A perspective on Hybrid Vegetable Seeds Industry in India Appemane Subbarao and Raju Barwale Mahyco, Jalna
India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world. However, our per capita consumption is lower at about 110 gm against the recommended per capita consumption of 300 gm of vegetables per day. With the growing per capita income, the demand for vegetables has been increasing at a faster rate in the recent years. However, the supply has been growing at a moderate rate of 5 to 6% p.a.( Reference : Economic Times, 9th March 2011) The policy makers have realized the need for improving the supplies as evident from the support provided for improving the supplies by developing vegetable clusters around the urban areas in the recent Budget of Government of India. Hybrid Seeds are the most critical and cost effective input for increasing the vegetable production through improving per acre productivity. Hybrid vegetable seed Industry has made great strides in improving vegetable production over the past 25 years, and has a major role to play going forward.
Demand Side Trends The economy is expected to keep the good growth rate of about 10% over the next few years. There is a strong positive correlation between income levels & consumption level of fruits & vegetables. Given our current low per capita consumption of vegetables, the demand for vegetables would only grow as the economy improves leading to higher per capita consumption levels. With the consumption habits changing, there will be increased out of home consumption also. This would cause the demand shift from traditional vegetables like gourds to for relatively better valued vegetables like Tomato, Cole crops such as Cauliflower, Cabbage, Salad vegetables, etc. It is important that the production of these vegetables keeps pace with the increasing demand and also
to keep the prices stable and affordable. Currently, less than 2% of the vegetables produced in the country are processed compared to over 30 % in developed countries. Increased processing will not only help in reducing the enormous post harvest losses, currently estimated at over 15%, but will also help in stabilizing prices. Reduced uncertainty on the prices will help the farmers to use improved inputs like better seeds. With changing lifestyle, and modern retailing, the consumption of processed vegetables is projected to increase substantially.
Supply Side Trends Vegetables cultivation in India is currently estimated to occupy about seven percent of the cultivated area at 11.5 million Hectares. Vegetable cultivation requires relatively higher intensity of labor compared to many other crops. With labor availability rapidly becoming a constraint in rural areas, it is unlikely that there will be any significant increase in the area under vegetable cultivation in the coming years. In addition to this, use of land for non agricultural purposes has been increasing. These trends will necessitate improvement in productivity of vegetable cultivation to meet the growing demand. Currently, vegetables are grown largely by small and marginal farmers. The productivity of vegetables cultivated is poor in many states, due to inadequate inputs and poor cultivation practices. For instance, usage of Hybrid seeds, which is a key input for improving productivity, is estimated at less than 50% at national level. This is expected to change with better awareness and improved economics of hybrid vegetable cultivation in the coming years. However, it will be important to educate the farmers to improve their cultivation practices including adoption of hybrids. This
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challenge will have to be addressed by both the local governments and the private sector through joint programs. Recent initiatives in some of the states in this direction have been very useful and pioneering to follow. There are many developed Vegetable cultivation clusters particularly in Western and Southern India where adoption of appropriate cultivation practices and use of inputs is leading to high productivity. Farmers in such clusters are progressively looking for better inputs to improve their productivity further. In the coming years, with increasing attractiveness of economics of vegetable cultivation, more such clusters with best in the class practices are likely to be developed in a partnership mode between the governments and private sector.
Imperatives for the Industry Galloping demand for vegetables both processed and fresh, with constraints on expanding cultivable area presents following challenges to hybrid vegetable seed Industry. Quantum Improvement in productivity through Technology: Given the expected widening gap between demand and supply, vegetable production would need to be improved substantially in a short period of time. This would necessitate use of new generation technologies in addition to current conventional approaches. Use of transgenic technology would be one such option as it has proved already its merit in cotton production in India. Use of this technology in imparting disease and insect resistance to vegetable crops, and tolerance to adverse agro-climatic condition would provide break through opportunity for increasing vegetable production through increased productivity in the country. Application of this
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technology in improving productivity of several vegetables – Brinjal, Cabbage, Okra, Cauliflower, Hot pepper through both public sector and private sector institutions is on the horizon. Currently, some of these products are in different stages of the regulatory system of Government of India. These technological products have the potential of improving productivity significantly, benefiting both the farmers and the consumers and also meeting the increasing demand. Vegetable production will continue to be dominated largely by small and marginal farmers. Adoption of technologies and use of new practices by this set of farmers would require additional significant extension work. Besides this, new technologies would require consumer education, to help in understanding the benefits. This responsibility of education of farmers and the consumers will have to be shouldered by both the Industry and the government in the interest of growth of vegetable production in India. The hybrid vegetable seed Industry in the country is at a relatively nascent stage. The industry has the opportunity and responsibility to, not only participate but act as a catalyst in improving the productivity of vegetable crops in the country. Many new seed technologies for improving both quality and quantity of vegetable production can be delivered most cost effectively through improved and hybrid seeds in the near term, enabling the country to meet the expected demand and at the same time enabling the small and marginal farmers to improve their productivity and incomes, improving their lifestyles while making significant impact on poverty reduction, leading to an inclusive growth. This also puts the responsibility on the industry to provide such technologies and achieve significant growth to become a strong and vibrant component of the seed sector.
Onion Tears Brought Back the Focus on Vegetable Seed Industry Dr Arvind Kapur CEO, Vegetable Division, Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd, Email-arvindkapur@rasiseeds.com
Recent spurt in onion prices brought back the attention of policy makers on the production and storage of fresh vegetables. Since India is predominantly vegetarian country, high prices have contributed to the food inflation in the country which remained double digit for a very long time. Who is getting the maximum advantage of this situation? At least not the farmer and also not the seed Industry or input industry is making any profit but the middle man is making maximum profits. Whenever there is shortage or price rise of any agricultural commodity, government immediately bans the export of these commodities. But when there is an excess production of onions or tomato or any other perishable vegetable, then no concern is ever been shown by the any governmental agency. These concerns really put farming community in highly demotivated situation. Farmer’s return on the investment must be based on the market prices and not by the changing policies every time, which are normally favouring the traders rather than the producer. Vegetable growers are expanding in India and presently the area under vegetables is more than 8.0 million ha. This has happened because of vibrant private seed sector, which has developed highly performing hybrids in majority of the vegetable crops. India is producing more than hundred million tons of fresh vegetables (excluding tubers and cassava) for domestic and international market. The quality of the fresh produce is much better and consumer is getting fresh produce round the year.
Vegetable Seed Industry Contribution After the new seed policy of 1988, the vegetable seed industry flourished in India. Both multinational and Indian seed companies expanded their R&D and imported lot of seed in many crops to enhance productivity. Initially, hundred per cent cabbage and cauliflower hybrid seed and
more than 60% of Hot pepper hybrid seed were imported in the country. Since last decade, most of the hot pepper seed sold was bred in India. Similarly most of the key crops are now bred in India and have high productivity and disease resistances. Sensing high potential of the vegetable seed market and expanding market in India, many companies from Asia, Europe and America opened their subsidiaries in India. They started their breeding program of regional crops and brought resistant hybrids for global crops like Tomato and Peppers.
Hybrid Vegetable Seed Market in India By value, tomato, hot peppers and okra have 18% market share each while cabbage, cucumber and watermelons have 5-7% market share each. Total hybrid seed market is little more than $200 million and more than 3000 Mt seed is produced to have overall more than 50% seed replacement rate in hybrid vegetables. More than 350 hybrids of tomato are being sold in India by the private sector and most of them are with TyLCV resistance. Other resistances like Bacterial wilt and Tospo virus resistance is being bred in tomato by many companies. Similarly good shelf life and better taste are also the key traits being bred in tomato. In Hot pepper, many good hybrids with required fruit quality both for fresh and dry chillies are being supplied to the farmers and they are earning good profit. There are more than 12 types of chillies grown in India and more than 300 hybrids are sold in different quantities in different markets. Viral and fungal diseases are being addressed by breeding resistances in hybrids. Okra is another crop where hybridisation is fast picking up. More than 1600 tons of hybrid seed is being sold by various companies. Most of the hybrids are resistant to YVMV and new hybrids with ELCV resistant are being developed.
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Gourds are group of crops where hybridisation is fast picking up. Particularly bitter gourd, bottle gourd, ridge gourd etc. are the main gourds where hybridisation and disease resistance is fast spreading in vegetable market. Hybrids of other gourd crops like smooth and snake gourds are also getting promoted.
value. The private seed industry is continuously improving the OP varieties and introducing high performing research varieties. Many of these varieties are also showing intermediary resistance to diseases. In vegetables, even in OPV’s, the seed replacement rate is very high and farmers buy fresh seed every season/year.
Open Pollinated Seed Market in Vegetables
Fresh Vegetables Processing and Export
Open pollinated varieties (OPV) vegetable seeds are sold in big quantities in many crops. Still OPV’s of Okra, tomato and hot pepper are being sold in many markets because of local market needs and tastes required for local recipes. Presently around 40,000 Mt seeds of OPV’s in around 25 vegetable crops are being sold with a total value of more than $ 200 million. Out of the total OPV’s sold in India, 70% is made of Beans, Coriander, Onion and Peas by
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Except tomato no other vegetable has entered into large scale processing chains. In tomato most of the companies are breeding for dual type tomatoes which can be used both for table and processing purposes. With global players entering into India like Heinz ketchup, exclusive processing traits have to be built in the hybrids. Globally, Heinz have their own breeding program in tomato to deliver hybrids having higher TSS with high colour retention after processing and flavour. To deliver same quality in the product
year after year, these kinds of hybrids are needed. For fresh vegetable export, certain quality traits are needed like freshness of colour and better flavour. Farmers still use lot of banned pesticides and fungicides,the residues of these chemicals are appearing in vegetables for export. Recently a large consignment of Okra was rejected due to high level of residues of chemicals. The quality of fresh vegetables for export can only be controlled if contract production is allowed at large scale and cold chain facilities, both at airports and from farm gate to warehouses,are strengthened. Presently very few vegetables are being exported and there is large potential available in exporting the fresh produce to middle-east countries and Europe. India is exporting fresh vegetables worth Rs. 700 crores and Onions worth Rs. 1900 crores.
Protected Cultivation of Vegetables Protected cultivation of vegetables is still at a miniscule level in India. In few areas, farmers are growing vegetables under low cost net houses and
polyhouses. The quality of vegetables grown in these structures is good but farmers are not getting significant price difference from open pollinated varieties. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) has set up a training centre for protected agriculture and advising farmers about know how on poly houses and suitable varieties for these. If the linkage between fresh vegetable exporters and farmers is strengthened for protected cultivation of vegetables, better quality of produce can be ensured. Only then protected cultivation will become popular.
Issues of Vegetable Seed Industry Availability of diverse germplasm –Germplasm availability is becoming scares and restricted. Under the new laws of CBD and NBA, the import and export of germplasm is restricted and time consuming. Advance and new technologies- Most of the advanced and new technologies are not being
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used in vegetable breeding. Very few companies are using even MAS in breeding. Establishing molecular labs and using these technologies in regional crops is very expensive and difficult to get return on investments Production of seed- Production of hybrid seed is becoming a major bottle neck for the private seed sector. Number of hybrids in each crop and in each company is increasing. The quantum of F1 seed is also increasing. All these issues are putting pressure on limited areas of seed production. Many companies are trying new areas for seed production. Many companies are now producing seed in China and other countries. New trends in vegetable products- Manyproducts are changing their shapes and sizes as per the customer requirement. Watermelons are becoming smaller and melons are required in different shapes and colours. Similarly in other crops also, shifts are visible. The research has to be directed towards development of new types. It also needs infusion of new germplasm. Intellectual Property Rights issues- With the advancement of technologies, many technology rich companies are taking broad patents on many traits and associated processes. Patents are even granted for natural biological processes. These trends will further complicate the breeding issues and many companies will entangle themselves in legal battles and thus will divert important investments in improving breeding to wasteful activities. The new initiative globally to revamp the patent regime and educate patent inspectors and examinees about the important biological processes and to grant only specific innovations based on the criterion already available in the patent laws. Genetic improvement by gene insertion- The first genetically modified tomato released in USA as Flavr savr TM by Calgene but did not make a big success. After that virus resistant papaya and squash and insect resistant sweet corn were
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released but very small success was achieved. Regulatory cost played a vital role in the growing disparity between the expanding global adaptation of large market crops like maize, cotton, canola and soybean and the “Small Market” crops or Speciality crops. Most of the transgenic trials are almost stopped or have slowed down. High cost and regulatory hurdles are preventing vegetable seed companies to aggressively work on GM seed, though many useful genes and traits have been identified for these crops. The latest example that can be cited is that of Bt eggplant in India, where there is very big advantage for farmers like in cotton against “Fruit and Shoot Borer”. But still it is taking much longer time for regulatory clearance. These kinds of issues further discourage the seed companies to enter into smaller markets with the beneficial traits. Similar example is for Cauliflower and cabbages against Diamond Back Moth (DBM).
Future Trends Vegetable seed market is expanding and will further expand in terms of area and hybridisation. India has high potential for domestic and export market. High quality seed with both input traits like higher yields, abiotic and biotic stress resistance wide adaptability and output traits like shelf life, seedless , better colour, flavour, flesh quality, pungency etc. will be in high demand. Accurate and quick methods in breeding like biotech intervention will further make the companies more competitive. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues on traits and genome will further complicate the breeding. Breeder’s rights restrictions will slow down the new product developments. The new wave of seed business in the environment of technology and cash rich companies will drive towards acquisition and mergers and joint ventures. Ultimately companies with focus on R&D and assets of technologies with IP’s will survive and expand their business.
Cucurbits in India – Achievements and Future Challenges O.P. Dutta Director(R&D), Namdhari Seeds Pvt Ltd., Bidadi, Bangalore
Introduction
Trends in Cucurbit Consumption
Cucurbits as a group include Watermelon, Melon, Cucumber, Squash, Pumpkin and Various gourds, are cultivated allover India throughout the year. High yielding cultivators, precision farming system, increased use of fertilizers, integrated pest management, proper training of the farmers and several marketing outlets have allowed a significant change in cucurbit production in India. The genetic improvement made through vegetable breeding and packed marvelously in seeds is delivered most efficiently to the farmers by the high tech Indian seed Industry. The Indian seed industry which has emerged as the 6th largest in the World and has been growing annually at 12% growth rate thus deserves congratulation. The vegetable seed Industry is expanding its business rapidly beyond its immediate vicinity to cover SAARC, Middle East, ASEAN and African countries. An extensive market survey done by NSPL and other leading vegetable seed production companies as well as renowned agri consulting firms during 2010 revealed an estimated market size of 490 tons of hybrid seeds of major cucurbits valued Rs. 83.50 crores (Table 1).
With the changing life-style and dietary pattern, the consumers in India are becoming more and more health conscious. There is an emerging shift in demand from synthetic to natural products and from fresh vegetables to functional foods rich in neutraceuticals. This trend will put pressure on the neutraceutical Industry, Processing Industry and flavour industry on one side and the production researchers, plant breeders and growers on the other side to keep pace with the changing consumption pattern. The health benefits of cucurbit are enormous, however, the public awareness seems to be lacking.
Table 1. Estimated Market Size of major Cucurbits in India Crop Watermelon Muskmelon Ridge Gourd Bitter Gourd Bottle Gourd Cucumber Sponge Gourd Pumpkin Total
Total Qty (Kg) 120,000 15,000 30,000 100,000 100,000 55,000 30,000 40,000 490,000
Total Value (Rs.in Cr) 48.00 13.50 7.50 30.00 17.00 44.00 13.50 10.00 183.50
Source: Survey report of NSPL and leading vegetable seed companies, 2010
Health Benefits of Cucurbits Cucurbits have been ranked as excellent, very good and good on World’s healthiest food ranking scale. Because of their high water content and lower caloric content, they deliver more nutrients per calorie – an outstanding health benefit. The neutraceutical industry looks at Cucurbits as a potential health capsule without any side effects. It is interesting to peep in to the health benefits of some of the major Cucurbits. Watermelon: The fruit is richly packed with some of the most important antioxidants in nature. It is an excellent source of Vitamin C, Vitamin A and lycopene. These powerful antioxidants travel through the body, neutralizing free radicals, thereby reducing the risk of heart diseases, airway spasm that occur in asthma, colon cancer, lower the risk of age related membrane degeneration (ARMD), the primary cause of vision loss in old age people and alleviate some of the symptoms of Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Watermelon has 40% more lycopene than Tomato. It protects the body from prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. It also protects DNA inside the white blood
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cells. Watermelon is also a rich source of Vitamin B6, B1, Magnesium, Potassium, . B Vitamins are necessary for energy production. Watermelon is exceptionally high in Citrulline(more in Watermelon rind) an amino acid which in our body is converted in to arginine which removes ammonia from the body, also used by the cell lining of our blood vessels to make nitric oxide which relaxes blood vessels thus lowering high blood pressure. It also improves insulin sensitivity in Obese type–2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance. Melon: It is an excellent source of Beta carotene. One cup of Cantaloupe cubes (160 g) provides 103.2% of daily value of Vitamin A, an important vision nutrient. It is an excellent source of Vitamin C ( One cup provides 112.5% of DV), which is a powerful antioxidant, is critical for good immune function, stimulating white cells to fight infection, directly kills many bacterial and viruses and reduces the risk of death from heart diseases, stroke and cancer. It is also a very good source of potassium, Vitamin B6, dietary fiber, folate and niacin (Vitamin B3), thereby making an exceptionally good fruit for supporting energy production, good carbohydrate metabolism and blood sugar stabilization. A dietary ingredient derived from melon such as antioxidant superoxide dismutase enzyme has been shown to release stress. Bitter gourd: Bitter gourd is regarded as one of the world’s major vegetables from health point of view, which can help millions in the developing world who suffer from metabolic disorders such as type-2 diabetes. Bitter gourd extracts possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antithepatotoxic and anti ulcergenic properties in addition to lowering blood sugar. Bitter gourd fruits are rich in Charatin, Vicine and polypeptide P which provide major diabetic medical benefits. They either regulate insulin release directly or alter glucose metabolism an insulin like effect. It is rich in bioactive compounds which activate the enzyme AMPK, a protein well known for regulating food metabolism enabling glucose uptake – useful in type – 2 diabetic. Antioxidant activities: Bitter gourd contains as many as 14 caretenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, phenolic acids and organosulphur compounds which reduce cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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Antiviral activities: α–mamorcharin present in Bitter gourd inactivates ribosome function and stimulates MAP 30 (Momordica anti HIV Protein) production which in turn simultaneously suppresses HIV activity. Momerdicoside A and B present in Bitter gourd prohibit tumor growth. Several Bitter gourd phytyochemicals has in invitro antiviral activity against viruses including Epstein, Barr, herps and HIV viruses. Bottle gourd: High in Sodium and Potassium, Bottle gourd is an excellent vegetable for hypertension patients. Its juice is helpful in treating insanity, epilepsy, stomach acidity, ingestion, ulcer and other nervous diseases. It cures urinary disorders and boost immune system. Ash gourd: Ash gourd is a rich in Calcium, Phosphorous and Potassium. Being alkaline in nature, it acts as a good antiacid, helps control thyroid related problems, fight mouth ulcers, good for bleeding gums, good to cure obesity, epilepsy, asthma. It is a good blood coagulant. The fruit also contain anticancer terpenes. Cucumber: Being rich in Potassium, it controls high and low blood pressure. It contains an enzyme erepsin that helps in protein digestion. The silica content in cucumber helps in clear complexion, strong hair and healthy nails. Cucumber skin is rich in fibre which helps prevent bowl cancer, maintains normal blood sugar and cholesterol level. It is a good source of pantothenic acid (Vit B5) which helps turn carbohydrate and fat in to energy and also plays a part in healthy adrenal gland. It is a good source of Vitamin K, which helps in blood clotting and prevents postmenopausal bone loss, protects against liver and prostate cancer. Pumpkin and Squash: They are rich in B-Carotene which is a powerful antioxidant as well as anti inflammatory agent, helps prevent built up of cholesterol in arterial wall. They are also rich in alpha carotene which is believed to slow the process of aging and also prevents cataract formation, reduces the risk of macular degeneration a serious eye problem resulting in blindness. Being loaded with potassium they boost immune system and also improve bone density. Pumpkin seeds are rich in L-tryptophane a compound that has been found to be effective against depression, natural protectant of osteoporosis, reduces inflammation, helps to prevent calcium oxalate, kidney stone formation, being rich in
phytosteroids, they have been associated with reducing the level of LDL cholesterol. Cucurbits for Processing and Flavour Industry: The quality and success of any natural flavour industry and processing industry begins with the raw material. Fruits picked at exactly right time, stored in correct manner, should reach manufacturers in peak condition. In Cucumber and Cantaloupe aldehydes and esters are key flavours volatiles that are highly susceptible to hydrolyses. In Watermelon and Cucumber both contain lipoxygenases flavour system which will become active once the flesh is cut or broken. The flavour of watermelon is said to be intensified when stored at 10oC for around a week. The processing industry will require the quality raw material for fresh cut fruits(Watermelon and melon) carotene and starch rich pumpkins suitable for chips and pumpkin powder and pickling cucumbers for pickling industries, Watermelon and melon for juice and Beer making, Bottle Gourd and Ash Gourd for juice making and bitter gourd for dehydrated products.
Emerging Trends in Cucurbit Breeding Keeping in view the emerging demand from consumers needs and likings, the enormous untapped health potential, the specific requirements of the processing industry and the economic concerns of those linked to Cucurbits production activities, the Cucurbit breeders and production researchers have to re-orient their breeding and production objectives. In addition to breeding Cucurbits for high yield, quality and stress tolerance, the breeders and production researchers should give more attention to develop Cucurbit cultivars and their production technologies for neutraceuitcal industry, processing industry and export.
Yield Improvement in Cucurbits Yield improvement in Cucurbits is done in three stages of cultivar development. The early stage where single plants or segregating families are evaluated in the early generation of a cross, where emphasis is on fruit quality, disease resistance, fruit bearing pattern and earliness. This strategy is followed because single plant yield is poorly
correlated with the yield of replicated field trials. The major emphasis on yield selection is during the intermediate stage where inbred lines are evaluated for possible use as a new cultivator or as a parent of the hybrids. At the intermediate stage, the yield is correlated with final stage trials. It is advisable to use combining ability as a means of yield in the early stages of hybrid development. In general heritability is high for fruit number and weight per fruit in many Cucurbits. The intermediate stage test should have two or three different seasons and locations with one replication each separated by one or two weeks in planting dates, rather than many replications in one season , location or year. A relatively high correlation for yield between cumulative early harvest and total yield permits the breeder to stop yield evaluation after fourth or fifth harvest in majority of the gourds and Cucumber. Final yield trials should be conducted under stressed and non stressed conditions.
Yield Stability in Cucurbits Improvement in yield stability is mainly achieved by making improvement in defensive traits such as tolerance to biotic and a-biotic stresses, Major diseases limiting the yields in Cucurbits are: i) Foliar diseases like powdery mildew, downy mildew, anthracnose and alterneria leaf spot ii) Virus diseases : Thrips transmitted watermelon bud necrosis, aphid transmitted watermelon mosaic viruses-2, zucchini Yellow mosaic virus, squash mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, bitter gourd mosaic virus, cucumber green mottled virus and whitefly transmitted squash vein yellow virus. iii) Soil borne diseases such as fusarium wilt, gummy stem blight and bacterial fruit blotch. Not much breeding work has been done in disease resistance in Cucurbits in India. Melon variety Arka Rajhans at IIHR and Punjab Rasila(at PAU) has been reported to be resistant to powdery mildew. Watermelon variety Arka Manik(IIHR) has been reported to have multiple resistances to anthracnose, powdery and downy mildew. Sources of resistance to CMV and fruit fly in Bitter gourd have been reported in germplasm collections available at NBPGR.
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iv) Local land races have a mosaic of stress tolerant genes. Driven by natural selections, such land races have been evolving to grow under harsh conditions. Use of land races for breeding cultivar better adapted to future needs is suggested. Breeding requirements pertaining to different Cucurbits are discussed below: Watermelon: Recently there is a shift in demand from large size watermelon to Ice box watermelon. Consumers prefer Icebox watermelon for their sweetness(12-14% TSS) , the convenient fruit size(2.5-4.5 Kg) , easy to carry and store in a refrigerator. Growers take advantage of their early maturity(60-65 days crop duration) which helps in escaping various virus diseases and get better price in the market. Good success has been achieved in breeding large size watermelon varieties both by private and public sector. During 1990’s watermelon variety Arka manikl(IIHR) having triple disease resistance covered large acreage in India followed by watermelon hybrid NS 295 and NS 750 developed by NSPL Bangalore. Efforts are being made to develop and popularize seedless watermelon by both private and public sector breeders. Seedless watermelons(Triploids) are developed by crossing tedraploits(4n) as female with diploids(2n) as male parent. Tetraploids are developed through colchiploidy. Some of the problems which a breeder faces are i) extra time for the development of tetraploids, 2) additional selections against sterility and fruit abnormality, 3) choice of parents to reduce seed coat production, 4) reduction in seed yield (50 – 100 seeds per fruit), 5) reduced seed vigor for growers, 6) necessity for diploid polinizers as triploids are sterile. It may require 10 cycles of selfing before sufficient seeds of tetraploid line can be produced for commercial production of triploids. Advanced generations of tetraploid have improved fertility, seed yield and germination rate. Efforts are also on, to breed watermelon hybrids with tomato seed (ts) gene which produces very small seeds which can be eaten along with watermelon flesh. Watermelon with yellow and orange flesh would also be available in the Indian market soon. The processing industry will require sweet watermelon(TSS 12–13%) having crisp texture for fresh cut fruit pieces, granular texture for juice
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and beer making, rich in lipoxygenase enzyme for flavour industry, rich in lycopene, and cartenoids and citruline for neutraceutical industry. Melons: Musk melon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus) is commonly known in the trade as a cantaloupe which actually is a misnomer. True cantaloupe melon belongs to Cucumis melo var. cantaloupensis. These melons are highly aromatic and are without netting on the rind. These are also known as charantais in France. Naming of melons has created lot of confusion in day to day terminology among the consumers as well as the processing industry. In order to avoid the confusion, a simple classification is given in Table 2. Melons can be further classified based upon the physiology of fruit ripening. It can be, 1) Ethylene dependant(Climactric fruit), where ethylene is responsible for fruit softening, chlorophyll degradation of the rind and activation of abscission zone at fruit penducle. In climactric fruit, the rind colour changes from dark green to yellow orange as seen in many varieties of musk melon and galia melon and pale green to cream yellow as seen in charantais. Development of flesh colour is however ethylene independent. Green flesh (gf) and white flesh (wf) are controlled by a single gene. Orange flesh segregates quantitatively. 2) It can be ethylene independent (non climactric fruit), have much lower level of total volatiles, conspicuously lack volatile esters and lack odours as seen in Honey dew, Yellow canery varieties. The rind colour in dark green varieties remains so throughout as seen in Casabas, pieldesapo and Japanese melons or change from pale green to yellow due to pigmentation accumulation as seen in yellow canery. Ethylene suppressed lines exhibit a delayed and reduced fruit ripening. 3) Partially ethylene dependant varieties which are intermediate between climactric and non climactric fruits. Both fruits abscission and ethylene production is controlled by two independent loci Al-3 and Al-4. Non climactric fruit is insensitive to ethylene and is controlled by recessive alleles, sweetness in melons is due to soluble sugar sucrose which increases during ripening until abscission or harvest. The
Table 2. Melon Classification Latin Name
Description
US Terminology
Cucumis melo var. reticulatus
All varieties have a musky scent and skin with raised, netted pattern
Cantaloupe, musk muskmelon melon, nutmeg melon, rock melon
Gold netting, orange flesh Gold netting, green flesh
Cantaloupe, muskmelon Ogen, galia
muskmelon Galia
Good storage melons with unscented skin that can be smooth or corrugated — but never netted
Honeydew, winter Melon
Honeydew
Cream/white skin, green flesh
Honeydew, winter melon, Christmas melon
Honeydew
Yellow skin, cream flesh
Canary, Spanish, casaba
Spanish, (Honeydew in the United Kingdom)
Yellow skin, orange flesh
Crenshaw
Cucumis melo var. inodorous
Cucumis Highly fragrant, with melo var. thick, rough skin — no cantaloupensis netting Grey/beige skin, orange flesh
EU Terminology
Rarely grown
Cantaloupe
Rarely grown — French charentais
Charentais, chaca, French or Italian
Comments The cause of much confusion — in the United States, muskmelons are frequently called cantaloupes
The true cantaloupe melon
Source: John Boddington, Treatt USA Inc. glucose and fructose level fluctuate much less. Sucrose is controlled by a single gene-“Suc”. Recently a good attempt was made to introduce yellow canery(white flesh) and honey dew melon (light green flesh) in to the Indian market, but were soon rejected by the consumers mainly because of sale of poor quality immature fruits. Being non climactric the fruit do not come to full slip stage at maturity. The melon growers could not judge the fruit maturity at harvest time leading to the harvest of immature fruit of poor quality. This trend needs to be reversed. There is a good scope to introduce galia melon in to the Indian market. Galia melon each weighing 1-1.5 Kg are climactric or semi climactric, having golden yellow or golden brown netted skin, a green, juicy and sweet(TSS 12 to 13%) flesh with mild aroma, are well adapted to warm dry climate of India and are often called desert melon.
Melon requirement of fresh cut fruit industry is very specific. The industry prefers oval shape fruit, each weighing 1 to 1.2 Kg with diameter ranging from 115 to 135 mm to fit well in the peelers, should have non netted smooth, non ribbed rind for easy cleaning and peeling, should have small seed cavity for maximizing the chunk yield, dry sweet(TSS 12 to 16%) flesh with crisp texture, good aroma, deep salmon flesh, non leaking seed cavity and dry full slip scar. Melon genome with hundreds of DNA markers has been mapped by scientists with Texas, Agri Life research. This will help anchor down some specific genes for higher sugar content, ascorbic acid(Vitamin C) disease resistance, drought tolerance and male sterility in melons breeding programme.
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Cucumber: Cucumis Sativus L. is native to Asia. It is a popular fresh market vegetable in salad, for processing industry as pickling cucumber and for flavour industry as fresh cucumber flavour. The commercial types includes slicing cucumber(20–30 cm long) , European glass house (parthenocarpic) cucumber(30 to 40 cm long), mini Biet Alpha(Parthenocarpic) cucumbers(13-15 cm long) and the pickling cucumbers(10-15 cm long). Slicers are usually with thick skin and warts which needs peeling before consumption. European glass house and Biet Alpha Parthenocarpic cucumbers are seedless, do not require pollination for fruit development, have smooth rind and are often eaten whole as opposed to slicers which are often peeled and sliced before eating. Several flowering habits exist in cucumber. Most cultivar grown in open are monoecious , with separate male and female flowers in the same plant, glass house cucumbers are gynoecious or all female cultivars producing 12-13 times more female flowers than those obtained in monoecious cultivars. The so called PF cultivars produce predominantly female flowers along with the small number of male flowers. In India the cucumber breeding programme concentrates on yield, plant type, quality and disease resistance mainly in slicing cucumber cultivars. Breeding work in Parthenocarpic(controlled by a single dominant gene with several modifiers), cucumbers with gynoecious sex expression is gaining momentum for green house cultivation. Cucumber hybrid NS 499 developed by NSPL, a gynoecious parthenocarpic cucumber with multi pistillate bearing habit is suitable for green house cultivation. A number of slicer cucumber hybrids with light green, green, dark green and cream skin have been developed by private seed companies for commercial cultivation in the open field in India. Cucumber genome has been sequenced by an international consortium headed by china and US Institutions. The cucumber genome will give insight in to the genetics of whole cucurbit family which includes pumpkin, squash, melon and watermelon. The study showed that five of seven chromosomes in cucumber arose from 10 ancestral chromosomes shared with melon and the gene coding stretches of DNA shares about 95% similarity to melon. Preliminary studies in the Lucas lab at U.C Davis have established
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comparable similarity between cucumber and pumpkin. The cucumber genome will also provide insight in to traits such as disease and pest resistance, fruit flavour and sex expression. This will help speed up the entire breeding work in cucumber in the near future. Bitter gourd: Four types of fruit shapes are seen in Bitter gourd. 1) Large fusiform fruits pointed at both ends with numerous triangular tubercles are classified as Momordica charantia var. charantia. 2) Spindle shaped small fruit belongs to Momordica charantia var. muricata 3) Cone shaped fruit(9-12 cm long) with dark green rind having prominent tubercles are moderate to strong bitter 4) Chinese long fruited type( 30-60 cm long) with smooth ridges, light green skin are less bitter but are rich in vitamin C( 440-780 mg per kg of edible portion). Small fruited Momordica charantia var. muricata is rich in protein, carbohydrates, iron, calcium and ascorbic acid. A number of bitter gourd hybrids belonging to charantia or muricata group have been developed by private seed companies for commercial, cultivation. Efforts are on to utilize germplasm available at NBPGR resistant to fruit fly( IC 256185, IC 248256, IC 213311, IC 248282) and CMV(IC85611, IC85636, IC 8560813 , IC 8560411) and gynoecious sex expression(INGR 03037) in Bitter gourd breeding programme.
Bottle gourd, Ridge gourd, Sponge gourd and Ash Gourd Major emphasis is to develop gourd hybrids having small cylindrical tender fruits bearing at each node. For yield stabilization, it is essential to develop cultivars resistant to powdery mildew, downy mildew and virus diseases. In Ash gourd there is a demand for small cylindrical cultivars(without ash) each weighting 1 to 2 Kg for household consumption. A number of gourd hybrids developed by private seed companies are under commercial cultivation.
Pumpkin and Squash Pumpkin cultivars(cucurbita moschata) are grown throughout the country. Summer squash(cucurbita
pepos) and winter squash(c.maxima) are grown in small areas for niche market. Breeding efforts are on in private seed companies to develop pumpkin hybrids, bearing small fruits(0.5 to 2 Kg) rich in carotenoids. There is a need to develop pumpkin cultivars suitable for powder, puree and chips making industries.
Heterosis and hybrid seed production in Cucurbits
Three genes reported earlier for male sterility(gms, ms-1, ms-dw) also reduce female fertility hence could not be used in hybrid seed production successfully. A new spontaneous male sterile mutant(ms-2) with normal seed set has been identified and will be more useful for hybrid seed production. A gynoecious mutant(gy) controlled by a single recessive gene has been reported in watermelon which will reduce the cost of hybrid seed production in watermelon.
In spite of the lack of inbreeding depression in cucurbits, the heterosis in yield(10 to 35%) has been observed in a number of cucurbits. Lack of inbreeding depression in cucurbits is mainly due to the non accumulation of deleterious genes as opposed to other cross pollinated crops like carrot, onion, where a heavy load of deleterious gene exists. Hybrids are often used to take advantage of dominant genes present in the parental inbreds, and protect parental lines from usage by growers or other competing seed companies. Specific combining ability – specific combination of inbred lines with good general combining ability is beneficial for the production of superior new hybrids in cucurbits. Improvement in non heterotic traits that confer stability of performance(defensive traits) enhances marketable hybrid yield as well as overall performance of the hybrids.
Melon
Watermelon
Cucumber
Sex expression in watermelon cultivars is either monoecious or andromonoecious. Heterosis in yield and earliness is expressed ranging from 10 to 35 percent. Hybrids in monoecious lines are produced by hand pollination. Demand for regular diploid watermelon hybrids has been increasing over the years(120 tons during 2010). Private seed companies have also developed a number of icebox watermelon hybrids for commercial production.
Commercial cucumber hybrids in India are mainly monoecious. Hybrid seeds in monoecious hybrids are produced by crossing two monoecious lines by hand pollination. Cucumber hybrids having predominantly female flowers are produced in isolation using gynoecious x monoecious lines without hand pollination. Gynoecious x hermaphrodite lines will give 100 percent gynoecious sex expression. Such hybrids are useful in pickling cucumber varieties. Another gynoecious gene(gy) offers the possibility of economical production of monoecious hybrids by crossing a gynoecious inbred with a monoecious one.
Efforts are being made both by private and public sector plant breeders to develop seedless watermelon hybrids which are produced by crossing tetroploid female parent with a diploid male parent by hand pollination. Watermelon hybrids using tomato seeds(ts) gene have been developed by private seed sector. The seeds in these hybrids are very small and soft which can be consumed along with watermelon flesh.
Commercial melon cultivars are either monoecious or andromonoecious. Andromonoecious lines have only 20 to 35 percent natural out crossing. Hybrids are produced by hand pollination of emasculated perfect flowers on the female parent, using staminate flowers from the male parent. Gynoecious inbreds have been developed but fruits from pistillate flowers are oval to oblong rather than preferred round like those produced from perfect flowers. Gynoecy is controlled by several genes and is complex to work with. Five male sterile mutants(ms-1, ms-2, ms-3, ms-4, and ms-5) have been reported in melon. Male sterile mutant (ms-1) is being used for hybrid seed production programme at PAU Ludhiana.
Pumpkin and Gourds In Gourds and Pumpkins, hybrid seeds are produced by crossing two monoecious inbreds
13
by hand pollination. Gynoecious bitter gourd lines DABY 201 and DABY 270 have been isolated from land races from Eastern India. Hybrid seeds are produced by using gynoecious x monoecious inbreds in isolation without hand pollination.
Seed Extractions Care should be taken not to harvest fruit from vines having anthracnose, gummy stem blight and fruit blotch. Fermentation plus acid wash(1% HCL) can reduce chances of seed transmission of fruit blotch. Seeds extracted from tetraploid fruits for triploid seed production should be washed immediately without fermentation. In India, cucumber green mottle virus is a problem and is seed transmitted. Polymerace chain reaction(PCR) technique provides more efficient method to identify the presence of virus in a grow out test. In Pumpkin, Squash and Ash gourd the harvested fruits should be cured for 20-25 days allowing after ripening of the seeds. Commonly, seeds should be treated with a registered protectant such as captan and thiram before sealing them in to cans, bags and packets. Seeds should be stored in hermetically sealed containers at 6.5 percent moisture content.
Emerging Technologies in Cucurbit Production Production Researchers and plant breeders have put lot of efforts in developing high yielding cultivars, precision farming systems, optimum fertilizer application, disease management and transfer of technology to local farmers to maximize the crop production efficiency. Some of these technologies are mentioned below.
Advances in Nursery Management There is an emerging trend among cucurbit growers to raise seedling in plug trays kept under net houses rather than sowing seeds directly in open field. Transplants increase uniformity and earliness of the crop, protects seedlings from vector transmitted virus diseases and reduce seed cost. Transplants are grown in 1-2“ diameter plug trays using sterile cocopith growing medium available commercially. Usually cucurbit seedlings are grown in plug trays for 12 to 14 days followed by hardening of the seedlings for 2-3 days before
14
transplanting in the field. 200ppm nitrogenous solution is applied 3 times a week to the growing seedlings. Special care is required for raising seedlings of triploid watermelon. Before sowing the seeds, the growing medium is watered and allowed to dry for 24 hours. Triploid seeds are then planted at a depth of 0.75� in plug trays. The growing medium is kept moist (not wet) during seed germination. The temperature is maintained at 30-35o C with relative humidity ranging 90-100 percent. During first week in the plug trays, moisture of the growing medium is monitored very carefully. Once the seedlings are established, water can be adjusted to get sturdy plants. Triploid seedlings take longer time(25-28 days) for their establishment in the nursery.
Plastic Mulch and Fertigation Progressive farmers prefer growing cucurbits in polyethylene mulched beds with drip irrigation. Water and nutrient inputs are closely monitored and adjusted with drip irrigation. Drip irrigation provides plants with more uniform application of water, placing it near the root zone and also economise its use. It also minimizes the extent of foliage and fruit diseases. Further, it does not interfere with honey Bees and subsequent pollination and fertilization. Crucial stages when moisture stress is most harmful are 1) before seedling emergence, 2) after transplanting, 3) at early blossoming and last 10-12 days before harvest. Inadequate moisture at planting stage results in poor and uneven germination. Moisture stress at blossom results in poor fruit set, misshapen fruits, development of bitter fruits specifically in ridge gourd, moisture stress close to harvest greatly reduces fruit size. Excessive moisture at fruit ripening stage can cause white heart, low sugar and fruit bursting in watermelon. Black plastic mulch is used when temperature is low whereas, reflective mulch is used during summer keeping soil cool. It also repels the insects such as aphids and jassides. The plastic mulch helps control weeds, improves efficient use of water and fertilizer and reduces incidence of fruit rot. Around 40-80 percent higher marketable yield in various cucurbits has been obtained with mulch culture as compared to ground culture,
leading to better exploitation of the genetic yield potential.
Bee Pollination Cucurbits when grown in the open area are dependent upon honey Bees for pollination. For adequate fruit formation 8 1- Bee visits per flower are required. Usually 3 Bee hives per acre are recommended for optimum pollination. Pesticide application should be managed carefully since most pesticides are toxic to Bees. Misshapen fruit formation takes place due to lack of pollination, resulting in unevenness in seed formation. High temperature during fruit enlargement(40-45o C) often results in decreased fruit quality and yield. Flower and fruit abortion and sex expression changes from pistillate to staminate if the temperature rises above 38-48o C.
Protected Cultivation of Cucurbits Cucurbits like parthenocarpic cucumber, melons and icebox watermelon are grown under net houses or high tunnel plastic covered solar green houses for early season production.
Trellising of Cucurbits Most cucumber, melons and icebox watermelon are amenable to trellising. In cucumber, trellised fruits give more area(29.6%) per leaf than those grown on ground. Trellised Plants can have higher plant population density due to closure row spacing, prevent fruit loss due to soil borne diseases, facilitate easy pest management, uniform fruit shape and colour and increase harvesting efficiency and yield. Pruning in trellised plants is performed to achieve a balance between vine growth and fruit set. Pruning increases average fruit weight while reducing the number of unmarketable(cull)fruits. In melon, each vine produces a primary stem or leader with many secondary branches or laterals. A suitable pruning treatment for high tunnel muskmelon is to retain primary stem and one of the first laterals while pruning all additional laterals up to and including the 8th leaf node. All secondary branches after the 8th node can be left unpruned on the plant, to be easily trellised either by nylon net or by using string and vine
clips. Misshapen fruits that are not pollinated or pruned off. Melon and watermelon require hand pollination for fruit development whereas, parthenocarpic cucumber varieties do not require pollination under green house cultivation.
Cucurbit Harvesting, Storage and Handling For delivering a premium quality raw material it is essential that the fruits are picked at exactly the right stage, stored in correct manner and reach the retailers/manufacturers in peak condition. Harvesting There are several pointers indicating the maturity of watermelon fruits. A normal size (8-10 Kg) watermelon reaches its harvest maturity in 5-6 weeks after pollination depending upon the prevailing temperature. Usually the tendril nearest to the fruit dries naturally at fruit maturity. The rind colour of the ground spot changes from green to cream to deep yellow at fruit maturity. Sometimes a black mold is also seen developing on the yellow ground spot indicating fruit ripening. When striked with knuckles a high pitched tone indicates unripe fruit, deep pitched tone indicates ripe fruit and a dull sound or thud indicates over ripe watermelon fruit. Small watermelon(Icebox group) are hardest to test for ripeness. In Korea an internal quality prediction model by PLSR(partial least square regression) has been developed by analyzing the percussion sound of watermelon with overall prediction accuracy of 90%. The quality watermelon fruits are uniform, symmetrical in appearance, surface is waxy and bright, free from sun scald, scars and abrasions. The flesh is firm, crispy or granular in texture with TSS ranging from 11-14 percent. Sugar content in watermelon does not increase after harvest, however, flesh colour(red) develops after harvest if slightly immature fruit is picked. Most netted melons(climactric fruit) are harvested at half slip stages. The skin colour between the raised netting changes from green to yellow, gold or orange shades. The aroma industry prefers fruity and musky odour at the time of harvest. If picked at proper maturity, netted melon will continue to soften and become more aromatic after harvest. If
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harvested pre-maturely by cutting the stem prior to abscission zone develops, may produce little aroma, low TSS and will not ripe properly. In non climactric melon varieties it is difficult to judge the fruit maturity. The rind colour does not change at maturity. Usually the fruit approaching ripe stage develops cracks, splits near the peduncle base. The leaf closest to the fruit will also begin to develop with pale colour. At the time of harvest, the picker should ensure sufficient maturity leading to completion of ripening, sufficient firmness(not soft) dry stem scar, no sun scaled, flesh and rind free from decay by fungus and bacteria, dry seed cavity(not leaking) free from surface aphid honeydew, scars, cracks, ground spot and other rind disorders. The flesh should be firm, crispy and sweet(TSS 12-16%). In slicing cucumbers and gourds the duration from pollination to harvest ranges from 14-18 days. In pickling cucumbers it ranges from 5-10 days. The fruit at harvest is fresh, crisp, well formed with immature soft seeds. The frequency of harvest is every other day or daily during warm months, 2-3 times/week during cooler weather or at higher elevation. In Pumpkin the fruit is peduncle is dry. In Ash harvested with the on set tender stage or after wax longer storage purpose.
harvested when the gourd, the fruits are of wax on the rind at is fully developed for
Storage and Handling For maximum shelf life, cucurbits in general should be pre cooled, after harvest to 10-15o C. The harvested fruits should be washed with chlorinated water at 150 ppm. The floating fruits in a single layer are held in chlorinated water no longer than five minutes. Watermelon can be stored up to 15 days at 15oC and up to 21 days at 7-10oC with RH 85-90 percent. Hydro cooling is most efficient. Below 7oC, chilling injury occurs in watermelon. During storage the carotenoid level in watermelon increases at 21oC as compared to fresh fruits. The gain in lycopene content is 11-40 percent and that of beta carotene 50-139 percent. Fruits stored at 5oC and 13oC shows very small change in carotenoids. Watermelon is very sensitive to ethylene and should not be stored along with melons. The optimum storage temperature ranges from 2-7oC at 95 percent
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RH in melons for 5-14 days. During controlled atmosphere transit the recommended level of O2 is 3-5 percent for reduced respiration and ethylene production and that of CO2 is 10-20 percent for reduced loss of sugar and surface molds. Cucumbers can be stored for 10-14 days at 10-13oC with 90-95 percent RH. Chilling injury occurs when fruits are held below 10oC for 2 days. Cucumber is sensitive to ethylene and should not be stored along with melons. For flavour preservations, it is essential that the fruits are not chilled, but stored at temperature approaching 10oC, otherwise the flavour enzymes may start to become inactivated. The flavour of watermelon is said to intensify when stored at 10oC for around a week. In melons the ripe fruits are picked and processed immediately for flavour extraction. Cucurbits are subjected to a number of post harvest fruit rot such as black spot, phytophthora, cladesporium, rhizoctonia, erwinia and alternaria fruit rot which need to be attended efficiently.
Disorders in Cucurbits A number of physiological disorders occur in cucurbits due to various types of stresses. The misshapen fruit in watermelon, melons and gourds are due to lack of ovule fertilization, caused by poor Bee pollination or abortion of pollen or ovules due to high temperature stress. The blossom end rot in watermelon and melons is mainly due to calcium deficiency and excessive nitrogen fertilizer application. Excess nitrogen and irrigation during fruit ripening cause white heart in watermelon. Fruit cracking in watermelon and melon is due to irregular supply of water in developing fruits as well as due to calcium deficiency. Moisture stress during fruit expansion stage causes bitterness in ridge gourd. Deshaped fruits of gynoecious cucumber cultivars are due to excessive fruit load on the plant. All the above mentioned defects can be prevented by balanced fertilizer application, maintaining optimum moisture and temperature and Bee activities during fruit development stage.
Countering Disease Losses through Grafting and Protected Cultivation Majority of the foliar diseases and insect pests in cucurbits are well under control with the use of
pesticides. However, the soil borne diseases such as fusarium wilt, gummy stem blight, rhizoctonia root rot, bacterial fruit blotch and a host of aphids, whitefly and thrips transmitted virus diseases could not be controlled through pesticides. One of the unique way of combating majority of soil borne diseases is through the use of resistant bottle gourd and pumpkin(C.moschata x C.maxima) root stock for susceptible watermelon, melon and cucumber cultivars. Similarly majority of the virus diseases in watermelon, melon and cucumber can be prevented successfully by the use of low tunnel unwoven acryl net in the open filed for a period of 25-30 days after transplanting. For grafting, the watermelon and muskmelon seeds are sown in plug trays(kept in a net house) a week earlier than the bottle gourd or pumpkin root stock. The root stock bottle gourd seedlings are ready for side grafting 12 days after sowing. Each root stock seedling at this stage will have two cotyledonous leaves and a terminal growing bud. A slanting cut of 2cm long is given to the root stock removing the terminal bud and one of the cotyledonous leaves, retaining the second cotyledonous leaf intact. Another 2cm long slanting cut is given to the hypocotyle region of the scion seedling proceeding downwards and eliminating its radical portion. The cut portion of the root stock and scion are then joined together using a grafting clip (Fig 1). The grafted seedlings are kept under shade maintain 95-100 percent RH for 3 days. Afterwards the grafted seedlings are hardened in a net house for 2 more days and then transplanted in a previously irrigated field. Immediately after transplanting the grafted seedlings are covered with a low tunnel of acryl net for a period of 30 days (Fig 2). Care should be taken to control foliar diseases on growing plants periodically. Acryl net will protect the plants from vectors and vector transmitted virus diseases for a period of 30 days. At the time of flowering, the acryl net is removed from plants gradually during evening and covering the plants again next morning around 10am to prevent sunscald. The above procedure is repeated for 1 or 2 days more and thereafter the acryl net is removed permanently facilitating the Bee pollination activities. The grafted plants are thus
Fig 1.
protected from vector and virus diseases during the first 45 days. Thereafter the recommended plant protection measures are followed regularly. Virus multiplication in the older plants is slow. It takes roughly 23-25 days for the symptom expression and by that time melon or watermelon fruits would already be approaching maturity. At the time of fruit harvest only a few growing side
Fig. 2
branches or terminal portion of the main stem express virus symptoms. The plant thus escapes the major damage of the virus attack without any significant loss in yield and fruit quality. The cost of acryl net cover will be approximately Rs.6000 per acre. The net can be reused for two seasons. The net cost of the acryl net would thus be Rs.3000 per acre per season. Grafted watermelon plants are vigorous, produce heavier fruits with firmer and 30 percent more crispy flesh than the non grafted plants and have better shelf life. Sugar and lycopene content of the
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grafted watermelon are usually equal to the non grafted plants. Grafted plants take 5-7 days longer to harvest and have slightly reduced aroma. The technology is ecofriendly and economical, turning 100 percent crop failure(due to wilt + virus diseases) to 100 percent success in watermelon, melon and cucumber cultivars.
Linking seed industry with Neutraceutical Industry Valuable fruit flesh rich in powerful antioxidants such as lycopene and other carotenoids as well as sugars are discarded by the growers engaged in seed production of cucurbits like watermelon, melon, pumpkin, squash, bitter gourd, cucumber etc. These commercially valued nutraceuticals provides several health benefits. In watermelon roughly 30,000 tons of fruit flesh is discarded annually during hybrid seed extraction programme. This cull material is a good source of lycopene, citrulline and sugar. After extracting lycopene and citrulline from cull material, the left over can be fermented to form ethanol, a bio feed. On an average a 10 Kg watermelon fruit will yield about 0.63 kg sugar from flesh and rind from which about 0.3 Kg of ethanol can be derived. The neutraceutical industry can get inexpensive material whereas, the farmers can get extra income from his seed production programme. Technology Transfer The driving force of the consumer’s demand, the needs of processing, neutraceutical and flavour industry along with the emerging super market sector, the demand for high grade raw material and premium quality products is growing day by day. A trained manpower is needed for the flow of precision technologies available for the production of quality produce. Establishment of grafted seedling production industry, use of ecofriendly production technology, training in precise harvesting packaging, transport and storage are essential in translating the research findings in to actual practices. Future challenges Available information on mapping of melon and cucumber genome will provide better
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understanding and identification of specific genes related to biotic and a-biotic stress tolerance, anti oxidants, flavours and sex expression in cucurbits. Recent research findings at U.C.Davis have shown that haploid plants can be easily generated through seeds by manipulating a single centromere-specific histone CENH3. The ease of generation of haploids through seeds by altering CENH 3 and converting haploids in to diploids allows large scale generation of double haploids. This will create instant homozygous lines bypassing several generations of inbreeding, thus greatly accelerating plant breeding work. It is time for the breeders and production researchers to focus their attention not only on yield improvement but also on stress tolerance and quality parameters required by the processing, neutraceutical and flavour industries as well as several health benefits provided by the cucurbits.
References John Boddingdon, Treatt USA Inc. – Processing for Natural flavors : Cucumber, Melon, Watermelon, www.jevuska.com/topic/processing Maruthachalam Ravi & Simon W.L. Cahri – Haploid Plants produced by centrometre – mediated genome elimination, Nature, 464, 615 – 618 (2010) Heterosis Breeding in Vegetable Crops / Rai, Nagendra & Rai, Mathura. ...www.saujanyabooks.com/ details. Lin Depei, The Genes of Melon and Its Application to Breeding, Journal of changejiang vegetables – 1999-01 T.C. Wehner – Over view of the genes of Watermelon; Cucurbitaceae 2008, proceedings of 9th EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of Cucurbitaceae. T.C.Wehner ; Heterosis in Vegetable crops , chapter in “The genetics and exploitation of Heterosis in crops” ( 1999) Trevor suslow : chlorination in the production of post harvest handling of fresh fruits and vegetables – http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu. The world’s healthiest foods – http://www.whfoods. com (2011) FAO Plant breeding news Journal - www.fao.org/ag/ AGP/AGPC/doc/services/ Crops for the future - www.cropsforthefuture.org/
Vegetable Seed Sector in India – Achievements and Challenges Dr. Sharan Angadi Head of Breeding, Asia Pacific, Nunhems India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore
INTRODUCTION Getting a balanced, nutritive meal is still a distant dream for majority of the Indians. Vegetables play a major role in providing an affordable balanced diet. About 42 percent of Indians are strict-vegetarians and depend on vegetables for their daily requirement of nutrients, minerals and vitamins. Increasing demand for vegetables, driven by consumer awareness about their nutritive value, makes the job of developing better quality vegetable hybrids and providing the growers with good quality seeds in sufficient quantities, very challenging. India produces 130 million tonnes of vegetables from an area of 6.5 million hectares and ranks 2nd after China in vegetable production. The country produces approximately 15% of the world`s vegetables from about 2.8% of the total land area. Per capita availability of vegetables has doubled between 1983 and 2000. By 2020, India would need 136 g/ capita/ day and has to produce 127.2 million tonnes of vegetables (other than tubers) to meet the demand. Due to the significant surge in prices of vegetables and onions, food inflation touched double digits in December 2010. To stabilize the prices and to meet the growing demands of an ever increasing population, seed industry has to gear up and equip itself with novel approaches employing advanced technologies. Seed is a vital input for agriculture and India is one of the major seed markets in the world. Indian vegetable seed industry is growing by about 9.3 per cent annually compared to 5 per cent growth of global seed market. Size wise Indian vegetable seed market ranks 6th in the world valued between Rs 1450 and 1500 crores in 2010. It is expected to grow to Rs 2921 crore by 2019. The top 10 companies that control more than 80% of the vegetable seed market are Syngenta, Nunhems, Namdhari, Bejo Sheetal,
Mahyco, Seminis, Advanta, Vibha, US Agri and Ankur. While Syngenta, Nunhems, Bejo Sheetal, Seminis, Advanta and US Agri are multinational companies, the rest are leading Indian companies. Mahyco has a JV with Monsanto. Syngenta, Nunhems, Monsanto, Mahyco and Namdhari are the market leaders.
Growth of Vegetable Seed Industry In the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, when food, commercial and field crop seed industry was in the mode of enjoying positive changes in government policies, Indian vegetable seed industry started selling Open Pollinated Varieties (OPVs), bred by State Agriculture Universities (SAUs) and public sector research institutes. Public institutes like IIHR, IARI and SAUs have contributed immensely to the seed sector by releasing many OPVs and providing breeders’ seed to the private seed companies. The varieties that were popular among the private companies and farmers were Pusa Jwala, Pusa sadabahar (IARI), Jayanti (PDKV), LCA-235, G-3, G4 (ANGRAU, Lam), Phule Jyoti (MPKV) and PC-1 (GBPUAT) in Chillies, Madhuras (IARI), Hara Madhu and P. Sunahari (PAU) in Muskmelon, Pusa PPL long (IARI) in Eggplant. Arka anamika (IIHR) and Parbhani Kranti (MAU) in Okra, Arka Manik (IIHR) in watermelon, Arka Komal (IIHR) in beans, Arkel in Peas, N-53 in Onion, Pusa Navbahar (IARI) in clusterbean, Himangi in cucumber, Pusa Ruby, S-21 (IARI) and PKM-1 (IIHR) in Tomato, Arka Suman (IIHR), Pusa barsati and Pusa komal (IARI) in Cowpea and Arka Komal (IIHR) in French bean. These varieties provided a much needed fillip to the indigenous private seed companies and helped to broaden their base and invest in R&D, initially. These varieties with wider adaptability, good yield, quality and customer satisfaction,
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became elite sources to begin breeding programs in the private sector. Open Pollinated Varieties could not provide much mileage in terms of profitability. Soon private companies switched their research to develop hybrids to meet repeated demands of the farmers. High productivity, earliness, superior quality, uniform produce and resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses were the major advantages these hybrids offered over OPVs. This change brought many land mark hybrids to the market. Some of the hybrids have ruled the market for long and some are still in great demand. Among the companies present in India, Seminis and Nunhems are the fully owned subsidiaries of Monsanto and Bayer Crop Science, respectively. Monsanto has a 26% share in Mahyco. Golden Seeds and Unicorn are subsidiaries of Advanta Seeds (now UPL) and Bejo Sheetal Seeds is a joint venture with Bejo Zaden BV, Holland. US Agri Seeds is a US based company operating in several countries. East West Seeds India is a 100% subsidiary of East West International, a Thailand based company.
Impact of Government Policies From 1960 to 1980 all R&D activities were under universities or government institutes. There were
restrictions on exchange of germplasm and foreign investment in the seed sector. Though in 1970s private seed companies came into picture, nothing significant happened till 1987 when government permitted MRTP/ FERA companies to invest in seed sector. “New Seed Policy” of 1988 and change in industrial policy of government in 1991 that identified seed production as high priority industry, had a positive impact on seed industry and its development. The shift in policies liberalized the import of vegetable and flower seeds and also encouraged MNCs to invest in seed business. During this period more than 30 companies started their own research in India. Consequently, for providing a system of protecting plant varieties, the rights of the farmers and plant breeders ‘The protection of plant varieties and farmers act, 2001’ was passed by the parliament. Positive environment created by government policies, attracted more investment in R&D by private players. This is evident from the fact that from 1984 to 1995, 50% to 60% of seed requirement was met by the private sector and in 2010 it was estimated that 80 percent of turnover in seed business came from private companies. One third of the companies in India have collaboration with a technological or foreign company investment. About 40 private companies have their R&D centers recognized by Department
Table 1. Hybrids commercialized by private seed companies in vegetables
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Sno. 1
Crop Chilli
2
Tomato
3 4
Melons Watermelon
5
Bitter gourd
6 7 8 9 9 10
Bottle gourd Ridge gourd Brinjal Okra Cucumber Sweet pepper
Hybrids Tejaswini (Mahyco), INDAM-5 (IAHS), Ujala (Nunhems), Devnoor Deluxe (Nunhems) Kranti (Nunhems), Wonder Hot (Seminis), Sitara (Seminis) Rupali (IAHS), Rashmi (IAHS), Avinash-2 (Syngenta), Abhinav (Syngenta), Naveen-2000 (Syngenta), NS-2535 (Namdhari), Utsav (namdhari) NS-815 (Namdhari), Laxmi (Nunhems), NS- 7455(Namdhari), Sona (IAHS), Kesar (Seminis) Patanagara (IAHS), MHW-6 (Mahyco), NS-295 (Namdhari), Kiran (Known-you), Madhubala (Nunhems), Madhuri (Nunhems) Vignesh (Seminis), Vishesh (Seminis), Chaman (Nunhems), Prachi (East west), Paali (East west) Warad (Mahyco) NS-3 (Namdhari) Utkarsha (Ankur), Ajay (Ankur), Mohini (Mahyco) M-10 (Mahyco), O-152 (Syngenta), Sonal (Nunhems), Awantika (Bioseed) Shivneri (Seminis), Malini (Seminis) Indra (Syngenta), Bharat (IAHS), Mahabharat (IAHS)
of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). Apart from government policies, abundant cheap labour, skilled manpower, well established seed production centers and varied climatic conditions required to produce temperate and tropical crops make India indispensable for global seed business houses.
Consolidation and Investment Areas of Research Indian government is focusing on vegetable crops and vegetable seed industry investing in biotechnology and related researches to distinguish their products and to hasten the breeding cycle, that requires lot of investment. To keep pace with the growing business in India, small and medium sized companies are consolidating their businesses by mergers or by collaborations or are being acquired by MNCs. Many Indian and foreign MNCs like Bayer Crop Science, Monsanto, Nunhems, Syngenta, Shriram Bioseed Genetics, Mahyco, Indo-American, UPL, Namdhari, JK seeds have strong presence in Indian seed business. Presence of Indian and MNCs in the market is creating competition to provide good quality products at competitive prices. Farmer the end user of advanced technology is benefitting very much. The global companies that are investing 15-30 per cent of their turnover into R&D at global level are investing from 10 to 25 percent of their turnover in R&D activities in India and are in expansion mode. In future their investments can grow. Area under research and number of qualified technical professionals working with private seed companies, have increased many folds. Foreign
vegetable seed companies with global presence are looking to India for further growth. Companies like Rijk- Zwaan, Sakata, Tokita, Limagrain are investing heavily in recent years.
Biotechnology and Research Seed companies are investing more and more in application of biotechnological tools in crop improvement. To obtain speedier results (products) by complementing conventional breeding with anther culture, markers assisted selection (MAS) and molecular breeding. These tools also help to create more genetic variability through tissue culture, embryo rescue (of wide crosses) and in-vitro selection for abiotic stresses besides helping in micro propagation of elite germplasm. Novel genotypes evolved by recombinant DNA technology used for engineering plants for disease, pest and herbicides resistances are in various stages of approval from regulatory agencies in India. All these means are used to overcome natural barriers of crossing or speeding up breeding cycles and are very popular among commercial breeders. Apart from these technologies companies are investing heavily in resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses with different plant and fruit types (segment) for the changing market needs. A notable success of such efforts is ToLCV resistance in tomato. Tomato hybrids with this resistance fetch premium price. Hybrids with different types of fruit quality being sold in India are mainly saladette type and sour or desi type. Keeping this as a base, companies are breeding for plant types, disease and pest resistances to acquire major market share.
Table 2. Major biotic stresses affecting vegetables. Sno. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Crop Pepper (Hot & Sweet) Tomato Melons Watermelon Gourds Eggplant Okra Cucumber
Biotic stresses Powdery mildew, Anthracnose, viruses, BW, thrips, mites Tospo virus, Tylcv, BW, Early and late blight, fruit borer Fusarium wilt, virus complexes Tospo virus, Fusarium Gummy stem blight, downy mildew, powdery mildew, fruit fly, CMV Fruit and Shoot borer, little leaf, BW YVMV, pod borer Cmv,
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In Hot pepper, fresh and dry are the major types. These are divided into several segments based on pungency and (fresh and dry) fruit colours. A total of 70 tonnes of hybrid hot pepper seed sold, accounts for 12 of total hot pepper seed sold in India. Many companies are using Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility (CGMS) system in their hybrids to economise on seed production cost, protect their parental line and ensure uniformity of the produce. Resistances to anthracnose, powdery mildew, bacterial wilt and viruses are the focus. In Okra a popular Indian vegetable, crop breeding for resistance to YVMV is a major target. Hybrids with plant type suitable for close planting, internodes are in great demand. Many companies like Nunhems, Shriram- Bioseed and Syngenta have commercialized very good YVMV resistant hybrids. Efforts are in progress to incorporate Enation Leaf Curl Virus (ELCV) resistance and develop hybrids with combined resistances to YVMV and ELCV. Though, melons are grown all over India. Haryana, Rajasthan and Punjab account for the major market share of hybrids. Good yield, better fruit quality and shipping ability of fruits are important. Netted types are more popular but Galia and honey dew types are also in demand. Resistance breeding is targeting Fusarium wilt and virus complexes in this crop. In watermelon, 40 tonnes of seed is being sold in India. Market prefers large size (>12 Kg), high TSS (13%), crisp flesh, good transportability and oblong shape. Jubilee type is the largest selling segment in India followed by sugar baby and
Charleston types. Ice-box type weighing 2.5- 3.0 kg, is a craze among small families. Resistance to Fusarium wilt and viruses are essential. Early, mid late and late types ensure year round availability of cauliflowers. Consistency in curd colour and black rot resistance are major requirements. Bittergourd, Bottlegourd, Ridgegourd and Spongegourd are gaining in importance for their nutraceutical values. Many companies have very strong research programmes in all of these. Fruit shapes, size and presence of spines on fruits, mark different market segments in gourds. Hybrids are early, higher yielding and more uniform than OPs and are gaining in popularity. In Asiatic type slicer cucumber 15-20 cm length is preferred. Besides these, OPV seeds of Onions, vegetable legumes like Cowpea, Dolichos bean, French bean, Clusterbean and leafy vegetables like Coriander, Fenugreek, Amaranthus and Spinach are being sold by small players. Hybrid share of revenue and area in vegetable crops is increasing rapidly because of better prices to farmers, adaptability, disease/ pest resistance, uniformity and quality of produce, aggressive marketing and sales and better margins to dealers and distributors. In future this trend will grow.
Vegetable Hybrid Seed Production India is one of the largest vegetable seed producers in Asia and ranks among top three countries in Asia along with China and Thailand.
Table 3. Estimaties of seed production for hybrid vegetable seed crops 2009-10 Crop
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Karnataka
Maharashtra
Gujarat
All India
Â
Volume (Kg)
% of All India
Volume (Kg)
% of All India
Volume (Kg)
% of All India
Volume (Kg)
Okra
325,000
29.30
400,000
33.30
320,000
26.70
1,200,000
Tomato
128,000
97.00
3,200
2.40
-
-
132,000
Hot pepper
144,000
68.60
60,800
28.90
-
-
210,000
Sweet pepper
12,800
42.70
16,400
53.30
-
-
30,000
Brinjal
60000
46.10
66,000
50.80
-
-
130,000
Table 4. Estimation of area under hybrid vegetable seed production in India 2009-10
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Gujarat
All India
Sweet pepper
160
205
-
365
Brinjal
500
550
-
1050
Crop Okra Tomato Hot pepper
Acre 2200 1600 900
Karnataka produces 97 percent of tomato, 68 percent of hot pepper, 48 percent of sweet pepper, 46 percent of eggplant and 29 percent of okra hybrid seed (Table 3), while Maharashtra contributes sweet pepper (53.3%), Eggplant (50.8%) and Okra (33.3%) hybrid seeds.
Impact of Hybrid Seeds on Farmers Adaption of vegetable hybrids developed and marketed by private seed industry made a great impact on farmers. Increase in yields, quality of produce and productivity changed lives of the farmers by increasing their income levels. Area covered by private research hybrids is increasing day by day. It clearly indicates that farmers are happy with the hybrids. Though aggressive marketing is playing a major role in increasing the area of private bred hybrids, repeated demand of specific hybrids, in every vegetable crop by farmers clearly shows that products are meeting the expectations of the growers. Though, an independent survey is required to quantify the impact of private bred hybrids on farmers, we can firmly say that, apart from yields, farmers are getting better quality produce (Devanoor Deluxe hot pepper hybrid with 180 ASTA colour value), uniformity of produce (Cucumber, watermelon, muskmelon) which fetch them premium price in the market. Moreover, some of the commercialized vegetable hybrids are disease pest resistant (ToLCV in tomato, PM in hot pepper) and liked by farmers despite the high seed price.
Areas of Improvement Government has done a lot of positive policy changes in pre and post seed act era, still there are many aspects that need improvement.
Acre 2500 40 380
Acre 2000 -
Acre 6700 1640 1280
Indian farmers have no easy access to modern agriculture technologies and media presence is inadequate in rural areas to make farmers aware of new things happening in SAUs, public and private institutes. Government agencies should take up agricultural extension programmes on priority to educate farmers on new agricultural techniques, technology and application in their farms. There is a lot of improvement in rural infrastructure but lots more needs to be done, good rural infrastructure not only changed lives of people there but also makes them available to the world as a customer of new services, technology or increase two-way connectivity. Besides roads, cold storages, electricity supply, agro processing centers, market yards community centers and even broadband connectivity in villages should improve to bring “Bharat” nearer to “India”. In vegetable crops, public private partnerships have not improved much in the recent past. Any technology, in the form of scientific protocol, hybrids, implements, instrument/ machine, pathological or entomological services can be transferred to private firms by mutual agreements, licensing, royalties, exclusive/ non-exclusive rights. In vegetable crop research, AVRDC and USDA are more accessible for germplasm than our own research institutes. Private firms can fully fund any vegetable improvement project as they are doing in AVRDC or for field crops in IRRI and ICRISAT. Similar models can be adapted for Indian National Institutes. Further, this fund from public private collaboration can be invested in Indian vegetable institutes. IIHR has already initiated few of the projects of interest for private sector and has plans to improve public-private partnerships.
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Import of seeds through plant protection and quarantine offices continue to be cumbersome due to procedures and delays, even if it is accompanied by import permit and phytosanitary certificate or relevant other documents. NBPGR is authorized to issue permit for import of germplasm into India, but , retains substantial amounts of germ plasm which is a direct loss to the importer and deterrent to the efforts to import valuable seed. Because of this, private companies do not have easy access to germplasm of public sector institutes and if they import it from international institutes, they have to share it with NBPGR. Process of clearance of imported material should be simplified. To address concerns about the lack of effective IPR in the seed industry, the government of India enacted legislation in August 2001 called “Plant Variety Protection and Farmers Rights Act, 2001�.Only one vegetable crop Okra is open for registration as of now and it is expect to open soon for other vegetables. Plant authority should hasten the formalities and procedures, so that other vegetable crops would be registered at the earliest. This is very important as this will curtail infringement of IPR or more specifically parental lines or germplasm. Clarity on the implementation of the act by plant authority is needed. India is a vibrant economy and is growing at the rate of 9.2 percent. Agriculture contributes 18.5 percent to GDP (ADB, 2007) and employs 60 percent of the population. Success of agriculture is necessary for overall development of the country of 1.14 billion people. Private seed industry is developing and contributing substantially to agriculture after implementation of positive changes in policies by the government. Indian seed industry is growing at a rapid phase and can produce and sell hybrids not only in India but could reach markets of APAC and Middle East. Public and private partnership is essential to do basic research and to take the results to the farmers’ fields. Farmers in India are enjoying competitive advantage among vegetable seed companies that provide them with superior products. R&D activities targeted towards higher yield, better quality and resistances to biotic and abiotic
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stresses have resulted in increased share of hybrids in almost all vegetable crops and would increase in future. Consumer choice drives the market demand for any particular type/ shape/ size (segment) of vegetable fruit or produce, R&D divisions should be ready to cope with ever changing dynamics in vegetable crops. Multiple Disease Resistances in products will gain ground as they provide advantages against different diseases in one hybrid. Hybrids producing fruits with good shipping ability, quality and size suitable for small families (Watermelon, Melon) and super markets and suitable for off season (Hot pepper, cucumber, Okra) are in demand. Efficient seed production by decreasing or optimizing seed production costs will be important. Upgrading seed-quality in terms of germination, vigour and genetic purity is already being addressed by different seed companies by seed enhancement, priming, pelleting and other procedures to meet international quality standards. This will be an important factor for farmers to make a choice from among the available array of products. Success of private seed industry will depend on how it responds to the demands of growers and farmers in terms of superior products having better yield, wider adaptability and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Efficient use of resources blended with appropriate technology will play a vital role for its further development. Indian seed industry has contributed a lot in development of India and has immense potential to do so in future too.
Thrust areas in Vegetable research l
Development of varieties and hybrids for specific market types eg. In chillies green/ dry/ oleoresin/colour/pungency
l
Standardization of artificial screening techniques for stresses for further development of varieties/ hybrids resistant / tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses
l
Collection, maintenance and preservation of vegetable germplasm
l
Exploitation of heterosis for higher yield, earliness and better quality using stable male sterile systems
l
Diversification of CMS sources and their utilization for developing commercial hybrids
l
Use of biotechnological tools such as MAS along with doubled haploidy techniques for speedier development of hybrids.
l
Seed replacement with improved varieties and hybrids
l
Management of aflatoxin/toxin contents to promote export in international markets.
l
Interspecific and intergenetic hybridization to exploit hybrid vigor, novel resistance for biotic and abiotic stress resistance.
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Hybrid Seed Production in Brinjal A.S. Sidhu Director, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore-560089 Email: iihrdirector@gmail.com
Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop in India and other parts of the world. It is a native of India. Its indigenous germplasm have a great genetic variation with regard to fruit colour, fruit shape, vegetative growth and spininess.
preferred for brinjal cultivation. Soil should be deep, fertile and well drained. The soil should not have more than 5.5 to 6.6 pH for good growth and development. Seed production plot should not have a seed crop of brinjal in previous season so that there are no volunteer plants.
In brinjal many pure-line cultivars have been developed. Recently the presence of heterosis has been reported and exploited in many breeding programmes by developing hybrid cultivars. Brinjal hybrids yield 40 to 50 per cent higher than the parents and have very attractive colour. Hybrid seed is produced through hand emasculation and hand pollination. Easy cross-pollination and large number of seeds per crossing have helped commercial hybrid seed production. This accompanied by large heterosis and low seed seed rate for sowing have enabled the cultivation of hybrid cultivars.
Seed Rate and Seed treatment: The seed rate is 200 g per acre. The seed is sown in the ratio of 4:1 for female and male parents. Thus, the seed rate of femal parent is 160 g and that of male parent, 40 g per acre. It should be treated with Thiram or Captan at the rate of 3 g per kg of seed before sowing.
System of Pollination Control Brinjal is classified as an often cross-pollinated crop. Cross-pollination is reported to be up to about 7 per cent. The flowers are hermaphrodite. There are four types of flowers depending on the length of style, namely (i) long-styled with big size ovary, (ii) medium-styled with medium size ovary, (iii) pseudo-short style with rudimentary ovary and (iv) true short-styled with very rudimentary ovary. Flowers with long and medium styles produce fruits, whereas those with pseudo-short and trueshort styles do not set fruits. Howeve3r, chances of cross-pollination are more in long-styled flowers. Brinjal bears flowers in clusters. Different types of flowers are present in the same cluster. For crossing, only long and medium-styled flowers are selected. Hand emasculation and hand pollination is practiced for hybrid seed production.
Agronomic Practices Selection of field: Silt loam and loam soils are
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Season and Time of Sowing: Brinjal can be cultivated during autumn-winter season and spring-summer season. Autumn-winter crop is sown in June and seedlings are transplanted in July. Spring-summer crop is sown in March and the seedlings are transplanted in April. For hybrid seed production, autumn-winter crop is more suitable as seed setting percentage is higher in this season. Nursery raising: The land for nursery raising should be prepared by ploughing or digging thoroughly. An area of 25 m2 is required to raise nursery for 1 acre. Mix 5 q of well rotton FYM with the soil and prepare 1.5-m wide and 20-cm raised beds. Irrigate the beds at least 10 days before sowing. When in water condition, drench the beds with 1 to 1.5 per cent Formalin by applying 4 to 5 liters of solution per m2. Thereafter, the beds should be covered with plastic sheet-tarpaulin for 24 hr. After Formalin application, the soil in the beds should be thoroughly turned once a day for 4 to 5 days to eliminate its adverse effects on germinating seeds. Seeds are sown 1 to 2 cm deep in rows, 5-cm spaced apart. The nursery should be drenched with 4 per cent Captan or Thiram after 5 to 7 days of germination. The irrigation should be withheld 4 to 5 days before transplanting to harden the seedlings.
Transplanting: The seedlings become ready for transplanting in 4 to 6 weeks. Transplanting should preferably be done in the evening for proper establishment of the seedling. Row-to-row spacing is kept at 75 cm and plant-to-plant at 60 cm. Fertilizer application: About 10 tonnes of FYM should be incorporated in the soil thoroughly before transplanting. Apply 25 kg N (55 kg of Urea), 25 kg P2O5 (155 kg of Single Superphosphate) and 12 kg K2O (20 kg of Mutriate of Potash) per acre at transplanting time. Apply another dose of 25 kg N (55 kg of Urea) per acre after 1 month. Weed Control: Stomp 750 ml per acre should be applied before transplanting and should be followed by one hoeing after 1 month. Irrigation: First irrigation should be given 2 days before transplanting and the second, immediately after transplanting. The crop should be irrigated as per the need there-after. During hot months the interval of irrigation should be 4 to 5 days. In light soils, frequent irrigation should be preferred. During rainy season water should not be allowed to stand in the field for more than 1 day. Harvesting: Brinjal fruits are ready for seed harvest when at least one third part of the fruit from the stem-end turns yellow. If the harvesting of mature fruits is delayed, rotting starts at the blossom end of the fruits touching the ground. In addition, rodents damage the over-mature fruits.
Plant Protection Diseases and their control Phomopsis blight and fruit rot (phomopsis vexans): Straw brown to deep brown spots develop on the leaves and fruits. The infected areas of the fruit rot. To control this disease, select seed from healthy fruit, treat the seed before sowing with Thiram or Captan at the rate of 3 g per kg of seed and spray Ziram or Zineb at the rate of 200 g in 100 liters of water at weekly intervals after transplanting. Little leaf curl (Mycoplasma spp.) Affected plants have small leaves and the plants give rosette appearance. Plant fail to produce flower and fruits. The virus is transmitted by jassid and the attack is more severe in the rotten crop. The control the
disease jassid should be kept under control by spraying malathion at the rate of 250 ml in 100 litre water per acre. Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.): The incidence of nematode results in yellowing of leaves, patchy growth of plants and formation of knot like swelling in roots. To control nematodes, dip the roots of the seedlings in 10 ml of Rogor 30 EC (dimethoate) in 10 liters of water for 6 hr before transplanting.
Insect-Pests and their control Brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee)): It is a serious pest. The shoots infested with borer droop downwards and dry up. The infested fruits have a number of holes and are damaged. To control the incidence of this borer, any of the following insecticides may be used. The insecticides and their doses are 800 ml of Thiodan 35 EC (endosulfan), 800 g of Sevin 50 WP/Hexavin, 50 WP (carbaryl), 100 ml of Sumicidin 20 EC (fenvalerate), 40 ml of Ambush 50 EC (permethrin), 200 ml of Ripcord 10 EC (cypermethrin), 160 ml of Decis 2.8 EC (deltamethrin), 800 ml of Ekalux 25 EC (quinalphos), 500 ml of Monocil 36 EC (monocrotophos) and 500 ml of Hostathion 40 EC (triazophos). Three to four sprays may be applied at 14 day interval using 100 to 125 litres of water per acre. The insecticides of the same group should not be used repeatedly to avoid the development of pesticide resistance and appearance of secondary pests. Ratoon brinjal crop should not be raised to minimize the incidence of this pest. In case of incidence, all infested fruits should be picked up and destroyed. Jassid (Amrasca biguttula (Ishida)): A large number of greenish adults and nymphs of jassid may be seen on the plants which become pale and finally bronze. Hadda beetle (Epilachna duodecastigma (Fabricius)): Hadda beetle feeds on the leaves and may cause of extensive damage. To control jassid and hadda beetle 250 ml of Malathion 50 EC may be sprayed at 10 day interval as soon as the pests appear.
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Seed Production Technology Field Inspection: A minimum three field inspections are required. First inspection is conducted before flowering. Plants not conforming to varietal purity should be rogued out. Second inspection is conducted at flowering stage. Individual plants are screened for flower colour, leaf and stem colour, absence or presence of spines on the leaves, plant height and plant spread. Third inspection is undertaken when fruits are at the edible stage. The fruits of individual plants are inspected for their size, colour and shape in addition to morphological characters of the plants.
Field Standards Isolation: A minimum isolation of 100 m is required for certified seed production. Specific requirements: Factor
Maximum permitted for Certified seed (%) Off-type plants 0.2 Plants affected by seed 0.5 borne diseases Plants affected by little leaf 0.2 virus
Crossing Procedure Emasculation: Brinjal bears hermaphrodite flowers. The flowers of female parent are prepared for cross-pollination for hybrid seed production by removing the male organs or anthers. The operation is called emasculation. Long and medium-styled flowers are taken for emasculation. Selection of flower buds for emasculation is the primary step. The flower buds where the tip of corolla have not been separated can be selected for emasculation. Emasculation can be done at any time in the day but is convenient and effective to perform it in the evening as pollination is done following morning. Soon after emasculation the flower is protected by a selfing bag or cotton pad.
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Pollen Collection: The flowers of male parent which are to be used for pollination, are bagged prior to opening in order to avoid contamination. Either pollen is collected from flower of male parent or the flower is used as such for pollination for which another dehiscence is essential, i.e. opening of anthers. Anther dehiscence depends upon light, temperature and humidity. There is poor anther dehiscence on cloudy days. Pollen can be collected by putting the anthers in a vial along with small iron balls for giving a beating affect. Cross Pollination: The flowers of female parent emasculated in the evening are cross-pollinated in following morning before 11 a.m. Pollen grains are taken in the petridish or on the thumbnail and then transferred to the stigma of female flower with help of brush, needle or match stick. After pollination, selfing bag or cotton pod is placed over the flower. The pollinated flower should be left with identification mark either by chipping of calyx or by tying a jewel tag. Before pollination, stigmatic surface of the female flower should be checked for the presence of pollen. The colour of pollen grain is white whereas that of stigma is green. Seed Extraction: Seed is extracted manually or mechanically. The mature fruits are cut and crushed into small pieces. The seed along with the fruit flesh is scooped out with hand. The seed is washed free of fruit material by washing with hands in a tub containing water. The seed being heavier settles at the bottom the flesh floats over the water surface. The floating pulp is decanted off. Clean seed can be obtained by repeated washings by water. Axial Flow Vegetable Seed Extraction Machine can also be used for seed extraction. Seed drying and storage: Seed should be dried immediately after washing. It should be spread in thin layer on cloth or in trays under sun for drying. Seed drying on pucca floor under scorching heat should be avoided. Seed extraction should be done in the morning so that the seed is sufficiently dried during the day. By doing so, the possibility of spourting during night is avoided. Seed can be
stored for 2 to 3 years under cool, dry and well ventilated conditions. Seed Standards: Factor
Pure seed (minimum) Inert matter (maximum) Other crop seeds (maximum) Weed Seeds (maximum) Germination (minimum) Moisture (maximum) Moisture for vapour proof containers (maximum)
Seed standards For certified seed 98% 2% None None 70% 8%) 6%
Efficacy of seed production: One person can emasculate 40 flowers and can pollinate 30
flowers per hour. Single fruit of brinjal yield 4 to 5 g of seed. Seed rate of brinjal hybrid is 200 g per acre. Thus one person can produce seed for 1 acre in 1 day. Hence, manual hybrid seed production in brinjal is a viable exercise.
Maintenance of Parents High quality of seed of parents is a critical factor in hybrid seed production. Brinjal being a often cross-pollinated crop, the seed of parents can be produced by isolating the seed production plots by 200 m. The seed should be procured from an authentic source. The seed production plots should be vigorously inspected and offtype plants should be removed as discussed earlier. The agronomic practices for the seed production of parents are the same as those for hybrids.
29
Vegetable Hybrid Seed Production David Tay1
Abstract The trend of F1 hybrid seed usage in vegetable is increasing globally in term of species, cultivars and volume of seed used. F1 hybrid vegetable seed can be categorized into hand-pollinated and gene-control pollinated species. The genecontrolled species can be due to the effect of self-incompatibility genes or male sterility genes. The vegetables with both F1 hybrid and openpollinated cultivars were summarized to show their trend of adoption in the world and their F1 seed production method. The development of the handpollinated F1 vegetable seed production industry in the world was summarized and the contract production system described. A case study using tomato hybrid seed production in Taiwan was exemplified in details to illustrate the production steps from selection of site to actual growing of the male and female parents, emasculation of the male flowers and pollination, seed extraction and drying, and constraints facing the industry.
Introduction Vegetables consist of many species and cultivars, and can be classified in many ways such as by botanical family and species, cultivar group, the edible part, climatic region, user ethnic origin, life cycle and nutrition. In seed production they can be categorized into open-pollinated, F1 hybrid and clonally propagated cultivars. The trend of F1 hybrid seed usage in vegetable crops is increasing globally in term of species, cultivars and volume of seed used. Most of the seed of our main vegetables including tomato, sweet pepper, eggplant, cucumber, squash, pumpkin, melon, watermelon, brassicas such as cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Chinese cabbage and radish, and onion in developed countries are of F1 hybrid cultivars. The popularity of F1 hybrid cultivars is due to their vigor, uniformity, disease resistance, Director, Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center, 670 Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210-1086, U.S.A., tay.9@osu.edu
1
30
stress tolerance and good horticultural traits including earliness and long shelf-life expressed and therefore giving consistent stable high yield. From the breeder point of view, it is a fast and convenient way to combine desirable characters of a vegetable together, for example fruit size and color, plant type and disease resistance, and as a mean to control intellectual property rights through control and protection of the parental lines by the breeders. The latter was the main reason Japanese seed companies applied to protect their cultivars in the 1940s and 1950s. In F1 hybrid vegetable seed production, vegetables can be divided into two groups: the hand-pollinated and the gene-control pollinated species. The genetic control system can be due to the self-incompatible system where pollen of the same plant or flower cannot pollinate itself or to the male-sterile genetic system where a female plant has no male organ, deformed organ or no functional pollen to pollinate itself. When no such genetic control system is found or when it is not introduced into inbred parental lines, tedious hand-emasculation and pollination have to be used to produce F1 seed. In both the gene-control system and hand-pollinated species sufficient field or female flower isolation have to be maintained to obtain high seed genetic purity. Table 1 gives examples of these two groups of species and the trend of F1 hybrid cultivars adoption in the world.
The gene-control pollination F1 vegetable seed production system The vegetables with highly developed selfincompatibility system are those in the family Crucifereae. They include Brassica oleracea (Brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kohlrabi and kale), Brassica rapa (Chinese cabbage, turnip and a range of Asian leafy brassicas) and Raphanus sativus (Table 1). The genetics of the self-incompatibility system in the cruciferous crops are so well developed that they
consist of a series of genes (loci) and alleles. Vegetable breeders have been very successful in using them for decades in F1 hybrid seed breeding. Hybrid seed production of sweet corn, carrot and onion are based on male sterility gene system and the genetic control can be either just clear-cut male sterility genes or the interaction of a male sterility gene with a cytoplasmic factor. In recent years, brassica breeders are trying to use male sterility system instead of the standard incompatibility system. Some of the difficulties encountered were the reduction in nectary gland size and decreasing function of these glands. Plants with male-sterility gene were therefore
unable to attract insect pollinators which are required for pollination. The progenies of the male sterility progeny in Brassica juncea also gave rise to young leaf yellowing symptom.
The hand-pollinated F1 vegetable seed production system Most of the seed of F1 hybrid vegetables are produced by hand-pollination as indicated in Table 1. The method in principle is simple as it involves the manual emasculation of the pollenproducing organ, the anthers, followed by hand pollination with pollen of the male parent and then
Table 1. Vegetables with both F1 hybrid and open-pollinated cultivars showing their adoption trends in the world and their F1 seed production method. Vegetables Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) Beet and chard (Beta vulgaris) Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Carrot (Daucus carota) Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) Celery (Apium graveolens) Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) Chinese mustard (Brassica juncea) Cucumber (Cucumis sativa) Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Gourd (Benincasa hispida) Leek (Allium porrum) Luffa (Luffa angulata & L. cylindrica) Melons (Cucumis melo) Okra (Abelmoschus esculantus) Onion (Allium cepa) Pakchoi and Petsai (Brassica rapa) Peppers (Capsicum annuum) Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) Radish (Raphanus sativus) Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Sweet corn (Zea mays) Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) Turnip (Brassica rapa) Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo)
F1* Mainly (di) Increasingly (di) Increasingly (h) Mainly (si) Mainly (si) Increasingly (cms) Mainly (si) New (gms) Mainly (si) Increasingly (si) Mainly (h) Mainly (h) Increasingly (h) New (cms) Increasingly (h) Mainly (h) Increasingly (h) Mainly (cms) Increasingly (si) Mainly (h) Increasingly (h) Mainly (si) Mainly (di) Mainly (h & cms) Mainly (h) Mainly (si) Mainly (h) Mainly (h)
OP* Old cultivars Constant Local cultivars Local cultivars Local cultivars Local cultivars Local cultivars Mainly Local cultivars Local cultivars Local cultivars Local cultivars Local cultivars Mainly Local cultivars Local cultivars Local cultivars Old cultivars Old cultivars Local cultivars Old cultivars Old cultivars Local cultivars Local cultivars Old cultivars Old cultivars Old cultivars Old cultivars
* F1 – F1 cultivars; OP – open-pollinated cultivars; (di) – dioecious; (h) – hand-pollinated hybrids; (cms) – cytoplasmic male-sterile system hybrids; (gms) – genetic male-sterile system hybrids; and (si) – self-incompatibility system hybrids.
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preventing other pollen from contaminating the pollinated flowers. However, it is labor intensive and requires a team of skillful growers and many dedicate pollinators with good eye-sight, gentle hands, a lot of patience and commitment, and able to follow instructions accurately. The main task of a seed producer is the management of the production system and business. To be cost-effective, this system only works in species where a single pollination of a female flower will produce many seeds. This is the case for all the solanaceous crops and cucurbits. On the contrary, in legumes the small number of seeds per flower/ pod prevents hand-pollination to be efficient and thus no hybrid beans to date have been produced. In this case the use of gene-control pollination has to be exploited. Similarly, if a good gene-control pollination system is available in say tomato and pepper their seed production could be transformed into less intensive large field production system as in the brassicas and sweet corn.
The distribution of F1 vegetable seed production in the world The two systems of hybrid vegetable seed production have different production requirements. The gene-control pollination system requires suitable climatic conditions, good growers with mechanized farm and high standard of seed quality and seed health control. Many of these locations are in developed agricultural countries such as USA and Canada, Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. On the other hand, the intensive hand-pollination system demands in addition to suitable climate, good seed growers and high standard of seed quality and seed health control also efficient low cost pollination teams, small intensive fields with constant supervision, techniques to harvest and extract pollen from the male parent, efficient way and machinery to extract, clean and dry the valuable hybrid seed produced and also quarantine certification. These conditions are usually found in lesser-developed countries where horticulture is progressive and a contract agreement is respected and kept. The contracting seed company through stringent contract specifications and regular supervision of the seed production field and the harvested seed is able to control and maintain high seed quality.
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The distribution of hybrid vegetable seed
production in the world is therefore limited to some specific regions where the climate, weather and availability of good growers are the main deciding factors. Vegetables can be classified into three categories according to their temperature requirements as follows: l
Low temperature species such as brassicas, radish, carrot and spinach require a low temperature of 8°-15°C of vernalization to bolt, flower and seed set;
l
Moderate temperature species such as tomato, sweet pepper and zucchini require a temperature of around 18°-20° with around 25°C in the day and 15°C at night for optimum seed production. The diurnal temperature difference is desire to obtain best result. Too low a temperature causes low seed set and pollen production, and too high a temperature flower abscission, low pollen production and viability, and pest and disease problem; and
l
High temperature species such as okra, cucurbits, sweet corn and tropical vegetables require a temperature of 20°C and above.
This temperature requirement is attained at different latitudes by a combination of climatic season and elevation above sea level. For instance in tomato, a moderate temperature requirement vegetable, seed production can be carried out equally well in the winter season of a subtropical region as the case in Taiwan and Southeast Asia or in the summer season in temperate region as in Northeast and Northwest China, and in Chile. In the tropics seed production is sometimes achieved in highlands of 500-2000 m altitude where the cool temperature is suitable for the moderate temperature loving vegetables to produce seed. Photoperiodic reaction is not a concern as most of the modern cultivars of the moderate temperature requirement species are day-neutral plant and thus insensitive to photoperiod. The low temperature requirement vegetables often require a specific period of cold vernalization in their growth phase to induce bolting and flowering. Seed of these species are often produced in the higher latitudes. However, some of the heat tolerant cultivars of these cold loving vegetables e.g. some cruciferous crops and carrot require less vernalization time and also
process shorter day photoperiod requirement and thus their seed production has been successfully carried out in subtropical areas. The hand-pollinated F1 hybrid seed occurs mainly in East Asia (China and Taiwan) and Southeast Asian highlands (Northern Thailand and Northern Philippines), India (Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh), Mexico and Chile. The gene-controlled pollinated seed production is found largely in the USA (California – brassicas, onion and radish; Idaho – brassicas, onion and radish; Oregon – brassicas, onion, radish and turnip; and Washington State – brassicas, carrot, onion, radish and turnip), Canada (British Columbia – crucifers), Denmark (crucifers), Australia (Southeast Australia including Tasmania – crucifers and onion), New Zealand (crucifers) and in East Asia, China (Northeast, North and Northwest China - crucifers, Central China and Southeast China), Korea - crucifers, Japan – crucifers, and Taiwan – crucifers.
Development of hand-pollinated hybrid vegetable seed production in the world I. Post Second War World Period Following the success of F1 hybrid sweet corn breeding in the USA in the 1940s and 1950s other F1 hybrid vegetables were bred. The end of the Second World War could be said to mark the beginning of the global hybrid vegetable seed industry when the seed production technologies were spread from the US and Japan to other countries. Japan was already exporting hybrid tomato and eggplant in the 1950s. The main recipient of this technology was Taiwan which was to develop into one of the most successful countries in the world in producing hand-pollinated F1 hybrid vegetable seeds. The combination of both the US and Japanese know-how in Taiwan has resulted in an efficient production system. During the peak of the industry in the 1970s, Taiwan produced most of the world F1 hybrid tomato seed and also watermelon, melon, sweet pepper, eggplant and cucumber. Hot pepper and other lesser cucurbits such as luffa and gourds were also introduced during this period. Almost all of the hybrid seed produced were for the US, Japanese and European seed companies.
Some of the international companies decided to establish offices and research farms, or joint partnerships with local Taiwanese seed companies, for example Petoseed (presently, Seminis) acquired Wann Shiang to form Peto Wann Shiang which later served as Petoseed’s technical base for its entry into other Asian countries like China, Thailand and India. On the other hand Sluis & Groot (presently, Syngenta) decided to enter into partnership with Ching Choung to form Fu Lan which then operated like other local seed companies. Sakata Seed of Japan decided to establish its own research farm there. The prominent local seed companies were Known-You Seed and Evergrow Seed and they are still the main vegetable seed companies there, presently. Known-You has been the winner of several All-America Selections awards in the past years including most recently in 2001 for its melon hybrids. The production areas were concentrated in southern Taiwan in Kaohsiung, Pintung, Chaiyi and Tainan Prefecture with approximately 40%, 40%, 14% and 6% of the total production, respectively. There are several factors that contributed to this success and development, and the four main factors are: 1. The cool dry climate with plenty of sunshine hours and good irrigation water during the winter season is ideal for growing moderate temperature requirement crops such as tomato, melon and pepper and thus their seed production. In general, the day and night temperature difference at this period is optimal for good fruit-set. In addition, the dry climate allows the soil moisture to be accurately controlled by furrow irrigation for optimal growth and seed development. 2. The seed crop fits well into the existing paddy rice based cropping system which ensures better farm land utilization and pest and disease control especially the soil borne pathogen such as bacterial and fungal wilt, root-knot nematode, viruses and others. This is important because some of the parental inbred lines due its inbreeding or polyploidy origin as in the case of seedless watermelon seed production are often not so vigorous and specific cultural techniques have to be used to grow them successfully. In addition, every
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new field has to be tried out to identify the species and best hybrid combinations that it can produce. 3. The general crop management skill of the seed growers was high such as skill in seedling raising, irrigating, fertilizing, pruning, staking and general field cleanliness and hygiene. The growers had the economical capability to invest in labor and farm inputs in this intensive undertaking. Skillful and patient pollinators with delicate and stable hands were available. Hence, a successful hand-pollinated hybrid seed production enterprise depends both on the availability of technical knowledge at the actual operational level of seed production, and the ability and willingness of the growers to participate in this high-risk high capital cost and slow turnover investment. 4. An efficient contract seed production system was developed and established between the international seed companies and specialized local seed contract production companies. Those international companies even after setting up their own offices in Taiwan continued to use some of the services of the local production companies and their area seed agents to implement their seed
production targets. The contract system is summarized in Figure 1. Both the local and overseas companies in Taiwan were equipped with modern appropriate machinery and had highly trained technical staff who worked directly with the growers or through their area seed agents. The responsibilities of the area agents and company staff were to recruit potential seed growers, to negotiate the production contracts, and to train and retain good growers. The contract covered agreement on the amount of seed to be produced, seed price, time of delivery, term of payment and seed standard including germination rate, genetic purity and moisture content. Sometimes, certain production inputs e.g. mechanized wet seed extractor had to be loaned to growers depending on the contract agreement. Once a contract was signed the company personnel issued seeds of the parental lines and provided expertise on seed production rangeing from crop management practices to pollination and seed processing techniques to the growers. The most important duty of the seed company staff and agents were to ensure the contract quality and quantity of the seed produced under their supervision. The seed standard of tomato was a genetic purity of at least 98%, germination rate of above 85% and moisture content of less than
Figure 1. Summary of contract system of F1 hybrid vegetable seed production in Taiwan.
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8%. Normally, a grower would be paid around 45 days after seed submission to the seed company. Due to the close supervision of seed company’s staff and agents only occasionally a seed lot would be rejected. Through the contract production system the seed company technical staff could also plan and locate seed production fields to ensure sufficient isolation distances between species and that each company usually would develop its own production areas and respect those of another company. This contract production system has led to the development of the “seed village� concept where the whole village will be trained and developed to produce hybrid vegetable seed. II. From early 1980s to present The era from the 1960s to 1980s marked the beginning of large-scale hand-pollinated hybrid vegetable seed production in Taiwan and in the world. When the cost of production started to increase in the mid 1980s in Taiwan due mainly to its manufacturing industry competing for labor both local and international companies started to seek new production sites in other countries including China, Thailand, the Philippines and India. For example, Peto Wann Shiang was to dispatch and station its Taiwanese technicians in China and India for the entire seed production season. In China several very successful production locations have been established in northeast, north and northwest China, some area of south and central China. It has positioned itself into one of the main hand-pollinated F1 hybrid vegetable seed production countries in the world. The expansion of Chinese domination is to a great extend the result of the Chinese government policy to commercialize its seed industry from a centrally plan operational system where seed production target were handed down from the top into a more open business and profit-orientated industry. The state-own seed companies are facilitated to operate in a reasonably independent manner and they seek outside funds such as the World Bank loans to modernize and to train a new class of market-orientated managers. They seek and forge corporation among themselves and with international companies to build competitive advantages in the market.
In Thailand vegetable hybrid seed production is concentrated in Northeast Thailand where the cool winter weather is drier and thus has less disease and pest problem as comparing to Northern Thailand. However, the cooler weather in the highlands of Northern Thailand continues to offer good suitable locations both for seed production and plant breeding station. This industry has shown sign of stabilization and consolidation due to the increasing wages of pollinators. In the Philippines production is concentrated in Northern Luzon and it is not expanding and has stabilized as in Thailand. In India, vegetable production is expanding at a rapid rate with an increase of three folds during the last 50 years. A large area is now planted with F1 hybrid cultivars and thus hybrid vegetable seed production is growing at a rapid rate. The production is mainly concentrated in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. All these new production locations in East, Southeast and South Asia are based on Taiwanese technology and the rice paddy based cropping system. In the western hemisphere, Mexico due to its proximity to US and the availability of cheap pollinators the industry is also established in Baja California. In Chile the reverse season in the southern hemisphere and suitable climate have provided specific advantages that are not found elsewhere and a substantial hybrid vegetable seed production industry has been established.
F1 hybrid vegetable seed production: A case study on tomato in Taiwan The goal of a seed grower is to produce good quality seed and to make a profit by increasing seed yield and reducing labor and other farm inputs costs. To achieve this, both the growers and the seed companies have developed their own specific techniques in order to be more competitive than the others. Many growers because of their experience in managing their own fields have modified the standard management recommendations to suit their fields. Some of the modified techniques are unsuitable for other fields and others have no obvious advantages over the standard methods. The following are the standard techniques in use for commercial F1 tomato hybrid seed production in Taiwan:
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1. Crop management practices:
In tomato higher fruit yield generally gives higher seed yield but this applies only within each of the genetic types. For example, the Roma-type generally gives fewer seed per fruit as compared to medium-size globe fruit type. Most reciprocal crosses in tomato express almost the same hybrid vigor and therefore the better seed yielding line is always used as a female. Optimal crop management practices should therefore be adopted to grow a healthy vigorous crop with more and concentrated flowering period to reduce pollination days and to increase fruit set. The application of more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is reported to increase seed filling and thus seed yield.
1.1. Planting season. The optimal planting season is from September to October at the on set of the cool season. This will allow the fruit to ripen in the cool dry month of February thus reducing disease occurrence and facilitate seed drying. 1.2. Soil and location. Well-drained sandy loam is selected but fields with deep sandy soil along the bank of rivers have been successfully used when fertilization and irrigation are well managed. Fields immediately after rice paddy are selected because they are relatively free of pests and diseases and they should be away from commercial tomato production areas. 1.3. Female to male parent ratio. The ratio of female to male parent is normally four to six females to one male depending on the flowering ability, pollen productivity and fertility of the male. 1.4. Synchronizing sowing and planting. Depending on the flowering date difference between the male and female sowing date are adjusted. However, the male is normally sown 1-2 weeks earlier in order to produce enough pollen for pollination when the females are ready. This also provides more time for the off-types to express themselves, thus more accurate roguing and better genetic purity. 1.5. Stagger planting. Stagger planting is commonly practiced to spread out the concentration of works at any one time. This
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eases the problem of shortage of experience pollinators. 1.6. Transplanting. Seedlings are raised in small plastic pots or flats. The male and female are planted in separate field or in difference section of the same field. They are usually planted in double rows per bed with within row spacing of about 0.40-0.45 m and between row if 0.80 m for the female. The bed height is normally about 0.25-0.30 m high. The wide spacing of the female rows allows easy movement for pollinators during emasculation and pollination. 1.7. Staking and pruning. Depending on the availability of labor and capital, staking of the female plants help to facilitate hand emasculation and pollination, and if the weather is wet it also reduces diseases. Seed yield will therefore increase. A comparison of the two staking systems – tee-pee over a raised bed and tee-pee over a furrow, and no staking is given in Table 2. 1.8. Purity of the parental lines. The parental lines are supplied by the seed companies and seed genetic purity is usually high. Optimum crop management is used to allow all the plants to express their full potential so that all offtypes can be recognized easily during field inspection and roguing from the beginning of the production season before they contaminate the production. Extra precaution and effort are emphasized in the male parent because when contamination occurs it could be extensive as it is not limiting to an individual as in the case of a female plant. Several rounds of field inspection are done at different growth stages including seedling, transplanting, growing, flowering stage, etc. to rogue all suspected off-types and volunteer plants. Every plant is inspected because of the high demand in cultivar purity of better than 98%. In addition, non-emasculated flowers and selfed fruits on the female plants are removed during emasculation and pollination rounds, and at harvesting. 2. Emasculation and pollination:
Tomato style and stigma are, normally, enclosed by the anther cone and the stigma
Table 2. Comparison of the three staking system in tomato F1 hybrid seed production. Staking Method
Advantage
Disadvantage
Tee-pee over a raised bed
• Easier hand emasculation and pollination • Less diseases • No direct soil compaction on the plants
Tee-pee over a furrow
• Easier hand emasculation and pollination • Less diseases • Dry working path in wet weather and after irrigation • No weeding of furrows once covered by the tomato • Low capital cost and less risk • No direct soil compaction on the plants
• Extra stake cost and labor for staking • Extra weeding of furrows • Wet working path in wet weather and after irrigation • Extra stake cost and labor for staking • Direct soil compaction on the plants
No staking
• Emasculation and pollination more difficult • More diseases • Extra weeding of furrows • Wet working path in wet weather and after irrigation
is often at the same level or below as the tip of anther cone. As the result, tomato is predominantly self-pollinated with only about 2% of natural out-crossing. It is therefore safe to leave the female flowers uncovered after emasculation and pollination when isolation distance of at least 50 m between two lines is provided in hybrid seed production. However, usually greater isolation distance is planned for in the field.
the following morning for pollination. Once the anthers split pollen can then be shaken out in a closed container and the pollen are separated from other flower parts by sieving through a 300-mesh screen. Alternatively, buds that will open that day are collected, allowed to open and the pollen extracted for pollination. Tomato pollen can be stored in a cool dry place for weeks e.g. in moisture-proof container with calcium chloride in a refrigerator.
2.1. Emasculation. The female flowers are emasculated usually starting from the second cluster up with a forcep at 2 days before anthesis. Too early emasculation can damage the bud and too late stage increases the chances of selfing. The whole anther cone can be taken out or each anther is removed individually. Chiou and Yu (1969) showed that the first cluster has lower rate of fruit setting, small fruits and fewer seed in a fruit. This also allows the young plants to have more vegetative growth before the onset of reproductive phase. Usually, emasculation is done in the afternoon after the emasculated flowers from the previous day were pollinated.
2.3. Pollination. Pollination is done first thing in the morning. The emasculated flowers are pollinated on the day of flowering by either using the little finger dipped with viable pollen or with a special small vial that has a ring to be worn on the pollinator finger. It is important to introduce enough pollen onto the stigma to ensure high seed set because normally pollination is done only once in a flower and one pollen can give only one seed. Two to three sepals are cut with a small scissor to indicate that the flower has been pollinated and to identify the hybridized fruit during harvesting. Generally, setting of 4-5 fruits per cluster and 5-8 clusters are sufficient to give good yield. However, individual plants with up to 80 pollinated fruits are not uncommon in good season. Pollination 1-2 days before blooming gives low fruit set and seed yield whereas one day after blooming has no
2.2. Pollen collection. Male parent flower buds that will open the following day are picked in the afternoon, the anthers are separated that night to dry and the pollen are extracted
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detrimental effect. The pollination period normally last about a month to a month and half with about 40-60 workers per hactare per day. 2.4. Post-pollination cultural management. Immediately after the final round of pollination the female plants are pruned to remove new growth firstly to prevent formation of new flowers and thus selfed fruits and secondly to reduce competition for nutrient with the pollinated fruits. The field is given another top-dressing and followed by furrow irrigation if needed. Pest and disease control are rigorously implemented until harvesting. All selfed fruits found are removed through out the season to avoid seed contamination. 3. H a r v e s t i n g , processing:
seed
extraction
and
3.1. Harvesting. Fully matured fruits with full color are harvested and any selfed fruits found should be discarded. The fruits can be immediate seed extraction or kept in a cool place for 34 days for post-harvest maturation before extraction. However, some crosses with no seed dormancy may have to be harvested a little earlier than full fruit maturity and should not allow for postharvest incubation because seed could start to germinate in the fruit. A simple field test to determine seed readiness for harvesting is to cut a fruit with a sharp knife and if the seed are not being cut they are ready for harvesting. 3.2. Seed extraction and processing. Most of the growers use a mechanical “wet” seed extractor which can process about 2-3 t of fruits per hour. A “wet” seed extractor consists of a feeder, a cutting component, fruit pulp and seed separating cylinder, seed strainer cylinder and a network of water-jet flashing system to assist the seed and pulp separation. The seed with the mucilagous coating is separated from the pulp. This mucilagous coating can be removed by acid treatment or fermentation. The acid method consists of mixing thoroughly in proportion of 7 ml of commercial grade concentrated hydrochloric acid (19-21%) in every kg of
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wet extracted seed for 20 minutes. Washing is done immediately when treatment is completed using the decantation washing process. Alternatively, the fruits are squashed in the bags manually by stepping on them until all the fruits are broken and the seeds have come out of the fruits. The slurry of the squashed tomato in the bags is then allowed to ferment in a nonstaining container away from direct sun and rain. No water should be added during squashing and fermenting. The fermentation process may take 2-3 days depending on the ambient temperature. Warm days allow faster fermentation. The fermentation is indicated by the bubbling CO2 gas releases, and the slurry swells and produces heat. Fermentation completion is recognized by the reduced bubbling activity, cooling of the slurry, the swollen slurry subsiding to its initial volume and the clearingup of the supernatant of the slurry. The seed may then be acid treated to disinfect the seed and to improve the seed color. 3.3. Seed drying. The washed seed are bagged into nylon netting bags and spin-dried with a standard laundry centrifuge before being spreading out into thin layer of less than 0.5 cm thickness on fine-mesh netting trays for drying. In solar drying partial shade is provided during hot midday hours with a layer of the clear fine-mesh netting. The seed are turned regularly to allow uniform drying and to break down the seed clumps into individual seed. Dried seed of about 7% seed moisture wet basis are packed in multiple layers of plastic bag for submission to seed companies. 3.4. Quality testing. The individual seed companies control their own seed quality. Seed germination is carried out following ISTA seed testing method and rules. In the field genetic purity is done in the greenhouse or field by observing for specific morpho-physiological markers, disease resistance markers and also DNA, isozyme and protein markers. A well managed seed production field coupling with optimal climatic conditions will give seed yield of 140-200 kg/ha. The success of this seed
industry depends on a set of complementary technical, environmental and social inputs and considerations. A lack of a single attribute will negate the others resulting in poor performance.
Future of the hand pollinated F1 vegetable hybrid seed production The present state of the hand-pollinated F1 vegetable hybrid seed production industry is entering a stabilizing phase following the rush to look for new locations after Taiwan became to costly to be competitive in the early 1980s. This
stabilizing phase will become even more settled in the coming years as both China and India, the current main production countries still process the flexibility and cushion in term of available new locations and human resources to provide for new expansion and cost-effective pollinators, respectively. As the adoption of F1 hybrid cultivars the vegetables is growing globally the vegetable seed industry will thus continue to explore and move to new, better and more cost-effective areas and countries. Source: Reproduced from www.seedconsortium. org/23vegetable hybridseedproduction.pdf
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The Vegetable Seed Industry – Where is it Heading? Philip W. Ashcraft Director Verdant Partners LLC
The vegetable seed industry is arguably the most complex and fragmented segment of the seed industry. It has a long, illustrious history highligted with many industry firsts and technical advances. Over time, many parts of the business developed different histories depending on the specie and the particular market segments being addressed. The ensuing paragraphs will review the common background and interests for some of the more notable vegetable seed business segments; and more importantly outline some key issues and implications for the future, especially for NAFTA based operations. To begin, most of the homeowner segment is closely associated with personal values and preferences. For example, the pleasure of paging through seed catalogues on a cold winter’s night to choose the perfect heritage tomato to be experienced in the summer to come. These individual experiences drive the homeowner segment of the business to produce products and distribution systems that serve these personal demands. In the small commercial segment, growers focus more closely on choosing seed products that will profitably fill the specific wants and needs of their local market base. Much of this produce will eventually move through farmers markets and roadside stands. These seed buyers desire high yielding products with the characteristics and quality that their local retail customers want to buy. The vegetable seed companies serving this market segment must address these unique factors. The large grower segment (and in some cases the huge grower segment) has developed into a variety of complex, high-tech, very efficient business models. Marketing, distribution, seed purchasing, and other important decisions have become heavily influenced by the efficiencies and demands of large grocery chain and big
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box stores. Also of equal importance are the compelling forces generated by the fast food industry. These include consistent and very specific quality standards, reliable year around supply, and huge volumes. The vegetable seed industry has to address the wants, needs, and requirements such as those noted above, not to mention everything in between. Compounding this difficulty is the reality that, given such widely differing business models and criteria, major issues and opportunities inevitably present themselves or affect each model in very different ways. For example, a general economic downturn that hits most vegetable seed businesses can result in a counter cyclical boom for others. Given the disparate nature of the vegetable seed segment, the major forces that are impacting the business will produce a wide variety of results: good, bad, and indifferent. Never the less, let’s take a look at some of these forces and factors that are shaping the vegetable seed segment today. Undoubtedly they will have significant implications for the business for years to come. The current structural changes in the economy and financial institutions will have a profound, and mostly negative effect, on the vegetable seed business for a long time. Profound in this case meaning it will apply to virtually every aspect of how business is done. This is true even for those companies currently benefiting from the difficult economic climate. Managing these difficulties and opportunities is one thing, but planning and taking advantage of the situation is quite another. This is where the real opportunity lies. In times of profound c hange, the older, more ridged systems in place tend to be shaken, redefined, or in some cases will even disappear. This changing landscape affects everything in the vertical chain
for vegetable seed companies from plant breeding through sales. The opportunities created will vary, but the advantage will go to the quick and the nimble. The advances in technology, including biotechnology, have already brought dramatic change to the vegetable seed business. Inevitably this trend will continue, but as high-tech derived products become an ever-larger part of the vegetable seed portfolio, even more dramatic changes will occur. There will be great opportunity for those with the resources to compete and with the resources necessary to withstand the trials and tribulations of the new frontier. Down the road, there will be many advances in biotechnology. Numerous technologies are expanding at an exponential rate, including technologies for yield improvement, drought resistance, disease resistance, quality enhancement, etc. Over time this wave of technology and science is reshaping the business. The largest players will lead the way and have the most to say about how these advancements are introduced and how they are used. The mid-sized and smaller companies will need to be vigilant, carefully planning and redefining their roles, while simultaneously making the adjustments necessary to prosper and succeed. Seed coatings and treatments will also continue to develop and be a driver of change in the vegetable seed business segment. The advancements made to seed coatings and treatments in recent years have added significant value to many parts of the vegetable seed segment. A closer look at what is happening today in this area makes it easy to see the possibility of a bright future in this area especially in the long run. The movement toward vertically integrated marketing systems will undoubtedly continue for the foreseeable future. The long sought goal of vegetable seed companies being able to manage or to be more directly involved in branded produce is becoming a larger reality with every passing season. Narrowing the number of variables and increasing profit margin possibilities are a powerfully and attractive combination. Greater control of this channel by fewer players is very likely. Identifying the best strategic options will be the most challenging aspect, potentially resulting
in large returns for those able to build a solid plan and implement it effectively. One of the most difficult drivers to get a good handle on is consumer tastes and preferences. Although it certainly is not inexpensive, qualifying and quantifying current consumer preferences is a relatively straightforward process. Meanwhile, tracking the trends and forecasting the future size and importance of these trends is much more difficult. The process is further complicated by the importance of these issues. Yes the consumer is the final arbiter of choice and taste. Because the consumer is so far down the distribution pipeline from seed companies, it is all too easy to miss or misunderstand what they are saying and what it really means. Despite the uncertainty of the future, there are some ground swells that are evident and likely to continue for sometime. To strike a cautionary note, some of these trends are more fact or science based than others. Also, the size and duration of consumer trends are hard to predict. Such is the nature of preferences. That said, the shortlist of trends with at least a good chance to grow for the mid-term include: l
Things seen to be healthy or healthier
l
Localvors (local is good)
l
Freshness
l
All things green (of course)
One of the underlying forces in this area is a growing realization that what we put in our mouths matters and has consequences. This message is being asserted by a lonist of powerful forces and voices from the government, science, and other social pressures. All of these forces are converging to change human behavior. This is a monumental issue for the vegetable seed business, and for the most part it is quite positive. The final driver to be considered in this exercise is the relative profitability of the vegetable seed industry. The assertion of this writer is that over time the vegetable seed segment has not been as profitable as it could or should have been. Further, this rather pedestrian level of profitability over the years has limited, and in many ways defined the role of the vegetable seed business. A caveat at the outset, the writer wouldlike to acknowledge
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his responsibility for any contributions to this industry’s shortcoming over the years. A quick review of profit margins generated by seed corn products compared to the average margins for vegetable seed products shows corn margins are considerably higher than vegetables. Over time, with less available recourses, the vegetable seed business has had to play a more limited role. In short, larger margins mean more opportunities. The seed corn sector has done a good job of building solid margins over the decades. Some of us remember what the leading seed corn companies were doing when hybrids were being widely introduced and promoted. The concept of added value was demonstrated and sold by techniques such as the use of weigh wagons in grower’s fields, providing visual proof positive of the benefits to growers. The idea that the seed companies should be well paid for these advances successfully concluded the transaction. There are many reasons that the vegetable seed industry has behaved differently over the years, and there is little to be gained by detailing it here. In fact, this quick look at the past is for the sole purpose of illustrating what can and should be done to improve profitability and build a stronger vegetable seed business in the future.
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The bottom line is that there are several driving forces that will quickly change the way the vegetable seed business is structured and operates. The challenge is to quickly identify the issues, understand them, and then to determine what needs to be done to take best advantage of the situation. Despite the difficulties the vegetable seed segment is experiencing today, the emerging forces and business drivers offer the opportunity for a brighter, more successful tomorrow for vegetable seed companies. Verdant Partners LLC is a leading investment banking and consulting firm specializing in the global crop genetics sector. With over 300 years of combined experience in all crops and in all phases of the international crop genetics industry, as well as in other sectors of agribusiness, Verdant’s investment banking and consulting skills are sharply focused and experience-based. Each of Verdant’s principals has senior management experience in leading agribusiness companies. Together, Verdant has initiated and managed transactions and alliances valued in excess of U.S. $1.5 billion. Source: Reproduced from Seedquest.com/id/v/ TheVegetableSeedIndustry.pdf
Field Standards for Seed Production of Vegetables Crops Dr. B.S. Tomar, I/c Seed Production Unit, IARI, New Delhi-110012
To maintain the requisite genetic purity and to achieve the high level of seed standards during seed production it is essential to have field standards. Since the seeds production programme organized by public as well private sectors organization at different locations, seasons and of various class, thus the field standards has to be maintained uniformly during the execution of the seeds programme in field. the field standards is of two types, the first one is general requirements which include the isolation distance for foundation and certified seed and second is the specific requirements comprising offtype, objectionable
weeds and plants affected by seed borne diseases. The objectives of general and specific requirements are to maintained genetic purity avoiding the genetic contamination and ultimately to meet the seed standards.
General requirements: The isolation requirement is variable among the crops and it is low in self pollinated crops while moderate in often cross pollinated crops and higher in cross pollinated crops where wind/ insects act as pollinating agent. The crop-wise isolation is given below. Minimum distance(m) Foundation Certified 50 25 50 25
Sr.
Crop
Contaminants
1
Tomato
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
2
Brinjal
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
200 200
100 100
3
Capsicum& Chilli
Field of the other varieties
400
200
Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
400
200
Field of capsicum from chilli and vice versa Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and wild okra
400 400 400
200 200 200
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from balsam apple (Momordica balsamina), bhat kerala and jangli kerala
1000
500
1000
500
1000 1000
500 500
1000 1000
500 500
4
Okra
5
Ashgourd
6
Bittergourd
7
Bottlegourd
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
43
44
8
Cucumber
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from cucumis hardwickii
1000 1000
500 500
9
Indian Squash Field of the other varieties (Tinda)
1000
500
Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
1000
500
10
Longmelon
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and snapmelon,muskmelon, oriental pickling melon and other non-desserted forms of cucumis melo
1000 1000
500 500
11
Muskmelon
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and snapmelon, longmelon, oriental pickling melon and other non-desserted forms of cucumis melo known to cross
1000 1000
500 500
12
Pumpkin
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from winter squash, summer squash and cushaw(C. mixta) Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from spongegourd (L.cylindrica)
1000
500
1000
500
1000 1000
500 500
13
Ridgegourd
14
Snakegourd
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from Trichosanthes labata, T. palmate and T. cucumerina
1000 1000
500 500
15
Spongegourd
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from ridgegourd (L.acutangula)
1000 1000
500 500
16
Summersquas
Field of the other varieties
1000
500
Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from pumpkin (C. moschata), C. mixta and C. maxima
1000
500
17
Watermelon
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and wild watermelon (Citrullus colocynthis L.)
1000 1000
500 500
19
Amaranth
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and wild amaranths
400 400
200 200
20
Celery
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from turnip rooted celery Apium graveolens
500 500
300 300
21
Methi
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
10 10
5 522
22
Lettuce
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and wild lettuce (Lactuca scariola)
50 50
25 25
23
Parsley
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
500 500
300 300
24
Spinach& Spinach beet
Field of the other varieties
1600
1000
Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
1600
1000
Field of the swiss chard,sugar beet and garden beet for spinach beet only
1600
1000
25
Cabbage
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certificationandfromthevarietiesof Brassica oleracea(L)var. oleracea, ramose, gemmifera, acephala, gongylodes, subaduda,italica and botrytis etc.
1600 1600
1000 1000
26
Cauliflower& Broccoli
Field of the other varieties
1600
1000
Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from the varieties of Brassica oleracea(L)var. oleracea, ramose, gemmifera, acephala, gongylodes, subaduda, italica and botrytis etc.
1600
1000
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming
1600 1600
1000 1000
27
Knol-Kohl
to varietal purity requirements for certificationandfromthevarietiesof Brassica oleracea(L) var.oleracea, ramose, gemmifera, acephala, gongylodes, subaduda, italica, capitata and botrytis etc. 28
Garlic
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
5 5
5 5
29
Onion
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
1000 1000
500 500
29
Carrot
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
1000 1000
800 800
30
Garden beet
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and fields of the swiss chard and spinach
1600 1600
1000 1000
Field of the other varieties Field of the other varieties
1600 1600
1000 1000
31
Radish
45
32
Turnip
33
Pea
34
35
36
Dolichous bean
Cowpea
French bean
Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from rat-tail radish Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification and from other species of genus Brassica pekenensis, B.chinensis B.napus and various kind of sarson/rai
1600
1000
1600 1600
1000 1000
Field of the other varieties
10
5
Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification Field of the other varieties
10
5
10
5
Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification Field of the other varieties
10
5
10
5
Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
10
5
Field of the other varieties Fields of the same variety not confirming to varietal purity requirements for certification
10 10
5 5
Specific requirements: The maximum permitted (%) of off type, plant affected by seed borne diseases and objectionable weed plants are given below. Sr.
1 2
3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
46
Crop
Tomato Brinjal
Capsicum and chilli
Factor
Remarks
Off type Plant affected by seed diseases
FS 0.10 0.10
CS 0.20 0.50
Off type
0.10
0.20
At and after flowering and For seed borne disease at inspection
Plant affected by seed diseases
0.10
0.20
Phomopsis vexans
Off type
0.10
0.20
At and after flowering and For seed borne disease at inspection
Plant affected by seed diseases
0.10
0.50
Leaf blight and anthracnose
0.10 none 0.10 0.10 None
0.20 none 0.20 0.20 None
At and after flowering Wild okra At and after flowering At and after flowering Balsam apple,Bhat karela and Jangli kerala
0.10
0.20
At and after flowering
0.10
0.20
0.10 0.10
0.20 0.20
At and after flowering Cucumis hardwickii At and after flowering At and after flowering
Okra
Off type Objectionable weed plants Ash gourd Off type Bitter gourd Off type Objectionable weed plants Bottle gourd Cucumber
Maximum Permitted (%)
Off type
Off type Objectionable weed plants Tinda Off type Longmelon Off type
Max. at final inspection Early blight, leaf blight, TMV
Objectionable weed plants 11
12 13 14 15
Pumpkin Ridge gourd Sponge gourd Summer squash Water melon
17
Amaranth
18
Celery
19
Methi
20
Lettuce
21
Parsely
24
None
Snap melon, weed melon and nondessert form
0.10
0.20
At any inspection conducted after flowering and for seed disease at final inspection
Objectionable weed plants
None
None
Snap melon, weed melo melon and non-dessert form
Plants affected by seed Borne disease
0.10
0.20
Cucumber Masaic Virus
Off type
0.10
0.20
At and after flowering
Off type
0.10
0.20
At and after flowering
Off type
0.10
0.20
At and after flowering
Off type
0.10
0.20
At and after flowering and For seed borne disease at inspection
Off type
0.10
0.20
At and after flowering
Objectionable weed plants Off type Objectionable weed plants Off type
None 0.10 0.010 0.10
None 0.20 0.020 0.20
Wild water melon At and after flowering Wild amaranth At and any flowering in the c off type and at the final insp in case of seed borne disease
Plants affected by seed Borne disease
0.10
0.50
Leaf blight and root rot
Off type Objectionable weed plants Off type Objectionable weed plants Plants affected by seed Borne disease
0.10 0.010 0.10 0.010 0.10
0.20 0.020 0.20 0.020 0.50
At and after flowering senji At and after flowering Wild lettuce Lettuce Mosaic Virus
Off type
0.10
0.20
At and any flowering in the c off type and at the final insp in case of seed borne disease
Plants affected by seed Borne disease
0.10
0.20
Leaf spot
Off type Off type
0.10 0.10
0.20 0.20
At and after flowering At and any flowering in the c off type and at the final insp in case of seed borne disease
Plants affected by seed Borne disease
0.10
0.50
Black leg, black rot and soft ro
0.10
0.20
At and any flowering in the c off type and at the final insp in case of seed borne disease
Muskmelon Off type
16
22 23
None
Spinach Cabbage
Cauli Flower/ Broccoli/ Knol-K
47
Need to Boost Okra Exports Dr Vigneshwara Varmudy
Okra is considered to be a prized vegtable due to its high-nutrient value. As it is available in India throughout the year and the country is the largest producer of okra in the world, India should be quick to encash on the opportunities in the global market. Production can be tailored according to demand. So what is needed is proper planning to promote exports. Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) is a native of tropical Africa. It was cultivated by the Europeans as early as the 13th century and has since been introduced into warm tropics and subtropics. The plant can be grown throughout the year and resembles cotton in its habit. It is an annual vegetable crop grown in the tropics of the world. It can be grown on all kinds of soils. However, to get the best results, it requires a friable well-manured soil.
Values and uses The vitamin and mineral-rich Okra is a prized vegetable in the Indian sub-continent. It has an average nutritive value of 3.21, which is higher than tomato, pumpkins and ashgourd. It contains 27 gm of carbohydrates, 2.2 gm of proteins, 0.29 gm of fat, 90 mg of calcium, 50 mg of phosphorus, 15 mg of iron and 16 mg of vitamin C per 100 gm of edible portion. The seeds contain 18-20 per cent oil and 20-23 per cent crude protein. Soups and stews of okra are popular dishes in India. The seeds, when ripe, are sometimes roasted and used as a substitute for coffee. The roots and stems are used for clarification of sugarcane juice before it is converted into jaggery and brown sugar. The crop is used in the paper industry and fibre is extracted from its stem. Okra is considered by many as a super-vegetable with a lot of nutri-tion and medicinal benefits. It is rich in nutrients, soluble fibre, vitamin B6 and folic acid. Soluble fibre helps to reduce serum cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of heart disease. Fibre also helps in stabilising blood sugar. The mucilage not only binds cholesterol but also the
48
bile acid carrying toxins dumped into it by the liver. Its fibre absorbs water and helps prevent constipation. In fact, its slippery characteristics, which people dislike, facilitates elimination of excess cholesterol and toxins from the body.
Area, production and productivity in the world Okra or ladies finger is an im-portant vegetable of the tropical countries and most popular in India, Nigeria, Sudan, Iraq, Pakistan, etc. Though virtually not grown in Europe and North America, lots of people in these countries have started liking this vegetable due to the presence of good amount of vitamins. Table 1 gives data on area, production and productivity of okra in the world. Here the share of India is 67.1 per cent, followed by Nigeria at 15.4 per cent and Sudan at 9.3 per cent.
Area, production and productivity in India In India, okra is grown throughout except in the mountain regions. The major producers are West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat (see Table 2). As far as area under okra
Table 1. Area, Production and Productivity of Okra in the World in 2008-09 Country India Nigeria Sudan Iraq Cote D’lvore Pakistan Ghana Egypt Benin Saudi Arabia Others Total
Area (ha) 432,000 387,000 21,926 22,250 46,000 15,081 19,500 6,800 13,658 4,000 58,365 1,024,580
Production (MT) 4,528,000 1,039,000 223,650 141,000 115,867 114,657 108,000 107,000 48,060 46,000 276,206 6,749,440
Productivity (MT/ha) 10.5 2.7 10.2 6.3 2.5 7.6 5.5 15.7 3.5 11.5 4.5 6.6
Source: FAO, For India NHB Database 2009 cultivation in India is concerned, Orissa has an area of 74 thousand ha, West Bengal has an area of 73.1 thousand ha under cultivation followed by Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and others. In terms of okra production, it is 0.83 million tonnes in West Bengal, 0.65 million tonnes in Orissa and 0.43 million tonnes in Andhra Pradesh. The average productivity in India is 10.5 tonnes per hectare. The highest productivity is in Andhra Pradesh at 15 tonnes per hectare followed by Jharkhand at 14 tonnes per hectare. The total area under this crop has increased over the years. In 1991-92, the total area under okra cultivation was 0.22 million hectares and the production was 1.88 million tonnes, while in 2006-07 the area went upto 0.396 million hectares and the production was 4.07 million tonnes and in 2009-10 the area was 0.43 million hectares and the production stood at 4.54 million tonnes. In India, of the total area under vegetable cultivation, the share of area under okra cultivation in 2009-10 was 5.4 per cent and the share of okra production was 3.5 per cent. As a whole, in the plains of northern India, normally two crops are raised—one in the early spring for the summer crop and the other in late summer—while in the southern parts, a winter crop is also raised.
Okra growing belts in India Table 3 shows the okra-growing belts in India or the pockets where it is concentrated.
Varieties There are a number of varieties of okra and they may be classified as tall, medium and dwarf. They are further classified according to the quality of the pod, some on the basis of colour like deep green and light green. Important commercial varieties grown in India are Arka Abhay, Arka Anamika, Azak Kranti, Co 1, MDU1, PUSAA4, Red bhindi, TN hybrid 8, Varsha, Nath Sobha, Su-priya and Sungro 35.
Harvesting Okra fruits are harvested every second day from the time the first pod is formed. It takes 7-8 days from flowering to picking of fruits ready for the market. Harvesting is usually done early in the morning, after which it enters the market. The market prefers small, tender fruits on every alternate day. It is important to harvest this plant frequently to increase the yield and to spur the growth.
Marketing In the marketing chain of okra, there are local traders, middlemen, bulk purchasers, co-operative institutions and others. As far as availability of okra is concerned, it is available throughout the year in West Bengal and Karnataka and to a certain extent in Orissa and Gujarat. In the rest of the states, availability is maximum in the period from
49
Table 2. State-wise Area and Production of Okra in 2009-10 State West Bengal Orissa Bihar Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Jharkhand Maharastra Chhattisgarh Haryana Uttar Pradesh Total (including others)
Area (‘000 ha) 73.1 74.0 59.0 49.5 29.3 29.0 27.0 23.9 15.9 11.0 435.6
Production (‘000 MT) 839.3 651.1 754.1 466.2 439.7 406.0 175.5 217.3 115.5 124.2 4541.2
Share in India (per cent) 18.48 14.33 16.60 10.26 9.68 8.94 3.86 4.78 2.54 2.73 100.00
Source: NHB April to June. As far as exports are concerned, okra accounts for 60 per cent of the export of fresh vegetables. India exports okra mainly to West Asia, Western Europe and the US. The demand for fresh okra is more in the overseas markets. As far as preference by the external Okra plants market is concerned, it prefers green, tender okra which is 7.5-12.5 cm in length, packed in 5 kg poly bags. Nearly 35-40 per cent of domestic production from India is exported. Among the importers, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Kuwait are the largest. In Europe, the largest importers are the UK, Germany, Switzerland and France.
There are several problems related to okra cultivation in India:
Districts Guntur, Prakasham, Kurnool, Rangareddy Madhya Pradesh Bilaspur, Raipur, Durg Bihar Varanasi, Nalanda, Muzzfarpur West Bengal Hoogly, Nadia, Bankues, 24ponaga Gujarat Surat, Vadodara, Junagadh Assam Darrang, Sibasugar Karnataka Dharwad, Gulbarga, Mandya, Belgaum, Haveri, Shimoga UP Western Areas
1. Insect pests like jassids which affect shoots and fruits
Measures to improve competitiveness
2. Diseases like yellow-vein mosaic virus and powdery mildew
Several measures are suggested to increase the competitiveness of okra production in India:
3. Non-availability of quality seeds which are resistant to virus and other diseases
1. Need to increase productivity: In India, a number of superior cultivars and even hybrids are available for cultivation with productivity ranging between 15 and 20 tonnes/ha, which should be provided to farmers to increase productivity.
Problems
4. Problems of transportation, storage and marketing 5. Lower productivity 6. Absence of training to farmers on production and marketing aspects
50
Table 3. Okra-Growing Belts in India State Andhra Pradesh
2. Improving appeal: Freshness and eye appeal must be enhanced in the product to make it competitive.
3. Packing: Effective and attractive packing is essential. It should be as per the norms of the external market. 4. Training to farmers: Farmers need to be trained on quality requirements of importing countries. 5. Creating a brand: India must have a brand. It may be in the form of state-wise or colourwise. 6. Need to provide cold storage facilities near the growing belts. 7. European maximum residue levels (MRLs) are very low and hence organic or pseudoorganic growing practices have to be adopted to ensure compliance with strict European Union MRLs.
As India is the largest producer of okra in the world, it should be quick to encash the opportunities in the global market. Okra is available in India throughout the year and production can be tailored according to demand, so what is needed is proper planning so as to promote exports. APEDA has joined hands through sanctioning agri-export zones in several states. Among the fresh vegetables exported, okra alone constitutes a major share, hence efforts are needed to increase this share. The author is professor in department of economics, Vivekananda College, Puttur, Karnataka Source: Reproduced from FACTS FOR YOU. Feb. 2011
51
Bt Brinjal in India and Bihar (around 10% each). In 2005-2006, the national average productivity of brinjal was recorded around 15.6 tons per hectare.
Brinjal or baingan, known as eggplant and aubergine in North America and Europe respectively, is a very important common man’s vegetable in India. It is often described as a poor man’s vegetable because it is popular amongst small-scale farmers and low income consumers. A poor man’s crop it might be, but brinjal is also called by some as the ‘King of Vegetables’. It is featured in the dishes of virtually every household in India, regardless of food preferences, income levels and social status. Low in calories and high in nutrition, the vegetable has very high water content and is a very good source of fiber, calcium, phosphorus, folate, and vitamins B and C. It is also used in ayurvedic medicine for curing diabetes, hypertension and obesity. In addition, dried brinjal shoots are used as fuel in rural areas. Brinjal has embedded itself deeply into the Indian culture. Numerous folk songs in Indian languages center on the humble vegetable. Brinjal is grown on nearly 550,000 hectares in India, making the country the second largest producer after China with a 26% world production share. It is an important cash crop for more than 1.4 million small, marginal and resource-poor farmers. Brinjal, being a hardy crop that yields well even under drought conditions, is grown in almost all parts of the country. Major brinjal producing states include: West Bengal (30% production share), Orissa (20%), and Gujarat
52
In spite of its popularity among small and resourcepoor farmers, brinjal cultivation is often input intensive, especially for insecticide applications. Brinjal is prone to attack from insect pests and diseases, the most serious and destructive of which is the fruit and shoot borer (FSB) Leucinodes orbonalis. FSB feeds predominantly on brinjal and is prevalent in all brinjal producing states. It poses a serious problem because of its high reproductive potential. FSB larvae bore into tender shoots and fruits, retarding plant growth, making the fruits unsuitable for the market and unfit for human consumption. Fruit damage as high as 95% and losses of up to 70% in commercial plantings have been reported. Farmers resort to frequent insecticide applications and biological control measures to counter the threat of FSB. However, since FSB larvae are concealed within shoots and fruits, the pest normally escapes insecticide sprays. Therefore farmers tend to over-spray insecticides, because they rely mainly on the subjective assessments of the visual presence of the pest. In addition to the financial cost associated with indiscriminate insecticide applications and its negative effects on the environment, high pesticide residues
in vegetables and fruits pose serious risk to consumers’ health and safety. Although, several attempts have been made to develop resistant cultivars through traditional plant breeding, these have met with limited or almost no success. There are no existing brinjal varieties with adequate resistance to FSB in India. Accordingly, scientists have used biotechnology to develop a brinjal variety that can resist FSB attack.
India’s First Vegetable Biotech Crop
Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad. The event EE-1 was backcrossed into open-pollinated brinjal varieties. Mahyco also donated the technology to public research institutions in the Philippines and Bangladesh. Several other research institutions, both public and private have also been developing Bt brinjal using different genes. The National Center on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB) has developed Bt brinjal varieties expressing the cryFa1 gene. The technology was subsequently transferred to companies including Bejo Sheetal, Vibha Seeds, Nath Seeds and Krishidhan Seeds. The Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) is also developing Bt brinjal using the cry1Ab gene. Scientists are also looking for ways to develop Bt brinjal in conjunction with other multiple and beneficial traits.
Climbing the Regulatory Ladder
FSB-resistant brinjal or Bt brinjal was developed using a transformation process similar to the one used in the development of Bt cotton, a biotech crop that was planted on 7.6 million hectares in India in 2008. Bt brinjal incorporates the cry1Ac gene expressing insecticidal protein to confer resistance against FSB. The cry1Ac gene is sourced from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). When ingested by the FSB larvae, the Bt protein is activated in the insect’s alkaline gut and binds to the gut wall, which breaks down, allowing the Bt spores to invade the insect’s body cavity. The FSB larvae die a few days later. Bt Brinjal was developed by the Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company (Mahyco). The company used a DNA construct containing the cry1Ac gene, a CaMV 35S promoter and the selectable marker genes nptII and aad, to transform young cotyledons of brinjal plants. A single copy elite event, named EE-1, was selected and introduced into hybrid brinjal in Mahyco’s breeding program. Mahyco also generously donated the Bt brinjal technology to the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore and University of
Bt brinjal is the first food crop under evaluation for commercial release in India. Since its development in 2000, the crop has undergone rigorous scientific evaluation to assess its food safety, environmental safety, human and animal health safety and biodiversity. Figure 1 summarizes the protocol followed for the regulatory approval of Bt brinjal.
Biosafety and Food Safety Assessments Rigorous scientific tests, including toxicity and allergenicity evaluation as well as nutritional studies on rabbits, rats, carps, goats, broiler chickens and dairy cows, have confirmed that Bt brinjal is as safe as its non-Bt counterparts. The safety of Bt brinjal was further validated by the results of the studies on pollen escape, effects on soil microflora and non-target organisms, agronomy, invasiveness and Bt protein degradation. Results of the studies demonstrated that Bt brinjal does not affect beneficial insects such as aphids, leafhoppers, spiders and lady beetles.
Farmer and Consumer Benefits Bt brinjal was found to be effective against FSB, with 98% insect mortality in Bt brinjal shoots and 100% in fruits compared to less than 30%
53
2000: Transformation and greenhouse breeding for integration of cry1Ac into brinjal hybrids. 2001-2002: Preliminary greenhouse evaluation to study growth, development and efficacy of Bt brijnal. 2002-2004: Confined field trials to study pollen flow and growth, aggressiveness and weediness, biochemical properties, toxicity and allergenicity of Bt brinjal hybrids. 2004-2005: Data on the effect of Br brinjal on soil microflora efficiacy against FSB, pollen flow and chemical composition submited to the Review Committee of Genetic Manipulation (RCGM).
2004: RCGM approval for the conduct of the Multi-location Research Trails (MLRTs) of 8 Bt Brinjal Hybrids. 2004-2007: MLRTs were conducted separately by Machyo and All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Programme (AICVIP) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
2006-2007: Submission of biosafety, environmental safety, gene efficacy and agronomic performance data to the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC). GEAC posted a biosfety dossier on its website shoeing results of studies conducted between 2001 and 2007.
2007-2009: GEAC approved 7 Bt brinjal hybrids for large scale field trials (LSTs). Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR) of ICAR is currently conducting the LSTs.
2008-2009: GEAC approved the experimental seed production of 7 Bt brinjal hybrids on 0.1 acre per hybrid.
India’s biotech regulator GEAC recommends commercial release of Bt Brinjal
Under consideration for commercial release by Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India Figure 1. Development and Regulation of Bt Brinjal in India. (Adapted from Choudhary and Gaur, 2008, GEAC Dossier 2008, MOEF, 2008)
mortality in non-Bt counterparts. The Multilocation Research Trials (MLRTs) confirmed that Bt brinjal required, on average, 77% less insecticides
54
than non-Bt counterparts for control of FSB, and 42% less for the control of all insect pests of brinjal. The benefits of Bt brinjal, translate to an average increase of 116% in marketable fruits over conventional hybrids, and 166% increase over popular open-pollinated varieties (OPVs). Furthermore, the significant decrease in insecticide usage reduced the farmers’ exposure to insecticides and results in a substantial decline in pesticide residues in brinjal fruits. Scientists have estimated that Bt brinjal will deliver farmers a net economic benefit ranging from Rs.16, 299 (US$330) to Rs.19,744 (US$397) per acre with national benefits to India exceeding $400 million per year.
Conclusion Bt brinjal has enormous potential to benefit both farmers and consumers. Results of studies submitted to regulatory authorities in India confirm that Bt brinjal offers the opportunity to provide effective control against fruit and shoot borer, and decrease insecticide input by as much as 80%. Bt brinjal also yields significantly more marketable fruit than conventional hybrids and open-pollinated varieties. The remarkable success of Bt cotton in India, which now occupies 80% of the 9.4 million hectares planted to cotton in the country, is a clear demonstration that biotechnology can be harnessed to contribute to alleviation of poverty and hunger. The development of Bt brinjal, the first biotech vegetable crop, is an appropriate and timely step because it will further demonstrate the significant benefits that biotechnology offers farmers, consumers and India as a nation. In this context, the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), in its 97th meeting held on 14th Oct 2009 has recommended the commercial release of Bt Brinjal Event EE-1 developed indigenously by Mahyco in collaboration with the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad and the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore. This is a penultimate step to commercialize Bt brinjal hybrids and varieties in the country (MOEF, 2009). The insect-resistant Bt brinjal hybrids and varieties were developed through close and harmonious cooperation between public and private research institutions. The joint contribution of the two sectors is of critical importance, given that national food security is a strategic issue. The adoption and acceptance of Bt brinjal by farmers and consumers in India will be a very important event from which the country and the world can benefit enormously.
References Choudhary, B & Gaur, K. 2008. The Development and Regulation of Bt Brinjal in India (Eggplant/ Aubergine), ISAAA Brief No. 38, ISAAA: Ithaca, NY. James, C. 2008. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops 2008. ISAAA Brief No.39. ISAAA. Ithaca, New York, USA
Krishna, V.V. & Qaim, M. 2007. Estimating the Adoption of Bt Eggplant in India: Who Benefits from PublicPrivate Partnership?, Food Policy, pp. 523-543. Krishna, V.V. & Qaim, M. 2008. Potential Impacts of Bt Eggplant on Farmers’ Health in India. Agricultural Economics, pp. 167-180. Indian Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF). 2007. Development of Fruit and Shoot Borer Brinjal. http://www.envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/ geac/macho.htm Accessed November 21, 2008. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Agriculture Database. 2007. http://faostat. fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor Accessed November 21, 2008. Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR). 2008. Annual Report 2007-08 and Vision 2025 Document. Bengaluru, India. George, S., Singh, H.S. & Naik, G., 2002. Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) Status in Coastal Districts of Orissa. In Resources Management in Plant Protection During the 21st Century, Plant Protection Association of India, Hyderabad, India. Soberon, M. & Bravo A. 2008. Avoiding Insect Resistance to Cry Toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis. Information Systems for Biology. http://www.isb. vt.edu/articles/may0803.htm. Accessed November 20, 2008. ABSP II. 2007. Fruit and Shoot Borer Resistant Eggplant- Fact Sheet, Cornell University, N e w s l e t t e r, A g r i c u l t u r a l B i o t e c h n o l o g y Support Project II, South Asia, July 2007. Genetic Engineering and Approval Committee (GEAC). 2008. Biosafety Data of Bt Brinjal containing cry1Ac (EE1) event developed by M/s Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Co. http:// www.envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/geac/bt_brinjal. html Accessed November 24, 2008. Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), 2009. Press Statement by Mr. Jairam Ramesh, Minister of State for Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India dated 15th Oct 2009 available at: http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/ Press_Bt%20Brinjal.pdf
NOTE: Commercial Cultivation of Bt Brinjal in India is awaiting approval of Govt. of India Source: Pocket 35, ISAAA Reproduced with the permission of Mr. Bhagirath Chaudhary, ISAAA.
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Indian Seed Congress Indian Seed Congress 2011 (ISC’11) organized by the National Seed Association of India (NSAI) at Hyderabad, the seed capital of India, on 22-23 February 2011, witnessed the largest congregation of the seed men of the country. It confirmed the belief of the industry that ISC provides an appropriate platform for the seed industry to get together to discuss issues related to the industrial policy for the sector, provide a business development forum, and to expose the participants to new knowledge and technologies. This second edition of ISC, with the theme ‘Partners in Agricultural Growth’ saw better participation (600+ participants representing 372 companies / organizations; from 18 countries); larger exhibition space (81 stalls) to showcase our products and technologies; and well structured technical sessions with a good mix of eminent industry leaders and technical experts to share new knowledge. ISC’11 was inaugurated by H.E. Mr. E.S.L. Narasimhan, Hon’ble Governor of Andhra Pradesh. Mr. Y.S. Vivekananda Reddy, Hon’ble Minister for Agriculture, Government of Andhra Pradesh, presided over the Inaugural Session. Padma Shri Dr. E.A. Siddiq, presented the key note paper on the status of the Indian seed industry. NSAI President, Dr. M. Ramasami; Mr. A. Praveen Reddy, MLA; Mr. Bhaskar Rao, Chairman, National Organising Committee, and Mr. M. Harish Reddy, Convener, ISC’11, were also present.
H.E. Mr. E.S.L. Narasimhan
Mr. Y.S. Vivekananda Reddy
Dr. E.A. Siddiq
The Congress technical programme coordinated by Dr. P. Sateesh Kumar, was structured to include three sessions to deliberate on ‘Government policy and New Legislation: Impact on Seed Industry’;
President NSAI: Dr. M. Ramasami
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‘Research and Development with Special Focus on Transgenic Technologies’ and ‘New Frontiers in Indian Seed Business’. These sessions were chaired by Dr. P.L. Gautam (S.M. Khan as Rapporteur); Dr. A.R. Reddy (V.S. Dagaonkar) and Mr. Rurik B. Halaby (K. Niranjan Kumar). A
Dr. P.L. Gautam
ISC’11 NOC Chair: Mr. G.V. Bhaskar Rao
Dr. A.R. Raddy
Dias
Mr. Rurik B. Halaby
Conference Coordinator: Dr. P. Sateesh Kumar
panel of eminent persons representing different stakeholders groups (Uday Singh / Harish Reddy / Ajay Jakhar / Chengal Reddy / Murahari Rao / P. Sateesh Kumar) participated in an ‘Interactive Session on Seed Industry and Social Responsibility’. The presentation areas included
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in these sessions included, ‘Seed Industry and National Food Security’ (M. Prabhakar Rao); ‘The Role of Government in seed sector and the New Seed Bill- Industry Perspective’ (Paresh Verma); ‘PPV & FR Act – Indian experience with IP Rights in Agriculture’ (Bala Ravi); ‘The Future Outlook
Dr. Paresh Verma
Mr. M. Prabhakar Rao
Dr. S. Bala Ravi
Dr. Richard Broglie
Dr. S.R. Rao
Mr. S.K. Roongta
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of Public Seed Sector in Indian Agriculture’ (S.K. Roongta); ‘Indian Agribiotech Research- Are we Ready for the Future’ (S.R. Rao); ‘Global Overview of Current and Emerging GM Traits and Technologies in Field Crops (Richard Broglie);
‘The Eight Year Journey of Bt Cotton and Future of GM Technologies in India’ (Jagresh Rana); ‘Global Overview of Current and Emerging GM Traits and Technologies in Vegetable Crops’
Mr. Jagresh Rana
Dr. Arvind Kapur
Interactive Panel ISC’11 Convenor: Mr. M. Harish Reddy
A view of the participants
A view of the participants
A view of the participants
(Arvind Kapur); ‘Advances in Seed Enhancement and Quality Assurance Technologies’ (Malavika Dadlani); ‘Capital Market and Private Equity Interest in Indian Seed Industry’ (Manish Jain); ‘Size and Growth Potential of Indian Seed Industry’ (Kumar Aditya); and ‘Young Entrepreneurs in Seed Industry: Challenges and Future Outlook’( C. Hanumanth Rao).
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A special attraction at the ISC’11 was the Exhibition showcasing the products and technologies driving the seed industry. More than 80 Indian and Global companies participated in this exhibition.
The guests visiting the Exhibition
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Besides sharing new knowledge through the Conference sessions and the exhibition, the ISC’11 delegates used the trading sessions for business development and networking. ISC’11, besides the large trading halls, also allotted premium exclusive and private trading rooms to the ISC platinum and gold sponsor companies.
The ISC’11 delegates were also entertained with specially designed cultural programmes with artists from across the country displaying their talents.
An important component of the ISC’11 Inaugural Session was felicitation of three of the senior members of the Indian seed industry for their outstanding contributions to the development of the seed sector in the country. The industry members honoured were, Dr. Kuldeep Raj Chopra, Founder, promoter and Director of Mahendra Hybrid Seed Co. Ltd.; Mr. Mandava Venkatramaiah, Founder and Chairman Emeritus of Nuziveedu Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad; and Mr. M. Narasimha Reddy, Founder of Ganga Kaveri Seeds, Hyderabad. The Chief Guest, H.E. Mr. Narasimhan and Chairman of the Session, Mr. Vivekananda Reddy honoured these luminaries. A special ‘Souvenir’ brought out on the occasion was also released by the Chief Guest at the Inauguration.
Trading Table
M/s Vibha Seeds were the Platinum Sponsor for ISC ’11. The Gold sponsors for the event were Bayer / Nunhems; GSP Crop Science; INCOTEC; Krishidhan; Mahyco; Monsanto; Nuziveedu Seeds; Pioneer; Rasi Seeds; Syngenta and Tulasi Seeds; while the Silver sponsors were AgTechnix; Bioseed; Ganga Kaveri; Indo American Hybrid Seeds; Kaveri Seeds; Namdhari Seeds; Prasad Seeds; R & R and SGS Group. M/s Ankur Seeds were the Event Welcome Dinner sponsor.
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National Seed Congress The National Seed Research & Training Centre (NSRTC), Varanasi (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt. of India), in collaboration with Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, organized the Third National Seed Congress on 29-31 January 2011 at College of Agriculture, Pune. The Congress attended by a large number of delegates representing researchers (ICAR & SAUs), policy makers (Central & State Govts.), the seed industry personnel and service providers, deliberated on the advances made in seed research and ways to integrate them into the development of the seed sector. The National Seed Congress was inaugurated by Shri Vijayrao Kolte, Hon’ble Vice Chairman, Maharashtra Council of Agricultural Education & Research in the presence of Dr. T.A. More, Vice Chancellor, MPKV, who presided over the Inaugural Session; Mr. Ashish Bahuguna, Additional Secretary, DAC; Mr. Anindo Majumdar, Joint Secretary (Seeds), DAC; Dr. Y.S. Nerkar and Dr. R.B. Deshmukh, former Vice Chancellors of MPKV, Dr. J.S. Sandhu, Asstt. Director General (Seeds), ICAR; Dr. Malavika Dadlani, Joint Director (Research), IARI, New Delhi, Dr.M. Bhaskaran, Director, NSRTC, among others. The technical programme of the Congress was structured over five (5) sessions, devoted to indepth discussions on:
Chief Guest Shri Vijayrao Kolte lighting the lamp to inaugurate the National Seed Congress
Guest of Honour, Shri Ashish Bahuguna, Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, addressing the Inaugural Session
a. The role of plant breeding and variety protection for the livelihood, profitability in Agriculture and seed industry. b. The importance of seed quality assurance and regulations for national and international movement of seeds. c. Advances in seed production and post harvest handling. d. Advanced technologies for seed quality enhancement, testing, seed health, including GMOs and SPS issues. Dr. T.A. More, Vice Chancellor, MPKV addressing the National Seed Congress
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e. Panel Discussion on Public Private Partnership for building viable partnerships and ensuring seed security. These scientific sessions were chaired / co-chaired
by eminent seed researchers / administrators, including Dr. S. A. Patil; Dr. T. A. More; Dr. Y. S. Nerkar; Dr. R. B. Deshmukh; Mr. A. Majumdar; Dr. J.S. Sandhu (ADG, Seeds, ICAR); Dr. Malavika Dadlani (Jt. Director, IARI); Dr. K. Ramamoorthy (TNAU, Coimbatore); Dr.L. Krishna Naik (UAS, Dharwad); Dr. R.K. Chaudhary and Dr.N.K. Dadlani (Director, NSAI). In each of these sessions, leading scientists were invited to present lead papers on the subject, besides selected oral presentations by other scientists. The lead speakers included, Dr. R. K. Chaudhary; Dr. G. Harinarayana; Dr. Bharat Char; Dr. A.S. Ponnuswamy; Dr. M. Bhaskaran; Dr. Govind Garg; Mr. V. Shankaran; Dr. Vilas Tonapi; Shri S. Selvaraj; Dr. Arnab Gupta; Dr. Gurjeet J. Randhawa; Dr. K. Ramamoorthy; Dr. K. Vanangamudi; among others. The other resource persons included Mr. S.K. Roongta (CMD, NSC) and Mr. V.K. Gaur (CMD, SFCI). Eminent agricultural scientist, Dr. M.V. Rao also addressed the Congress.
iv. Sensitize concerned officials with the procedures of international movement of seeds. v. Introduce regular capacity building programmes for up gradation of technical expertise of officials engaged in seed regulations enforcement. vi. Establish at least one model seed testing laboratory following internationally acceptable procedures, in each state. vii. Seed health research and testing should receive greater focus. viii. Set up GM detection laboratories in each region. ix. Use of new technologies (including organic seed treatments) for seed quality enhancement and assurance. x. Revisit the existing field and seed germination standards and protocols and revise them to conform to current international norms. xi. Strengthen the public private partnership for seed research, germplasm sharing and production and distribution of seeds. A small exhibition showcasing technologies developed by the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth was also organized along with the Congress.
Eminent agricultural scientist, Dr. M. V. Rao, addressing the participants
Following main recommendations emerged from the discussions in different technical sessions: i. To ensure uniformity in enforcement of seed laws and regulations, the notifications of Seed Act and Rule, and Seed Control Order, 1983 to be kept in mind. ii. Harmonize seed testing methods for quality assurance.
Chief Guest Shri Vijayrao Kolte inaugurating the exhibition
iii. Accept use of molecular markers in grow out tests.
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NSAI – PPV & FRA Interface on “Implementation of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act” National Seed Association of India (NSAI) organized an interface with the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA) on the implementation of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act. This interface was organized on 21 February 2011 at Hyderabad, as a Pre Congress activity for the Indian Seed Congress 2011 (ISC’11). Nearly 75 participants representing more than 30 companies interacted with the senior officials of the PPV & FRA to seek clarification on various issues related to the act and its implementation. Dr. P.L. Gautam, Chairperson, PPV & FRA chaired the Interface. He was joined by Dr.A.K. Malhotra, Registrar General; and Dr.P.K. Singh, Registrar in clarifying the industry’s points. The industry was led by the NSAI President, Dr. Ramasami. The industry members included among others, Mr. Prabhakar Rao; Mr. Raju Barwale; Mr. Uday Singh; Mr.M.G. Shembekar; Mr. Harish Reddy; Dr.P.S.Dravid; Dr. Paresh Verma; Dr.F.B.Patil; Mr. Rajvir Rathi; Mr.G.S. Gill, etc. A presentation on the guidelines of the PPV & FR Act by Dr.P.K. Singh, Registrar, provided the backdrop for the discussions. Dr. Arvind Kapur briefly highlighted the major points on which the industry had certain doubts. These mainly related to registration of extant varieties; EDVs; new varieties; VCK; and farmers’ rights. Most of the discussions in this very interactive session related to the confusion about what actually qualifies as EDV. Also, the industry was keen to understand the registration process. Some of the other issues which engaged the minds of the participants related to registration of
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parental lines of hybrids; provision of varieties identified only for qualitative trait like suitability for mechanical harvesting; the difficulties in parallel registration process for new and extant varieties; and development of database. Dr. Gautam appreciated this opportunity to discuss the issues related to the implementation of the PPV & FR Act, and mentioned that the
implementation has given insight into several practical operational problems, which need to be sorted out. Implementation of such an act is a dynamic process, which will throw up issues at each step and can have a smooth operational sailing only with the cooperation of all stake holders. He desired regular interactions to take the process of implementation of the Act further.
Views of attentive participants
Participants seeking clarifications
Dr. P.L. Gautam explaining a point
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Awards and Honour National Seed Association of India (NSAI) honored three of its senior members for their contributions to the growth and development of the Indian seed industry at the Indian Seed Congress 2011 at Hyderabad on 22 February 2011. The recipients of this special honor were Dr. K.R. Chopra; Shri M. Narashima Reddy and Shri M. Venkatramaiah. The citations for these special awards are given here:
Dr. Kuldeep Raj Chopra
P
opularly known as Dr. K.R. Chopra, Dr. Kuldeep Raj Chopra was born on November 7, 1933. He received his doctorate from the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA in 1964 following his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in agricultural sciences from Allahabad University. He was actively involved with all India coordinated Maize and Sorghum crop improvement programs of ICAR from 1957 – 61 and 1964 – 66 respectively and later with all facets of Indian Seed Industry development since 1966. He was the founder, promoter and director of Mahendra Hybrid seed Co. Ltd., one of the leading research based companies in private sector specializing in crop improvement, production, processing and marketing of proprietary and public bred hybrids in crop like Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Maize, Wheat, Sunflower, Castor, Cotton and many tropical and temperate vegetable crops. He was associated with the company from 1971–2002.
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He has been a consultant to FAO, World Bank and its affiliates in the field of seed industry development since 1973. He was associated with over 30 consultancies and other assignments globally in seed sector, the most recent being those concern with setting up of R & D systems, privatization of government controlled seed systems, on-farm seed production, establishing effective seed production and marketing networks in both public and privately oriented seed economics. He has been associated with the conduct of training programmes for FAO sponsored trainees from Sri Lanka, Ethiopia and many other Asian and African countries primarily in the field of establishing efficient seed production & marketing systems. He is at present the Managing Director of Biostadt MH Seeds. Biostadt MH Seeds is a joint venture with Biostadt India Ltd. an associate company of Wockhardt group, to breed superior, value added hybrids and improved verities in important cereal, pulses, and fiber and vegetable crops. He is a member of several professional bodies related to seed industry and Dr. Chopra played a very vital role in the establishment of APSA (Asia and the Pacific Seed Association) in the year 1995. He served as president of Seed Association of India (1998 – 2004) and President of APSA (1995 – 1996). He has authored seven monographs on seed. National Seed Association of India is proud to honour Dr. Kuldeep Raj Chopra for his outstanding contributions to the Indian Seed Industry.
Shri. Muppidi Narasimha Reddy
S
hri Muppidi Narshima Reddy garu is a doyen among the seed producers of Andhra Pradesh and of the country. Born on 14th Dec 1920 in a large and progressive agricultural family he imbibed the techniques of farming early in his life. His education under the Indraprastha Gurukul System and the teachings of Maharishi Dayanand Saraswathi had a great influence on him. Asa person who always dreamt of doing good to the farming community he realised the value of quality seed to improve farm productivity and devoted his life time in the quest of quality seed. Shri. Narshima Reddy entered the seed production space during the early 1960s at the beginning of the Green Revolution era, he pioneered the production of parental lines and hybrids of Maize, Sorghum and Pearl Millets in association with Rockefeller Foundation and Indian Agricultural Research Institue. It were these hybrids and their wide adoption that helped step up significantly the
farm productivity of not only the drought prone Telengana region of Andhra Pradesh but also the similar agro-ecologies of the country. Shri. M. Narshima Reddy garu worked relentlessly in the early days to popularise and promote the use of hybrids and the techniques of seed production through his association as the founder member of the Telengana Society and later entered the commercial seed production and distribution in 1977 by forming and developing what today is known as Ganga Kaveri Seeds.His endeavour which started with production of hybrid seeds of cereals has enlarged and diversified into production and marketing of quality seeds of all major crops while remaining committed to serving the farming community across the country. National Seed Association of India is proud to honour Shri. Muppidi Narshima Reddy garu for his outstanding and pioneering contributions to the Indian Seed Industry.
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Shri Mandava Venkatramaiah Founder and Chairman Emeritus of Nuziveedu Seeds Private Limited, Hyderabad
S
hri Mandava Venkatramaiah was born in a farmer’s family on 1st March 1931 to Shri. M. Subbaiah and Smt. M. Sukavani in the village Chiluvuru, Guntur District which is close to the river Krishna falling in its delta region. He completed his Graduation in Agriculture from Benaras Hindu University in the year 1954 and Post Graduation in Agriculture with specialization in Agronomy from B R College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh in the year 1956. The Union Public Service Commission selected him in the cadre of class I Officer, soon after his post graduation. He joined Agmark Department in the Ministry of Agriculture. He has done pioneering work in grading of agriculture produce and marketing them so that the farmers could realize better value to their produce. It also goes to his credit that, when he got posting in Andhra Pradesh, he has pioneered the grading of Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) Tobacco and was one of the architects in creating a brand image for FCV Tobacco of Andhra Pradesh across the world. His endeavour has always been that the farmers get better price for the tobacco crop produced by them. To ensure this, he assisted farmers in establishing a cooperative society for exporting their produce abroad. He used to be reverently referred as “Society Venkatramaiah” by the farmers of Ongole, Prakasam District. He has also served in Tobacco Board, Ministry of Commerce as Manager (Marketing & Market Research) and rendered yeomen service to the farmers by introducing auction system, which ensured prompt payment to farmers, thereby the farmers were saved from the trauma of indefinite waiting to receive sale proceeds ranging from 6 to 12 months. Due to open auction system, the farmers could come out
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of the clutches of unscrupulous traders. He, as a representative of Tobacco Board, toured intensively other tobacco growing countries in the world and evolved and implemented the best system of marketing of Tobacco through auctions in the interest of the farmers. His heart has always been with the farmers. He was always restless to improve the farmers’ lot. He resigned from the Central Government – a bold decision indeed in those days took up large scale cotton farming, when cotton crop was newly introduced in Coastal Andhra Pradesh. He started hybrid cotton seed production in a humble way initially to meet his own farms needs. A visionary that he was, he saw the need to establish a seed company primarily to meet the needs of the farmers of Guntur and neighbouring districts and, thus, NSL came into existence. Now the Seed Company has grown into one of the largest seed companies in the country and has also diversified into several businesses like Textiles, Sugar, Power Renewable Energy, Infratech; to name a few. Shri. M. Venkatramaiah has now handed over the reins of the business to his illustrious son Mr. M. Prabhakar Rao but still he is the guiding force for the company as Chairman Emeritus and is also actively involved in philanthropic activities. Like; 1.
Restoration of a complete block of a High School “Shri Patibandla Seetharamaiah High School, Ashok Nagar, Guntur”, which was damaged in riots.
2.
Construction of a temple in Brindavan Gardens, Guntur along with several other like minded people.
3.
Development of a Hindu Cremation Ground with serene and clean atmosphere, which is now a model project in the entire South Coastal Andhra Pradesh.
4.
Liberal contributions to several colleges in Guntur and Krishna Districts.
5.
Liberally contributing for development of a block in Girls Hostel, established for the purpose of educating poor rural girls in Guntur.
6.
Shri M. Venkatramaiah & his wife Smt. M. Ramadevi are blessed with two illustrious sons and a daughter.
National Seed Association of India takes immense pleasure and pride in honouring this legendry personality of Indian Seed Industry and wishes him a great success in his endeavour & philanthropic activities, which are so dear to his heart.
Besides, these special awards, some of our distinguished members were honored by organizations, national and international for their contributions to the industry. These included:
M
r. Vidyasagar Parchuri, CMD Vibha Seeds Group has been awarded with the “Outstanding AgBio Leadership Award” at AgBio Global Summit, 2011 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore. This recognition comes for his outstanding commitment and leadership vision in promoting Research & Innovation and Development of quality hybrid seeds and crop genetics programs for the benefit of farmers and to uphold our national pride in food security and agriculture education and the welfare of the Indian farming community at large. The award has conferred by Maryland India Business Round Table Inc. (MIBRT), USA.
I
ndo- Thai Friendship Summit, Global Achievers Foundation presented “Glory of India International Award for Young Entrepreneur” to Mr. Kollipara Niranjan Kumar, Managing Director, Garc Seeds pvt. ltd., for his outstanding contribution & Lifetime Achievements in the field of seeds nationally and internationally. The award was presented in Bangkok, Thailand.
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M
r. Gubba Nagender Rao, Managing director ,Gubba Cold storage Ltd. has been felicitated with a prestigious award for contribution to the cold storage industry. This award was given by GCCA(Global Cold Chain Alliance).
NSAI congratulates them on their achievements and is proud to have them as our members.
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New Nsai Members S. No.
Name & Address of Company
MD/CEO
1
Mayur Seed Corporation H. No 1886, Near Devi Mandir MG Road, Pachora - 424 201, Dist. Jalgaon
Ramesh Shankar Lal Mor
2
Sundaram Infotech Solutions limited Deshbandhu Plaza, 47 Whites Road Chennai - 600 014
Malli J Sivakumar
3
Gill Seed Farm Dhudike V.P.O Dhudike distt. Teh Moga, Punjab
S. Balwinder Singh Gill
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Annexure : 1
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Vegetable Map of India
Annexure : 2
All India Area & Production Estimates of Vegetable Crops
Crops
2009-10
Major Producing States
Area (‘000 ha)
Prod. (‘000 MT)
Prductivity (‘000 MT/ha)
Cauliifiower
338
6410
18.96
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, Haryana & Maharashtra
Cabbage
331
7291
22.03
Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Maharashtra & Karnataka
Tomato
634
12433
19.61
Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh & Assam
Okra
452
4803
10.63
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Assam
Brinjal
590
10165
17.23
Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra & Uttar Pradesh
Potato
1835
36577
19.93
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab, Karnataka, Assam & Madhya Pradesh
Onion
756
12159
16.08
Maharashtra, Bihar, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh
Peas
348
2916
8.38
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Karnataka
Vegetables
(Sources : National Horticulture Board)
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Annexure : 3
Popular Vegetable Varieties/Hybrids from Major Vegetable Seed Companies Tomato
Advanta
Ankur Seeds
Bejo Sheetal Seeds
1
Super-1500
ARTH- 1001
2
GS-1897 Saathi
3
GS-3435
4 5
Century Seeds
Indam
JK Seeds
BSS 834
Yash
Akash
JK Varsha
ARTH-1023
BSS 488
Supriya-235
Indam 519
JK Asha
ARTH-2075
BSS 802
C-1742 (Virus Tolerent)
Indam 531
JK Desi
Amulya-1744
ARTH-2110
BSS 803
Lehar
Indam 534
GS-3310
ARTH-2000
BSS 844
Shivam (BW)
Indam 535
6
GS-1814
ARTH-2104
Sartaj
Rohini - I
7
GS-3440
ARTH-2231
Tolstoi
Rohini -II
ARTH-2286
8
74
Biostadt
BSS 846
D-4 -
9
BSS 908
Ramya
10
BSS 778
Indam 1116
11
BSS 684
Indam 2107
12
BSS 731
Vaishali
13
BSS 825
Rupali
14
BSS 768
Rupali Improved
15
BSS-420
Indam 9501
16
Indam 9502
17
Indam 9802
18
Indam 9714
19
Indam 4101
20
Indam 2102
21
Indam 2103
22
Indam 2110
23
Indam 100
24
Indam 615
25
Indam 616
26
Indam 617
27
Meghana
28
Ruchi
29
Indam 88-2
30
Indam 88-3
31
Chandini
32
Rashmi Improved
33
Rajani
34
Rashmi
35
Indam-15
36
Indam-13
Krishidhan
Mahyco Seeds P. Ltd
Namdhari Seeds P. Ltd
Nath Bio Gene
Nunhems
Nuziveedu Seeds
Rasi Seeds Pvt Ltd (Hyveg)
Seed Works
Sinnova
Syngenta
Kundal
S-41(Gotya)
NS 6237
NTH-882
NUN 7704
F1 Soumya
S-22
US 618
Angel
Abhinav
Mahalaxmi
S-72
NS 6336
NTH-671
NUN 7610
F1 Samba
PKM-1
US 1080
Lyco
Anup
Mahaveer
S-75
NS 6424
NTH-2000
NUN 5024
F1 N4545
US 1196
Gem
Avinash 2
Ameya
S-77
NS 1359
NT-670
Badshah
F1 Sania
US 2175
Jewel
All Rounder
Yashika
MHTM-84
NS 566 (6677)
Super Lakshmi
F1 Shriya
US 04
Syno
Trishul
MHTM-203
NS 562(6802)
Dev
F1Bhagya
US 3381
Euro
Rocky
MHTM-204
NS 6970
Avtar
F1 NS-3425
US 3383
TO-017
MHTM-207 (Arvind)
NS 547(6475)
Lakshmi
F1 Desi
US 3140
Heemsohna
MHTM-234 (Ramratan)
NS552 (6526)
F1 No. 842
US 4545
TO-1827
MHTM-256 (Suparna)
NS 565 (6504)
F1 Sona
US 800
TO-1458
MHTM-280 ( Abhinandan)
NS574 (904)
F1 Abhijay
US 3380
TO-848
MHTM 301
NS575(907)
F1 Rambo
US 2853
TO-1387
MHTM 401
NS563 (9863)
F1 Unat Bhagiya
US 3031
Abhiruchi – 1 to 11
NS 9290
F1 1005
Spurthi
NS 88
F1 1032
NS 77 NS 195 NS 64 NS 722 NS 1230 NS 966 NS 527(CAS17) NS 815 NS 812 NS 816 Utsav NS 2535 NS 681 NS 504 (104) NS 521 NS 516 NS 526(6H 16) NS 530(6H 17) NS 503(T 395)
75
Advanta
Ankur Seeds
Bejo Sheetal Seeds
Biostadt
Century Seeds
Indam
JK Seeds
1
Alankar
ARCH-226
BSS 213 (Siddhi)
Ragini
CCH-1
Indam 6
JK CHH 27
2
GS-484 Shubham
ARCH-32
BSS 267 ( Zankar )
Jhakash
CCH-2
Indam 9
JK HPH 207
3
GS-409
ARCH-930
BSS – 445(Jyoti)
CCH-13
Indam 54
JK HPH 208
4
Golden Wonder
ARCH-099
Garima BSS 378
CCH-14
Indam 5
JK HPH 555
5
GS-777 Shree
BSS 375 (SHABARI)
CCH-15
Indam 42
6
GS-2700
Anmol BSS 273
Indam 50
7
BSS 304 (Suraj)
Indam 67
8
BSS-602 (SUPER DABBI)
Indam Jwala-OP
9
BSS-657
Indam Kaddi-OP
10
BSS 414
Indam Dabba-OP
11
Bhagirath (BSS502)
12
BSS 675
13
BSS 606 (Trilok)
14
BSS 355
15
BSS 644
16
BSS 654
17
BSS 676
Chilli/Hot Pepper
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Okra
1
GS- 123
AROH -218
BSS 898
Payal
CBHH-203
Varsha (Improved)
JK Haritha
2
GS-124
AROH- 221
BSS 893
Prabha
Panchaali
Vijaya (Improved)
JKOH 045
3
AROH- 465
BSS 828
Poonam
Indam 102
JKOH 3017
4
AROH- 113
Indranil
5
AROH-10
Indam 29
6
Indam 1967
7
Indam 9821
8 9
76
Indam 23
Krishidhan
Mahyco Seeds P. Ltd
Namdhari Seeds P. Ltd
Nath Bio Gene
Nunhems
Nuziveedu Seeds
Rasi Seeds Pvt Ltd (Hyveg)
Seed Works
Sinnova
Syngenta
Manaswini
MHP-1(Tejaswini)
NS 1701
Dhanashree NCH-1
Narmada
F1 Siri-1233
K2
US 341
Blaze
Roshni
Tufan
MHP-62
NS 1101
Jaishree (NCH-3)
Ujala
F1 Trisha-873
Byadgi Local
US 635
Capci
Red Diamond
Japanese Hot
MHP-63
NS 1072
Soldier
F1 Arun-99
US 4
Spicy
Agnirekha
Ayesha
MHCP-159
NS 227
Kranti
F1 Sunny-2277
US 323
Benz
Hot Line
Rutuja
MHCP-306 (Suhasini)
NS 230
Devanur Deluxe F1 Nuzi delux-055
US 214
Spark
HPH-117
Tejal
MHCP-307(Vaishnavi)
NS 211
Preeti
F1 NCH-057
US 170
Supreme
Volcano
Green Spice
MHCP-308 (Bhagyalaxmi)
NS 222
Ramya
F1 Nuzi-61
US 612
Picalo
HPH-1900
Hot Spice
MHCP-310 (Teja-4)
NS 238
Indira
F1 Tara
US 611
Joy
HPH-404
Rujala
MHCP-315
NS 343
Garuda
F1 Nuzi-15
US 720
Mugdha
MHCP-317(Sierra)
Goli
Sreenath
F1 Nuzi-72
US 730
Suteja
MHCP-318
NS 275
Supriya
F1- Ninad-056
US 189
Shivangi
Spectacular
NS 264
Veerji
F1 Nuzi-61
US 12
Ronny
Fire Cracker
NS 7510
Priyanka
US 18
Isha
Hot Summer
NS 208
Angel
US 60
Sizzler
NS 250
New Vardhan
US 344
Fire Camp
NS 727
Nandi
US 349
Hot Club
NS 221
Somnath
Green Supper
NS 220
Fire
Rapid Fire
NS 300
Indu
Cool Dark
NS 794 NS 436 Pragati AKASH NS 201 NS 203 NS 205
Anjali
MHOK-10
NS 801
Emerald (NOH7080)
Shakti
F1 Prabhava-225
Rasi 20
US 7109
Slender
OH-016
Selection 328
MHOK-12
NS 810
NOH-7100
Sonal
F1 Mridula-251
Arka Anamika
US 419
Sleek
OH-152
Selection 329
Green Tender
NS 818
Super Lady Luck
Sarika
F1 Smrithi-16
US 7136
Novel
KVOKH RT 215
Green Energy
NS 819
Tulsi
F1 Sonali
US 7962
Glory
KVOKH RT 171
Green crown
NS 531
F1 Nuzi 2039
US 7909
77
Radish
Advanta
Ankur Seeds
Bejo Sheetal Seeds
1
Ketki
Navin
Koren
2
Spring Wonder
Chandni
3
A.P.Express
Biostadt
Century Seeds
Indam
JK Seeds
CRH-11(h.q.type)
Indam 4
JK Shweta
Mino Long
Indam 7 Indam 8
4
Brinjal/Egg Plant
Cabbage
1
GS-8
Ankur Ajay
Jahak
Nisha Improved
Suphal
2
GS-9
Ankur Kaustubh
Vieky
Green Long
Supriya
3
Pratibha 94631
Ankur Vijay
Kalyan
Mahadeva
Indam 451
4
Preethi
Ankur Abhishek
BSS465
Kokila
Sourabh
5
GS- 310
Ankur Utkarsha
BSS-630
BW-1
6
Krishna
Ankur Neelam
BSS-332
BW-2
7
PK 321, Sweekar
Ankur 786
BSS-631
Suchitra
8
Ankur Shreerang
Panna
BLH-2
9
Ankur Panna
BSS-427
INDAM- 504
10
Ankur Kirti
BSS-789
INDAM -540
11
Ankur Sachin
BSS-127
INDAM- 509
12
Ankur-1055
BSS-457
INDAM- 35
13
Ankur-1093
BSS-914
Hybrid Green
14
Ankur-797
BSS-791
Green Ground
15
Ankur-1205
BSS-793
Mysore Green Long -OP
16
BSS-619
RB-63 -OP
17
BSS-788
Purple Long Cluster -OP
1
Bhima
Manas
Gonzales
CH-666
Indam 296
JK Greenwonder
2
Pramukh
Regal
Fieldman
CH-2200
Indam 1299
JK Oxford
3
GS-67
Invento
Krishna
4
Supperball-50
Gideon
Ramkrishna
5 6 7 8
78
Bombay Long White
Bronco
Krishidhan
Mahyco Seeds P. Ltd
White House
Namdhari Seeds P. Ltd
Nath Bio Gene
Nunhems
Nuziveedu Seeds
Rasi Seeds Pvt Ltd (Hyveg)
Hybrid No-11
F1 White Prince
Imp Chetki
Hybrid No-841
F1 Summer Queen
Hill Queen
White Wonder
F1 Spring Queen
EMW
CVK
Seed Works
Sinnova
Syngenta Ivory White
White Early
Ankush
MHB-4,9,10,11,39,56,80,82
NS358
NBH-03
Ananya
F1 Kanak Durga601
Royal
Namrata
MHBJ-99,100,110,111,112,114
Sunder
NBH-13
Sandhya
F1 Amla-08
Crown
Revati
Ruby
NS 317
NBH-21
Rajni
F1Jagrti -696
Arnav
Sarika
Mukut
NS 320
NBH-249
BE-707
F1 Gayatri-756
Regal
Sagarika
Parinda
NS 314
NBH-272
Chhotu
F1 Asta-776
Jumbo
Mamta
Purple White
NS 329
NBH-317
Pratap
F1 Gulabi Long
Slim
Anurag
Green Slender
NS 302
Hariya
F1 Arjun
Real
Chaman
Spiny Prince
NS 381
Nun-1539
F1 Karan
Green Beauty
Purple Princes
NS 797
Chhaya
F1 Gulabi Round
Sahana
Dark Superior
NS 1538
Harshita
F1 No.744
Suchitra
Purple Green
Arka Kusumakar(OP)
Shilpa
F1 Green Star (No.833)
Shalin
Blossum Stripe
Arka Nidhi (OP)
Manjula
F1 Kranti
Sushmita
Green Splash
NS 1538
BE-706
F1 Hansa
Black Club
NS 787
F1 Unat Anand
Purple King
F1 Utkal Green
Purple Gem
F1- Gagrti
Black Giant
Durga
Hybrid No 18 (Kranti)
NS 43
Barkha-3002
Improved Bahar
F1 Unnat Pawan (IMP)
Super Red Globe
Acent
BC-64
Harnil
Hybrid No 139
NS 35
Nath Laxmi101
Alisha
F1 Prabhat
Golden Acre
Remo
BC-73
Green Shot
Hybrid No 261(Wonder Boy)
NS 195
Nath Laxmi201
Yash
F1 Early Ball
Linda
BC-79
Sourav
Hybrid MHCB 600 (Navkranti)
NS 151
Pragati Plus
F1 Green Champion-23
Summer Queen
Hybrid No 602 (Hariyali Express)
NS 183
Unnati
F1 Chitra-25
Green Globe
Hybrid MHCB 680 (Haripriya)
NS 160
F1 Nuzi Green
KS-Cross
Hybrid No 682
NS 163
F1 Autam
BC-76
Hybrid No Hari Rani
NS 165
F1 319
Equatoria
79
Advanta
Ankur Seeds
Bejo Sheetal Seeds
Biostadt
Century Seeds
Indam
JK Seeds
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Cauliflower
1
Shigra
Amazing
Ageti Himlata
Indam Early-OP
2
Basanti 956
Deepa
Early Himangini
Indam 88-52
3
GS-312
Himpriya -60
Indam 2435
4
GC-80
Mayuri
Indam 9803
5
Sharmilee-85
6
GS-277
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sweet Pepper
1
Ankur -19
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Watermelon
1
Disco - 287
Kashish
Bejo-2000
Uttam
CWMH-1
Pata Negra
JK Lekha
2
GS- 286
Saras
BSS Swapnil
Sugar Black
Black Gem
Indam 369
JK Vimal
3
GS- 285
Big Boy
Indam 9307
4
GS- 22
CWMH-7
Sugar Baby -OP
5 6 7 8 9
80
CWMH-8
Krishidhan
Mahyco Seeds P. Ltd
Namdhari Seeds P. Ltd
Nath Bio Gene
Nunhems
Nuziveedu Seeds
Rasi Seeds Pvt Ltd (Hyveg)
Seed Works
Sinnova
Protective Green
NS 22
Big Globe
NS 25
Tekila
Small Wonder
Saurav
BC-305
Green Queen
Gaurav
BC-300
F1 505
Syngenta Quizer
Wonder Girl Green Globe Green Wonder Green Express Aprima
Atishighra
Juliana
Grershma
White Magic
Sarita
F1 Hot queen
Poosi
US-5010
Pawas
Shwetangi
F1 Summer White
Maghi
US-178
Suhasini
US-5002
Octinova
NS 60 N
Poornima
F1 Contessa
Aghani
Prathama
Basant
NUN-2801
F1 White Diamond
Kartiki
Snow Heart
Dwitiya
NS 120
Tushar
F1 Rani
Kimaya
Tritiya
NS 131
F1 Raja
Barsati
NS 133
F1 Riya
Lucky
NS 60
F1 Milki
Suhasini+
NS 555
F1 Snow White
Snow Cloud
Tetris
NS 66 NS 94 NS 84 NS 90 NS 106
Indian
NS 631
F1 Rachita
US 181
Lario
NS 632
Nuzi Wonder
US 26
Indra
US 119
Bomby
NS 291 NS 292
Orobelle
NS 274
Picador
Sindhoori NS 280 NS 281 NS 33 (OP) California wonder (OP) Tambola
MHW-4 (Santrupti)
Mayur
Prince
MHW-5 (Amrut)
Black Sugar Black Honey
Ranjeet
Madhubala
F1 Katrina-117
NS 295
Madhuri
MHW-6
NS 750
MHWM-285
NS 296
Rasraj
Fortuna
Savita
Stripped Gulliver
Julie
Summer Friend
Sweety
US 2144
Ria
Augasta
F1 Rakhi
US 2146
Candy
Sugar King
Pakeeza
F1 Sweet Baby
US 2157
Slice
Sugar Dragon
Khushboo
F1 Nano
Pluto
Shahenshah
NS 252
Ayesha
F1Tahir-44
NS 20
Nina
F1-87
NS 246
Pemium
Crimson Beauty
NS 116
NUN 8674
Sweet Summer
NS 92
81
Advanta
Ankur Seeds
Bejo Sheetal Seeds
Biostadt
Century Seeds
Indam
Sona
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Muskmelon
1
GS- 10
BSS-361
CMMH-4
2
GS- 141
BSS-362
Madhubala
3
Hariya
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bittergourd
1
Vijayanthi
Ankur Shreya
Prachi
Green Star
Tijarti
Indam 1124
2
Vinay
Ankur Reshma
BSS-690
Proud
Lakshya
Indam 49
3
Vishesh
Ankur Parag
BSS-691
Bahaar
Indam 711
4
Kohinoor
5
Indam 4625
6
Indam Green Long
6
Indam White Long
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
82
Ankur Hema
JK Seeds
Krishidhan
Mahyco Seeds P. Ltd
Namdhari Seeds P. Ltd
Nath Bio Gene
Nunhems
Nuziveedu Seeds
Rasi Seeds Pvt Ltd (Hyveg)
NS 910
Madhuraja
F1 Pranav
Madhuras
NS 904
Madhurima
F1 Yellow Crown
Abhijeet
Capsule
NS 7455
Nayla
NS 89
Rose May
Seed Works
Sinnova
US 6205
Croma Roma
Syngenta
Tejas NS 200 NS 217 NS 423 NS 170 NS 1004 NS 751 NS 710 Chetan (NS 700) NS 701(IB 4) NS 760(IB 6) NS702(NSX34)
NS 923 NS 929 NS 930 NS 931 NS 934 NS 972 Nikita
MBTH 101
NS 1018
NBIGH-05
Sarkar
F1 Vinay
Hita
MBTH – 102
NS 424(6142)
NBIGH-07
Amanshri
F1 Vineet
US 6207
Ishita
MHBI – 7
NS 1020
Sarita
Chaman
F1 Harita
US 6214
Parinita
MHBI – 10
NS 451
F1 Amrapali
US 33
Ruchita
MHBI – 13
NS 452
F1 Sarita
US 205
MHBI – 15
NS 453
F1 Malini
US 316
MHBI – 17
NS 454
F1 Vivake
US 26
MWL
NS 1024
MGL
NS 1026
Ventura
NS 434
Sharp Blaze
NS 435
Light ‘N’ Slender
NS 463
Sharp White
NS 469
Sharp Bite
NS 497
Sharp Green
NS 473
Straight Jack
NS 487
Rasi Zeena
Slender Star
83
Bottlegourd
Advanta
Ankur Seeds
Bejo Sheetal Seeds
Biostadt
Century Seeds
Indam
JK Seeds
GSH-2
Amit
Akash
Vinayak
CBH-3
Indam 204
JK Uttara
2
Vikrant
Shramik
Bhola
CBH-8
Indam 320
3
Vivek
BSS - 687
Indam 9720-OP
BSS 333 (PRATIK )
PSPL-OP
1
4 5 6 6 7 8
Ridgegourd
1
Haritha
Latika
Anamika
Nidhi
Indam 1222
Supriya
Bss 582
Harsha
Indam -1
1
Shilpa
BSS-838
Utsav
Indam 65
2
Rupa
Geeta
White Seeded
3
Maitri
Seeta
2016 (Light Green)
2 3 4 5 6 7 Spongegourd
4
Neela
5 6 7
Snake gourd
1 2 3 4
84
Golden Show
BDS-694
Krishidhan
Mahyco Seeds P. Ltd
Namdhari Seeds P. Ltd
Nath Bio Gene
Nunhems
Nuziveedu Seeds
Rasi Seeds Pvt Ltd (Hyveg)
Seed Works
Sinnova
Santosh
MHBG-4 (Warad)
Kaveri
Prasad-4000
Anokhi
F1 Anurag
Merina
US 15
Reena
Shambhu
MHBG-8
NS 421
F1 Nuzi Round
US 58
Nutra
Ramdev
MHBG-10
NS 422
F1 Shanku
US 112
Nova
Shashi
Green Major
NS 439
F1 Unat Anurag
Green Golu
NS 433
US 6001
Liza
Green Sergeant
Mridula
Green Long
Bhumika
Hybrid MGH-1
Nutan
Syngenta
NS 482 and NS 477
Murali
MRGH - 1 (Surekha)
NS 3
MRGH - 3
NS 484
F1 Saurav
US 134
Carina
MRGH – 6
NS 401
F1 1001
US 66
Celina
MHRG – 7
NS 403
Ridge Queen
NS 471
Ridge Long
NS 474
Ridge King
NS 475
Nivedita
MSGH-1
NS 441
Nandita
MSGH-6 (Harita)
NS 442
MHSP-8
NS 445
Praveen-5000
F1 Nishant
Amoha
US 276
Komal
F1 Sahil
US 3
F1 Sonal
US 39
MHSP-10 Green Splendour Green Delight Emerald
MSSG-1 MHSN-1 Mahyco Short Sequoia
85
Advanta Ash gourd
Ankur Seeds
1
Bejo Sheetal Seeds
Biostadt
Sownya
CAH-1
2
Century Seeds
Indam
CAHZ
3 4 5
Carrot
1
GH-176
Samson
Indam - Kuroda
2
Indam-13
3
Early Nantes Indam 459 Â
Onion
1 2 3
Commandar
Parade
Indam DR-1-OP
Lucifer
Hybrid 3
Orinet BSS 858
Source: Compiled by NSAI, 2011 Note: The list of varieties/hybrids and the companies is not exhaustive. The information presented here is prepared based on information available and is not a recommendation.
86
JK Seeds
Krishidhan
Mahyco Seeds P. Ltd
Namdhari Seeds P. Ltd
Nath Bio Gene
Nunhems
Nuziveedu Seeds
NS 854
Alamada
Desi Red
Super Kuroda (OP)
Choctaw
Early Nantes
Rasi Seeds Pvt Ltd (Hyveg)
Seed Works
Sinnova
Syngenta
MAH-1 MAH-2 MHAG-2 Power Wonder Power Giant
Nantes
New Kuroda
Ruby
NO-1067
Matahari
Nuzi Selection
Gota
NO-1068
Juni
Nuzi Dark Red
NO-1069
Nuzi Light Red
87
Annexure : 4
Notified Vegetable Varieties/Hybrid in India Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
2007
26/12/2008
2978(E)
Gujarat
JAU (ARS), JUNAGADH
Bulb Vegetables Garlic 1
J-99-213 (GUJARAT GARLIC)
2
YAMUNA SAFED-4 (G-323)
25/04/2006
597(E)
Central
NHRDF, KARNAL
3
VL GARLIC-1 (VLG-7)
31/05/2004
642(E)
Central
VPKAS, ALMORA
4
YAMUNA SAFED-3
26/10/1999
1052(E)
Central
NHRDF, KARNAL
5
GHC-1
10/02/1996
115(E)
Central
CSKHPKV, PALMPUR
Central
NHRDF, KARNAL
6
YAMUNA SAFED-2
10/02/1996
115(E)
7
GODAWARI (SEL. 2)
17/08/1993
617(E)
MPKV RAHURI
8
YAMUNA SAFED (G-1)
16/08/1991
527(E)
NHRDF, KARNAL
ONION
88
1
Hisar Onion-3(HOS-1)
12/08/2010
1979(E)
Central
HAU, HISAR
2
BHIMA RAJ (B-780-5-2-2)
26/12/2008
2978(E)
CENTRAL
NRC FOR ONION AND GARLIC, RAJGURUNAGAR, PUNE
3
ARKA BINDU
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
4
ARKA PITAMBAR ‘
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
5
NHRDF RED
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
NHRDF, NASHIK
6
AKOLA SAFED (PKV SELECTION WHITE)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
PDKV, AKOLA
7
PHULE SAMARTH(S-l)
25/04/2005
597(E)
CENTRAL
MPKV RAHURI
8
APRITA (RO-59)
11/05/2005
664(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, DURGAPURA
9
RO-1 (RAJASTHAN ONION-1)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, DURGAPURA
10
PHULE SUVARNA (RHR-87015)
19/04/2001
348(E)
11
PUNJAB WHITE
21/09/1998
S43(E)
CENTRAL
PAU, LUDHIANA
12
AGRI. FOUND LIGHT RED
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
NHRDF, NASHIK
13
PUNJAB NAROYA
10/02/1996
115CE)
CENTRAL
PAU, LUDHIANA
14
VL PIA2-3
22/ IV 1991
793(E)
VPKAS, ALMORA
15
BASWANT (N0.780)
06/11/1989
915(E)
IIHR, BANGALORE
2000
MPKV RAHURI
16
PUSA MADHVI
06/11/1989
915{E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
17
AGRI FOUND DARK RED
01/12/1988
1135(E)
NHRDF, NASHIK
18
CO. 4
1981
13/08/1984
596(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
19
KALYANPUR RED ROUND
1982
03/01/1983
2(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
20
CO. 3
1979
14/01/1982
19(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
21
MDU-1
1979
14/01/1982
19(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
22
CO. 2
19/12/1978
13
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
23
PUNJAB-43
19/12/1978
13
PUNJAB
PAU, LUDHIANA
24
PUSA RATNAR
19/12/1978
13
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
19/12/1978
13
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
19/12/1978
13
UTTAR PRADESH
VPKAS, ALMORA
02/02/1976
786
HARYANA
HAU, HISAR
30/06/1973
361(E)
PUNJAB
PAU, LUDHIANA
25
PUSA RED
26
V.L PIAZE-67
27
HISSAR-2
28
PUNJAB SELECTION
1978
1973 1973
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
29
ARKA KALYAN
MAHARASHTRA
IIHR, BANGALORE
30
ARKA NIKETAN
MAHARASHTRA
IIHR, BANGALORE
31
ARKA PRAGATI
MAHARASHTRA
IIHR, BANGALORE
32
EARLY GRANO
CENTRAL
33
NIPHAD-53
CENTRAL
34
PATNA RED
CENTRAL
35
PUSA WHITE FLAT
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
36
PUSA WHITE ROUND
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
37
RED GLOBE
CENTRAL
COLE CROPS BROCOLLI 1
PALAM HARITICA
11/05/2005
664(E)
CENTRAL
HPKV, PALAMPUR
CABBAGE 1
KINNER RED
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
HPKV, PALAMPUR
2
COPENHAGEN MARKET,
19/12/1978
S.O.13
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
3
EARLY DRUM HEAD
19/12/1978
S.O.13
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
4
PRIDE OF INDIA
30/06/1973
S.O.361(E)
CENTRAL
YSPUHF, Solan
5
GOLDEN ACRE
20/02/1970
716
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
20/02/1970
716
6
PUSA DRUM HEAD
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
7
KALIMPONG ENGLISH BALL
CENTRAL
-
8
LATE DRUM HEAD
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
CAULIFLOWER 1
KASHI AGAHANI (1VRMC-12)
26/12/2008
2978(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
2
NUDB-26-11
16/10/2008
S,O. 2458(E)
CENTRAL
-
3
KASHI KUNWARI (IVCE-2)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
4
RC-JOB-1
25/04/2006
597{E)
CENTRAL
-
5
PALAM KANCHAN
11/05/2005
664(E)
CENTRAL
HPKV, Palampur
6
PALAM VACHITRA
11/05/2005
664(E)
CENTRAL
HPKV, Palampur IARI, New Delhi
7
PUSA MEGHNA (DC/98-2)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
8
PUSA SHARAD (SEL-309-1-2)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
9
PUSA SNOWBALL (K~25(KT-25)
04/02/2004
161(E)
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
10
PANT GOBH1-4
04/05/1995
408(E)
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
11
PUSA HYBRID-2
02/09/1994
636(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
12
PUSA HYBRID-2 (F)
02/09/1994
636(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
13
PUSA HYBRID-2 (M)
02/09/1994
635(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
14
PUSA EARLY SYNTHETIC
17/08/1993
617(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
15
NARENDRA GOBHI-1
16
PUSA SHUBRA
17
PUSA SNOWBALL K- 1
18
PANT SHUBHRA
04/11/1992
814(E)
1985
01/01/1988
10(E)
01/01/1988 1985
09/04/1985
NDUA&T, Faizabad CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
10(E)
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
295(E)
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
19
PUSA DEEPALI
1977
23/03/1978
1004
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
20
PUSA SNOWBALL- 1
1977
23/03/1978
1004
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
21
PUSA SNOW BALL- 2
1977
23/03/1978
1004
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
22
HISSAR-1
02/02/1976
786
HARYANA
HAU, Hisar
89
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
23
D-96
21/08/1975
440(E)
DELHI
IARI,RS, Katrain
24
EARLY BHAGOT
21/08/1975
440(E)
HIMACHAL PRADESH
IARI,RS, Katrain
25
PUSA KATKI
21/08/1975
440(E)
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
26
EARLY KUNWARI
30/06/1973
361(E)
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
27
GIANT SNOWBALL
30/06/1973
361(E)
PUNJAB
-
28
PUSA KATKI-7
20/02/1970
716
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
20/02/1970
716
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
29
PUSA SNOWBALL-16
30
E-314
CENTRAL
-
31
IMPROVED JAPANESE
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
32
PUNJAB GIANT-26
CENTRAL
PAU, Ludhiana
33
punjab giant-ss
CENTRAL
PAU, Ludhiana
34
PUSA SYNTHETIC
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
KNOL-KHOL 1
PALAM TENDER KNOB
11/05/2005
664(E)
CENTRAL
HPKV, PALAMPUR
2
EARLY PURPLE VIENNA
19/12/1978
13
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
3
EARLY WHITE VIENNA
19/12/1978
13
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
4
KING OF MARKET
19/12/1978
13
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
5
LARGE GREEN
21/08/1975
440(E)
HIMACHAL PRADESH
IARI,RS, Katrain
6
WHITE VIENNA
21/08/1975
440(E)
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
CHINESE CABBAGE 1
PUCH-3 (PALAMPUR GREEN)
10/02/1996
115(E)
2
CHINI SARSON
01/01/1988
10(E)
28/11/2006
2035CE)
HPKV, PALAMPUR
CUCURBITS BITTER GOURD 1
PANT KARELA-2 (PBIG-2)
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, PANTNAGAR
2
PHULE GREEN GOLD (RHRBG-5)
2000
19/04/2001
348(E)
MPKV RAHURI
3
PHULE PRIYANKA (RHRBGH-1)
2000
19/04/2001
348(E)
MPKV RAHURI
4
PREETHI
21/09/1998
843(E)
CENTRAL
KAU, VELLANIKKARA
5
KALYANPUR SONA
02/10/1996
H5(E)
CENTRAL
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
6
KONKAN TARA (DPL-BG-2)
02/10/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
KKV, KONKAN
7
ARKA HARIT
26/11/1986
867(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
8
M.D.U.I
1984
24/07/1985
S.O.540(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
9
KALYANPUR BARAHMASI
1982
03/01/1983
S.O.(E)
UTTAft PRADESH
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
CENTRAL
TNAU, COIMBATORE
10
KASHMIRI LONG
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
11
LONG YELLOW
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
12
CO-1(MC-77)
13
COIMBATORE LONG
14
MC-23
15
PRIYA
16
PUSA DO MAUSAMI
1978
CENTRAL 1982
KERALA
KAU, VELLANIKKARA
CENTRAL
IARI,NEW DELHI
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, PANTNAGAR
BOTTLE GOURD 1
90
PANT LAUKI-3 (PBOG-61)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name 2
Year of Release
PANT SANKAR LAUKI-2
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, PANTNAGAR
3
KASHI BAHAR (VRH-1)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
4
KASHI GANGA (DVBG-1)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
5
LAUKI AZAD SANKAR-1
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
6
NARENDRA DHARIDAR (NDBG-208-1)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
7
NARENDRA JYOTHI (NDPG-104)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
8
NARENDRA RASHMI
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
9
NARENDRA SANKAR LAUKI-4
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
10
PANTSHANKER LAUKM
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, PANTNAGAR
11
PUNJAB LONG (LC-2-1)
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
PAU, LUDHIANA
12
ARKA BAHAR
26/11/1986
867(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
13
KALIANPUR LONG GREEN
03/01/1983
S.O.2(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
14
PUSA SUMMER PROLIFIC LONG (PSPL)
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
15
PUSA SUMMER PROLIFIC ROUND (PSPR)
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
16
SINGAPURI LONG
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
17
ARKA
18
CC-1
19
PUNJAB LONG
20
PUNJAB ROUND
21 22
1982
IIHR, BANGALORE 1982
PUNJAB
PAU, LUDHIANA
CENTRAL
PAU, LUDHIANA
PUSA MANJARI
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
PUSA MEGHDOOT
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
2035(E)
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
.
CUCUMBER 1
PANTKHIRA-l
28/11/2006
2
SWARNA AGETI
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, Ranchi
3
SWARNA SHEETAL
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, Ranchi
4
GUJARAT CUCUMBER-1
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
GAU, Anand
5
SWARNA POORNA (CH-20)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, Ranchi
6
PHULE SHUBHANGI (SEL 75-1-10)
19/02/2001
348(E)
MPKV Rahuri
7
SHEETAL
06/11/1989
915(E)
MPKV Rahuri
2000
8
KALIANPUR GREEN.
9
JAPANESE LONG GREEN
1982
03/01/1983
S.O.2(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
21/08/1975
S.O.2(E)
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
10
POINSETTE
CENTRAL
11
PUSA SANYOG
CENTRAL
12
STRAINGHT EIGHT.
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
PUMPKIN 1
AZAD PUMPKIN-1
25/04/2006
597(E)
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
2
KASHI HARIT (IVPK-226)
25/04/2006
597(E)
IIVR, Varanasi
3
NARENDRA ABHOOSHAN(NDPKH-l)
25/04/2006
597(E)
NDUA&T, Faizabad
4
NARENDRA AMRIT
25/04/2006
597(E)
NDUA&T, Faizabad
5
NDPK-24
25/04/2006
597(E)
NDUA&T, Faizabad
6
SARAS
25/04/2006
597(E)
7
SOORAJ (CM350)
27/12/2003
448(E)
8
AMBILI
01/12/1988
1135(E)
2003
KAU,Vellanikkara TAMILNADU
KAU,Vellanikkara KAU,Vellanikkara
91
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name 9
CO. 2 (CM-32-1-1)
10
ARKA CHANDAN
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
19/12/1978
13
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
CENTRAL
MPKV Rahuri
SMOOTH GUARD 1
PHULE PRAJAKTA (GFE-SMG-108)
19/04/2001
348(E)
MUSK MELON 1
PUNJAB ANMOL
2005
18/07/2008
1714(E)
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
2
GUJARAT MUSKMELON-3(GMM-3)
1975
25/04/2006
597(E)
GUJARAT
GAU, Anand
3
NARENDRA MUSKMELON-l(NDM-2)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, Faizabad
4
KASHI MADHU (IVMM-3)
28/01/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
5
MHY-5
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, Durgapura
6
RM-50
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, Durgapura
7
MHY-3
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, Durgapura
8
RM-43
02/08/1997
98(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, Durgapura
9
MH-10(MHI-10)
02/10/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
PAU, Ludhiana
10
PUNJAB RASILA (MR-12)
02/10/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
PAU, Ludhiana
11
PUSA RASRAJ
17/08/1993
617(E)
IARI, New Delhi
12
ARKAJEET
26/11/1986
867(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
13
ARKA RAJHANS
26/11/1986
867(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
13/08/1984
S.O.596(E)
GUJARAT
13/08/1984
596(E)
14
GUJARAT MUSKMELON-2 (SEL-74)
15
GUJRAT MUSKMELON-1 (SEL.-262)
1975
GAU, Anand GAU, Anand
16
PUNJAB
1978
19/12/1978
S.O.13
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
17
PUSA SHARBATI
1977
23/03/1978
S.O.1004
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
18
LUCKNOW
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
CENTRAL
PAU, Ludhiana
19
DURGAPURA MADHU
21/09/1974
566(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, Durgapura
20
HARA MADHU
1977
20/02/1970
S-O,716
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
21
PUNJAB HYBRID
1981
22
PUSA MADHURAS
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
LONG MELON 1
PUNJAB LONG MELON NO. 1 (H-10)
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
PAU, LUDHIANA
2
ARKA SHEETAL
26/11/1986
867(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
IIHR, BANGALORE
3
KARNAL SELECTION
CENTRAL
RIDGE GOURD 1
ARKA SUJAT
28/11/2006
2035(E)
IIHR, BANGALORE
2
SWARNA MANJARI
28/11/2006
2035(E)
HARP, RANCHI
3
SWARNA UPHAR
28/11/2006
2035(E)
HARP, RANCHI KAU, VELLANIKKARA
4
DEEPTHI
25/04/2006
597(E)
5
ARKA SUMMET (HHR-7)
11/05/2005
664(E)
6
KONKAN HARITA (DPL-RG-1)
02/10/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
KKV, KONKAN
7
CO-2
1984
24/07/1985
S.O.540(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
8
CO-1(LA-3-2-l)
1978
19/12/1978
S.O.13
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
9
PUNJAB SADABAHAR (S-10)
1978
19/12/1978
S.O.13
10
PUSA NASDAR
IIHR, BANGALORE
PUNJAB
PAU, LUDHIANA
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
POINTED GOURD (PARWAL)
92
1
KASHI ALANKAR (VRPG-1)
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
2
SWARBA ALAUKIK
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre HARP, RANCHI
3
SWARNA REKHA
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
4
RAJENDRA PARWAL- 1
02/09/1994
636(E)
CENTRAL
RAU, PUSA
5
RAJENDRA PARWAL-2
02/09/1994
636(E)
CENTRAL
RAU, PUSA
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
KAU,VELLANIKKARA
SNAKE GOURD 1
BABY
2
MANUSREE
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
KAU, VELLANIKKARA
3
KONKAN SHWETA
02/09/1994
636(E)
CENTRAL
KKV, KONKAN
4
CO.2
26/11/1986
867(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
5
PKM-1
1979
14/01/1982
S.O.19(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
6
CO-1 (TA-2-6-1)
1978
19/12/1978
S.O.13
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
SPONGE GOURD 1
AZAD TORAI CHIKNI-1
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
2
GUJARAT SPONGEGOURD-l(JSGL-55)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
GAU, ANAND
3
SWARNA PRABHA (CHSG-1)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
4
PUSA SNEHA
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
5
PUSA SUPRIYA (SEL 99)
08/02/1997
98 (E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
6
KALIANPUR HAR1 CHINKNI
7
PUSA CHIKNI
1982
03/01/1983
S.O.2(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
12/08/2010
1979(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
ASH GOURD (PETHA) 1
PUSA UJWAL
2
KASI UJWAL (IVAG-90)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
IIVR, VARANASI
3
KASHI DHAWAL (IVAG-502)
25/04/2006
597(E)
IIVR, VARANASI
4
PUSA UJWAL (DAG-1)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
5
CO-2
13/08/1984
596(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
26/11/1986
867(E)
BUSH SQUASH 1
PATTY PAN
IIHR, BANGALORE
INDIAN SQUASH (TINDA/ROUND MELON) 1
HISAR TINDA
25/04/2006
597(E)
HAU, HISAR
2
ARKA TINDA
26/11/1986
867(E)
IIHR, BANGALORE PAU, LUDHIANA
3
PUNJAB TINDA (S-48)
19/12/1978
13
4
TINDA (KIND)
21/08/1975
441(E)
24/07/1985
540(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
13/08/1984
596(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
RIBBED GOURD (KALI TORI) 1
CO-2
2
PKM-1
1981
SUMMER SQUASH (VEGETABLE MARROW) 1
PUNJAB CHAPPAN KADDOO-1
08/07/1983
499(E)
2
EARLY YELLOW PROLIFIC
21/08/1975
440
PAU, LUDHIANA
WATERMELON 1
DURGAPURA LAL (RW 177-3)
31/05/2004
642(E)
RARS, Durgapura
2
ARKA MANIK
15/05/1990
386(E)
IIHR, Bangalore
3
ARKA JYOTI (HYBRID)
26/11/1986
867(E)
IIHR, Bangalore
4
DURGAPURA KESAR
19/12/1978
13
RARS, Durgapura
5
DURGAPURA MEETHA
19/12/1978
13
RARS, Durgapura
6
SHIPPER
19/12/1978
13
PAU, Ludhiana
7
WATER MELON (KIND)
23/03/1978
1004
93
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
8
CHARLESTON GREY
21/08/1975
440
NBPGR, New Delhi
9
SUGARBABY
21/08/1975
440
IARI, New Delhi
IVY GOURD 1
INDIRA KUNDRU-05
28/11/2006
2035(E)
IGKVV, Raipur
2
INDIRA KUNDRU-35
28/11/2006
2035(E)
IGKVV, Raipur
3
SULABHA
25/04/2006
597(E)
KAU, Vellanikkara
31/05/2004
642(E)
IARI, New Delhi
12/08/2010
1979(E)
SNAP MELON 1
PUSA SHANDAR (DSM-1)
FRUIT VEGETABLES CAPSICUM 1
VL SHIMLA MIRCH-2
2008
2
NISHAT-1(CAPSICUM SELECTION-2)
2001
15/11/2001
3
PUSADEEPTI (KT-1)
08/02/1997
UTTARAKHAND
VPKAS, Almora
1135(E)
CENTRAL
SKUAS&T, Srinagar
98(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
4
SOLAN HYB-1
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
HPKV, Solan
5
ARKA BASANT
26/11/1986
867(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
6
ARKA GAURAV
26/11/1986
867(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
7
ARKA MOHINI
26/11/1986
867(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
8
BULL NOSE
19/12/1978
13
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
9
CALIFORNIA WONDER
21/08/1975
440(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
10
CHINESE GIANT
21/08/1975
440(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
11
HUNGARIAN
21/08/1975
440(E)
HIMACHAL PRADESH
IARI, RS, Katrain
12
YOLO WONDER
CENTRAL
-
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
BRINJAL 1
94
ARKA ANAND (BWBH-3)
26/12/2008 2006
2978(E)
2
JBGR-99-5
26/12/2008
2978(E)
GUJARAT
JNKVV, JABALPUR
3
SWARANA NEELIMA(HABH-17)
18/07/2008
1714(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
4
SWARNA ABHILAMB (HABL-1)
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
5
ARKA KESHAV (HHR-21)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
6
ARKA NIDHI (IIHR-12)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
7
KASHI SANDESH (VRBHR-1)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
8
PHULE HARIT (RHRB-16)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
MPKV RAHURI
9
SWARNA AJAY(HABH-3)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
10
SWARNA SHREE-
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
11
SWARNA SHYAMALI
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
12
GUJARAT OBLONG BRINJAL (GOB-l)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
AAU,ANAND
13
KASHI PRAKASH (VIBR-1)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
14
KASHI TARU (IVBL-0)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
15
NARENDRA HYBRID BRINJAL-3
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
16
SWARNA SHOBHA (HABR-4)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
17
BRINJAL HYBRID-2 (GBH-2)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
GAU, ANAND
18
SWARNA MANI (CHBR-1)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
19
SWARNA PRATIBHA (CH-309)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
20
UTKAL JYOTI (BB-13)
31/05/2004 -
642(E)
CENTRAL
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
21
GUJARAT BRINJAL LONG- 1
21/04/2003
448(E)
CENTRAL
AAU,ANAND
2002
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release 2001
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
22
PLR-1
15/11/2001
1135(E)
23
AZAD (HYBRID)
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
24
KKM-1 (KSM-107)
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
Developing Centre TNAU, COIMBATORE CSAUA&T, KANPUR
25
PUSA ANKUR(DBSR-91)
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
26
BRINJAL SWETHA (SM-6-6)
21/09/1998
843(E)
CENTRAL
KAU, VELLANIKKARA
27
JC
21/09/1998
843(E)
CENTRAL
JNKVV, JABALPUR
28
JC-2
21/09/1998
843(E)
CENTRAL
JNKVV, JABALPUR
29
UTKAL KESHARI (BB-26)
1998
21/09/1998
843(E)
CENTRAL
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
30
UTKAL MATHURI (BB-44)
1998
21/09/1998
843(E)
CENTRAL
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
31
PUSA BINDU (DBSR-44)
08/02/1997
98(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
32
PUSA UPKAR (DBR-8)
08/02/1997
98(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
33
PUSA UTTAM (DBR-31)
08/02/1997
98(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
34
BH-1
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
35
BH-2
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
36
GBH-1
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
37
NARENDRA BAIGAN-1
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
38
NARENDRA HYBRID BRINJAL- 1
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
39
HISAR PRAGATI
02/09/1994
636(E)
CENTRAL
HAU, HISAR
40
PANT BRINJAL HYBRID- 1
02/09/1994
636(E)
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, PANTNAGAR
CENTRAL
41
PUSA HYBRID- 5
02/09/1994
636(E)
42
PUSA HYBRID-5 (F)
02/09/1994
636(E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
IARI, NEW DELHI
43
PUSA HYBRID-5 (M)
02/09/1994
636(E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
44
HISAR SHYAMAL
17/08/1993
617(E)
HAU, HISAR
45
PUSA HYBRID-6
17/08/1993
617(E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
46
UTKAL TARINI(BB-7)
25/11/1992
860(E)
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
47
PUSA ANUPAM
16/08/1991
527(E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
48
ARUNA
06/11/1989
915(E)
PDKV, AKOLA
49
JAMUNI GOLA
06/03/1987
165(E)
PAU, LUDHIANA
50
PUNJAB- 14
06/03/1987
165(E)
PAU, LUDHIANA
51
ARKA KUSUMAKER
26/11/1986
867(E)
IIHR, BANGALORE
52
ARKA NAVNEET
26/11/1986
867(E)
IIHR, BANGALORE
53
ARKA SHEEL
26/11/1986
867(E)
IIHR, BANGALORE
54
ARKA SHIRISH
26/11/1986
867(E)
IIHR, BANGALORE
55
ANNAMALAI
1971
18/11/1985
S.O.832(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
56
CO-1
1978
24/07/1985
S.O.540(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
57
PANT RITURAJ (PBR-91-2)
1985
24/07/1985
S.O.540(E)
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
58
AZAD B-l ROUND
1983
09/04/1985
S.O.295(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
59
AZAD KRANTI
1983
09/04/1985
S.O.295(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
60
PANT SAMRAT (PBR-12-5)
1984
09/04/1985
S,0.295(E)
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
95
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
61
GUJARAT BRINJAL-6
1976
13/08/1984
S.O.596(E)
GUJARAT
GAU, Anand
62
JUNAGARH LONG
1981
13/08/1984
S.O.596(E)
GUJARAT
GAU, Junagarh
63
JUNAGARH OBLONG
1981
13/08/1984
S.O.596(E)
GUJARAT
GAU, Junagarh
1982
64
KALINANPUR TYPE-3
65
KALYANPUR T-3
03/01/1983
S.O,2(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
03/01/1983
2(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
66
BHAGYAMATI
1980
14/01/1982
S.O.19(E)
ANDHRA PRADESH
ANGRAU, Hyderabad
67 68
MDU-1
1979
14/01/1982
S.O.19(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
PUNJAB BAHAR (S-l)
1978
19/12/1978
S.O.13
PUNJAB
69
PUNJAB CHAMKILA (S-5)
PAU, Ludhiana
19/12/1978
S.O.13
CENTRAL
PAU, Ludhiana
70
JAMUNI GOLE BAINGAN(S-16)
71
PUNJAB HARYANA BRINJAL-4
1977
23/03/1978
S.O.1004
HARYANA
PAU, Ludhiana
1977
23/03/1978
S.O.1004
CENTRAL
HAU, Hisar
72
PUSA PURPLE CLUSTER (PPL)
1977
73
BLACK BEAUTY
23/03/1978
1004
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
CENTRAL
INTRODUCTION
74
PUSA PURPLE LONG (PPL)
21/08/1975
440(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
75
PUNJAB N0.8
30/06/1973
S.O.361(E)
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
76
R-34
30/06/1973
361(E)
CENTRAL
PAU, Ludhiana
77
PUSA PURPLE LONG (PPL)
20/02/1970
716
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
20/02/1970
716
78
PUSA PURPLE ROUND (PPR)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
79
PUSA ANMOL
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
80
PUSA KRANTI
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
2978(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, LAM
CHILLIES
96
1
LAM-353 (LCA-353)
26/12/2008
2
LAM-334
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, LAM
3
ARKA LOHIT
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
4
ARKA MEGHANA (MSH-172)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
5
KASHI SURKH (CCH-2)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
6
ANUGRAHA
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
KAU, VELLANIKKARA
7
ARKA SUPHAL (PMR 57/88K)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
8
AZADMIRCH-1
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
9
GUJARAT VEGETABLE CHILLI-101 (ANAND JYOT-101)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
AAU,ANAND
10
GUJARAT VEGETABLE CHILLI-111 (GVC111)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
AAU,ANAND
11
GUJARAT VEGETABLE CHILLI-121 (ACS 97-2-111)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
AAU,ANAND
12
KASHI ANMOL (KA-2)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
13
PRASANTH (LCA-334)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, LAM
14
RCH-1
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, DURGAPURA
15
UTKAL AVA (BC-14-2)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
16
CO. 3 (CA-586)
15/11/2001
1135(E)
TNAU, COIMBATORE
1999
17
KASHMIR LONG-1
2001
15/11/2001
1135(E)
SKUAS&T, SRINAGAR
18
PMK-1
1998
15/11/2001
1135(E)
TNAU, COIMBATORE
19
GAJARAT CHILLI-2
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
GAU, ANAND
20
JAWAHAR MIRCH-283
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
JNKVV, JABALPUR
21
PLR-1
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
TNAU, COIMBATORE
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
22
JAYANTI (AKC-86-39)
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
PDKV, AKOLA
23
PARBHANI TEJAS
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
MAU, PARBHANI
24
PUNJAB GUCHHEDAR
10/02/1996
H5(E)
CENTRAL
PAU, LUDHIANA
25
PUNJAB SURKH (ELS-2)
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
PAU, LUDHIANA
26
LAM-305
04/05/1995
408(E)
CENTRAL
RARS, LAM
27
KONKAN KIRTI
17/08/1993
617(E)
CENTRAL
28
PKM-1
22/11/1991
793(E)
29
MUSALWADI
16/08/1991
527(E)
MPKV RAHURI
30
JAWAHAR MIRCH-2 18
06/11/1989
915(E)
JNKVV, JABALPUR
KKV, KONKAN TNAU, COIMBATORE
31
X.235
26/11/1986
867(E)
32
K-1
1964
18/11/1985
S.O.540(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
JNKVV, JABALPUR
33
K-2
1975
24/07/1985
S.O.540(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
34
M. D.U.I
1976
24/07/1985
S.O.540(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
35
CHANCHAL
1973
09/04/1985
S.O.295(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
36
CO.2
1981
13/08/1984
S.O.596
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
37
JWALA (PUSA)
1972
08/07/1983
S.O.499
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
38
CO.l
1979
14/01/1982
S.O.19(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
39
DH-76-6
1979
14/01/1982
S.O.19(E)
KARNATAKA
UAS, DHARWAD
40
PANTC-1
1978
14/01/1982
19(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
41
SINDHUR (C.A.-960)
1978
19/12/1978
13
ANDHRA PRADESH
RARS, LAM
42
ANDHRA JYOTI (G.S)
1977
23/03/1978
S.O.1004
CENTRAL
RARS, LAM
43
HOT PORTUGAL
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
RARS, LAM
44
SANAURI
21/08/1975
440(E)
RARS, LAM
45
SWEET BANANA
21/08/1975
440(E)
RARS, LAM
46
G-3 (GUNTUR-3)
47
G-4
CENTRAL
48
GUJARAT
GUJARAT
GAU,ANAND
49
GUJARAT CHILLIES-1
GUJARAT
GAU,ANAND
50
LOCAL KASHMIRI
CENTRAL
51
NP - 46A
CENTRAL
52
PUSA SADA BAHAR
1984
IARI, NEW DELHI
BHENDI 1
GUJARAT OKRA HYBRID-2
26/12/2008
2978(E)
CENTRAL
GAU, Anand
2
ARKA ABHAY (IIHR-4)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
3
ARKAANAMIKA(IIHR-10)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
4
HISAR NAVEEN (HRB 107-4)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HAU, Hisar
5
KASHILIKA (IIVR-11)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
6
AZAD BHINDI-2
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
7
HBH-142
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
8
KASHI BHAIRO (DVR-3)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
9
KASHI PRAGAT! (VRO-6)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
10
KASHI SATDHARI (IIVR-10)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
11
KASHI VIVHUTI (VRO-5)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
97
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
12
PHULE UTKARSHIA (GK-1V-3-3-3)
25/04/2006
597{E)
CENTRAL
MPKV Rahuri
13
SUSTHIRA(AE-286-l)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
KAU, Vellanikkara
14
AZAD BHINDI-1 (AZAD GANGA)
1998
15/11/2001
1135(E)
15/11/2001
1135(E)
CENTRAL
GAU, Anand
2001
15/11/2001
1135(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
15
GUJARAT OKRA-2
16
SHITLAJYOTI (DVR-2)
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
17
SHITLA UPHAR (DVR-1)
15/11/2001
1135(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
18
PHULE KIRTI RHROH-4 (HYBRID)
19/04/2001
348(E)
CENTRAL
MPKV Rahuri
CENTRAL
TNAU, Coimbatore
19
CO-3 (HYBRID-8)
26/10/1999
1052(E)
20
CO-3 (HYBRID-8) (F)
26/10/1999
1052(E)
TNAU, Coimbatore
21
CO-3 (HYBRID-8) (M)
26/10/1999
1052(E)
TNAU, Coimbatore
22
CO-3 (HYBRID-8) (R)
26/10/1999
1052(E)
TNAU, Coimbatore
23
HISSAR UNNAT
08/02/1997
98(E)
CENTRAL
HAU, Hisar
24
VARSHA UPHAR
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
HAU, Hisar
25
UTKAL GAURAV
02/09/1994
636(E)
CENTRAL
OUA&T, Bhubaneshwar
26
PUNJAB-7
05/05/1988
471(E)
27
PARBHANI KRANTI
28
GUJARAT BHINDA-1
PAU, Ludhiana
26/11/1986
867(E)
1983
14/05/1986
258(E)
14/05/1986
258(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
24/07/1985
S.O.540(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
29
SELECTION -2
30
M.D.U.M
1978 1982
MAU, PARBHANI GUJARAT
GAU, Anand
31
PUNJAB PADMINI
08/07/1983
S.O.499(E)
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
32
CO.l
19/12/1978
S.O‑,13
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
33
S-13
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
34
PUSA SAWANI
24/09/1969
S.O.4045
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
35
PARKINS LONG GREEN.
CENTRAL
36
PUSA MAKHMALI
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
PAU, Ludhiana
TOMATO
98
1
VL TAMATAR-4
12/08/2010
1979(E)
UTTARAKHAND
VPKAS, ALMORA
2
SWARANA VDAYA(HATH-S)
2008
18/07/2008
1714(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
3
NARENDRA TOMATO-4 (NDT-9)
01/06/2007
858(E}
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
4
NARENDRE TOMATO-7 (NDTS 2001-3)
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
5
UTKAL PRAGYAN (BT-116-3-2)
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
6
UTKAL RAJA (BT 20-2-1)
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
7
ARKA MAGHALI
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
8
MANI LEIMA
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
ICAR, RESEARCH COMPLEX, BARAPANI
9
SWARNA LALIMA
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
10
SWARNA NAVEEN
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
11
SWARNA SAMPADA (HATH-3)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
12
ARKA ANANYA (TLBH-9)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
13
AZAD T-6
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
14
GUJARAT TOMATO-2 (GT-2)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
GAU, ANAND
15
KASHI AMRIT(DVRT-l)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
16
KASHI ANUPAM
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
17
KASHI HEMANT (IIVR SEL.l)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
18
KASHI SHARD (IIVR SEL2)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
19
KASHI VISHESH (CH-86)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, VARANASI
20
NARENDRA TOMATO- 5(NDT-96)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
21
NARENDRA TOMATO- 6(NDT-4)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
22
TH-1
11/05/2005
664(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
23
NANDI (TLB-130)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
24
SANKRANTHI (TIB-11)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
25
SWARNA BAIBHAY (CHTH-1)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, RANCHI
26
VYBHAT(TLB-182)
31/05/2004
642(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, BANGALORE
27
PARBHANI YASHASHRI (SEL.14)
15/11/2001
1135(E)
MPKV RAHURI
28
VASUNDHARA (HY.28)
15/11/2001
113S(E)
MPKV RAHURI
29
MUKTHI (L79-5)
21/09/1998
843(E)
KAU, VELLANIKKARA
30
SOLAN VAJR
21/09/1998
843(E)
YSPUHF, SOLAN
31
TH802
21/09/1998
843(E)
IIHR, BANGALORE
32
UTKAL KUMARI (BT-10)
21/09/1998
843(E)
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
33
PUSA DIVYA (KT-4)
08/02/1997
98(E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
34
PUSA HYBRID-4 (DTH-4)
08/02/1997
98(E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
35
NARENDRA TOMATO-2
10/02/1996
115(E)
NDUA&T, FAIZABAD
35
PUSA HYB.2
10/02/1996
115(E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
37
RAJASHREE HYB.2
10/02/1996
115(E)
UAS, DHARWAD
38
SELAN SAGUN
10/02/1996
115(E)
39
HISAR ARUN (SEL7)
02/10/1994
636(E)
40
HISAR LALIT (NT-8)
17/08/1993
617(E)
HAU, HISAR
41
UTKAL PALLAVI(BT-l)
25/11/1992
860(E)
OUA&T, BHUBANESHWAR
42
ATH-1
06/11/1989
915(E)
MPKV RAHURI
43
ATV-1
06/11/1989
915(E)
MPKV RAHURI
1986
YSPUHF, SOLAN CENTRAL
HAU, HISAR
44
SONALI (SELECTION-2)
06/11/1989
915(E)
kkv, dAPOLI
45
PANT-T3
01/12/1988
1135(E)
GBPUA&T, PANTNAGAR
46
PUSA GAURAV
01/01/1988
10(E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
47
PANT BAHAR (AC-238)
1985
24/07/1985
540(E)
CENTRAL
GBPUA&T, PANTNAGAR
48
PKM-1
1978
24/07/1985
S.O.540(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
49
PUSA EARLY DWARF
24/07/1985
540(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, NEW DELHI
50
PUSA RUBY
24/07/1985
S.O.540(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
51
AZAD T - 2
1983
09/04/1985
295(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
52
CO-3
1981
13/08/1984
S.O.596(E)
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
53
JUNAGARHRUBY
1981
13/08/1984
S.O.596(E)
GUJARAT
GAU, Junagarh
54
KALINANPUR T-1
1982
03/01/1983
S.O.2(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
55
KALINAPUR ANGOORLATA
1982
03/01/1983
S.O.2(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
56
NTDR - 1
1978
14/01/1982
19(E)
KARNATAKA
NDUA&T, Faizabad
57
CO. 2
19/12/1978
13
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
58
KEEKRUTH
19/12/1978
13
PUNJAB
IntRoduction
1978
99
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
1978
19/12/1978
13
PUNJAB
IntRoduction
19/12/1978
13
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
S.O.13
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
59
KEEKRUTH AGETI
60
MARGLOBE
61
PUNJAB CHHUARA
1975
19/12/1978
62
PUNJAB TROPIC
1978
19/12/1978
S.O.13
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
63
H-S-101
1977
02/02/1976
S.O.786
HARYANA
HAU,Hisar
64
HA- 101
02/02/1976
S.O.786
HARYANA
65
PUNJAB SELECTION NO. 12
21/08/1975
S.O.440(E)
66
SOLAN GOLA
20/08/1975
440(E)
HIMACHAL PRADESH
YSPUHF, Solan
67
BEST OF ALL
30/06/1973
361(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
HAU, Hisar PAU, Ludhiana
68
S-12
20/02/1970
716
HARYANA
PAU, Ludhiana
69
S-120
20/02/1970
716
DELHI
IARI, New Delhi
20/02/1970
716
CENTRAL
IARI, RS, Katrain
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
70
SIOUX
71
ARKA SAURABH
72
ARKA VIKAS
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
73
HS-120
HARYANA
HAU, Hisar
74
JUNAGARH
75
OX HEART
76
PUNJAB KESRI
77
ROMA
GAU,Junagarh CENTRAL PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
CENTRAL
GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES FENUGREEK l
RMT-305(UM-305)
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
RAJAU, JOBNER, RAJASTHAN
2
AZAD METHI-1
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CSAUA&T, KANPUR
3
HISAR MUKTA (HM-346)
HAU,HISAR
4
SAHAS
2006
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
11/02/2006
110206
CENTRAL
5
SAMPLE060306
11/02/2006
11206
CENTRAL
6
SAMPLE349-6MAR06
11/02/2006
11206
CENTRAL
7
CO. 2 (CF-390)
1999
15/11/2001
1135(E)
TNAU, COIMBATORE
8
GUJRAT METHI-1
1999
19/04/2001
348(E)
GAU,ANAND
9
HISSAR SONALI(HM-57)
10/02/1996”
115(E)
HAU,HISAR
10
ML- 150
01/01/1996
1(E)
11
RMT-1
16/08/1991
527(E)
12
CO. 1
13/08/1984
596(E)
TAMILNADU
21/08/1975
441(E)
CENTRAL
RAU, DHOLI
CENTRAL
IARI,NEW DELHI
13
KASURI
14
PUSA EARLY BUNCHING (PEB)
1982
RAJAU, JOBNER, RAJASTHAN TNAU, COIMBATORE
ROOT VEGETABLES SWEET POTATO
100
1
RNSP-l
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
ANGRAU, HYDERABAD
2
SREE KANAKA(X-80/168)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CTCRI, TRIVANDRUM
3
SREE ARUN
11/05/2005
664(E)
CENTRAL
CTCRI, TRIVANDRUM
4
SREE VARUN
11/05/2005
664(E)
CENTRAL
CTCRI, TRIVANDRUM KKV, DAPOLI
5
KONKAL ASHWINI (PALGAR - 1)
15/11/2001
1135(E)
CENTRAL
6
CROSS-4(WHITE)
2000
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
-
7
SHREE RETNA
21/09/1998
843(E)
CENTRAL
CTCRI, TRIVANDRUM
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release CENTRAL
Developing Centre
8
SREE BHADRA
21/09/1998
843(E)
9
KIRAN
17/08/1993
617(E)
ANGRAU, HYDERABAD
10
RAJENDRA SHANKERKAND-35
17/08/1993
617(E)
RAU, DHOLI
11
RAJENDRA SHAKARKAND-43
12
RAJENDRA SAKARKAND-5 (X-5)
13
CO-3
14
V,L SAKARKAND-6
15
CO-1 (IB-3)
16
CO-2 (IB-81)
04/11/1992
814(E)
1985
18/11/1985
832(E)
13/08/1984 1974
19/12/1978
CTCRI, TRIVANDRUM
RAU, DHOLI CENTRAL
RAU, DHOLI
596(E)
CENTRAL
TNAU, COIMBATORE
13
UTTAR PRADESH
VPKAS, ALMORA
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
TAMILNADU
TNAU, COIMBATORE
1980
17
H-41 (2)
1971
CENTRAL
CTCRI, TRIVANDRUM
18
H-42(1)
1971
TAMILNADU
CTCRI, TRIVANDRUM
PUNJAB
PAU, LUDHIANA
CARROT 1
PC-34
2005
18/07/2008
1714(E)
2
SHALIMAR CARROT-1 (SKAU-C-50)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
SKUAS&T, SRINAGAR
3
OOTY-1
26/11/1999
1052(E)
TNAU, COIMBATORE
4
PUSA YAMDAGNI
01/01/1988
10(E)
IARI, RS, KATRAIN
5
EARLY NANTESE
24/07/1985
540(E)
IARI, RS, KATRAIN
6
NANTESE
24/07/1985
540(E)
IARI, RS, KATRAIN
7
PUSA KESAR
21/08/1975
441(E)
IARI, NEW DELHI
RADISH 1
HISAR SELECTION- 1
25/04/2006
597(E)
HAU, Hisar
2
KASHI HANS(VR-2)
25/04/2006
597(E)
IIVR, Varanasi
3
KASHI SWETA (IIVR-1)
25/04/2006
597(E)
IIVR, Varanasi
4
ARKA NISHANT
16/08/1991
527(E)
IIHR, Bangalore
5
PUNJAB AGETI
01/01/1988
10(E)
PAU, Ludhiana
6
PUSA CHETKI
01/01/1988
10(E)
IARI, New Delhi
7
CO-1
13/08/1984
596(E)
TNAU, Coimbatore
8
KALIYANOUR NO.l
03/01/1983
2(E)
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
9
PUNJAB SAFAID
19/12/1978
13
PAU, Ludhiana
10
CHINESE PINK
21/08/1975
440
YSPUHF, Solan
11
NADAUNI
21/08/1975
440
YSPUHF, Solan
12
RADISH (KIND)
21/08/1975
441(E)
YSPUHF, Solan
13
JAPANESE WHITE
30/06/1973
361(E)
IARI, RS, Katrain
14
S-WHITE
30/06/1973
361(E)
IARI, RS, Katrain
15
WHITE ICICLE
30/06/1973
361(E)
IARI, RS, Katrain
TURNIP (SALJAM) 1
L-l
19/12/1978
13
IARI, RS, Katrain
2
GOLDEN BALL
21/08/1975
440
IARI, RS, Katrain
3
PURPLE TOP
21/08/1975
440
IARI, RS, Katrain
4
TURNIP (KIND)
21/08/1975
441(E)
IARI, RS, Katrain
5
4-RED
30/06/1973
361(E)
IARI, RS, Katrain
6
4-WHITE
30/06/1973
361(E)
IARI, RS, Katrain
7
SNOWBALL
30/06/1973
361(E)
IARI, RS, Katrain
BEET ROOT {GARDEN BEET/STOCK BEET) 1
CRIMSON GLOBE
24/07/1985
540(E)
IARI, RS, Katrain
2
DETRICT DARK RED
24/07/1985
540(E)
IARI, RS, Katrain
101
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
12/08/2010
1979(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
TUBERS AND RHIZOMES POTATO 1
102
KUFRI FRYSONA (MP/98-71)
2
KUFRI HIMSONA
26/12/2008
2978(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
3
KUFRI KHYATI (J. 93-86)
26/12/2008
2978(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
4
KUFRI GlRDHARI(SM/93-237)
5
KUFRI SADABAHAR(MS/93-1344)
2007
18/07/2008
1714(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
18/07/2008
1714(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CPRI, SHIMLA
6
92-PT-27
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
7
KUFRI ARUN (MS/92-2105)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
8
KUFRI CHIPSONA-3 (MP/97-583)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
9
KUFRI HIMALINI (SM/87-185)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
10
KUFRI PUSHKAR (JW-160)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
11
KUFRI SHAILJA (SM/87-185)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
15/11/2001
1135(E)
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
26/10/1999
1052(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
21/09/1998
843(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
12
KUFRI SURYA(HT/92-621)
13
KUFRI KANCHAN
14
KUFRI GIRI RAJ (SM/85-45)
15
KUFRI ANAND (MS182-717)
16
KUFRI CHIPSONA-1 (MP/90/83)
1999
1997
CPRI, SHIMLA
17
KUFRI CHIPSONA-2
1997
21/09/1998
843(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
18
KUFRI PUKHRAJ (JEX/C-166)
1997
21/09/1998
843{E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
19
KUFRI ASHOKA (PJ-376)
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
20
KUFRI JAWAHAR (JH-222)
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
21
KUFRI SATLEJ (JI-5857)
22
KUFRI LAUVKAR(A-7416)
23
KUFRI SHERPA
24
KUFRI LALIMA
25
KUFRI JYOTI
26
KUFRI SHEETMAN
27
KUFRI SINDHURI
28
UPTO DATE
29
KUFRI JYOTI
10/02/1996
115(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
13/08/1984
596(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
13/08/1984
S.O.596 (E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
03/01/1983
2(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
21/08/1975
440{E)
1968
30/06/1973
S.O.361(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
1966
30/06/1973
S.O.361(E)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
30/06/1973
S.O.361(E)
1973 1982
1963
CPRI, SHIMLA
CENTRAL
-
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
30
KUFRI ALANKAR
1968
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
31
KUFRI BADSHAH
1980
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
32
KUFRI BAHAR
1980
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
33
KUFRI CHAMATKAR
1967
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
1967
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
1973
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
34
KUFRI CHANDARMUKHI
35
KUFRI CHIPSONA-3
36
KUFRI DEWA (C-3084)
37
KUFRI HIMALINI (SLB/M-70)
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
38
KUFRI JEEVAN
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
39
KUFRI KHASIGARO
40
KUFRI MUTHU (MUTHA SLB/Z-785)
41
KUFRI NAVEEN
42
KUFRI SURYA
CPRI, SHIMLA
43
KUFRI SWARNA
CPRI, SHIMLA
CPRI, SHIMLA
1971
ASSAM
CPRI, SHIMLA
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
CENTRAL
CPRI, SHIMLA
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
44
KUFRI KUBER
CPRI, SHIMLA
45
KURFI PUSHKAR
CPRI, SHIMLA
COLOCASIA 1
INDIRA ARVI-1
2
BHAVAPURI (KCS-2)
2003
18/07/2008
1714(E)
01/06/2007
858(E)
3
SREE KARTHIKA (DA-199)
25/04/2006
597(E)
4
SREE KIRAIM (H-13)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CHHATTISGARH
IGKVV,RAIPUR
5
MUKTAKESHI
31/05/2004
642(E)
6
SATAMUKHI
14/05/1986
258(E)
APHU, HYDERABAD
28/11/2006
2035(E)
Dr.BSKKV, Dapoli
GREATER YAM 1
KONKAN GHORKAND
2
ORISSA ELITE
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CTCRI, Trivandrum
3
SREE KEERTHI (DA-60)
18/09/1987
834(E)
CTCRI, Trivandrum
24/07/1985
540(E)
-
LESSER YAM (RAFULA) 1
DE-11
WHITE YAM 1
SREE PRIYA
01/01/1988
10(E)
CTCRI, Trivandrum
2
SREE SUBHRA
01/01/1988
10(E)
CTCRI, Trivandrum
16/08/1991
527(E)
APHU, Hyderabad
AMARPHOPHALLUS (SURANKAND/ELEPHANT FOOT YAM) 1
GAJENDRA
TURMERIC 1
PHULE SWARUPA (DTS-222)
25/04/2006
597(E)
MPKV Rahuri
2
SONA
11/05/2005
664(E)
KAU, Vellanikkara
3
VARNA
11/05/2005
664(E)
KAU, Vellanikkara
KASHI KANCHAN(VRCP-4)
01/06/2007
858(E)
2
KASHI UNNATI (VRCP-3)
01/06/2007
858(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
3
ARKA SAMRUDHI (IIHR-16)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
LEGUMES VEGETABLES COWPEA (VEGETABLE) 1
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
4
ARKA SUMAN
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
IIHR, Bangalore
5
SWARNA SUPHALA (CHCP-2)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CENTRAL
HARP, Ranchi
6
ANASWARA
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
KAU,Vellanikkara
7
KASHI GAURI (IVRCP-2)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
S
KASHI SHYAMAL (IVREP-1)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
IIVR, Varanasi
9
PUSA BARSATI
21/09/1974
566(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
21/09/1974
S.O.566(E)
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
10
PUSA PHALGUNI
11
BIRSA SWETA (CN 73-1)
12
PUSA DO-FASLI
CENTRAL
13
RITURAJ
CENTRAL
1985
BIHAR IARI, New Delhi
CLUSTER BEAN 1
DURGABAHAR
2
PUSA MAUSMI
1984
18/11/1985
832(E)
RAJASTHAN
RAU, Bikaner
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
3
PUSA NAV BAHAR
CENTRAL
IARI, New Delhi
4
PUSA SADABAHAR
RAJASTHAN
IARI, New Delhi
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
INDIAN BEAN (VEGETABLE) 1
CO-10
1983
13/08/1984
S.O-596(E)
103
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
2
KALIANPUR T-2(POLE TYPE)
1982
03/01/1983
S.O.2(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
IIPR, Kanpur
3
CO-9 (BUSHY)
1980
12/08/1980
2103
TAMILNADU
TNAU, Coimbatore
4
PUSA EARLY PROLIFIC
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
CENTRAL
VPKAS, Almora
PEA (VEGETABLE) 1
VIVEK MATAR 11 (VP 233)
12/08/2010
1979(E)
2
ARKA AJIT(FC-l)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
IIHR, Bangalore
3
AZAD P-5(KS-245)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
4
SWARNA MUKTI (CHP-2)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
HARP, Ranchi
5
AZAD P-5
25/04/2006
597(E)
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
6
JG-63
25/04/2006
599(E)
2006
CENTRAL
GAU,Junagarh
7
KASHI MUKTI (VR-22)
25/04/2006
597(E)
IIVR, Varanasi
8
KASHI NANDINl(VR-5)
25/04/2006
597(E)
IIVR, Varanasi
9
KASHI SHAKTI (VR-7)
25/04/2006
597(E)
IIVR, Varanasi
10
KASHI UDAI (VR-6)
25/04/2006
597(E)
IIVR, Varanasi
11
NARENDRA SABZI MATAR-4(NDUP-9)
25/04/2006
S97(E)
NDUA&T, Faizabad
12
NARENDRA SABZI MATAR-5(NDUP-250)
25/04/2006
597(E)
NDUA&T, Faizabad
13
NARENDRA SABZI MATAR-6(NDUP-12)
14
VL MATAR-42
25/04/2006
597(E)
25/04/2006
599(E)
15
VIVEK MATAR-9
11/05/2005
664(E)
16
AZAD P-I
1983
09/04/1985
17
HARA BONA
1980
IS
JAWAHAR MATAR-5
1980
19
DAISY DWARF
19/12/1978
13
20
ARKEL
1977
23/03/1978
S.O.1004
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
21
JAWAHAR MATAR-1
1977
23/03/1978
1004
CENTRAL
JNKVV, Jabalpur
22
EARLY GIANT
21/08/1975
440(E)
HIMACHAL PRADESH
23
HARI CHHAL
21/08/1975
440(E)
HIMACHAL PRADESH
2005
NDUA&T, Faizabad UTTARAKHAND
VPKAS, Almora
295(E)
UTTAR PRADESH
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
13/08/1984
596(E)
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
14/01/1982
19(E)
MADHYA PRADESH
JNKVV, Jabalpur
VPKAS, Almora
24
BONNEVILLE
20/02/1970
716
CENTRAL
IARI,New Delhi
25
PERFECTION NEW LINE
20/02/1970
716
CENTRAL
Introduction
26
EARLY BADGER
CENTRAL
Introduction
27
HARBHAJAN
CENTRAL
JNKVV, Jabalpur
28
LINCOLN
CENTRAL
IARI,RS, Katrain
29
LITTLE MARVEL
CENTRAL
Introduction
30
MADHU
31
METEOR
32
PANT UPHAR (IP-3)
33
PUNJAB-87 (87-1)
34
PUNJAB-88
1973
UTTAR PRADESH CENTRAL
1984
1978
UTTAR PRADESH
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
PUNJAB
PAU, Ludhiana
DOLICHOS BEAN
104
1
PHULE GAURI (RHRWL-1)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
MPKV Rahuri
2
SWARNA UTKRISHT (CHDB-1)
28/11/2006
2035(E)
HARP, Ranchi
Group Name/Crop Name/Variety Name
Year of Release
Notification Date
Notification Number
State of Release
Developing Centre
SPICES AND CONTIMENTS CORIANDER 1
APHU-DHANIA-l (LCC-170)
12/08/2010
1979(E)
CENTRAL
APHU, Hyderabad
2
RCR-728 (UD-728)
12/08/2010
1979(E)
CENTRAL
RAU, Jobner, Rajasthan
3
SUDHA
01/06/2007
858(E)
4
HISARSUGANDH (DH-36)
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
APHU, Hyderabad HAU, Hisar
5
RCR-435
25/04/2006
597(E)
CENTRAL
RAU, Jobner, Rajasthan
6
RCR-436
11/05/2005
664(E)
CENTRAL
RAU, Jobner, Rajasthan
7
CS-6
8
RCR-447
APHU, Hyderabad RAU, Jobner, Rajasthan
OTHER VEGETABLE CROPS KORONDA 1
KONKAN BOLD
25/04/2006
597(E)
11/05/2005
664(E)
TUMBA 1
MANSHA MARUDHAVA (RNT-59)(GP-59)
Source : www.seednet.gov.in
105
Annexure : 5
Vegetable-Varieties/Hybrids Identified through AICRP-VC (1975-2008)
Crop/Variety/Hybrid
Developing Centre
Year
Recommended* Zone
Remark
SOLANACEOUS VEGETABLES Tomato Variety
106
S-12
PAU, Ludhiana
1975
-
Small fruited
Pusa Ruby
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
Small fruited
HS-101
HAU, Hisar
1975
-
Determinate
SL-120
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
Large fruited
Sweet-72
Gwalior
1975
-
Large fruited
T-1
CSAUAT, Kanpur
1975
-
Large fruited
Pusa Early Dwarf
IARI, New Delhi
1977
-
Small fruited
Sioux
IARI, New Dehi
1977
-
Small fruited
Sel-12
PAU, Ludhiana
1977
-
Small fruited
Punjab Chhuhara
PAU, Ludhiana
1977
-
Small fruited
KS-2
CSAUAT, Kanpur
1985
IV
Determinate
AC-238
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1985
-
Indeterminate
CO-3
TNAU, Coimbatore
I, IV, V, VI, VII
Determinate
Punjab Kesari
PAU, Ludhiana
1987
I, IV, V, VI
Determinate
La-Bonita
NBPGR, New Delhi
1987
I, IV, V, VII
Determinate
Pant T-3
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1987
I, II, IV, V, VI, VII, VII
Indeterminate
Arka Vikas
IIHR, Bangalore
1987
I, IV, V, VI, VII, VII
Indeterminate
Arka Saurabh (Sel-4)
IIHR, Bangalore
1987
I, IV, V, VI, VIII
Indeterminate
Sel-7
HAU, Hisar
1990
I, IV, V, VII, VIII
Determinate
Sel-1-6-4
PAU, Ludhiana
1995
I
Determinate
Se-32
HAU, Hissar
1996
II, VI, VII
Determinate
DT-10
IARI, New Delhi
1996
IV, VI
Indeterminate
BT-12
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
1996
I, VI
Determinate
KS-17
CSAUAT, Kanpur
1998
IV
Determinate
BT-116-3-2
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
2001
V, VI
Determinate
NDT-3
NDUAT, Faizabad
2001
IV, VII
Determinate
KS-118
CSAUAT, Kanpur
2001
IV
Determinate
DVRT-2
IIVR, Varanasi
2001
VI
Determinate
BT-20-2-1
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
2001
IV VII
Indeterminate
NDT-9
NDUAT, Faizadad
2001
IV
Indeterminate
NDTS
NDUAT, Faizadad
2004
IV
Determinate
Mani Laima
ICARNEH, Barapani
2004
III
Determinate
IIVR Sel-1
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
V, VII
Determinate
BT-136
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
2005
II, IV
Determinate
VLT-32
VPKAS, Almora
2005
IV
Determinate
IIVR Sel-2
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
IV
Indeterminate
ARTH-3
Ankur Seeds, Nagpur
1992
II, VII, VIII
Determinate
ARTH-4
Ankur Seeds, Nagpur
1992
IV, VIII
Indeterminate
MTH-6 (Gulmohar)
Mahyco Seeds, Jalana
1992
VII, VIII
Indeterminate
Pusa Hybrid-2
IARI, New Delhi
1993
I, IV, VI, VII
Determinate
NA-501
Nath Seeds, Aurangabad
1995
IV, VII
Determinate
DTH-4
IARI, New Delhi
1995
VII
Determinate
KT-4
IARI, RS, Katrain
1995
IV
Indeterminate
NA-601
Nath Seeds, Aurangabad
1996
VI, VII
Indeterminate
BSS-20
Beejo Sheetal, Jalna
1996
IV, VI, VIII
Indeterminate
Avinash-2
Novartis Seeds, Pune
1998
VI
Determinate
HOE-303
Novartis Seeds, Pune
1998
IV
Indeterminate
Sun-496
Sungro Seeds, New Delhi
1999
IV, II, VII
Indeterminate
BSS-20
Beejo Sheetal, Jalna
2001
All
Indeterminate
DTH-8
IARI, New Delhi
2001
IV
Determinate
CHTH-1
IARI, New Delhi
2001
IV
Determinate
ARTH-128
Ankur Seeds, Nagpur
2001
VII
Indeterminate
KTH-2
CSAUAT, Kanpur
2002
IV, V
Indeterminate
JKTH-3055
JK Seeds, New Delhi
2004
I, IV
Determinate
KTH-1
CSAUAT, Kanpur
2004
IV
Determinate
Nun-7730
Nunhems Seeds, Bangalore 2004
I, IV
Indeterminate
TH-01462
Syngenta Seeds, Pune
2005
I, II, IV, VI, VII
Determinate
ARTH-734
Ankur Seeds, Nagpur
2008
VIII
Indeterminate
HTH-5
HARP, Ranchi
2008
I
Determinate
BWR-5 (Arka Alok)
IIHR, Bangalore
1992
II
Bacterial wilt
FMH-1 (Arka Vardhan)
IIHR, Bangalore
1993
V, VII
Bacterial wilt
FMH-2
IIHR, Bangalore
1995
IV
Nematode
BT-10
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
1995
V, VI
Bacterial wilt
H-24
IIVR, Varanasi
1997
V
TLCV
BRH-2
IIHR, Bangalore
1998
VII
Bacterial wilt
LE-415
KAU, Vellanikkara
2004
I, V, VIII
Bacterial wilt
H-86
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
I, IV, V, VIII
TLCV
Pusa Purple Long
IARI, New Delhi
1975
IV, VI, VII, VIII
Long
Pusa Purple Cluster
IARI, New Delhi
1975
IV, V, VI, VII
Long
Pusa Kranti
IARI, New Delhi
1977
IV
Long
PB-129-5 (Pant Rituraj)
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1981
IV
Long
Hybrid
Resistant
Brinjal Variety
107
108
Pant Samrat
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1981
IV, V, VI
Long
Arka Sheel
IIHR, Bangalore
1981
VIII
Long
Azad Kranti
CSAUAT, Kanpur
1983
VI
Long
Azad Kranti
CSAUAT, Kanpur
1983
I, VI
Long
PB-91-2 (Pant Samrat)
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1985
-
Round
ARU-1
DARL, Pithoragarh
1985
I
Long
T-3
CSAUAT, Kanpur
1975
-
Round
H-4
HAU, Hisar
1987
-
Long
ARU-2C
DARL, Pithoragarh
1987
I, IV, VI, VIII
Long
K-202-9
GAU, Anand
1987
VI
Round
Aruna
PDKV, Akola
1988
VII
Small round
H-7
HAU, Hisar
1990
IV, VI
Long
NDB-25
NDUAT, Faizabad
1990
II, IV, VII
Long
H-8
HAU, Hisar
1990
II, IV, V, VI
Round
BB-26
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
1993
V
Long
Punjab Barasti
PAU, Ludhiana
1993
IV
Long
Sel-4 (Gulabi)
ANGRAU, Hyderabad
1995
V
Long
DBSR-31
IARI, New Delhi
1995
Vi
Long
KS-224
CSAUAT, Kanpur
1995
I, II, IV
Round
DBR-44
IARI, New Delhi
1995
VI
Round
DBSR-44
IARI, New Delhi
1995
VI
Small round
AB-1
GAU, Anand
1996
III, VI, VII
Round
PLR-1
TNAU, Coimbatore
1996
IV, VI, VII
Small round
BB-26
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
1996
V, VII
Long
BB-13
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
1997
VIII
Long
KS-331
CSAUAT, Kanpur
1998
IV, V
Long
JB-15
JNKVV, Jabalpur
1998
I
Long
CHBR-1
HARP, Ranchi
1998
IV
Round
DBSR-91
IARI, New Delhi
1998
VII
Small round
JB-64-1-2
JNKVV, Jabalpur
1998
VII
Small round
Green Long
RAU, Samastipur
1998
IV
Green
Punjab Sadabahar
PAU, Ludhiana
2001
IV, VI
Long
NDB-28-2
NDUAT, Faizabad
2001
IV
Long
DBL-21 (Pusa Shyamala)
IARI, New Delhi
2004
IV
Long
KS-235
CSAUAT, Kanpur
2004
IV, V, VII
Round
ABSR-R
GAU, Anand
2004
VII
Small long
HABR-2
GAU, Anand
2004
VII
IVBR-1
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
IV
Round
HABL-1
HARP, Ranchi
2006
I
Long
PB-66
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
2007
VII, IV
Long
Hybrid Arka Kusumakar
IIHR, Bangalore
1981
VIII
Long
Arka Navneet
IIHR, Bangalore
1981
-
Round
Kat-4
IARI, RS, Katrain
1987
VIII
Long
Pusa Hybrid-6
IARI, New Delhi
1990
IV
Round
Pusa Hybrid-5
IARI, New Delhi
1992
IV, VII, VIII
Long
ARBH-201
Ankur Seeds, Nagpur
1993
IV, V, VI, VII
Long
NDBH-1
NDUAT, Faizabad
1993
IV, VI, VII
Round
ABH-1
GAU, Anand
1993
IV, Vi, VII
Smal round
MHB-10 (Kalpataru)
Mahyco Seeds, Jalna
1993
IV, VI, VII
Small round
MHB-39
Mahyco Seeds, Jalna
1993
IV, VI, VII
Small round
NDBH-6
NDUAT, Faizabad
1995
IV
Long
ABH-2
GAU, Anand
1995
IV, VI
Small round
ABH-2
GAU, Anand
1996
VII
Small round
Phule Hybrid-2
MPKV, Rahuri
1997
VII
Small round
Pusa Hybrid-9
IARI, New Delhi
1997
VI
Round
ARBH-541
Ankur Seeds, Nagpur
2001
All
Long
PBH-6
Pandey Beej, Faizabad
2001
All
Long
JBH-1
GAU, Junagadh
2001
All
Round
BH-1
PAU, Ludhiana
2001
IV
Round
BH-2
PAU, Ludhiana
2002
IV, V
Round
VRBHR-1
IIVR, Varanasi
2002
IV, VI
Round
IVBHL-54
IIVR, Varanasi
2004
IV
Long
ARBH-786
Ankur Seeds, Nagpur
2004
IV
Long
VNR-51
VNR Seeds, Raipur
2005
IV, VI
Small round
Navina
VNR Seeds, Raipur
2007
IV
Long
HABH-17
HARP, Ranchi
2007
IV
Round
BB-7 (Utkal Tarini)
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
1990
II, V
Bacterial Wilt
BWR-12 (Arka Nidhi)
IIHR, Bangalore
1990
VIII
Bacterial Wilt
SM-6-7
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
1992
VIII
Bacterial Wilt
SM-6-6
KAU, Vellanikkara
1996
I, VII, VIII
Bacterial Wilt
BB-44
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
1996
V, VII
Bacterial Wilt
CHES-309
HARP, Ranchi
2001
I, VII
Bacterial Wilt
BB-64
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
2004
IV, V, VII, VIII
Bacterial Wilt
G-4 (Bhagyamati)
RARS, Lam
1975
-
-
G-5 (Andhra Jyoti)
RARS, Lam
175
-
-
K-2
TNAU, RS,Kovilpatti
1985
-
-
J-218
JNKVV, Jabalpur
1987
I, IV, V, VI, VII
-
Resistant
Chilli Variety
109
X-235 (LCA-235)
RARS, Lam
1987
I, IV, V, VI, VIII
-
Muslawadi
MPKV, Rahuri
1987
V
-
Sel-1
IIHR, Bangalore
1990
V, VII, VIII
-
LCA-206-B (Prakash) RARS, Lam
1990
V, VI, VII, VIII
-
AKC-86-39
PDKV, Akola
2001
VII
-
BC
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
2001
V, VI
-
RHRC-Cluster Erect
MPKV, Rahuri
2001
VII
-
PMR-57/88-K
IIHR, Bangalore
2002
VII
-
LCA-334
RARS, Lam
2002
III, IV, V, VII
-
ASC-2000-02
GAU, Anand
2004
VII
-
KA-2
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
IV
-
LCA-353
RARS, Lam
2007
IV, V, VII
-
BC-225
OUAT, Bhubaneshwar
2007
V, VI, VII
-
HOE-888
Sandoz Seeds, New Delhi
1997
IV, VIII
-
ARCH-236
Ankur Seeds, Nagpur
1997
IV
-
Sungro-86-235
Sungro Seeds, New Delhi
2001
IV, VIII
-
ARCH-228
Ankur Seeds, Nagpur
2002
IV, V, VI
-
CCH-2
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
II, IV, V, VI
-
KT-1
IARI, RS, Katrain
1990
I
-
Sel-II
SKUAT, Shalimar
1997
I
-
Lario
Syngenta Seeds, Pune
2001
I
-
DARL-22
DARL, Pithoragarh
2002
I, IV
-
KTCPH-3
IARI, RS, Katrain
2005
I, VI, VII
-
Hybrid
Sweet Papper Hybrid
LEGUME VEGETABLES Garden Pea
110
Bonneville
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
Mid group
GC-141 (JC-141)
JNKVV, Gwalior
1975
-
Mid group
GL-195
JNKVV, Gwalior
1975
-
Mid group
Arkel
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
Early group
Early December
JNKVV, Gwalior
1977
-
Early group
IP-3 (Pant Uphar)
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1985
-
Early group
P-88
PAU, Ludhiana
1985
-
Early group
PM-2
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1987
I
Early group
Lincoln
IARI, Katrain
1987
I
Early group
VL-3
VPKAS, Almora
1987
I, IV, VI
Early group
VL-7
VPKAS, Almora
1992
IV
Early group
Ageta-6
PAU, Ludhiana
1993
I, IV, VI
Early group
VL-6
VPKAS, Almora
1993
IV
Mid group
PH-1
HAU, Hisar
1993
VII
Mid group
PH-1
HAU, Hisar
1995
V
Mid group
NDVP-8
NDUAT, Faizabad
1997
IV
Mid group
NDVP-10
NDUAT, Faizabad
1998
IV
Mid group
VL-8
VPKAS, Almora
1998
I
Mid group
VRP-2
IIVR, Varanasi
2001
VI
Early group
NDVP-12
NDUAT, Faizabad
2001
IV
Early group
VRP-3
IIVR, Varanasi
2001
I
Mid group
Oregan Sugar
PAU, Ludhiana
2001
VI
Edible podded
VRP-5
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
I, IV, VIII
Early group
CHP-2
HARP, Ranchi
2005
IV, VI
MId group
VP-101
VPKAS, Almora
2007
I, IV
Early group
PC-531
PAU, Ludhiana
2007
I, VI, VII
Mid group
PRS-4
CSAUAT, Kanpur
1990
IV, VI, VII
Powdery mildew
JP-4
JNKVV, Jabalpur
1990
IV, VIII
Powdery mildew
JP-83
JNKVV, Jabalpur
1992
VII
Powdery mildew
NDVP-4
NDUAT, Faizabad
1995
IV
Powdery mildew
DPP-68
HPKV, Palampur
2001
IV
Powdery mildew
KS-245
CSAUAT, Kanpur
2001
IV
Powdery mildew
KDVP-250
NDUAT, Faizabad
2001
V
Powdery mildew
DPP-9411
HPKV, Palampur
2002
I
Powdery mildew
KTP-8
IARI, RS, Katrain
2005
I, IV, V
Powdery mildew
Sel-1552 (Pusa Komal)
IARI, New Delhi
1983
-
-
Sel-61-B (Arka Garima)
IIHR, Bangalore
1992
VII, VIII
-
Sel-263
PAU, Ludhiana
1992
IV
Sel-2-1
NDUAT, Faizabad
1993
IV
IIHR-6
IIHR, Bangalore
1998
IV, VII
NDCP-13
NDUAT, Faizabad
2002
II, III, IV, VII
IVRCP-1
IIVR, Varanasi
2004
IV
CHCP-2
HARP, Ranchi
2005
VIII
IIVRCP-4
IIVR, Varanasi
2007
IV, V, VII
VR-5
IIVR, Varanasi
2008
IV, V, VII
Swarna Hartia
HARP, Ranchi
2008
II, IV, V, VIII
-
VL Boni-1
VPKAS, Almora
1985
NEH Region
Arka Komal
IIHR, Bangalore
1987
I, VII, VIII
UPF-191
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1987
IV, VIII
IIHR-909
IIHR, Bangalore
1997
I
CH-812
HARP, Ranchi
2001
VII, III
CH-819
HARP, Varanasi
2005
I, VII
Resistant
Cowpea
French Bean
-
111
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
I, VII
-
Deepaliwal
PDKV, Akola
1990
V, VII
CHDB-1
HARP, Ranchi
2004
IV
-
IVFB-1 Indian Bean
BULB VEGETABLES Onion Punjab Selection
PAU, Ludhiana
1975
-
More self-life
Pusa Red
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
More self-life
Pusa Ratnar
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
Red
S-131
IARI, New Delhi
1977
-
White
N-257-9-1
MPKV, Rahuri
1985
-
White
N-2-4-1
MPKV, Rahuri
1985
-
Red
Pusa Madhavi (Line-120)
IARI, New Delhi
1987
I, IV, VI, VII
Rabi season
Arka Kalyan
IIHR, Bangalore
1987
IV, VI, VII, VIII
Rabi season
Arka Niketan
IIHR, Bangalore
1987
VII
Kharif season
Arka Found Dark Red NHRDF, Nasik
1987
IV
Kharif season
VL-3
VPKAS, Almora
1990
IV
Rabi season
Punjab Red Round
PAU, Ludhiana
1990
IV
Rabi season
Agrifound Light Red
NHRDF, Nasik
1995
VI, VIII
Rabi season
PBR-5
PAU, Ludhiana
1997
VI
Rabi season
HOS-1
HAU, Hisar
2006
VI
Rabi season
B-780-5-2-2
NRCOG, Pune
2007
VI
Rabi season
G-41
NHRDF, Karnal
1988
IV, VII
-
G-1
NHRDF, Karnal
1990
IV, VI, VII
-
G-50
NHRDF, Karnal
1988
IV, VII
-
G-282
NHRDF, Karnal
1998
IV, VI, VII
-
VLG-7
VPKAS, Almora
2001
I
-
DARL-52
DARL, Pithoragarh
2002
I
-
G-323
NHRDF, Nasik
2002
VI
-
Garlic
COLE VEGETABLES Cualiflower
112
Early Kunwari
PAU, Ludhiana
1975
-
Early group
327-14-8-3
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
September maturity
351-4-1
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
October maturity
Improved Japanese
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
November maturity
EC-12012
IARI, Katrain
1975
-
January maturity
Pusa Snowball
IARI, Katrain
1975
-
January maturity
K-1
IARI, Katrain
1979
-
January maturity
114-S-1
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1981
-
January maturity
Line 6-1-2-1
IARI, Katrain
1985
-
December maturity
235-S
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
1990
II, VIII
November maturity
KT-25
IARI, Katrain
2001
I
Snowball group
IVREC-2
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
IV
Early group
IIVRMC-12
IIVR, Varanasi
2008
IV
Mid group
DC-76
IARI, New Delhi
2008
I, VI
Mid group
Synthetic-1
IARI, New Delhi
1975
-
December maturity
Early Synthetic
IARI, New Delhi
1990
IV, VIII
Early group
Pusa Hybrid-1
IIVR, Varanasi
1992
II, IV
Early group
DCH-541
IARI, New Delhi
2002
II, IV
Early group
SYCFH-202
Syngenta Seeds, Pune
2004
IV, VII
Early group
Summer King
Sungro Seeds, New Delhi
2004
I, IV
Early group
SYCFH-203
Syngenta Seeds, New Delhi 2005
IV, V, VII
Early group
Sel-8
IARI, New Delhi
1985
II, IV
Variety
Shri Ganesh Gol
Mahyco Seeds, Jalana
1992
V
Hybrid
Nath-401
Nath Seeds, Aurangabad
1993
I, IV, V, VI, VII
Hybrid
BSS-32
Beejo Sheetal Seeds, Jalana
1995
VII
Hybrid
Nath-501
Nath Seeds, Aurangabad
1997
VII
Hybrid
Quisto
Novartis Seeds, Pune
1998
IV
Hybrid
KGMR-1
IARI, RS, Katrain
2005
I, IV
Hybrid
Green Emperor
Tokita Seeds, Bangalore
2007
I
Hybrid
Pusa Synthetic
IARI, RS, Katrain
1992
IV, I, II
Synthetic
Synthetic
Hybrid
Cabbage
ROOT VEGETABLES Carrot Sel-5 (Pusa Meghali)
IARI, New Delhi
1975
VII
-
Pusa Meghali
IARI, New Delhi
1992
VII
-
SKAUC-50
SKUA&T, Srinagar
2006
I
-
Hybrid-I
Mahyco Seeds, Jalna
1992
I, VII
-
CUCURBITACEOUS VEGETABLES Bittar Gourd Variety Priya
KAU, Vellanikkara
1992
II, VII, VIII
-
RHRBG-4-1
MPKV, Rahuri
1998
IV, VII
-
PBIG-1
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
2001
IV
-
Pusa Hybrid-2
IARI, New Delhi
2002
IV, V, VI
-
NBGH-167
Nirmal Seeds, Jalgaon
2004
IV
-
Vivek
Sungro Seed, New Delhi
2008
VIII
-
IARI, New Delhi
1992
VII
-
Hybrid
Bottle Gourd Variety Pusa Naveen
113
KBG-16
CSAUA&T, Kanpur
1998
IV
-
PBOG-61
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
2001
IV, VI
-
NDBG-104
NDUA&T, Faizabad
2002
IV
-
NDBG-132
IARI, New Dehli
2008
IV, VII
-
PBOG-2
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
2001
VII
-
PBOG-1
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
2001
IV
-
NDBH-4
NDUA&T, Faizabad
2001
All
-
CM-14
KAU, Vellanikkara
1987
IV, V, VII
-
Pusa Vishwas
IARI, New Delhi
1987
I, VIII, IV, V
-
Arka Chandan
IIHR, Bangalore
1987
VIII
-
Arka Suryamukhi
IIHR, Bangalore
1987
VIII
-
CM-350
KAU, Veelanikkara
2001
VII, VIII
-
NDPK-24
NDUAT, Faizabad
2001
IV, VI
-
CHC-2
HARP, Ranchi
2001
IV
-
CH-20
HARP, Ranchi
2001
IV
-
PCUC-28
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
2001
I, VII, VIII
-
PCUC-1
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
2001
All
-
Hybrid No.-1
Century Seeds, New Delhi
2004
I, IV, VII
-
PCUCH-3
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
2005
I, IV
-
Pusa Sharbati
IARI, New Delhi
1975
IV
-
Hara Madhu
PAU, Ludhiana
1975
IV, VII
-
Sl-45 (Pusa Madhuras)
IARI, New Delhi
1975
IV, VI, VIII
-
Arka Rajhans
IIHR, Bangalore
1975
VIII
-
Arka Jeet
IIHR, Bangalore
1975
VIII
-
Durgpura Madhu
ARS, Durgapura
1975
IV
-
MHY-5
ARS, Durgapura
2001
VII
-
NDM-15
NDUAT, Faizabad
2002
IV
-
IVMM-3
IIVR, Varanasi
2006
IV
-
GMM-3
GAU, Anand
2008
IV, VII
-
IARI, New Delhi
1990
IV
-
IARI, New Delhi
2001
Recommended as a source of resistance for CGMV
Hybrid
Pumpkin
Cucumber Variety
Hybrid
Muskmelon Variety
Hybrid Hybrid M-3 Resistant DMDR-1
114
DMDR-2
IARI, New Delhi
2001
Recommended as a source of resistance for DM + CGMV
Durgapura Meetha
ARS, Durgapura
1975
IV, VI, VII, VIII
-
Sugar Baby
IARI, New Delhi
1975
V, VII, VIII
-
Arka Manik
IIHR, Bangalore
1987
IV, VII, VIII
-
MHW-6
Mahyco, Jalna
1999
-
-
Arka Jyoti
IIHR, Bangalore
1981
CHRG-1
HARP, Ranchi
2001
IV
-
PRG-7
GBPUT, Pantnagar
2001
VII
-
IIHR-7
IIHR, Bangalore
2001
VIII
-
Sel-99
IARI, New Delhi
1995
IV, VI
-
CHSG-1
HARP, Ranchi
2005
IV
-
JSGL
GAU, Junagarh
2005
VII
-
KSG-14
CSAUAT, Kanpur
2006
IV
-
PSG-40
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
2007
I, VII
-
IVAG-90
IIVR, Varanasi
2006
IV, VIII
-
PAG-72
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
2006
VIII
-
Pusa Ujjwal
IARI, New Delhi
2007
I
-
Watermelon Variety
Hybrid -
Ridge Gaour
Sponge Gourd
Ash Gourd
OTHER VEGETABLE Okra Hybrid DVR-1
IIVR, Varanasi
1998
IV, VII
-
DVR-2
IIVR, Varanasi
1998
VI
-
DVR-3
IIVR, Varanasi
2001
All
-
DVR-4
IIVR, Varanasi
2001
IV, V, VII
-
HBH-142
HAU, Hisar
2005
IV, V, VII, VII
-
SOH-152
Syngenta, Pune
2005
IV, VII, VII
-
SOH-1016
Syngenta, Pune
2007
IV, VII
-
NBH-180
Nuzivedu Seeds, Secunderabad
2007
VII
-
JNDOH-02-2
JAU, Junagarh
2008
II, V, VI, VII, VIII
-
P-7
PAU, Ludhiana
1990
All
-
PB-57
MAU, Parbhani
1990
All
-
Sel-10 (Arka Anamika)
IIHR, Bangalore
1990
All
-
Rssistant
115
Sel-4 (Arka Abhay)
IIHR, Bangalore
1992
II
-
HRB-55 (Varsa Uphar)
HAU, Hisar
1995
VI
-
HRB-9-2
HAU, Hisar
1996
IV, VI
-
VRO-3
IIVR, Varanasi
2001
-
-
VRO-4
IIVR, Varanasi
2001
IV, V
-
VRO-5
IIVR, Varanasi
2002
VI
-
VRO-6
IIVR, Varanasi
2002
IV, V
-
NDO-10
NDUAT, Faizabad
2002
IV
-
HRB-107-4
HAU, Hisar
2005
VI, VIII
-
IIVR-11
IIVR, Varanasi
2005
VI, VII
-
JNDOL-03-1
AAU, Junagarh
2007
VII, VIII
-
Agro-Climatic Zones of India and States under Each Zone Zone
Geographical region
State under the zone
I
Humid Western Himalayan
Jammu & Kashmir(J& K), Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Uttranchal
II
Humid Bengal – Assam Basin
West Bengal and Assam
III
Sikkim, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Humid Eastern Himalayan and Bay Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Islands Andaman & Nicobar Islands
IV
Sub-Humid Sutlej Ganga Alluvial Plan
V
Sub-Humid to Humid Eastern and South Chattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh Eastern uplands
VI
Arid Western Plain
VII
Semi Arid Lava Plateau and Central High Madhya Pradesh and Maharasthra Lands
VIII
Humid to Semi Arid Western Ghats and Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerla Karnataka Plateau
Punjab, U.P. and Bihar
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and Delhi
Source: Vegetable Varieties of india H.P. Singh; Mathura Rai, Sudhakar Panday, Sanjeev Kumar, 2009
116
Annexure : 6
GM Vegetable Research in India, (Lab. & Field Trials Status, 2008)
Crop
Botanical Name
Trait
Gene/Event
Developer
Brinjal
S. melongena L.
IR
EE-I
Mahyco
IR
EE-1
Sungro Seeds
IR
EE-1
TNAU
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Okra
Onion Potato
Tomato
Brassica olercea var. capitata
Brassica oleracea botrytis
Abelmoschus esculentus L.
Allium cepa L. Solanum tuberosum L.
Solanum lycopersicum L.
IR
EE-1
UAS
IR
Cry 1Fa1 gene
Bejo Sheetal
IR
Cry 1Fa 1 gene
Krishidhan Seeds
IR
Cry 1FA 1 gene
Nath Seeds
IR
Cry 1Fa 1 gene
Vibha Agrotech
IR
Cry 1Fa 1 gene
NRCPB/ICAR
IR
Cry 1abc gene
NRCPB/ICAR
DST
Ots B-A gene
IIHR/ICAR
IR
Cry1Ab gene
IIVR/ICAR
IR
Cry 1ia5 gene
Nirmal Seeds
IR
Vip gene
Nirmal seeds
IR
Cry 1Ba & cry 1Ca gene Nunhems
IR
Cry 1Ac gene
Mahyco
IR
Cry 1Ac gene
Sungro
IR
Cry 1Ac gene
Sungro
IR
Cry 1Ba & cry 1Ca gene Nunhems
IR
Cry 1Ac gene
Mahyco
IR
Cry 1Ac/vip gene
Bejo Sheetal
IR
Cry 1Ac gene
Mahyco
IR
cry 1Ac gene
Sungro Seeds
IR
Cry 1Ac gene
Bejo Sheetal
IR
CP-AV1 gene
Arya Seeds
DR
n/a
NRCOG/ICAR
DR
n/a
IIHR/ICAR
NE
Ama 1 gene
NIPGR/CPRI/ICAR
LBR
RB gene
CPRI/ICAR
LBR
Cry 1Ab gene
CPRI/ICAR
LCV
Cp sense gene
CPRI/ICAR
DST
Osmotin gene
NRCPB/CPRI/ICAR
IR
Cry 1Ac gene
Mahyco
LCV
Rep antisense gene
NRCPB/ICAR
DST
Osmotin gene
NRCPB/ICAR
117
AP
Watermelon
Legend AP : BR : DR : DST : FR : IR : LBR : NE : PRSV : ST : VR : CFTRI : CISH : CPRI : CSIR : CTCRI : IARI : ICAR : III-IR :
Citrullus lanatus
ACS gene
NRCPB/ICAR
AP
Expansin gene
NRCPB/ICAR
DST
DREB 1a gene
IIVR/NRCPB/ICAR
DST
DREB 1a gene
IIHR/NRCPB/ICAR
LCV
Truncated Rep gene
NRCPB/ICAR
LCV
Truncated Rep gene
IIHR/ICAR
IR
Cry 1Aa3 gene
NRCPB/IIHR/ICAR CFTRI/CSIR
AP
n/a
AP & NE unedited NAD9 gene
Avesthagen
VR & FR
n/a
Indo-American Hybrid
IR
Cry 1Ac gene
Bejo Sheetal
VR
n/a
IIHR/ICAR
VR
N gene
UAS/IISc
Agronomic Properties Bacterial Resistance Disease Resistance Drought & Salt Tolerance Fungal Resistance Insect Resistance Late Curl Virus Nutritional Enhancement Papaya Ring Spot Virus Submergence Tolerance Virus Resistance Central Food Technological Research Institute Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture Central Potato Research Institute Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Central Tuber Crops Research Institute Indian Agricultural Research Institute Indian Council of Agricultural Research Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
Source : ISAAA : Brief 38, The Developmnet and Regulation of Bt Brinjal in India, 2009
118
Annexure : 7
Global Research and Development of Biotech/GM Vegetables (2008)
Vegetable
Botanical name Halics
Trait
Country
Brinjal
Solanum melongena
IR, DST
India, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Italy
Broccoli
Brassica oleracea var italica
IR, HT
New Zealand, Japan
Cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. IR capitata
India, Australia, New Zealand
Cassava
Manihot esculenta
PQ, MG, VR
India, USA
Carrot
Daucus carota
NR, PQ, HT
USA, New Zealand
Citrange
Citrus x poncirus
PQ
Spain
Cauliflower
Brassica oleracea botrytis
IR, HT
India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand
Cucumber
Cucumis sativus
AP, VR, HT, PQ, IR
USA, Poland, Japan
Garlic
Allium sativum
AP, PQ
New Zealand
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
VR, HT, FR, PQ
USA, Japan
Okra
Abelmoschus esculentus
IR
India
Onion
Allium cepa
HT, FR, DR, AP
India, New Zealand, USA
Pea
Pisum sativum
OO, HT, VR, PMP, DR
USA, Germany, United Kingdom (UK)
Potato
Solanum tuberosum
FR, VR, OO, PQ, IR, AP, BR, HT
India, Canada, New Zealand, USA, Germany, Spain, UK, Netherlands, Czech Republic, France, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Japan
Squash
Cucurbita spp.
VR
USA, Canada
Sweet Potato
Ipomoea batatas
HT, VR
USA
Tomato
Solanum lycopersicum PQ, FR, IR, VR, AP, BR, OO, HT, NR
India, Canada, USA, Italy, japan, China
Watermelon
Citrullus lanatus
USA
AP, OO, VR
LEGEND: AP-Agronomic performance, BR-Bacterial resistance, DR-Disease resistance, DST-Drought and salinity tolerance, FR-Fungal resistance, IR-lnsect resistance, HT-Herbicide tolerance, MG-Selectable marker, NR-Nematode resistance, OO-Co!d/drought resistance, PMP-Plant manufacturing pharmaceuticals, PQ-Product quality, VR-Virus resistance Source : ISAAA : Brief 38, The Development and Regulation of Bt Brinjal in India; 2009.
119
Annexure : 8
Vegetable Research Centres in India
120
No.
Institute/university
Division/ centre
Address
1
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU)
Faculty of Agriculture
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, Andhra Pradesh
2
Allahabad Agricultural Institute (AAI)
Department of Horticulture
Naini Allahabad-211007, Uttar Pradesh
3
Anand Agricultural University (AAU)
Vegetable Research Station
College of Agriculture Anand-388001, Gujarat
4
Assam Agricultural University (AAU)
College of Agriculture
Jorhat-785013, Assam
5
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (BCKVV)
Department of Vegetable Crops
P. O. Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741252, West Bengal
6
Birsa Agricultural University (BAU)
College of Agriculture
P. O. Kanke Ranchi-834006, Jharkhand
7
CCS Haryana Agricultural University (CCS-HAU)
Department of Vegetable Science College of Agriculture Hisar-125004, Haryana
8
Central Agricultural University (CAU)
College of Horticulture and Forestry
Pashigat Arunanchal Pradesh
9
Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI)
Vegetable Science
PB No. 181, Port Blair-744101, A&N Islands
10
Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH)
Crop Improvement and Production
Rehmankhera, P. O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
11
Central Institute of Arid Horticulture (CIAH)
Division of Crop Improvement
Sri Ganganagar Road, NH-15, Beechwal, Bikaner, Rajasthan
12
Ch. Sarvan Kumar H. P. Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (CSKHPKV)
Department of Vegetable and Floriculture
College of Agriculture, Palampur-176062, Himachal Pradesh
13
CS. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology (CSAUAT)
Department of Vegetable Science College of Agriculture, Kanpur-208002, Uttar Pradesh
14
Dr. B.S.K. Krishi Vidyapeeth
Faculty of Agriculture Science
15
Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Vegetable Crops Horticulture and Forestry
Solan-173230, Himachal Pradesh
16
G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT)
Pantnagar, Nainital-263145, Uttarakhand
17
Horticulture and Agroforestry Department of Horticulture Research Program (HARP)
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Plandu, Ranchi-834 010, Jharkhand
18
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
Pusa, New Delhi-110012
Department of Horticulture
Division of Vegetable Science
Dapol Ratnagiri-415712, Maharashtra
19
Indian Council of Agricultural Horticulture Division Research (ICAR)
KAB-II, Pusa, New Delhi-110012
20
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR)
Division of Vegetable Crops
255, Upper Palace, Orchards, Bengaluru-56008U Karnataka
21
Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR)
Vegetable Crops
P. O. Jakhani (Shanshapur) Varanasi-221305, Uttar Pradesh
22
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vidyalaya (IGKV)
Department of Vegetable Science Krishaknagar, Labhandi, Raipur-492006, Chhattisgarh
23
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya(JNKVV)
Department of Horticulture
Jabalpur-482004, Madhya Pradesh
24
Junagadh Agricultural University (JAU)
Division of Vegetable Research
Junagadh-362001, Gujarat
25
Kerala Agricultural University Faculty of Agriculture (KAU)
Thrissur-680656, Kerala
26
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology (MPUAT)
Department of Horticulture
College of Horticulture and Forestry Jhalawar-326001, Rajasthan
27
Maharathwada Agricultural University (MAU)
Horticulture Research Station
College of Agriculture Parbhani-431 402, Maharashtra
28
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV)
Department of Horticulture
Phulenagar, Rahuri-413722, Maharashtra
29
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)
Germplasm Evaluation Division and Gene Bank
NBPGR,New Delhi-110012
30
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology (NDUAT)
College of Horticulture
Kumarganj, Faizabad-224229, Uttar Pradesh
31
National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB)
NRCPB
NRCPB, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa, New Delhi-110012
32
Navsari Agricultural University (NAU)
Vegetable Crops
Aspee College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari, Gujarat
33
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT)
College of Horticulture
Siripur, Khurda-751003, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
34
Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)
Department of Vegetable Crops
College of Agriculture, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab
35
Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (PDKV)
College of Agriculture
Krishinagar, Akola-444104, Maharashtra
121
36
Rajasthan Agricultural University (RAU)
Department of Horticulture
Shri Ganganagar Road, Beechwal, Bikaner-334006, Rajasthan
37
Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU)
Horticulture(Vegetable)
Bihar Agriculture College, Samastipur, Bihar
38
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University
College of Agriculture
Krishi Nagar, Banaskantha-385506, Gujarat
39
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology
College of Horticulture and Agroforestry
Meerut-250110, Uttar Pradesh
40
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology
Faculty of Agriculture
Jammu, Tawi-180012, J&K
41
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU)
Department of Vegetable Crops
Horticulture College and Research Institute, Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu
42
University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Bengaluru
Faculty of Horticulture
GKVK, 1 Bengaluru-560061, Karnataka
43
University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad
Division ofHorticulture
Dharwad-580005, Karnataka
44
Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwa Vidyalya
College of Agriculture
Pundibari I Coochbehar-7361651, West Bengal
Source : ISAAA Brief 38, The Development and Regulation of Bt Brinjal in India; 2009.
122
Annexure : 9
NSAI Member Vegetable Seed Companies S. No.
Name of the Company
Contact Detail
1
Aadhar Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
1-5-12/2/2, New Maruti Ngar, (Last Bus Stop) Kothapet, Hyderabad-35
2
Advanta India Ltd.
“Unicorn House”Plot No. 3, Balaji Enclave, (Near Gunrock, Diamond Point), Secunderabad-500009
3
Agri Gold Foods & Farms Product Ltd.
40-1-21/3, 1st floor, Surya Towers, M.G. Road, Vijaywada 1520010
4
Ajeet Seeds Ltd
Gut No 233, Chitegaon, Tq Paithan, Dist Aurangabad-431105
5
Akshar Farm Services
Opposite Nagrik Bank, Sardar Patel Road, At & P.O. Khedbrahma, Dist. Sabarkantha (Guj)
6
Akshay Seed Tech Company
18, Jitendra Complex, Kalwa Chowk, Junagadh 362001
7
Alento Seeds Company
22, Shree Ji Market, Near Taluka Panchayat, Idar Dist. Sabarkantha
8
Amareshwara Agritech Limited
301, Camus Capri Apartment, 4th floor, Raj Bhawan Road, Somajiguda, Hyderabad 500082
9
Ankur Seeds Limited
27, New Cotton Market Layout, Opp. Bus Station, Nagpur 440018
10
Annapurna Seeds
2, N.C. Dutta Sarani, Room No.15, 2nd Floor, (Sagar Estate Building) Kolkata 700001
11
Aravalli Farm Services
4, Umiya House, Opp. Bus Station, Himatnagar 383001 (Gujarat)
12
Asian Agri Genetics Ltd.
3-5-821, Flat No.103, 1st floor, Doshi Square, Hyderguda, Hyderabad
13
Bankim Prosad Ghosh & Company
11/2, Kailash Chandra Singha Lane, Bally 711201 (Howrah)
14
Beauscape Farms
J-26, Sarabha Nagar, Ludhiana
15
Bejo Sheetal Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
Bejo Sheetal Corner, Mantha Road, Jalna 431203
16
Bharat Nursery Pvt. Ltd.
16/1-B, Ramkanta Bose Street, Shyambazar, Kolkata-700003
17
Bharti Seeds Pvt Ltd.
808, 8th Floor, Babukhan Estate, Basheerbagh, Hyderabad- 500 001
18
Biogene Agritech
801, Milestone Building, Nr Drive-in Building, Opposite Doordarshan Tower, Thatlej, Ahmedabad-380054
19
Biostadt MH Seeds Ltd.
C/o Hemdeep Farms, Survey No. 29,30 &34, Shankarpally to Hyderabad Road, Near Bulkapur Rail Gate, Bulkapur Village, Shankarpally Mandal, Ranga Reddy Dist-501203, Hyderabad
20
Bundelkhand Seeds Pvt. Ltd.,
Mohalla-Katra, Jalaun, Dist. Jalaun (U.P.) 285123
21
Century Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
BA 22-24, Phase II, Mangolpuri Industrial Area, New Delhi 110034
22
Clause (India) Pvt. Ltd.
6-1-20/2, Walkar Town , New Bhoiguda, Secunderabad 500025
123
124
23
Crystal Crop Sciences Ltd.
41, Indra Market, Old Subzi Mandi, Delhi 110007
24
Dantiwada Seed Pvt. Ltd.
211, Sakar V Behind Natraj Cinema, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad-380009
25
Debgiri Agro Products Pvt. Ltd.
N.H.34, Krishna Nagar Road, Barasat. P.O. Noapara, Kolkata-700125
26
Deep Seed Agency
Idar-Hmt. State Highway Road, Laloda Road, Opp.Navgujarat Gin, Idar-383430, Dist. Sabarkantha (Guj)
27
Dharti Agro
11/1, Jan Kalyan Society, Ali Khairra Road, Alipura Bodeli Ta. Sankheda, Dist. Baroda 391135
28
Dharti Agro Centre
Gunny Bazar Road, Ta Diyodar, Dist. Banaskantha, Gujarat
29
Dinakar Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
34, Shree Krishna Complex, Opp. Civil Hospital, Himatnagar-383001, Dist. Sabarkantha
30
Divya Seeds
8/8, Tirupati Shopping Centre, Diyodar-Khimona Highway, Diyodar (Gujarat)
31
Divya Seeds Company
Mama Chowk, Jalna-431203
32
Doctor Seeds Pvt.Ltd.
No.5, 5th Floor, Carnival Shopping Complex, The Mall, Ludhiana-141001
33
Durga Seed Farm
Plot No.172, Industrial Area, Phase-1, Chandigarh 160002
34
Eagle Agro Agency
12, Sawan Chamber, Sanjay Chowk, Palanpur Dist, Banaskantha (Gujarat)
35
East West Seed India Pvt. Ltd.
Gut No.66, Narayanpura,(BK) Waluj, Gangapur, Aurangabad-431133
36
ECL Agrotech Ltd.
101, Varsha Apartments, 221-224,Sir C.V. Raman Road, R.M.V. Extn., Bangalore 560080
37
Energy Seed International Pvt. Ltd.
5-D, 5th Floor, Subhodaya Apartments, 4-1-1233, Boggulkunta, Abids, Hyderabad-500001
38
Foliage Crop Solutions Private Limited
No.5, 3rd floor, Sun Plaza, 19 G.N. Chetty Road, Chennai-600006
39
Fortune Hybrid Seeds Ltd.
3-5-821, Flat No. 103, 1st floor, Doshi Square, Hyderguda, hyderabad
40
Garc Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
613-A, Babukhan Estate, Basheerbagh, Hyderabad 500001 Mr. K. Niranjan Kumar
41
Gayatri Agro Seeds Corporation
11, Taluka Panchayat, Jawanpura, Idar-383430, Dist Sabakantha (Guj)
42
Geo Biotechnologies India Pvt. Ltd.
131, Srikrishna Mansion 6th ‘C’ Main, 4th Block, Jayanagar Bangalore-560011
43
Great Seed International Pvt. Ltd.
304,Bhaskar Empire, Opp.Silicon Tower, Hitech-City Road,Kondapur, Hyderabad-500084
44
Heritage Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
201, Lusa Tower, Azapur, Delhi 110033
45
Hindustan Seeds & Pesticides
99, Indra Market, Old Subzi Mandi, Delhi-110007
46
Hinglaj Agro Seeds
31, Padmavati Shopping Centre, Highway Road, Deodar (Banaskantha)
47
Hytech Seed India Pvt. Ltd.
8-2-311/E/1, Mithilla Nagar, Road No. 10, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034
48
Indo US Biotech Pvt.Ltd.
309, Shani Mall, Satadhar, Char Rasta, Opp. Navrang Tower, Sola Road, Ahmedabad - 71
49
Indo-American Hybrid Seeds(India) Pvt. Ltd.
7th Kilometer, Banashankari-Kengeri, Link Road, Channasandra, Subramanyapura Post, Bangalore-560061
50
International Traceability Systems Ltd
310, 3rd Floor, Hemkunt Chambers, 89 Nehru Place, New Delhi-110019
51
J.K.Agrigenetics Ltd.
1-10-177, 4th floor, Varun Towers, Begumpet, Hyderabad 500016
52
Jay Ambe Seeds,
At & Po - Malitadi Ta. Kapadwanj, Dist. Panchmahal
53
Jay Ambe Agro Seeds
Swami Vevekanand Complex, Highway Road, At & Post. Daramali, Ta-Idar, Dist.Sabarkantha,
54
Jay Bharat Agro Seeds
Baleli Mill Compound, Near Railway Station, Himmat Nagar
55
Jindal Crop Sciences Pvt. Ltd.
Jindal House, Bus Stand Road, Jalna 431203
56
K.C. Hybrid Seeds India Pvt Ltd
Shop No 23, New Market, Jeoni Mandi, Agra- 282 004
57
K.D.Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
148-150,New Market, Jeoni Mandi, Agra-282004
58
Kamboj Export
2, Bajaj Market, Indri 132041 Karnal
59
Kanchan Ganga Seed Co. Pvt. Ltd.
6-3-1085/D/202, Dega Tower, Raj Bhawan Road, Hyderabad 500082
60
Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd.
513-B, 5th floor, Minerva Complex, S.D. Road, Secunderabd-500003
61
Kirtiman Agro Genetics Ltd.
Plot No.19, Govind Nagar, RTO, Station Road, Aurangabad 431005
62
Kissan Seeds Corporation
Satta Bazar, Gidderbaha, Dist. Muktsar-152101
63
KIWI Biogene Seeds Pvt Ltd
Plot No 20, Vijay Shanti Enclave, Side Lane- Cine Planet, NH-7, Kompally, R.R. Distt; Secunderabad-500016 (AP)
64
Known You Seed (India) Pvt. Ltd.
105, Nyati Millennium, Next to Neco Gardens, Pune Nagar Road, Viman Nagar, Pune-411014
65
KRBL Limited
9th Mile Stoe, Post Dujna, Bullandshahr Road, Dist. Gautam Budh Nagar 202207 (U.P.)
66
Krishidhan Seeds Ltd.
Krishidhan Bhavan, D-3/D-6, MIDC Addl. Area, Aurangabad Road, Jalna 431203
67
Krishidhan Seeds Ltd
Krishidhan Bhawan, D-3/D-6, MIDC Addl. Area, Aurangabad Road, Jalna-431203
68
Krishna Seed P Ltd
8/151, Jeoni Mandi, Agra-282004
69
Krupalu Traders
Market Yard Shopping Centre, Opp. Taluka Panchayat, At.& P.O.-Pavi Jetpur, Ta-Pavi Jatpur, Dist. Baroda (Gujarat)
70
Kumkum Seeds
83, Vijay Market, At& P.O.Idar, Dist. Sabarkantha (Guj)
71
Leadbeter Seeds P Ltd
3-6-190/A/2, Near Urdu Hall, Himayat Nagar, Hyderabad- 500029
72
Mahalaxmi Seeds Company
Near Taluka Panchayat, Jawanpura, Idar-383450 Dist. Sabarkantha (Guj)
73
Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Ltd.
4E/15, IVth floor, Ashok Centre, Jhandwalan Extn., New Delhi-110055
125
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74
Mahodaya Hybrid Seeds Pvt Ltd
Head Post Office Road, 1st Floor, Above Axis Bank, Jalna- 431 203
75
Malav Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
221, Gumasta Nagar, Malav House, Indore 452009
76
Mali Agritech Pvt. Ltd.
80/1, Subhash Avenue, Ranaghat. Nadia 741201 (W. Bengal)
77
Maruti Nandan Seeds
AT & Vankonda, PO Kothamba, Ta-Unavada Dist Panchmahal
78
Mehul Fertilizers
Opp. Repadi Mata Temple, At & PO Vadali, Ta Vadali, Dist. Sabarkantha-383235 (Gujarat)
79
Moti Seeds Company
Highway Road, Kanakpura, Vijapur-382870, Dist. Mehsana (Gujarat)
80
Namdeo Umaji Agritech (I) Pvt. Ltd.
1205/4, ‘Alankar’ 1st floor, Opp. Sambhaji Park, Opp. Sambhaji Park, Shivaji Nagar, Pune 411004
81
Namdhari Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
No. 119, 9th Main Road, Ideal Homes Township, Raja Rajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore 560098
82
Nath Biogene India Ltd.
Nath House, Nath Road, Aurangabad 431005
83
Nirankari Seeds Co.Pvt. Ltd.
Nirankari Complex, Chauhan Nagar, Mandi Dabwali-125104 Distt. Sirsa
84
Nunhems India Pvt.Ltd.
Opp. Brahama Kumari Ashram, Pataudi Road, BhoraKalan, Bilaspur, Gurgaon-122413
85
Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd.
NSL ICON, 4th floor, No.8-2-684/2/A, Plot No.1 to 4, Opp. ICICI Bank, Road NO.12, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034
86
Oriental Biotech Limited
“Oriental Towers” 51,Central Street, Bangalore-560001
87
Pacific Seeds (India) Pvt. Ltd.
J-57/58,Indl. Area, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022
88
Pahuja Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
A-3,Panchvati, Opp.New Subzi Mandi, Azadpur, Delhi-110033
89
Pallishree Limited
7, Indian Mirror Street,(Top floor), Kolkata-700013
90
R.K. Seed Farms
316, Amber Tower, Commercial Complex, Azadpur, Delhi-110033
91
Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd.
273, Kamarajanar Road, Attur-636102 Dist. Salem T. Nadu
92
Sakata Seed India (P) Ltd.,
Plot No. 325, Sector-7, IMT Manesar, GURGAON (Haryana)
93
Sankalp Seeds Co Pvt Ltd
Bhartiya Niwas, Dr Rajendra Prasad Road., Jalna-431 203
94
Sardaragrow Seeds Co. (P) Ltd
25, Central School Scheme, Ratanada, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
95
Sarvoday Trading Company
Near Sardar Kapasiya Plant, Highway Road, Idar-383430 Dist. Sabarkantha (Gujarat)
96
Seed Innovations Pvt. Ltd.
Inspire, Plot No. 21, HUDA Techno Enclave, Hitec City Road, Madhapur, Hyderabad-500081
97
Shakti Vardhak Hybrid Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
Tilak Bazar, Talaki Gate, Hisar-125001 (Haryana)
98
Sheel Biotech Limited
RZ-2705/29,30, Main Tagdammba Road, Tughalkabad Extension, New Delhi-110019
99
Shivam Gining & Seed Processing
State Highway,Opp.Ashish Hotel, At & PO.Daramali-383110, Taluka-Idar, Dist. S.K. (Gujarat)
100
Shriram Bioseed Genetics India Ltd.
Plot No. 206, Road No.14, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad-500033
101
Signet Crop Sciences India Pvt. Ltd.
NH-1, SCF-48, Ground floor, Main Market, Sector-7, Urban Estate, Karnal-132001
102
Siri Seeds (India) Pvt. Ltd.
C-63,Flat No.101, Sant Mansion, Madhura Nagar, Hyderabad-500038 (A.P.)
103
Sri Rama Agri Genetics India Pvt. Ltd.
H. No. 11-68, Ground floor 2, Siddeswara Apt., Krishna Nagar, Kurnool-518002 (AP)
104
Sri Sathya Agri Biotech Pvt. Ltd.
D. No. 5-80-10/1, Ashok Nagar, 1/1, Guntur-522003
105
Subeejam Seeds India Pvt. Ltd.
1071, Sector-7, Urban Estate, Kurukshetra-136118
106
Sungro Seeds Ltd.
2nd & 3rd Floor, Manisha Chamber, Local Shopping Centre, BN Block, Shalimarbagh, Delhi-110088
107
Super Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
32, New Anaj Mandi, Hisar-125001
108
Suttind Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
A-1/29, Sector 15, Rohini, Delhi 110085
109
Swastik Agro Centre
Kirti Stambh House, Old Power House, At & Po.Palanpur, Dist. Banaskantha (Gujarat)
110
Syngenta India Limited
Amar Paradigm, S.No. 110/11/3, Baner Road, Pune-411045
111
Tata Chemicals Limited
3rd floor, C-43, Institutional Area, Sector-62, NOIDA 201301 (U.P.)
112
Tirupati Ginning Factor
Shihori-Deodar Highway, At & Post Khimana, Ta: Kankrej, Dist. Banaskantha (Gujarat)
113
Tulasi Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
6-4-6, Arundelpet, 4/5, Guntur 522002
114
V.N.R.Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
Ratnagiri Arcade, First floor, Opp. Raj Kumar College, G.E. Road, Raipur-492001 (C.G)
115
Varsha Seeds,
16, Gokulesh Society, At & Po Demai, Ta: Bayad, Dist. Sabarkantha (Guj)
116
Vikky’s Agri Sciences Pvt. Ltd.
Plot No.5, Sagar Society, Road No.2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034
117
Western Agri Seeds Ltd.
Plot No.802/11, Western House, Western Road, G.I.D.C. (Engg.) Estate, Sector 28, Gandhinagar 382028
118
Yaaganti Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
8-2-277/45,UBI Colony, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034
119
Zuari Seeds Ltd.
7/1/216,Saraswai Villas, Mannu Kunj, Balkampet, S.R. Nagar, Hyderabad -500016
127
More Than Just Seeds
Nunhems is the global specialist in vegetable seeds and concepts. With innovative products and reliable growing and marketing support, we create value at all levels of the vegetable supply chain - from growers to consumers. The close relationships with our customers and partners and our specialized crop teams form the basis of our success. Together, we improve people’s quality of life with healthy, convenient and avorful vegetable varieties.
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Nunhems India Pvt. Ltd Address: Opp. Brahma Kumari Ashram, Pataudi Rd, Village Bhora Kalan,Bilaspur, Gurgaon-122413, Haryana| Phone: +91 124 305 1300 | Fax: +91 124 305 1400 | E-mail: nunhems.gurgaon@nunhems.com| www.nunhems.com | Customer Support | Phone : +91 124 3220233 | E-mail: customersupport.india@nunhems.com |