the right to vote. By “bogus republic,” she meant the U.S. government that denied women their rights.

What led a young woman from rural Ohio to give a fierce speech about voting rights? Limited information about Woodhull’s early life can be discerned from official records. The first biography about her, Victoria C. Woodhull, A Biographical Sketch by journalist Theodore Tilton, was published in 1871. It strove to paint Victoria in a sympathetic light, but does not cite sources of information.

AIDED BY “ANGELIC HELPERS” Tilton described her mother, Roxana, as “never wholly sane” and her father, Buckman, as “impartial in his cruelty.” He wrote that Victoria was the family’s drudge and attended little school. She learned about communicating with spirits from her mother and “angelic helpers” assisted Victoria in coping.

While the Claflins did not provide well for Victoria or their other children, Buckman’s use of Victoria to earn money telling fortunes and summoning spirits taught her to crave attention and entertain audiences.

Her first marriage around age 15 to the reportedly alcoholic philanderer Dr. Canning Woodhull produced two children, Byron and Zulu, but did not last. Of her many siblings, Victoria was closest to sister Tennessee, known as Tennie C., who also claimed to communicate with spirits and see visions.

MOVED TO NEW YORK CITY It was with her second husband, James Blood, a Union veteran and businessman from St. Louis, that Victoria and Tennie moved to New York City. She and Tennie began communicating with spirits on behalf of industrialist Cornelius Vanderbilt who used the information to guide his investments.

(Left and above): The only monument in the United States to Victoria California Claflin Woodhull, who mounted a campaign to become the first woman president in 1872, stands as part of the clock and bell tower on the west exterior wall of the Robbins Hunter Museum in Granville.

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Victoria Woodhull spoke before the the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee on Jan. 11, 1871, advocating for women's right to vote.

Library of Congress

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With Vanderbilt’s financial support and Blood’s business sense, Victoria and Tennie opened their brokerage, Woodhull, Claflin & Co. in 1870. They milked the novelty of being female stockbrokers for publicity. Victoria established a large, lavish household that included Blood, Tennie, her children, parents, extended family and even her first husband.

Believing spirits had predicted great accomplishments in her future, Victoria declared herself a presidential candidate. In a testament titled “The Coming Woman” printed in the New York Herald on April 2, 1870, she stated: “Mrs. Victoria C. Woodull … proclaims herself as a candidate for the occupancy-in-chief of the White House, and asks it on the score solely that she has the means, courage, energy and ability necessary … .”

FOUNDED A NEWSPAPER To promote her candidacy, spiritualist ideas and social causes like suffrage, she and Tennie founded a newspaper, Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly, with Blood as managing editor.

The Memorial of Victoria C. Woodhull, dated Dec. 19, 1870, and addressed to Congress, argued that because the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution said the vote could not be withheld from citizens based on “race, color or previous condition of servitude” that women, as citizens, had the right to vote.

At the invitation of her friend, Massachusetts Rep. Benjamin Butler, Victoria presented The Memorial to the Judiciary Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives in January 1871. While a strong legal argument, the majority response resolved “… the Committee … be discharged from the further consideration of the subject.”

IMPRESSED SUFFRAGE LEADERS Victoria did not sway Congress, but she did impress suffrage leaders Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who invited her to speak at suffrage conventions.

Victoria’s career, at a high point in 1870 and 1871 when she was giving the stunning speech quoted above, soon took a sharp turn. By Election Day 1872, Victoria, along with Tennie, was arrested for publishing a story in Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly about the extramarital affair of a popular male minister that was deemed obscene.

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The resulting legal complications drained Victoria’s finances, brought negative publicity and permanently estranged her from women’s suffrage organizations. By 1877, Victoria, Tennie and their family had fled the United States for England.

WOODHULL REMEMBERED During the 2016 presidential election when Hilary Clinton was making history as the first female presidential candidate for a major party, many journalists wrote about Victoria Woodhull running for president in 1872. This feat is acknowledged on an Ohio Historical Marker in Homer, Ohio, along with her brokerage, newspaper and pioneering address to Congress.

In nearby Granville is a clock at the Robbins Hunter Museum that plays the Victoria Woodhull March on the hour as a female figure meant to resemble Victoria emerges. In Tewkesbury, England, where Victoria lived later in life with third husband John Martin, a memorial describes her as “devoted unsparingly to all.”

Her unconventional personal life, deeply held spiritualist beliefs and legal problems are not as frequently discussed. While Victoria undoubtedly brought publicity to and made passionate arguments in favor of women’s suffrage in the 1870s, it would still be decades before the passage of the 19th Amendment determined that the right to vote could not be denied based on sex.

Lisa Wood is the audiovisual curator for the Ohio History Connection.

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Lisa Wood recommends the following titles for more detailed information about this fascinating Ohioan: Other Powers: The Age of Suffrage, Spiritualism, and the Scandalous Victoria Woodhull, by Barbara Goldsmith; Victoria C. Woodhull: A Biographical Sketch by Theodore Tilton; Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

by Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns; and “The Memorial of Victoria C. Woodhull” in The Victoria Woodhull Reader, edited by Madeleine B. Stern.

Read the entirety of Woodhull’s essay “The Coming Woman” at ohiohistory.org/woodhull.

Political cartoonist Thomas Nast published this cartoon titled "Get Thee Behind Me, (Mrs.) Satan" in 1872. Nast shows a wife carrying the heavy burden of children and drunk husband, saying to Mrs. Satan (Victoria Woodhull), "I'd rather travel the hardest path of matrimony than follow your footsteps." Mrs. Satan holds a sign that reads "Be saved by free love."

Library of Congress

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A Right Jolly Old Elf TOLEDO’S SAINT NICK

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n 2001, the Toledo Lucas County Public Library experienced something of a Christmas Miracle.

During a renovation of the main library, workers found 10 hand-painted, color placards illustrating Clement C. Moore’s classic poem, The Night Before Christmas.

CREATED IN THE 1930s The placards had been painted by Toledo artist and calligrapher Helmuth Thoms as part of the Depression-era Public Works of Art Project. At the time the placards were created in 1934, Thoms was a junior at Scott High School.

Twenty-four additional Toledo artists were commissioned to create works that included zoo murals, model ships, portraits and sculptures, all subsequently displayed in Washington, DC, as part of a national exhibit.

LOST, THEN REDISCOVERED Toledo librarians used the 14-by-16-inch placards to narrate Moore’s poem to children beginning in 1934 at the main library as well as to generations of families at various branch libraries. It is unclear when the illustrations were lost, but the Children’s Library celebrated their rediscovery with a program called Historic Holidays in 2003.

Moore’s poem was published anonymously in the Troy (New York) Sentinel under its original title, A Visit from Saint Nicholas, in 1823. It wasn’t until 1837 that Moore was credited as the author of the poem, which later became more popularly known as ‘Twas the Night Before Christmas.

Here is the title page along with the 10 placards, all courtesy of the Toledo Lucas County Public Library’s Blade Rare Books Room. —EM

All images courtesy of Toledo Lucas County Public Library.

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I Wish I’d Been There

a growing realization that the experiment had failed led to the ratification of the 21st Amendment— proposed in February 1933 with three-quarters of the states voting for it by Dec. 5, 1933—repealing the 18th. By that time the federal government had lost $11 billion in tax revenue, according to documentarian Ken Burns.

THE DAY BEER FLOWED AGAIN—THE END OF PROHIBITION IN COLUMBUS BY CURTIS SCHIEBER

It was around midnight on Friday, April 7, 1933, and South Front Street in Columbus was jammed with cars and pedestrians. One account estimated the crowd at 5,000.

Why? The explanation was simple: At the stroke of midnight 3.2% beer became legal after more than 13 years of Prohibition and the city’s one surviving brewery—renamed the Wagner Products Co. during those dry years—was about to begin shipping it to local taverns.

The last “legal” glass of beer was sold Jan. 15, 1920, shuttering thousands of breweries across the country, including all those in Columbus except August

Wagner’s Gambrinus Brewery. Millions of law-abiding citizens were led to break the law for spirits, wine and beer.

There were loopholes, as well.

The 18th Amendment was ratified in January 1919 and put into practice by the Volstead Act, passed in October 1919. But it forbade the production, and not the consumption, of alcoholic beverages. In fact, home brewing was largely ignored. Columbus’s Wasserstrom Co. operated 11 stores in town that sold malted barley syrup laced with hops. (Interestingly, despite repeal, home brewing was not officially legalized by the federal government until 1978!)

A FAILED EXPERIMENT Years of organized crime, the Great Depression beginning in 1929 and

With the Cullen-Harrison Act, newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt tweaked the Volstead Act to allow for 3.2% beer beginning April 7, a move that reinvigorated the brewing industry, allowed a gradual easing of Prohibition and—perhaps most important—bought time for more states to come on board for repeal. Nineteen states—home of 70 million Americans—joined by April.

Roosevelt was hand-delivered two cases of the new beer at 12:05 a.m. on April 7 for his efforts.

Courtesy of the German Village Society

In Columbus, August Wagner, owner of the third-largest functioning brewery in the nation, made preparations for “New Beer’s Eve,” with 105,000 gallons of 3.2 beer. The road to licensing for the event was rocky and disorganized. Gov. George White didn’t finish appointing the commission in charge until April 5, leaving many applicants in the lurch on the big day.

Still, by Saturday evening, the agency counted $275,000 in licensing fees.

Wagner was granted brewery permit #1, with just three other brewers in the state gaining permission to sell the “New Deal” beer at midnight.

They were the John Koch Brewing Co. in Wapakoneta, Bruckman Brewing Co. in Cincinnati and Hollenkamp Brewery in Dayton.

E. E. Schatz was granted the first distribution license, with sales beginning in the stores and at Wagner’s brewery Saturday morning.

THE CLOCK STRIKES MIDNIGHT Friday night, though, the action was on Front Street and in the hotels and restaurants that were awaiting the magic hour. Even though

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Cour tesy of the German Village Societ y

they wouldn’t be able to buy beer from Wagner until 7:30 a.m., the throngs waited cheerily in the rain at Sycamore and Front. When the clock struck midnight, the crowd erupted in deafening cheers, but the doors remained locked and the long line of trucks loaded to the gills with cases of beer remained in place. Wagner’s mascot, the 11-foot sculpture of jovial King Gambrinus, held watch over the front door, waiting patiently to be restored to his throne as the king of beer.

At 12:14, the plant’s whistle—so familiar a dozen years before— answered anticipation and the trucks sped into the damp night. The first was destined for Marietta, Gov. White’s hometown. Another hurried to the Coliseum at the Ohio State Fairgrounds, which was hosting the American Bowling Congress.

More headed for hotels such as the Southern and restaurants including the Clock, at 161 N. High St. If I had been there that night, I would have chosen the Clock, with its gorgeous bar and tile floors, stained glass entrance and, reportedly, the best party in town. Most places were selling a 12-ounce glass of beer for a dime; the next morning, beers would be $2 per 24-count case at the brewery.

The police reported a normal night, bolstered by the observation that many folks simply sampled and went home and that opening the town to drinking again was wisely tempered by the low-alcohol beer. An officer from the vice squad drank 19 pints in an effort to demonstrate the relative timidity of the brew. There was just one arrest for intoxication. The perp admitted, though, that he was largely feeling the effect of home brew.

Curtis Schieber is a freelance writer and the author of Columbus Beer: Recent Brewing and Deep Roots, published by The History Press.

LEARN MORE

Prohibition is a three-part, five-and-ahalf hour documentary series directed

by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick that tells the story of the rise, rule and fall of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the entire era it encompassed. Visit the documentary’s website at pbs.org/kenburns/ prohibition.

Above: The Ohio State Journal put August Wagner on its cover in 1924. Not only had he kept the doors open at his brewery during Prohibition, which began in 1920, but he was a respected member of the community. He would donate $10,000 to the Columbus Zoo in 1939 for a new elephant building.

Page 46: Wagner was a character as tall as his 6-foot-4-inch stature. He was an amateur boxer, he posed for the 11-foot statue of King Gambrinus that graced his brewery building and he liked to impersonate the king riding on horseback through German Village.

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Myra King Merrick

OHIO’S FIRST WOMAN DOCTOR

YO U N G E Y E S O N T H E PA S T BY ANGEL A D’SOUZA

Every year, my school competes in National History Day. In sixth grade, participation is optional.

After watching the seventh- and eighth-graders present their projects at my school for the past few years, I knew I wanted to enter the competition when I was given the opportunity in sixth grade.

BREAKING BARRIERS The theme for 2019–2020 was Breaking Barriers in History. I chose the topic of Dr. Myra King Merrick, who was the first woman doctor in Ohio. She broke many barriers, and her life easily related to this theme. I decided to make a documentary to present my project.

Dr. Myra King Merrick broke many societal and workplace barriers.

She advanced medical care in Ohio by opening a medical college for women and a hospital for poor women and children.

Merrick became Ohio’s first woman physician in 1852, breaking the gender barrier in Ohio medicine because women were generally assumed to be nurses and not doctors.

Another barrier she broke concerned women’s property ownership. In 1861, the Ohio legislature passed a Married Women’s Property Act, which allowed married women to own property in their own names.

Using the law, Merrick, along with other women doctors, established the Cleveland Homeopathic Hospital College for Women, which eventually merged with the men’s college.

Merrick then founded a clinic for poor women and children called “The Dispensary,” which was later renamed “Women’s Hospital.”

These medical institutions benefited Cleveland citizens of all races, and fewer poor women and children became or stayed sick because of her clinic.

LOCATING SOURCES I began my research by reading all the articles online about Dr. Merrick. Due to the insufficiency of online articles, I sought the resources of Western Reserve Historical Society in Cleveland.

Next, I visited the Cleveland Health Sciences Library, which helped me obtain further sources. These included an article by Marion N. Gibbons called “A Woman Carries

Myra King Merrick Dittrick Medical History Center, Case Western Reserve University

48 Echoes | NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020

the Caduceus: Myra K. Merrick,” which had many interesting facts.

Another helpful article about Merrick was written by Charlotte Newman in the early 1980s. I found her phone number online, and she agreed to meet with me in person to discuss Dr. Merrick. She said I was the first person to ask her about Dr. Merrick since she wrote the article. Meeting with Ms. Newman was essential to my research and provided me with a lot of information about Dr. Merrick that was not published in her article.

A FUN CHALLENGE I always planned on doing a documentary for History Day since I love experimenting with new technology. This was my first time making a documentary, and it was a fun challenge.

She inspired ambition and courage in the lives of all who came under her influence.

Ohio’s barrier-breaking physician, Myra Merrick, was the first woman to practice medicine west of the Alleghenies. She was an immigrant to America and worked tirelessly to see that the poor people of Cleveland were cared for by establishing the dispensary.

Merrick was part of the blossoming movement among women to improve their position in the medical field and started a medical college only for women. Her daughter-inlaw writes of her: “Physician, teacher, friend. She inspired ambition and courage in the lives of all who came under her influence. She had a merry heart and a keen intelligence.”

Michael Schwartz Library, Cleveland State University

The Homeopathic Hospital at 99 Prospect St. in Cleveland was home to Women’s & Children’s Free Medical & Surgical Dispensary, established in 1878 by Myra King Merrick and Kate Parsons.

Overall, one of the main things I learned about doing a project for National History Day is that you have to pursue any lead you can get to track down as much information as possible, especially if you choose a topic that is not a well-known one. Myra Merrick’s life story taught me that you should keep persevering and not let any barriers stand in your way.

Angela D’Souza is in seventh grade at Birchwood School of Hawken in Cleveland.

Her favorite subjects are computers, language arts and art. In her spare time, she likes to read and draw, and she has recently found a love of writing.

LEARN MORE

Send Us a Lady Physician: Women Doctors in America, 1835–1920 is a collection of essays edited by Ruth Abram that “depict (the) individual trials, frustrations and victories of 19th-century women physicians,” allowing readers to “understand the vital aspect of our history and how it affects us all today.”

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Reviews

Shop our Ohio History Store at ohiohistorystore.com for these titles and more.

BOOK

Cy Young: An American Baseball Hero by Scott H. Longert Cy Young’s 511 career wins is the record of all records that baseball experts believe will never be broken. And they’re almost certainly right. Even if a modern-day pitcher lasted 22 seasons, like Young, and stayed healthy the entire time, like Young, the game has changed so much that today’s pitcher wouldn’t stand a chance of getting to 511 wins.

Reading Cy Young: An American Baseball Hero, a book aimed at “middle-grade readers,” drives that point home. We learn that in his first season (1890) with the Cleveland Spiders of the National League, he pitched both games of a doubleheader and won them both, 5–1 and 7–3.

In his second season with the Spiders, Young, the pride of Gilmore, Ohio, won 27 games, pitched 423 innings (good for only seventhmost in the league!) and had an earned-run average of 2.85. By comparison, Stephen Strasburg of the Washington Nationals led the Major Leagues in innings pitched in 2019 with a scant 223. And Justin Verlander had the most wins in baseball at 21. Young won more than 30 games in five seasons and had 20 or more wins 16 times.

In an author’s note, Longert writes that in addition to being one of the greatest pitchers of all time, Cy Young “was a good man, a good husband, a loyal friend and a

gentleman both on and off the baseball field.”

Though Cy Young is written for middlegrade students and includes a helpful timeline and glossary of terms, Longert never condescends to his readers and is never less than enthusiastic as he recounts the remarkable career, often game-by-game, of an all-time great.

—Bill Eichenberger, Echoes Magazine

BOOK

The House That Rock Built: How It Took Time, Money, Music Moguls, Corporate Types, Politicians, Artists and Fans to Bring the Rock Hall to Cleveland by Norm N. Nite and Tom Feran with foreword by Stevie Van Zandt Did you know that the ashes of Alan Freed, the disc jockey who popularized the term rock ‘n’ roll in the 1950s and promoted the first rock concert in 1952, were on display at the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and Museum for a couple of years before being moved to Cleveland’s Lake View Cemetery?

That’s just one of the dozens of fascinating bits of knowledge you can gain by reading The House That Rock Built, a detailed, behind-the-scenes exploration of the Rock Hall’s history, from its inception in the early 1980s through its opening in 1995.

At first, the Rock Hall was intended to be a vehicle for a promoter to put together an all-star concert for payper-view television.

Even when music industry titans began to plan in earnest for a rock hall of fame, they imagined

lavish induction ceremonies and maybe commemorative plaques for the artists housed in an unassuming brownstone in Brooklyn.

The Rock Hall wasn’t intended to be a place, so much as an idea. But the organizers in New York who created the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Foundation began to think bigger, just as a dedicated contingent of power players from Cleveland—including then-Mayor George Voinovich and, later, Ohio Gov. Dick Celeste—put a full-court press on the New Yorkers, hoping to become the home of the Rock Hall.

Nite, a celebrated broadcaster, disc jockey and impresario known for his knowledge of music history and popular culture, worked at half a dozen radio stations in Cleveland and New York during a sixdecade career. He was a part of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Foundation every step of the way, joining the Rules and Nominating Committee in 1984 and playing an instrumental role in bringing the Rock Hall to Cleveland.

A month after the Rock Hall opened in September 1995, Rolling Stone editor and publisher Jann Wenner, an integral member of the foundation, sent a letter to Nite thanking him “for linking Cleveland to the Hall of Fame Foundation in the first place. Without you being there and doing the right thing at the right time—when nobody else saw it—it may never have happened.”

The House That Rock Built is lavishly illustrated (including several photographs from Nite’s private collection) and slick.

It’s highly readable, never mind that it tells a business story rather than a strictly rock ‘n’ roll story. Throughout the book are more than a dozen sidebars that introduce readers to the movers and shakers that helped make the Rock Hall a reality in Cleveland, including Leo Mintz, owner of Record Rendezvous on Prospect Avenue; Cleveland Agora owner and visionary Henry ‘Hank’ LoConti; and U.S. House member Mary Rose Oakar.

Stevie Van Zandt’s foreword alone is worth the price of this fascinating book.

—Bill Eichenberger, Echoes Magazine

50 Echoes | NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2020

City Architecture

A Euclid Avenue landmark, Cleveland’s 1913 Hotel Statler, later the Statler Hilton, has been rehabbed as luxury apartments. Now called The Statler, it recently earned an Award of Merit from the Ohio History Connection’s State Historic Preservation Office.

See page 11.

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