Fortifying the Past by NourRouhana

To Strengthen, To Glorify

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;A nation that knows not its past has neither a present nor a future.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; - Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan

Fortifying the Past Nour Rouhana

A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2019.

COLONIZATION

INTEGRATION GLOBALIZATION HERITAGE FORTIFICATION PRESERVATION

IDENTITY

CONNECTION VERNACULAR

RENOVATION

THEN VS. NOW

WESTERNIZATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d like to thank my family for supporting me throughout my academic career and for bearing all the models and cutters scattered around the house. Thanks to my instructor, Dr. Annarita Cornaro, for her continuous guidance and amazing energy. Special thanks to all my professors i have had the priviledge to register with; every one of them gave me a piece of the puzzle that helped me in writing my thesis and putting together what i have learnt in practice.

TABLE OF CONTENT

SECTION CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER ONE TWO Globalization Vs. Preservation

The Gulf’s Colonization

CHAPTER

THREE

Preservation in Fortiﬁcation

GLOBALIZATION VS. PRESERVATION

1.1. UAE. Then and Now 1.2. Drift from Heritage Roots 1.3. Importance of Bringing Heritage Back to the City

2.1. The Gulf as a target to European countries 2.2. The Gulf’s Colonization Era. Portuguese, Dutch, and British Colonization 2.3. Consequences of Colonization on National Identity 3.1. Fortification as Architectural Heritage. Definition and Typologies 3.2. Examples. Untouched National Emirati Forts 3.3. Examples. Renovated National Emirati Forts 3.4. Integrated within Urban Fabric? 3.5. Defending and Glorifying Through Solidification

SECTION FOUR TWO CHAPTER CHAPTER

Programming and Spatial Analysis

FIVE

Site Context and Analysis

CHAPTER

SIX

Space and Site Correlations

4.1.Case Studies. Connection with Heritage Physically and Visually 4.2. Physical Connection - Escaleras de la Granja 4.3. Visual Connection - Bamiyan Cultural Center - Interpretation Center of Chillon Castle

5.1. Physical Attributes 5.2. Biological Attributes 5.3. Cultural Attributes 5.4. Direct Site Analysis

6.1. Summary and Reﬂections 6.2. Synthesis

SECTION SEVEN THREE CHAPTER CHAPTER

7.1. Concept Proposals and Design Impact

Design Approach

EIGHT

Preliminary Design Documentation

8.1. Schematic Representations. Plans, Sections, Diagrams, and Photographs

SECTION SECTION ONE

ONE

‘Architecture is a connection with the past. It can communicate memory, but it can also communicate values and a sense of place… Sometimes we have to explore the past to find inspiration for the future.’ - Sir Norman Foster, 2014

CHAPTER CHAPTER ONE

ONE

GLOBALIZATION VS. PRESERVATION

1. Dubai Skyline Embodies Globalization 2. Dubai: Then and Now

3. Independence Day 1971

1.1 UAE. Then and Now

Centuries ago, the Gulf region, along the Arabian Gulf, was a target for European colonial power primarily due to its strategic geographical location for trade and its spices. Responsively, the Gulf was controlled by such European powers for five centuries, but at colonizationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s end, the United Arab Emirates, being part of the Gulf region, gained its independence while simultaneously, discovering oil under an old pearling bed in the Arabian Gulf. That allowed the UAE to become an international economic player on the world stage. Before oil, though, the UAE was merely a forgotten corner in the Middle East that suffered from a very harsh landscape. After oil in 1958, the UAE transitioned from a desert to development while transforming from traditional and humble villages to glamorous and global cities. This research describes the effect of globalization and how it impacted Emirati culture, tradition, and heritage leading to a radical loss of identity. The investigation will then conclude how to preserve and integrate heritage, by means of fortification structures to bring the past to the future.

GLOBALIZATION VS. PRESERVATION

1.2 Drift from Heritage Roots

Heritage is ‘the full range of our inherited traditions, monuments, objects, and culture. It can be the platform for political recognition, a medium for intercultural dialogue, a means of ethical reflection’ (Center for Heritage and Society). The history of the UAE could be divided into two periods: before and after the discovery of oil, or black gold, in 1966 (“Oil in Dubai: History of Discovery and Impact on the Economy of the UAE”). Once the UAE gained its independence in 1971, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was elected as the UAE’s first president and subsequently used the discovery of oil to initiate a massive construction program that shaped the development of the UAE today, putting the country on the map of globalization. According to the Oxford Dictionary, globalization is ‘the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.’ It is a double-edged sword that holds advantages for the local economy and severe disadvantages for local culture. It brought massive growth to the country’s prosperity and development.

4. Pervasive Westernization Row 1: Dubai Atlantis Vs. Bahamas Atlantis Row 2: Dubai Eye Vs. London Eye Row3: Dubai Fountain Vs. Las Vegas Fountain

GLOBALIZATION VS. PRESERVATION

On the other hand, as Nathan Al-Khazraji states in his thesis about the culture of commercialism and globalization in the UAE, the country started losing its sense of national, cultural, and communal identity. In other words, the local cultural community is weakened by westernization visà-vis historical traditions and shared heritage. Several architectural projects in Dubai show the effect of globalization overpowering the country’s identity. Such projects include Dubai Atlantis as a simulation of Bahamas Atlantis, Dubai Eye as a replica of London Eye, Dubai Fountain as a duplication of Vegas Fountain, among many more. They all manifest deviation from local culture into an immensely pervasive westernized society. Contemporary architecture developed throughout the city thoroughly influenced by the West and detached from traditional architectural roots. According to Marxiano Melotti, Abu Dhabi and Dubai wanted to grow not only into international cities but into global cities such as New York and London. The tourism goal plan for the year 2020 is to reach up to 20 million consisting of 100 different nationalities of various ethnicities, beliefs, and lifestyles. According to Marcus L. Stephenson, a sociologist specialized in tourism and its effect on locality, such tourism development would lead to the ‘demise of culture as well as limited public knowledge of the ethnic and traditional elements of the indigenous society.’

5. Kyoto Guest House, Japan

6,7. Kyoto Guest House Interiors

Dubai is one of the world’s fastest-growing cities driven by the construction of high- rise structures that promote modernity, globalization, and economic prosperity. High-rise building construction is not always the solution to accommodate problems, though. Factors such as open spaces, comfortably scaled buildings, land use zones, and urban planning need to be carefully considered to formulate a socially mixed development finding a form of harmony among the different ethnicities. On the contrary in Dubai, architects tend to neglect essential drivers to design such as nature, the surround, and the scale of the site to cater to developers’ vision (Esmat Zaidan, 2018). Today calls for heritage restoration as a tool to promote traditional architecture in the Gulf region and to impose a sense of belonging or ‘sense of place.’ In theory, promoting heritage is essential to regain national identity, but in practice, there is a continuous struggle between creating new versions of modern architecture and promoting traditional architectural styles (Mazzetto, 2018). A way to approach solving such conflicts is to investigate built historical monuments and preserve them (contemporarily) while integrating them within the urban fabric and everyday life. Japanese architecture is a good example when considering an integration between contemporary and traditional. It doenst neglect its cultural roots, but takes them and adapts them to the current day and age. One question is raised about the UAE though: how to integrate cultural and national identity to fulfill this ambitious vision of urbanism?

GLOBALIZATION VS. PRESERVATION

8. What it Truly Means To Be Emirati

9. Map of Oman. 1838

1.3 Bringing Heritage Back to the City

With proper urban connections, local identity could return to the cities of the UAE. Primary means of expression and communication rise to the built environment reminding the role of traditions in modernization. Moreover, a new architectural identity will develop that recognizes the past and transform historical architectural integrity to new cities and generations. Accounting for just 2 percent of the overall population, Emiratis suddenly became concerned with understanding what it truly means to be Emirati. Due to multiculturalism leading to an increase in expatriate rates, locals need to differentiate themselves in the face of social and economic change (Abdulla). Resolving such identity crisis calls for a visual and architectural connection between where Emiratis live, cities, and what it means to be Emirati, heritage.

CHAPTER CHAPTER TWO

TWO

THE GULFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S COLONIZATION

10. European Colonization Timeline

THE GULFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S COLONIZATION

11. Arabian Peninsula

Kuwait Bahrain Qatar

Iraq

Saudi Arabia

U.A.E Oman

THE GULFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S COLONIZATION

2.1 The Gulf as a Target to European Countries

The Gulf region encompasses the Arabian Peninsula, including the countries of Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait. It has long been a target to European interest in colonization. Several aspects factoring into this interest include essential trade routes, the vital spice trade, and archaeological significance (Arno Maierbrugger). The Gulf region, in the fourteenth century, solely depended on fishing and pearl diving for the bulk of its economic income. After the Japanese invention of artificial cultured pearls in the early 1900s, the pearling market collapsed, and it wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t until then that the region diverted into trading as a primal source of economic prosperity. Political instability in Persia aided that diversion and led the Arabian Gulf region, specifically the UAE, to take control over its trade ports along the coast of Oman. On the grounds of trade, The Arabian Gulf, also known as the Persian Gulf, is one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most vital bodies of water that has a complex multidimensional depth to how it creates fluid boundaries in connecting the world.

12. Pearl Divers in United Arab Emirates

13. Pearl Divers Resurface With Their Catch 14. Strait of Hormuz in The Arabian Gulf

STRAIT OF HORMUZ

U.A.E

THE GULF’S COLONIZATION

The Arabian Gulf is in western Asia positioned in the heart of the Middle East. It is an important route that favorably links the Indian Ocean, or the Gulf of Oman, to the Arabian Sea through the Strait of Hormuz that, historically, according to U.S. Energy Information Administration, is ‘the world’s most important chokepoint’ (Chris Isidore). By the twelfth century, the Strait was known to be the largest seaport in the Middle East that, as Mohammed Vosoughi, a history academic at the University in Tehran, states, became ‘the golden center stone in the ring of world trade.’ In the fifteenth century, this link allowed for the transportation of Asian goods, such as spices like pepper and cinnamon, between European markets and those of Africa and Asia through the Gulf making the Gulf port formation the most cosmopolitan and prosperous worldwide (Marco Sampaolo). The Gulf founded a cross-cultural and diverse nature through its development of an integrated trading system. Such nature created a transoceanic commercial community unifying the different migrated communities during the pre-colonial era (Lawrence G. Potter). Moreover, in terms of the Gulf’s maritime quality, the Gulf has excellent riches in terms of fishing grounds due to silt stackings, reefs, and pearl-oysters. Moving on to societal and historical grounds, the Gulf withholds archaeological importance in the period of late antiquity, ‘a time of transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in the Mediterranean world,’ and early Islamic expansion establishing the first stamps of khaliji identity. Due to the fluid boundaries created by the Arabian Gulf, cultural communication in the region was established, creating a holistic part of diverse identities. Throughout the centuries, the Gulf’s archaeology manifested those identities and revealed patterns that extensive studies alone cannot discover (Lawrence G. Potter). 37

THE GULF’S COLONIZATION

2.2 The Gulf’s Colonization Era. Portuguese, Dutch, and British Colonization Islam arrived at the Gulf after the opening of Mecca in the year A.D. 630 and consequently flourished soon after. During the fourteenth century, under Muslim authority, sea trade reached its peak on Asian and African coasts (“History of the UAE - The Official Portal of the UAE Government”). Ever since, Muslim traders thrived at becoming the dominating commerce leaders of the East, making the Gulf the ‘keys to India’ (Lawrence G. Potter). At the end of the fifteenth century, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, commanded a voyage, known today as Cape of Good Hope, in search for a route to the East. He discovered the Indian coast and found a way from Europe to Asia while fighting off Arab Muslim merchants (“BBC - History - Vasco Da Gama”).

15. The Portuguese on the Arabian Gulf Preliminary map drawn to show the dispersion of Portuguese troops around the Arabian Gulf.

THE GULF’S COLONIZATION

For centuries, Arabs had uninterrupted control over the trade route to India through the Gulf. Still, this expedition laid out the base for Portuguese control over the Arabs, making them the first Europeans to make advances in the region during the sixteenth century. To the rest of the world, they were on a mission to spread Christianity, but their primary and fundamental motive to their colonization roots in the desire to take complete control over the Indian Ocean. Doing so meant taking over trade and redirecting all spices to Europe while driving out Muslim merchants. The end of the sixteenth century marked British and Dutch commercial interest in direct trade routes to the East and therefore sent ships to the Indian Ocean posing a challenge on the Portuguese. Knowing the threatening consequences on their power and economy, the Portuguese lost their Eastern Empire (“Portuguese Era”).

16. UAEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Independence From The Britain and Union

THE GULF’S COLONIZATION

The Dutch were second to gaining control over the East because of some help offered by the British. As soon as competition grew between the two, they became rivals as the Dutch eventually claimed full control. They became a predominant powerful naval force in the Indian Ocean and the Arab Gulf. In the mid-seventeenth century, though, this force weakened as the competition conflict with the British resurfaced, causing the Dutch to lose assets and properties in the Indian Ocean (“Dutch Era”). By the eighteenth century, British trade grew in the East as it tried to secure its reign over the Indian Ocean, keeping out other European power from taking over (“Dutch Era”). Simultaneously, a tribal group called Al Qawasim migrated from Persia and from what is now Saudi Arabia to the United Arab Emirates and became the core of today’s population makeup. Among Al Qawasim was the Al Maktoum family that later became the ruling family of the area who posed a threat to British dominance by creating an alliance with a movement in Central Arabia called Wahabi. As a response to the coalition, British forces decided to launch a series of attacks onto Ras Al Khaimah in the early nineteenth century. Soon after, Al Qawasim were defeated, leaving the British victorious until 1971 (Elsheshtawy, 2010). December 2nd, 1971 declared independence from the British establishing the constitutional federation of the UAE that comprises seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Fujairah, and later Ras Al Khaimah in 1972 (History of the UAE - The Official Portal of the UAE Government). 43

17. Bedouins Orientation 18. Traders Orientation

THE GULFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S COLONIZATION

2.3 Consequences of Colonization on National Identity

In general, the Emirati culture is shaped by two orientations: Bedouins (desert nomadic farmers) and traders (sea oriented pearlers and fishermen). Both subcultures were economically and socially independent, creating a unified culture and identity (Advameg). Throughout its 500-year colonized past, the UAE formed a deeper distinct national identity in terms of culture and architecture. When it comes to religion and language, the Emirates stayed faithful to Islam regardless of Portuguese efforts in spreading Christianity. Arabic remained its primal communicative language and refused foreign interventions to replace it. On a more personal scale, the feeling of danger kept families close together and thus, created the importance of families within national cultural values. In terms of architecture, colonization helped in further shaping it. On a bigger scale, that same feeling of danger built monumental architecture using defense watchtowers, or fortifications, that later became icons for national identity. In a broader spectrum, built houses, planned villages, and used technologies (wind towersâ&#x20AC;Ś) based on available local materials and weather conditions became significant visual and architectural indicators of the UAEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distinct identity.

19. Dubai Marina Mosque, Dubai, U.A.E The mosque used to be the landmark in any urban context eversince the arrival of Islam to the Gulf. Nowadays, the mosque is dwarfed among tall towers, just like the Dubai Marina Mosque.

20. Dubai Marina Mosque. Map

21. Al Badiya Fort, Dubai, U.A.E

DUBAI MARINA MOSQUE

Post-colonization era, though, tells another story. The UAE shifted its Islamic political and economic systems to those of the West after independence. Such shift created instability causing the cities to overcrowd, people to lose their jobs, and social classes to segregate. The consequences of such Westernizations included the breakdown of traditional families, the weakening of strong Islamic faith, and the abandonment of the Arabic language, written and verbal tongue. Traditional Middle Eastern cities treated the mosque as a focal and integral part of the urban fabric. Nowadays, taking Dubai Marina as an example, the mosque is hidden among tall high-rise buildings and is not big enough to accommodate the number of worshipers during prayer times. Additionally, people across the Arab region in general and the UAE in specific are worried about such linguistic transition and its effect on their personal, national identity (Yahya Kazem).

AL GHUBAIBA DUBAI MARINA

CHAPTER CHAPTER

THREE THREE

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

3.1 Fortification as Architectural Heritage. Definition and Typologies One way to remind heritage in the UAE is by integrating one of its architectural, historical, and colonial icons, fortifications, forts in short, within city social life while still allowing for contemporary and innovative thought in design. Forts are structures built to defend against attack during every conflict. In the UAE, serious construction of forts began during the period of Portuguese colonization and continued during that of the Dutch and British. During peacetime, these forts would serve for governmental administrative work; they provided a place for the ruler to host social and political events. Their multifunctional nature adds to their historical importance and significance. In total, there are 65 watchtowers scattered around the UAEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s seven emirates. According to Dr. Hasan Al Naboodah, Emirati historian, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the fort was the heart of the government or the tribe and is a crucial part of local architectural heritage that must be preserved and retained in its finest shapeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Rym Ghazal).

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

Over the course of history, many typologies around the world were created such as the defense wall (Great Wall of China, 681 BC, China), star forts (Fort Bourtange, 1593, Netherlands), and bunker forts (Alpine Wall, 1930-42, Northern Italy). The UAE houses one main typology of forts, castle forts, with an exception to one unique structure falling under a different typology, a hilltop fort. In the UAE, castle forts were either built on the coast facing the sea (castle forts), or on hilltops (hilltop forts) using different materials depending on their location. If they were built along the coast, sea stones, sandstone and local palm tree wood would be used; if on hilltops, then stones, mud and local timber would be used. Due to the usage of local materials, the interior was suited to stay cool in the summer, and warm in the winter. Although distinctive in design, all forts in the UAE had similar characteristics. Those would include high thick external walls with square or cylindrical towers on its sides to keep an eye for enemy ships and to provide protection during war. The part for defense against attack was usually two storeys with a circular ladder inside. In terms of layout, principal forts were part of a more significant landscape consisting of extensive gardens, water wells, and a majlis overlooking the gardens (Lona Glenn).

22,23. The Great Wall of China, China. Map 24,25. Fort Bourtange, Netherlands. Map 26,27. Alpine Wall, Italy. Map

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

28,29. Fort Doyle, Georgia. Map 30,31. Pratapgarh Fort, India. Map

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

32,33. Bahrain Fort, Bahrain. Map 34,35. Fort of Prithviraj, India. Map

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

36. 50 dhs Bank Note, Al Jahili Fort 37. 100 dhs Bank Note, Al Fahidi Fort 38. 1000 dhs Bank Note, Qasr Al Hosn

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

The significant presence and importance of UAEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s forts in the past along with their function of protection and strength make them important enough to represent their country on the Emirati currency: 50dhs bill, 100dhs bill, and 1000dhs bill. They represent national ancestry and heritage and therefore call for integration and contextualization within city life. Physical integration is one thing, but a comprehensive, holistic approach to planning catering for the local built environment is key to successful communication among the different elements of the city.

39. UAE Mapping of Forts

40. Red Fort, Ajman, U.A.E

What all forts in the UAE had in common, with no exception, was the fact that they were all built in isolation, away from civilization, because they were meant to protect, guard, and defend against danger. In addition to their isolation was their own visibility to the surrounding. It is interesting to think about degrees of visibility when it comes to ‘safety’ shelters. One would think they should be located far from sight, but in the case of forts, it was the opposite. Maintaining a clear vision cone for inspection rendered the forts quite naked in their surrounding and in turn, stood out when enemies called for attack. Today, however, this isolation became obsolete considering the development imposed on what was once a ‘buffer zone’ between the forts and the attackers. In terms of their visibility, priorities inverted; rather than providing for visibility from inside out, it is now intended to display the forts’ visibility to the outside in as views of historical monuments.

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

41. Red Fort, Dubai, U.A.E. Map

RED FORT

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

42. Al Jahili Fort, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E Al Jahili Fort is an example of ‘castle’ fort typology.

43. Al Jahili Fort. Map

GLOBALIZATION VS. PRESERVATION

44,45. Fujeirah Fort, Fujeirah, U.A.E. Map 46,47. Al Falaj Al Mulla Fort, Ajman, U.A.E. Map 48,49. Dhayah Fort, Ras Al Khaimah, U.A.E. Map

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

3.2 Examples. Untouched National Emirati Forts Among the 65 watchtowers across the Emirates are those that remained untouched by modernization versus those that got renovated over time. Those that remained untouched are quite important to study to understand how they initially looked. Such forts include Fujairah Fort (Fujairah), Al Falaj Al Mulla Fort (Umm Al Quwain), and Dhayah Fort (Ras Al Khaimah). Fujairah Fort is a castle built overlooking the coast during the Portuguese colonization period in 1500. It oversees the city and the coastal line and is located 2 kilometers from the coast. Its layout imitates the rock it is built on where 3 round and 1 square towers are erected. Al Falaj Al Mulla Fort is a castle built overlooking the oasis during the British colonization period in 1816. Its purpose was to protect the oasis through 3 watchtowers. The fort itself is composed of a square plan with a couple of round towers are on opposite corners with a couple of rectangular towers. Finally, Dhayah Fort is a hilltop fort, one of its kind in the UAE, built on top of a hill during the British colonization period as well, in 1818.

50. Dhayah Fort. The Climb 51. Dhayah Fort. Aerial View Showing Mangroves

52. Dhayah Fort. Landscape

Dhayah Fort was the last fort to be built in the UAE right before the British’s final colonial attack in 1819. The British wanted to stop the Qawasim’s maritime expansion, so they destroyed the towns of Ras Al Khaimah, leaving the Dhayah Fort to be ‘the last point of resistance’ (Zacharias). It is a relatively small fort with two watchtowers on either side of the hilltop to look out for enemy movement. It overlooks the four different landscapes in Ras Al Khaimah (RAK): the gulf coast, range of mountains, barren desert, and green mangroves. However, within the fort perimeter, it lacks a source of water which makes it look quite dry and arid.

Fort

View to Arabian Gulf

View to Mangroves

View to Desert

View to Mountains

53. Dhayah Fort. Perspective View Showing Mountain Range

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

54. Dhayah Fort. Map 55. Dhayah Fort. 180 Degrees Panoramic View

DHAYAH FORT

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

56. Dhayah Fort. Walking Path to the Top

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

Ever since its construction, Dhayah Fort has an easy access to all the streets around as well as the coastal street, making it a key military icon in the Emirati chronicles then and today (Dekkak). Such easy accessibility contradicts its overall purpose of isolation. The contrast creates a strong oxymoron (isolated from, but linked to its surrounding) which in turn, creates an interesting relationship between the fort and the cityscape; farsightedly, the fort appears to sit alone on top of the mountain, when in fact it only takes a few minutes to reach its summit. At the foot of the hill is a corresponding fort, built around the same time as Dhayah, with castle typology, constructed from mud bricks slightly bigger in size than the forts on the hilltop. It is called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Surâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; fort because it was used as a getaway for the local people; they used to gather, together with their animals, away from their palm gardens during dangerous attacks (RAK Antiques and Museum Department).

57,58. Al Fahidi Fort, Dubai, U.A.E. Map 59,60. Al Hisn Sharjah Fort, Sharjah, U.A.E. Map 61,62. Qasr Al Hosn Fort, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. Map

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

3.3 Examples. Restored National Emirati Forts There are a few renovated forts across the country with an attempt to implement modern design while integrating them within the urban fabric. Such forts include Al Fahidi Fort (Dubai), Al Hisn Sharjah Fort (Sharjah), and Qasr Al Hosn (Abu Dhabi). Al Fahidi Fort is a castle situated in the middle of Dubai built in 1787, making it the oldest existing building in the entire emirate since Dutch colonization. The oldest structure of the fort is the slender round watchtower dating back to the year it was constructed. The ground layout of the fort is square with two round towers on opposite corners and a rectangular one another third corner. Today, the fort is a museum (renamed as Dubai Museum) and is an important element in reminding heritage in a modernized urban setting. Al Hisn Sharjah Fort is a castle built in the Heart of Sharjah during British colonization in 1823. It was described by the British to being â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;a little inland, mounting six pieces of cannon, together with some detached towers. In case of alarm from an enemy, it is stockaded round with date trees and wood sufficient for repelling the attack of Arabs.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; The fort is square in layout with 2 round towers on one side and 2 rectangular ones on the opposite corner. Today it is a museum that tells its story of past struggles. Finally, Qasr Al Hosn is the oldest permanent stone building in Abu Dhabi along Rashid Bin Saeed Al Maktoum St, built in 1790.

QASR AL HOSN

AL SN HI .

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

Qasr Al Hosn Fort started out as an indigenous vernacular structure overlooking the coastal trade. It comprises of two major buildings: an inner fort and an outer palace, both separately built in different centuries, but equally sustainable in their construction. Recessed arches were embedded within the exterior walls to direct prevailing breezes through narrow alleyways and to the various interior rooms and courtyards. This was a clever ancient ventilation system, form of air conditioning, that was popular in the Gulf. Concerning materiality, Mark Powell Kyffin, Head of Architecture at the Department of Culture and Tourism, found traditional methods of construction materials such as coral stones, sea stones, mangroves, and areesh. They shielded the interior from the harsh desert climate at the time by maintaining a cool climate during the summer (Jumana Abdel-Razzaq, 2019).

63. Qasr Al Hosn. Old Areal View, 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 64. Qasr Al Hosn. Renovation Concept, 2018

65. Qasr Al Hosn. Renovation Concept Sketch

In 2018, The Department of Culture and Tourism commissioned CEBRA Architecture for complete preservation of the fort. Their purpose was celebrating Emirati heritage and identity as well as urbanization and modernization within the city. Around the site are two landscapes expressed in duality: a heritage, traditional zone and a modern, urbanized zone. Through the master plan, this duality is conveyed through the diagonal division between the two areas. One side discusses urbanity by surrounding the newly built Cultural Foundation Building with a layout more man-made in terms of hardscape and geometrical in terms of grid structure. The other side discusses heritage by surrounding the fort with a layout more organic and spontaneous in terms of natural mud cracks coastal desert landscape. Between the two sides is a communal space, designed as a park, to link the past and the present. It has a certain topography where it starts out flat to the south and gradually rises to the north towards a strip of buildings hosting different cultural activities. The park includes water features for dehumidification, restaurants for entertainment, and a traditional prayer area. Shading is provided throughout the landscape to create spaces for istirahas, or traditional resting places when on a journey, and to harmonize the duality of the design (â&#x20AC;&#x153;QASR AL HOSN // CEBRA Architectureâ&#x20AC;?).

66. Qasr Al Hosn. Water Feature and Cafe

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

67. Qasr Al Hosn. Simulation of Desert Landscape

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68. Qasr Al Hosn. Promenades

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

69. Al Fahidi Fort. Boats Exhibition in Courtyard

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

Taking Al Fahidi Fort in Dubai as an example of an already executed restoration illustrates a more accurate, hand on hand response of the city of Bur Dubai to the fort. It is built out of coral and shell ruins from the sea showing its integrity in materiality. It is an important landmark in the Gulf, and in the UAE in particular, and is featured on the 100dhs currency note. After its restoration in 1971, Al Fahidi Fort turned into Dubai Museum portraying general cultural knowledge. It is divided into three main halls: one hall being the main gate for ticketing and the other two being a series of galleries displaying various artifacts and local antiques. All three halls surround a central courtyard where a bronze cannon and different types of boats are exhibited. The boats are an interior rendition of the external boat placed near the fort that depicts the traditional Arabian Dhow. Every activity tries to showcase life before the discovery of oil through scenes of the Creek, traditional houses, mosques, date farms, and desert life. In 1995, another museum was established underground and added to the old fort. It is accessed by a staircase that leads directly to different rooms. All rooms deal with themes such as: the past and present of Dubai, local nature, maritime traditions and archaeology.

70. Traditional Arabian Dhow in front of Al Fahidi Fort

71. Al Fahidi Fort. Main Entrance

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

72. Al Fahidi Fort. Urban Context Along the Creek 73. Al Fahidi Fort. Map

GRAND MOSQUE

DUBAI CREEK

GRAND MOSQUE

AL FAHIDI FORT

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

3.4 Integrated within Urban Fabric? In either case, whether untouched or renovated, an important question needs to be asked: Are these forts integrated within the city? Referring again to Al Fahidi Fort, it is built at the south of the Creek on Al Fahidi Street, Bur Dubai. The Historical Street is a strip of shops that caters for thousands of pedestrians every day. It is quite a lively neighborhood with a strong sense of community due to all the dense residential and governmental districts around the area. The street is known to be a heritage site which has preserved most of its historical infrastructure, among them being Al Fahidi Fort. Although physically present within later developments, the fort does not seem to communicate with its surrounding. In fact, it feels rather alienated and just coincidental in the area. According to Dubai Statistics Center, only one million visitors visited the fort in 2018, with the majority being tourists. Out of this million, less than 25 percent out of the overall 4 million population, were Dubai inhabitants. This is just one example of many forts in the UAE that shows how urban isolationism is still a somewhat trend among many forts in the UAE.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Earth turns to gold in the hands of the wiseâ&#x20AC;? -Rumi

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

3.5 Defending and Glorifying by Solidifying

The idea of fortification has only been explored by means of military protection and defense against attacks. It has long been associated with war and conflict because of the overarching act of fortifying a structure to in turn, shield from danger. The word, though, offers a deeper dimensional value to architecture and, conceptually, to heritage by ‘defending heritage in the face of globalization.’ Other definitions to the word are ‘to make strong,’ and ‘to increase the effectiveness of.’ Either literally or figuratively, to make strong and effective means to make great and prominent, where all definitions come hand in hand to create what is a so called ‘solidifying architecture.’ In the case of the topic being discussed, the purpose of building is to solidify the connection of the fort with the city, breaking down the barrier between the two and bringing back the past to glory. Fortifying as a way of construction takes the word ‘solidifying’ literally: to solidify construction materials that are non-solids and soft in their singularity into strong and firm in their plurality. This conversion defines architecture as a medium of physical transformation that challenges conventional thought and allows for experimentation to defy physics as a scientific discipline. The UAE is a huge platform that allows for this solidifying experimentation through its tens of thousands of square kilometers (83,600 square kilometres); desert, sand. 99

74. Sand Grain Sizes

Fortifying on Sand Sand is quite significant in the Emirati culture and is in fact the true natural indicator of the UAEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roots. Desert is the dominating landscape that creates quite interesting scenery which never fails to reflect on the religious, political, and cultural history of native homelands. In the specific case of forts, most, if not all, were built on desert sand largely because of its governing surface area at the time; more so than today at least. Sand Being Fortified There is a common misconception that sand is an abundant resource when in fact it is the contrary. As a precious natural resource, sand is only second to water in terms of annual tonnage consumption. Its estimated extraction is at 50 billion tons globally, making it the single most extracted material on the planet. Along with gravel, sand is used in everything from construction to water purification posing a great concern as, according to United Nations Environment Programme, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;one of the major sustainability challenges of the 21st century.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; The rising demand leads to unsustainable sand extractions from rivers, pits, and coastlines and therefore, puts great pressure on their natural habitats (Matthews). By nature, sand is a soft granular material. It is categorized based on its grain size dividing it into course, medium, and fine. The determination of the categories is important because each has different engineering characteristics that af-

100

75. Desert Surface Occupation in the U.A.E

fect performance in terms of plasticity, strength and bearing capacity. Desert sand, especially in its untreated state, does not satisfy the requirements for use as construction material. It has smoother and finer grains providing poor structural bearing strength as there is little interlock and linkage between sand grains (Tamil Nadu). Such facts ironically justify why desert sand is not the focus of environmental concern. Due to its limited capabilities in construction, the UAE has to import $500 million worth of sand and gravel each year to compensate for the amount of concrete used to erect developments (Matthews). Consequently, heads are turning towards finding ways to utilize what is abundant to further prevent using what is at risk.

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76. Gulf Sand Extraction

102

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

103

77. Bacterial Infection of Sand 78. Test Render For Inhabited Solidified Structure 79. Formation of Solidified Sand in Sahara Desert, Africa

Bacillus Pasteurii

Calcite Cement

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

Until today, researchers are undergoing experimentations to figure out ways in taking advantage of the abundance of desert sand, especially in the Middle East. So far, a few effective atypical methods have been explored that transform desert sand into a strong and rigid construction material. Some of them include earth infection, sand compression, and sandbagging. Earth Infection Earth infection provides the perfect opportunity at solidifying sandscape, or dunescape, to create a new form of sustainable construction. The proposed approach at solidifying architecture is using bacillus pasteurii, a microorganism, to solidify desert sand into sandstone, simulating interior bone structure. The chemical process produces calcite, which acts as natural cement, that binds the grains together by filling the gaps in between them. The structure then created would generate a curvilinear structure with distinct temperature change between the interior of the solidified dunes and their exterior naturally enhancing thermal comfort. According to geologist Michael Welland in his book Sand, this is the architecture of sand (Manaugh): â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;These (sand) chains seem to behave like the soaring arches of Gothic cathedrals, which serve to transmit the weight of the roof, perhaps a great dome, outward to the walls, which bear the load.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

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80. Sand Compression 81. Variations of Resulting Sand Blocks

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

Sand Compression Another impressive method, called Finite, solidifies sand through sand compression was developed by researchers from Imperial College, London. It is a low-carbon concrete alternative that offers a more sustainable approach to construction. It uses what is conventionally known to being useless, desert sand, to formulate a substitute for concrete. It not only saves delicate water-based ecosystems, but also generates less than half the carbon footprint that cement produces (which accounts for more than 5% of the global carbon dioxide emission). Also, it competes with concrete economically (due to the abundance of the raw material) and environmentally (due to its recyclability). Using an undisclosed nontoxic substance, the sand material could enter a more liquid state for recast or reapplication. Such flexibility allows for multiple lifecycle uses while making use of local sand rather than imported concrete.

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82. Compressed Sand Bowl Testing

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Nothing is built on stone; all is built on sand, but we must build as if the sand were stone.â&#x20AC;? -Jorge Luis Borges

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PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

109

83. Bonita Domes, 2017, Nader Khalili

110

PRESERVATION IN FORTIFICATION

Sandbagging Sandbagging refers to a system called SuperAdobe Construction, developed by renowned Iranian architect Nader Khalili. SuperAdobe is a form of earth bagging architecture that requires to fill sacs with moistened sand and stack them one layer over the other. Barbed wire is placed in between the layers to act as both mortar and reinforcement. If the structure is meant to be permanent, then it is advised to plaster over the sandbags to withstand erosion and climatic changes. With the plaster comes the ability to add aesthetic designs to the structure be it the natural structure’s color or paint. Further exterior treatment includes natural materials such as grass to add to the structure’s overall design. SuperAdobe Construction is another way to solidify the ‘non-solid’ sand material and turn it into building blocks to meet construction needs (“What Is SuperAdobe? — CalEarth”). Khalili’s architecture is described as ‘Poetry crystallized into structure.’ It’s founded upon timeless principles of the universe and its timeless materials of earth, air, water and fire (“Our Founder — CalEarth”). Such architecture from earth would solidify this desired connection with heritage and further fortify its importance in reminding the country about its true natural roots and about its fundamental identity.

111

84. Rumi Dome. Nader Khalili 85. Rumi Dome. Pre-plaster Stage Showing Sand Sacs 86. Rumi Dome. Interior Play With Light

112

87. Section Showing Sandbags and Plasters

113

SECTION SECTION TWO

TWO

‘The geometry of the things around us creates coincidences, intersections.’ - Erri De Luca

CHAPTER CHAPTER FOUR

FOUR

PROGRAM & SITE ANALYSIS

88. Connection Networks. Visual and Physical There is a connecting relationship between a specific site and its surrounding, be it visual or physical. In the surrounding spaces themselves is another level of secondary visual relationship. The networks created in the several scenarios shown in Figure 79 add complexity to the overall dynamic of connections vis- a- vis the site.

View 2 View 3

118

NON-PHYSICAL CONNECTION

PHYSICAL CONNECTION

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Case Studies. Connection with Heritage Physically and Visually The fundamental purpose of this research is to integrate heritage within the city in terms of connection through function; in other words, the desired conclusion is connecting the historical monument to its surrounding. Connectivity refers to the capacity for areas and people to be connected, either physically or non-physically. Physical connectivity could be defined as a measure of accessibility referring to a means of transportation (C. R. C. Mohanty). Non- physical connectivity discusses the level of connection to an area or group of people that are not necessarily physically present in the area of concern. It could refer to a visual connection to a place from a distance; overlooking and admiring as a view. Either way, the world is a network where everything touches everything else, no matter how or where; it expresses continuity and communication realized in a space.

119

89. Vertical Connection 90. Turning Connection 91. Straight Embedded Connection

120

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

4.2 Physical Connection

One way to bring one part of the city to the other is by means of physical connection. Architecturally, over the course of history, physical connectivity has been made using bridges, roads, staircases, elevators, or even landscape. Their sole purpose is to transport from one place to the other, therefore linking the starting and final destinations together. A number projects around the world are driven by the purpose of leading to the next destination; among such projects are: Mount Tianping Cliff Elevator in China, Sigiriya Rock in Sri Lanka, and Escaleras de la Granja in Spain.

121

92. Mount Tianping Cliff, China 93. Mount Tianping Cliff. Elevator Scaffolding Climb 94. Mount Tianping Cliff. Waterfall on the Other Side of the Cliff

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Among nature’s pillars rises a structure of glass and steel that shoots 120 m up a 130 m cliff overlooking a tall waterfall. It provides a panoramic view of scenic sites for visitors without disrupting the appearance of the cliff. The ground landing of the elevator is located near the foot of the waterfall, where limited accesses to vehicles is strict. The top landing soars between 1,580 and 1,700 m above sea level which illustrates the massive impressive scale of the structure (“Mount Tianping Cliff Elevator, China - Elevator World, Inc.”).

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95. Mount Tianping Cliff Elevator, China 96. Mount Tianping Cliff. Map

124

DAYANWU

SITE

ZHANGJIAJIE NATIONAL FOREST PARK

ZHONGZIYUAN

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97. Mount Tianping Cliff Elevator. Impressive Scale

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98. Sigiriya Rock, Sri Lanka 99. Sigiriya Rock. Top Temple Fortress

100. Sigiriya Rock. Map 101. Sigiriya Rock. Impressive Scale 102. Sigiriya Rock. Aerial View

LION’S PAWS AND STAIRS TO ROCK-TOP MOUNTAIN

Highest Elevation

Entrance to Summit

SIGIRIYA

Stone Seating

SITE SIGIRIYA ROCK FORTRESS

Rock Cut Pool

Sigiriya Rock is referred by locals as the eighth Wonder of the World whose fortress complex has great ancient archaeological importance in Sri Lanka. It is a massive rock with a top plateau 370 meters above sea level. The travel to the plateau is composed of steel stairs around the massive rocky structure along with some natural steps that are embedded within the rock. The composition of the rock illustrates perfect harmony between nature and architecture. Its gardens are among the oldest landscape layouts in the world, which contributed in UNESCO’s declaration of Sigiriya to being a World Heritage site in 1982 (“Sigiriya – The ‘Eighth Wonder of the World’, Sri Lanka”).

129

130

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

131

132

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

133

103. Escalator Roof

CASE ESCALERAS DE STUDY LA GRANJA TOLEDO, SPAIN

104. Entrance

136

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

About Project Escaleras de la Granja is a project aimed to link the city of Tolero to the Mirador de la Granja observation deck and the governmental monument on top of the hill. Its purpose is to limit vehicular movement around the historical center due to reduced road dimensions, limited parking, and visual and environmental pollution (Recaredo et al.).

About Architects José Antonio Martínez Lapeña and Elías Torres collaborated for decades to produce projects that have won several awards including FAD and RIBA. They contributed to the construction and renovation of some of Spain’s most significant public spaces. They combine civic engagement with a respectful attitude towards the landscape of the site and its historic background.

Architects: José Antonio Martínez Lapeña and Elías Torres Location: Toledo, Spain Built/ Unbuilt: Built Year: 1997/2000 Height: 36 m

137

105. Built Surrounding

Governmental and Residential Buildings Roads and Parking Spaces

138

106. Schematic Section of Path Within the Hill

Project Context The project is situated in Toledo, Spain, inside the Rodadero hill leading to an observation deck right under a monumental governmental historical building. The hill that hosts it is quite steep sloping up 36 meters. For this reason, the architects took interest in solving the issue of the monumentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s disconnection resulting from that steep slope. They considered the site to be on the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facade making it a pity not to be able to reach it. Around the project are largely public areas with restaurants and cafes that offer great views of the city (Recaredo et al.).

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107. Escalator Close Up 108. Partial Plan. Pathâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Zigzag Layout

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140

109. Architect’s Conceptual Sketch

Project Concept Pedestrial access was the architects’ main focus when designing. Consequently, they came up with the idea of placing escalators and stairs along the inclined terrain of the hill starting under a covered path beneath surrounding wall foundations. Embedding the pedestrial path within the slope would guarantee a desirable appearance of the city’s north facade with the least environmental impact possible. The path is divided into 6 sections to reach up the 36 meter span. The layout, however, is designed as a zigzag to adapt to the topography and to avoid the feeling of vertigo. Seeing the entire path in one straight line would impose anxiety to visitors. In this case, every flight is perceived separate and independent. (Recaredo et al.)

141

110,111,112. Pathâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Crack of Light at Night

142

113. Interior ‘Origami’ Folded Roof 114. Exploded Layers 115. Path Embedded Within Hill

Project’s Key Element An important key element in the project is the roof. It is perceived as a monolithic structure folded in the same manner as that of origami. It does not follow the slope of the land, but instead rises to create a long and continuous opening. At night, the crack of light coming from within the hill looks as though the hill is alive and makes the entire experience an interesting one (Recaredo et al.).

143

144

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Project’s Design Strategy PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Circulation

Wall

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Roof

The escalators are placed on the side that is embedded within the hill on top of concrete foundations. Between the hill and the escalators is a protective retaining wall that holds the roof and provides continuity to the terraced garden slope on top. As discussed previously, the roof gradually opens up and rises with every section of the path to further imply, along with the zigzag layout, the ‘independence’ of each section.

145

116. Roof Inclinations

146

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

117. Partial Plan: Sections of Roofs

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Section 6 Section 5 Section 4 Section 3 Section 2 Section 1

147 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

118. Materiality. Ochre- Colored Paint and Greenery 119. Exploded Diagram Showing Materiality

148

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Materiality The entire structure is monolithically materialized with concrete covered with ochre-colored paint. The paint pattern simulates that of wood to integrate the project with its surrounding in terms of color and natural essence. On top of the roof is the continuation of the hillâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greenery which takes part as another important material in the project.

149

120. Pedestrian Vs. Vehicular Circulation 121. Pedestrian Circulation

Parking Strip

Pedestrial Circulation Vehicular Circulation

Parking Parking Strip

Pedestrial Circulation

150

122. Access to Path

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Circulation

Entrance Exit

Upper Street

The circulation flow is very evident in the site plan and is connecting and leading all sides to the designed path. Vehicular circulation coming from all around the hill is limited to the bottom to serve the purpose of limiting vehicular movement in historical centers. Monument

Parking

151

123. Types of Circulation

Stairs Mechnical Stairs Ramp

152

124. Covered Vs. Exposed Circulation 125. Observation Deck Upon Arrival

Covered Circulation Exposed Circulation

153

154

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Project’s Program The project’s program revolves around transportation. Stairs cases, escalators, and a view deck at the top of the hill define the project’s purpose.

155

156

126. Pura Lempuyang Temple. Indonesia

4.3 Visual Connection

Visual connections are storytellers. They provide the visitor with what view to see, why is it being seen, and how is it portrayed. Sometimes, an entire architectural work is built where the viewpoint it tries to show is the sole purpose of the entire project. Visual connections bring value to architectural frameworks. Pura Lempuyang Temple in Bali, Indonesia is a perfect example of ‘view-framing’ architecture. Its split gate called ‘candi bentar’ borders the picture-perfect scenery of Mount Lempuyang in the distance. The different layers of visual access create opportunities for different perceptions of space and intersections between the ground, the sky, and everything in between. These intersections then address different levels of interaction and integration of open spaces with respect to the building in discussion. Several projects around the world are storytellers to the historical monuments they are trying to amplify; Oslo National Theatre Rehabilitation in Norway, Bamiyan Cultural Centre in Afghanistan, and Interpretation Centre of Chillon Castle in Switzerland are among these projects.

157

127. Oslo National Theatre Rehabilitation, Norway. Aerial View 128. Oslo National Theatre Rehabilitation. View of Theatre Within the Landscape 129. Oslo National Theatre Rehabilitation. Map

158

130. Oslo National Theatre Rehabilitation. Entrance Perspective

STUDENTERLUNDEN PARK

OSLO THEATRE

The rehabilitation is meant to rejuvenate the revival of the city’s cultural center by renovating the surrounding of the 118- year- old National Theatre structure. All other cultural centers in the area relocated into new developments, leaving the Theatre behind. The aim is to upgrade the historical building, making it more accessible, functional, and open to the public. To prevent overpowering the monument, some spaces are expanding underground (such as a modern theatre). What is over grounds aims to open bariers and invite people in creating a connection between the Theatre and the city. As the architect describes it, “[t]he entire site becomes a stage for urban life and theatrical performance, where the classical building plays the lead role” (“Dark Arkitekter Plans to Rejuvenate Oslo with National Theatre Rehabilitation | Jidipi”). 159

160

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

161

131. Undefined Urban Space

162

132. Open Barriers 133. Open Program to City

New Entrance Restaurant Kosks Library Education Workshop

163

CASE BAMIYAN STUDY CULTURAL CENTER

BAMIYAN, AFGHANISTAN

134. Bamiyan Cultural Centre, Afghanistan 135. Framing the Historical Mountain View

166

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

About Project The Bamiyan Cultural Center seeks to create connections within a meeting setting for communicating and exchanging ideas. The spaces are part of a system of negative subtractions made inside the landscape to overlook the impressive mountain range of Buddha Cliffs. The design needed to cater for the physical and historical landscape of Bamiyan which, according to UNESCO, ‘bears an exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition in the Central Asian region, which has disappeared’ (Lidija Grozdanic).

About Architects The designers are an Argentina-based team, led by Carlos Nahuel Recabarren alongside Manuel Alberto Martínez Catalán and Franco Morero. Among 1070 entries from 117 countries, their proposal won the competition for the centre. Their scheme entitled Descriptive Memory: The Eternal Presence of Absence and was realized as a manifestation of unity, cultural identity, and heritage wareness. Architects: Carlos Recabarren, Manuel Catalán, and Franco Morero. Location: Bamiyan, Afghanistan Built/ Unbuilt: Unbuilt Year: 2014

167

136. Built Surrounding

Residential District + Mosque Touristic District (Hotels)

168

137. Schematic Elevation Showing Site Context

Project Context The project is situated in Bamiyan, Afghanistan on the ancient Silk Road. The site is located where two seventh century ancient Buddha statues were destroyed by Taliban militants. Two districts surround the site: residential and touristic. The residential district features houses scattered at the foot of hill along with a local mosque. The touristic district mainly houses hotels on a plain top overlooking the hill. The project itself is placed inside the landscape where there is a play between the design and its surrounding (Lidija Grozdanic).

169

138. Carving. Insertion Model Inside the Land 139. Carving. Insertion Diagram Inside the Land

170

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Project Concept The design of the centre aims to appear as though â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;carvedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; out of the landscape rather than just placed inside it. Because a major focus goes to heritage, the concept of carved insertion simulates archaeology being dug out of the underground (Lidija Grozdanic).

171

140. Perspective View Cones Towards Mountain

172

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Key Element An important key element in the project is the visual connection that it offers. The building volumes are placed in a way where direct views towards the Buddha statues are available: Big Buddha and Small Buddha. Also, the vast public plaza int front of the volumes aids in accentuating the viewcones and in integrating the statues themselves with the buildings.

173

141. Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Connection Through Visual Axes

View Towards Big Buddha

Plaza

174

View Towards Small Buddha

142. Project Insertion Inside the Land

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Design Strategy The primal design strategy fully integrates into the landscape creating a minimal impact building. It makes use of the thermal insulation of the ground and reminds of ancient local Afghani building traditions. The building volumes surround a large public plaza that overlook Buddhist monasteries on top of the opposite hill (Lidija Grozdanic).

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Plaza

175

143. Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Insertion Inside the Land

176

177

144. Materiality. Beige- Colored Brick Strips

178

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Materiality The entire interior structure is of brick construction. The linearity of the brick strips creates a sense of continuation leading to the views on the outside. The beige color also reminds of the natural essence of the land and what the design seems to imitate. On the exterior is beige painted concrete to blend with the ground it encarves with.

Modern Wall - Brick Strips Pattern

179

145. Surrounding Greenry 146. Circulation and Access Within Centre

Plaza

Upper Greenery Circulation Lower Greenery Circulation

Circulation Between Buildings Staircase Circulation Slope Circulation Access to Buildings

180

147. Access to Centre

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Circulation The circulation is divided into two categories: one coming from over the structure and another from under. Because the buildings are sunk in the landscape, access needs to be provided from both levels. The path is led from an upper green area to a lower green area creating a connection of travel between the two points.

Upper Access Lower Access

181

148. Interior Program 149. Exterior Program

Performance and Exhbition Building Administration Building Research and Education Building

Rain Water Collection Pond 182

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Program The plan provides program elements that encompass public/ exhibition activities and research/ educational spaces. It is a good balance between private and public where the separation of the two could easily serve as informal or formal meeting spaces and additional informal gallery spaces. On the exterior, a rain water collection pond, also a pool, is placed inside a huge green plaza to form a larger green strategy in which the project is integrated.

183

149. Program Table

Total: 1542 sqm

184

150. Zones and Spaces Within Program 151. Interpretation Centre of Chillon Castle , Switzerland

6 21

1 14

13 7

21 18

9 17

17 11

1. Administration

8. Classrooms

13. Cafeteria

18. Kitchen

2. Reception

9. Study Rooms

14. Shops

19. Storage

3. Library

10. Research Room

15. Conference Rooms

20. Offstage Area

4. Exhibition 1,2 ,3

11. Musicians Room

16. Offices

21. Vertical Circulation

5. Workshop Studio

12. Performance Hall

17. W.C

185

CASE STUDY CENTER OF

VEYTAUX, SWITZERLAND INTERPRETATION

CHILLON CASTLE

152. View of Castle from Landscape

188

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

About Project Interpretation Center of Chillon Castle is a landscape and territorial based project whose aim and purpose is to strengthen the emergence of the fort castle from its surrounding. The new added building sets out to improve the surrounding environment by providing a space to admire the views of the castle and the lake. It is part of the park platform at the perimeter of the fort and is not perceived as an isolated pavilion (Concurso).

About Architects The designers are Jose Ignacio Linazasoro and Ricardo Sรกnchez Arquitectura, whose practice is based in Madrid, Spain. The year 2011 marked the beginning of their recognition when their firm won several competitions around the world. Their area of work is mainly concentrated on renovation and rehabilitation of historical buildings and spaces such as: Reconstruction of Santa Cruz Church in Medina del Rioseco and Extention Of The Bilbao School Of Industrial And Telecommunication Engineering.

Architects: Jose Ignacio Linazasoro and Ricardo Sรกnchez Location: Veytaux, Switzerland Built/ Unbuilt: Unbuilt Year: 2013 189

153. Built Surrounding

Castle Parking Castle Winery Water Passage

190

154. View of Castle from Lake 155. Map of Surrounding

Project Context Located in Switzerland, the site is surrounded by an impressive landscape; Lake Geneva on one side, and a vast green forest on the other. The surrounding is not nearly heavily constructed, but is in fact quite intimate and isolated. A running water path cuts through the forest which generates an interesting water soundscape and meditative ambiance. Cars are not to reach the premises of the castle and are provided by a parking a few kilometers behind the access point of the site (Ricardo Sánchez González, José Ignacio Linazasoro, Linazasoro & Sánchez Architecture · Castillo de Chillón · Divisare).

Site for Project Insertion Castle Bridge Water Passage Road

192

193

156. Interior Perspective Towards Lake 157. Different Views Offered by Proposed Landscape

View Towards Castle View Towards Lake

194

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Project Concept The orientation of the project, along with the design intent, is focused on the surrounding views of the lake and the medieval fortress alike. It is meant to seem as though the landscape and the newly added building are part of the lower garden belonging to the castle since the twelfth century and celebrating one of the best preserved medieval castles in Europe.

195

158. Verticality Vs. Horizontality

196

159. Three Basic Design Aims

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Key Element Strengthening the fortress was accomplished through horizontality. The surrounding landscape and the added building both work in linearity to give greatness to the overarching verticality of the castle in the distance. The intent is to transition from the landscape, to the building, and then to the castle in an orderly and gradual manner for purposes of fluidity and cohesion.

197

198

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Design Strategy Three basic aims were the foundation of designing the building pavilion and the landscape: promenade views to Lake Geneva, softened proximity with the road, and accentuated value of the castle from a distance. The orientation of the pavilion achieves views to the lake, its horizontality gives way for the castle to be recognized from afar, and an added bridge connecting the pavilion to the road physically connects the two.

Lake Castle Old Garden Bridge to Castle Bridge to Road View to Castle View to Lake

199

160. Panoramic View Showing Project and Castle

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

161. Interior Showing Steel Construction

202

162. Steel Construction

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Materiality To subtly contradict the medieval design of the fortress, the pavilion is composed of exposed steel frame construction and glazing to give it a contemporary spirit. Exposed steel frame allows to break barriers between the interior and exterior and provides extensive views to the lake and castle.

203

163. Interior Vs. Exterior

Exterior Terrace Interior

204

164. Accesses. Interior and Roof 165,166. Interior and Exterior Program

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Circulation The circulation is divided into levels: from the landscape to the interior of the pavilion and from the landscape to the roof of the pavilion. This provides a cohesive interaction between what is inside and what is outside, what is on top and what is at the bottom.

Access to Interior Access to Roof

205

165. Interior Program

11 2

1 8 8 4 9

5 10 7 11 8

11 206

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Program The pavilion houses a cafeteria and a shop whose terraces open up to the views around. Reaching the roof is through a staircase from the promenade protected by a marquee (tent) that communicates with the castle bridge and bazaar happening at the bottom. The roof acts as a watchtower to further glorify and fortify the castle by the lake.

1. Reception 2. Library 3. Exhibition Spaces 4. Cafeteria 5. Shops 6. Roof Terrace 7. Offices 8. W.C 9. Kitchen 10. Storage 11. Vertical Circulation

207

166. Exterior Program

208

167. Program Table

Total: 844 sqm

209

CASE Sofia, Wallcano: Collider Bulgaria ClimbingSTUDY Center

168. Exterior View of Climbing Center 169. Climbing Wall Around Courtyard

Program-Based Case Study

212

About Project Walcano is a competition entry for a climbing Center in Sofia, Bulgaria designed by Zohar Architects. It is a 100% climbable structure shaped around a donut formed courtyard. Its volume is quite geo- diverse, where several surfaces of the world’s most famous mountains are extracted. The programmatic mix combines exercise with leisure, and includes a park area with a greenhouse and other outdoor recreational spaces (Alison Furuto).

About Architects Zohar Architects is an Oslo-based international firm founded by Dan Zohar that encompasses architecture and function and art within its practice. From Zohar: “We are concerned with political, social and environmental urgencies of contemporary society, and our work aim to translate such urgencies into action in different scales, ranging from; housing, public buildings, parks, meeting places, installations, urban environments and art projects. (Haugen/ Zohar Arkitekter)”

Architects: Zohar Architects Location: Sofia, Bulgaria Built/ Unbuilt: Unbuilt Year: 2013 Area: 8000 sqm (building program) 3500 sqm (outdoor park)

213

Spa

Leisure

Bar Restaurant and Cafe Office

Work

Multi-purpose Climbing

214

Exercise

170. Different Climbing Wall Heights and Program Division 171. Site Plan Low Climbing Wall

High Climbing Wall

Medium Climbing Wall

215

172. Elevations Showing Facade Skin

North Elevation

South Elevation

216

173. Building Users and Circulation

East Elevation

West Elevation

217

173. Key Plan Showing Section Lines 174. Sections Showing Climbing Wall N-S

E-W

N-S

218

175. Urban Response Program

219

175. Interior Program

8 7

5 6

Ground Floor

12 11

15 9

15 13

13 10

11 16

Third Floor

Second Floor

Fourth Floor

Fifth Floor

Sixth Floor

1. Administration

6. Medium Climbing Wall

11. Conference Rooms

16. Kitchen

2. Reception

7. Low Climbing wall

12. Offices

17. Mechanical

3. Performance Hall

8. Courtyard

13. W.C

4. Fitness Center

9. Cafeteria

14. Storage

5. High Climbing Wall

10. Spa

15. Vertical Circulation 221

222

176. Program Table

Total: 7055 sqm

223

CASE Biscay, Rowing and Sailing Spain STUDY Pavilions

177. Pavilionsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Exterior Facades 178. Lighting Aesthetic Between Facade Double Skin

Program-Based Case Study

226

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

About Project The aim of the pavilions is to create serenity and neutrality with the seaside location of the project. From architects: “The two buildings boast several interior spaces of differing dimensions, with different enclosures and acclimatisation requirements: classrooms and changing rooms, gym, covered hangar for rowing longboats, to the open-air yard for sailboats that is totally exterior though enclosed. (“Rowing and Sailing Pavilions / Abar + MdG + Julen Altuna | Archdaily”)”

About Architects From the architects: ”Abar is a multi-disciplinary and transversal ideas studio. It seeks to generate open, versatile and effective activity from which solid and efficient proposals can be developed. In doing so, it tries to not forget that in order to do good work having fun is fundamental. (“Abar Architects | Archello”)”

Architects: Abar Architects Location: Biscay, Spain Built/ Unbuilt: Built Year: 2012

227

228

179. Lighting Aesthetic Perspective 180. Seaside Perspective

229

181. Project Elevations

North Elevation

South Elevation

East Elevation

West Elevation

230

182. Site Plan

231

183. Interior Program

Pavilion 1

11 5

13 7

Pavilion 2

2 14

9 6 7

232

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

1. Administration 2. Reception 3. Training Area 4. Gym 5. Massage Room 6. Courtyard 7. Workshops 8. Classrooms 9. Offices 10. Conference Rooms 11. W.C 12. Storage 13. Craft Hanger 14. Locker Rooms 15. Vertical Circulation

233

234

183. Program Table

Total: 1458 sqm

235

CASE MerkinĂŠ, Observation Lithuania STUDY Tower

184. Overlapping Layers of Stairs 185. View of River From Top Deck

Program-Based Case Study

238

PROGRAMMING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

About Project The project location is by the largest river in Lithuania. It rises over the trees to overlook the river, the island nearby, and the vast forest around. The tower was designed to blend with its surrounding by simulating a group of trees as the platforms imitate nature’s irregular geometry. The path snakes around the trees to open up the views of the forest reaching the top observation platform towards the magnificent views of the vast river (“Observation Tower / Arvydas Gudelis | ArchDaily”).

About Architects Cepezed is a medium sized, award-winning spatial design specialist. It is based in Delft, Netherlands and was founded by Michiel Cohen in 1973. Its assignments address the challenges of town-planning, industry, interiors and particularly architecture Architectenbureau Cepezed | Archello).

Architects: Arvydas Gudelis Location: Merkinė, Lithuania Built/ Unbuilt: Built Year: 2014

239

186, 187. Circulation Perspective Showing Scale

240

241

242

243

188. View of Observation Deck from River 189. Staircase Closeup

244

190. Floorplans

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5 245

191. Elevations

East Elevation

South Elevation

West Elevation

North Elevation

246

192. Program Table

Total: 250 sqm

247

CHAPTER CHAPTER

FIVE FIVE

SITE CONTEXT AND ANALYSIS

2010

193. Dhayah Fort. Aerial View Within Site Plan 194,195,196,197,198. Dhayah Fort: 8 year Timelapse

2012

2014

250

2016

2018

For almost ten years, the area of the fort remains the same. No development has happened, and no further expansion has taken place. It is quite interesting to witness such phenomenon in a place where rapid growth is happening. Its richness in landscape overpowers the need for further construction.

251

199. UAE Map

Abu Dhabi Dubai Sharjah Ajman Ras Al Khaimah Umm Al Quwain Fujeirah

252

Site

SITE CONTEXT AND ANALYSIS

5.1 PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES Ras Al Khaimah is one of the most fascinating emirates in the UAE in terms of its landscape and scenery. Several physical attributes need to be taken into consideration when analyzing the overall site inventory:

Location of Arabian Gulf Landscape Views Topography Climate Rainfall Sun Path Wind Direction Geology Soils Natural Hazards

200. Location of Arabian Gulf w.r.t. Site

Location of Arabian Gulf

201. Mountainrange 202. Arabian Gulf 203. Greenery Stretch 204. View Cones of Landscapes

Landscape Views

Fort

View to Arabian Gulf

View to Mangroves

View to Mountains

205. Topography Contour Lines

Topography

137 ft (41 m)

257

206. Climate Range Within the Year 2018-2019

Climate. Year 2018 - 2019

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May 41

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

31 25

22.4

258

11.7

30 26 22 18

11.3

Dec

21 14

Nov

36 28

Oct

6.9

0.5

4.2

5.9

23.6

207. Rainfall Range Within the Year 2018-2019

Rainfall. Year 2018 - 2019

Jan

Feb

Mar

35.7 mm

35 mm

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

40 35 30 25 20 15

17.4 mm 12.8 mm

12.5 mm

10 5 0

6.4 mm 2.8 mm 0 mm

0.6 mm

0.3 mm

8 mm

1.3 mm

259

208. Wind Rose on Site

Wind Direction

260

Leeward Side

Windward Side

0-5 km/h

5-10 km/h

10-15 km/h

15- 20 km/h

261

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

209, 210, 211, 212. Sun Path on Site

Sun Path Summer Solstice

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

March Equinox

unset

Sunrise

Sun Path PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION N

262

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SITE CONTEXT AND ANALYSIS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

September Equinox Sunrise

Sun Path

Sunrise

Sunset

Sunpath

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Sunset

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Winter Solstice

263

213. Geological Nature of Ras Al Khaimah

Geology

)

264

214. Geology Map in the UAE 215. Soil Map in the UAE

Site

Alluvium Metamorphics Limestone Ophiolite Gabbros Vegitation Sand

Soils Tompsamments Salorthids- Torripsamments Calciorthids 2

Site

Torrifluvents Calciorthids Gypsiorthids Salorthids Torripsamments 2 Torripsamments 3

265

216. Soil Section Showing Soil Type in Ras Al Khaimah

Sand Mangrove Tree

266

SITE CONTEXT AND ANALYSIS

267

Natural Hazards

268

217. The UAEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Seismic Hazard Zonation Map

Site Very High High Moderate Low Very Low

269

218. Green Spaces Around Site

270

SITE CONTEXT AND ANALYSIS

5.2

BIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES Ras Al Khaimah is known for its natural beauty and fertile agricultural land amongst all the emirates. It has a few native trees in abundance including palm trees, sidr trees, and mangroves. 1,000 sidr trees were planted in the emirate during ‘For Our Emirates We Plant’ event in 2018 in hopes to eradicate six metric tonnes of CO2 emissions annually in 6 to 7 years. For such campaigns, a main focal lense is directed towards nature’s biological attributes , in terms of naturewhen analyzing the overall site inventory:

Trees Wild Life

271

219. Palm Trees 220. Sidr Trees 221. Mangroves Trees

Trees

272

Trees in Ras Al Khaimah

222. Mapping Trees Around Dhayah Fort

274

Trees Around Dhayah Fort

275

223. Wild Goat

Wild Life Wildlife walks free here and it is quite possible to run into: -Wild goats -Camels -Arabian Oryx.

224. Camels 225. Arabian Onyx

226. Mass Vs. Void

SITE CONTEXT AND ANALYSIS

5.3

CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES Ras Al Khaimah has rich historical background, dating back to the bronze age, that affected its present in terms of architecture, archaeology, and heritage. Through several layers of history, civilization, and settlement, roads were developed, buildings were built, and infrastructure was introduced to outline the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah in fine print. For that, a few cultural attributes are helpful in further analysis and intervention:

Landuse Structural Plan Infrastructure Road Network Roads to Fort Site Lighting Neighborhood and Buildings Height

227. Pie Chart of Ras Al Khaimahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Landuse

Landuse

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Government

Industrial

Residential

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

280

Other

SITE CONTEXT AND ANALYSIS

Structural Plan

Land Use

Extent, condition, and distribution of land uses in the urban area

Housing

Housing conditions including existing housing stock, as well as the assessment of current needs and demands for residential land uses to accommodate nationals and expatriates

Trasportation

Circulation systems including roadway networks, public transit, taxis, boats, ports and the airport, and pedestrian movement

Infrastructure

Utility systems inclulding water supply and storage, wastewater, irrigation and drainage, solid waste, electricity supply, street lighting, and telecommunications

Community Facilities

Public facilities and service systems including education, religion, healthcare, fire, police, postal service, parks and recreation, libraries, and cultural facilities, and municipality services and facilities

Industrial Development

Extent, condition, and distribution of industrial uses in the urban area

Environmental Resources

Condition and conservation of natural resources in the urban area

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

281

Infrastructure Water Supply The Federal Electricity and Water Authority (FEWA) supplies a major portion of the water needed in Ras Al Khaimah. Ras Al Khaimah is an example of a desalination-dependent city. At the time of the production of the Structure Plan, Ras Al Khaimah had a desalination capacity of nine million gallons per day, produced by four different desalination stations. Ras Al Khaimah’s agricultural sector has been plagued by water shortages over the years due to excessive ground water extraction used for irrigation as well as the expansion of agricultural projects. Even if all domestic and industrial wastewater were to be collected and treated as treated sewage effluents (TSE) and then used for agricultural irrigation, only about half of the sector’s requirement would be supplied (“Urban Planning in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah”).

Sanitary Sewage Ras Al Ras Al Khaimah has over 300 kilometers of water networks in Ras Al Khaimah City. Ras Al Khaimah also has approximately 15 other treatments plants that treat a total of about 10,000 cubic meters of water each day. (“Urban Planning in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah”).

Drainage and Irrigation The Ras Al Khaimah urban area does not have an irrigation network since there is not yet a sewage collection network. Current irrigation is supplied for specific areas in the form of either potable water or wells. Ras Al Khaimah does not have a storm water drainage system. Eventually, planners hope that the Ras Al Khaimah drainage system will include several components: natural slope drainage, artificial surface drainage, piped drainage for storm water, and groundwater dewatering systems. The Structure Plan recommends that the development of an irrigation system network should go hand-in-hand with the development of the sewage system (“Urban Planning in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah”). 282

SITE CONTEXT AND ANALYSIS

Solid Waste Management Ras Al Khaimah was likely generating 900-1,000 tons of solid waste per year; the UAE has one of the highest per capita waste generation rates in the world. The Ras Al Khaimah government has implemented an Integrated Waste Management Project (IWDP) that combines regulatory, monitoring, and compliance functions with emission controls, waste collection, and safe disposal. , Ras Al Khaimah has constructed a new landfill, which is lined to prevent soil, water, and air contamination and conforms to the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) specifications. This site replaces the old, unlined dump, which is being closed. The new landfill has been designed to have a 50-year life. (“Urban Planning in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah”).

Electricity A project has been planned in order to create an inter-emirate power grid, which, when fully connected, will provide much greater capacity to Ras Al Khaimah. The Emirates National Grid Project (ENG) will serve to establish a single national power network for the whole country, thereby ensuring uninterrupted power to all emirates (“Urban Planning in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah”).

Telecommunications Etisalat provides telephone, telegraph, teleprinter signals, radio, and multi-media communication services and facilities throughout the UAE. It has recently ceased to maintain a monopoly on such services, but, for practical purposes, remains the only major provider of these services apart from Du. However, the increasing use of mobile phones is requiring the construction of additional Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) towers in Ras Al Khaimah. (“Urban Planning in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah”).

283

228. Road Network Around Site

284

Road Network

PR BY SK

DE ST T EN UD N

S DE

T EN

Main Highway: Sheikh Zayed Rd. Roads Leading to Site Secondary Roads Tertiary Roads Access 285

Built Neighborhood

286

Three Lanes to Abu Dhabi

Three Lanes to Khasab

229. View Cone of Road View 230. Key Icons 231. View of Neighborhood, Road, Greenery, Fort, and Mountainrange

Mangroves / Palm Trees

Mountains

Dhayah Fort

287

288

289

232, 233, 234, 235, 236. Views of Built Surrounding and Roads 237. Lighting Around Site

Lighting Lighting around the fort site is quite poor, so attention is required for better lighting to enhance the quality of the surrounding.

Neighborhood Lighting Road Lighting

238. Division of Neighborhood into Districts

Neighborhood and Buildings Height

292

Residential Administrative

293

239. Neighborhoodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Building Heights

294

Plot G G+1 G+2

295

5.4 Direct Site Analysis

296

297

240. Screenshot from Tripadvisor website for Dhayah Fort

Visitor Analysis

298

241. Travel Duration from Dhayah Fort to Other Line of Surrounding Forts

Line of Forts

Al Jeer Fort

Dhayah Fort

RAK Fort

Husn Al Shimal Fort

Al Falayah Fort

Car travel time from Dhayah Fort to : Al Falayah Fort. 25 minutes Husn Al Shimal Fort. 25 minutes Al Falayah Fort. 27 minutes RAK Fort. 28 minutes 299

242. Site Access at the Bottom of the Mountain

Access from Road / Parking

300

243, 244,245. Shots of Stairs Leading to Fort 246. Stairs Path of 233 Steps

Stairs to the Top

301

247. Schematic Site Plan showing Courtyards 248. Different Entrances to the Watchtowers

Courtyards

Entrances to Towers

302

249. Structures of Watchtowers 250. Seating Area Along the Perimeter of Inner Courtyard

Towers

Seating Areas

303

251. Schematic Floor Plan 252. Top View of Dhayah Fort

Floorplan of Towers

253. Interior View of Fort

Both towers have relatively narrow door openings of about 0.7m. No other openings are found within the towersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; walls of 0.4m thickness, such as windows. There are peep holes that appear as though bulleted through the wall just enough for rifles to pass through. The solidity of the towers and rare connection to the outside reinforce their purpose of defense.

254. Diagram Showing Towersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Heights 255. Aerial View of Dhayah Fort

Height of Towers 4m 3.6 m

4m 3.6 m

Materiality

256. Materiality of Watchtowers. Stone, Mudbricks, and Mortar 257. Roof Construction Method. Timber Frame Construction

258. Overall Schematic Section Across Neighborhood, Roads, Greenery, Fort, and Mountainrange

Sections

308

259. Schematic Section of Watchtowers

309

CHAPTER CHAPTER SIX SIX

SPACE AND SITE CORRELATIONS

260. Ras Al Khaimah at the Tip of the Map 261. Visual Link with Surrounding Landscape

6.1 Summary and Reflections. Landscape Panoramic Connection

312

313

262, 263. Road Reaching Mountainrange

Sensory Perception

Mountains

SPACE AND SITE CORRELATIONS

“The UAE’s highest peak, Jebel Jais is part of the spectacular Hajar mountain range that were formed over 70 million years ago in Ras Al Khaimah and Oman. Towering at 1,934 m above sea level, it is a welcome respite from the heat with temperatures around ten degrees cooler than sea level.” (“About Jebel Jais - Jebel Jais, Ras Al KhaimahJebel Jais, Ras Al Khaimah”) - Ras Al Khaimah Tourism Development Authority

264, 265. Arabian Gulf Emerging Between Mountains of Ras Al Khaimah

Gulf

316

SPACE AND SITE CORRELATIONS

“Pearl fishing was for centuries the main industry in the Arabian Gulf region. Pearls from the Gulf were traded to India, Persia and the Ottoman Empire, and further afield to Europe and North America, where the aristocratic and emerging middle classes regarded pearls as luxury items for use in jewellery and clothing. By the second half of the nineteenth century, the pearl trade in the Gulf had grown to such an extent that it united men of all backgrounds. In 1877, William Palgrave recalled how Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani of Qatar had exclaimed to him that: ‘We are all from the highest to the lowest slaves of one master, Pearl.’” (Dr Mark Hobbs) -Qatar Digital Library

317

266, 267. Mangroves Trees Around Site

Greenery

318

SPACE AND SITE CORRELATIONS

“Mangroves are the only evergreen forest in the Gulf and their unique ability to survive in this habitat makes them what we know as an “ecosystem engineer”, providing shelter and foraging to many marine and terrestrial species,” he said. “In addition, different biological, chemical and physical processes connect mangroves to adjacent ecosystems including coral reefs or seagrass meadows.” (Louise Burke) - The National

319

268. Cumulative Program Table

Circulation Program

Service Program

Office Program

Leisure Program

Cultural Program

Administrative Program

Case Study. Bamiyan Cultural Center

Case Study. Interpretation Center of Chillon Castle

Case Study. Rowing and Sailing Pavilion

Administration

148

Administration

Reception

Library

110

Library

Exhibition Spaces

445

Exhibition Spaces

176

Exhibition Spaces

Workshop Studio

100

Workshop Studio

Classrooms

Study Rooms

Research Room

Performance Room

Observation Deck

Garden

Aquatic Hall

Training Area

110

Climbing Wall

Hall

Cafeteria/ Cafe

Shops

Courtyard

220

Courtyard

330

Conference Rooms

Offices

W.C

Kitchen

Storage

Locker (Changing) Rooms

140

Craft Hanger

360

Vertical Circulation

Case Study. Observation Tower

Case Study. Wallcano

Project Program. Recreational Cultural Hub

Administration

180

Administration

150

Reception

Library

150

Exhibition Spaces

200

Workshop Studio

100

Classrooms

800

Study Rooms

400

Research Room

Performance Room

Observation Deck

150

Observation Deck

150

Garden

300

Aquatic Hall

2000

Training Area

138

Training Area

2000

Climbing Wall

2215

Climbing Wall

2215

Hall

740

Hall

300

Cafeteria/ Cafe

1097

Cafeteria/ Cafe

300

Shops

Courtyard

150

Courtyard

500

Conference Rooms

110

Conference Rooms

100

Offices

960

Offices

250

W.C

365

W.C

200

Kitchen

100

Storage

140

Storage

500

Locker (Changing) Rooms

2600

Craft Hanger

800

Vertical Circulation

100

Vertical Circulation

390

Vertical Circulation

6.2 Synthesis

Program Heritage. Relating Physically and Mentally Recreational Cultural Hub Heritage. Gulf Heritage. Mangroves

Sailing

Heritage. Mountains Heritage: Fort Hiking Exhibiting

Planting Diving

Camping Bird Watching

322

Climbing

Administration Reception Library Exhibition Space Workshops Studios Classrooms Study Rooms Observation Deck Garden Aquatic Hall Training Area Climbing Wall Hall Cafeteria/ Cafe Shops Courtyard Conference Rooms Offices W.C Kitchen Storage Locker Rooms Craft Hanger

269. Project Program Matrix

Administration Reception Library Exhibition Spaces Workshop Studios Classrooms Study Rooms Observation Deck Garden Aquatic Hall Training Area Climbing Wall Hall Cafeteria/ Cafe Shops Courtyard Conference Rooms Offices W.C Kitchen Storage Locker Rooms Craft Hanger

Must Should Maybe

323

SECTION SECTION THREE

THREE

‘An idea is salvation by imagination.’ - Frank Lloyd Wright, 1935

326

CHAPTER CHAPTER

SEVEN SEVEN

DESIGN APPROACH

327

328

DESIGN APPROACH

329

270. Importance of Views for Forts 271. Site Model

7.1 Concept Proposals and Design Impact

The different case studies mentioned previously illustrate ways to connect with a certain monument, physically or non-physically. Inserting the vertical circulation within a mountain, depressing the architecture inside the land, and laying the program besides the structure of interest are few of the many ways to connect. Having the site in Ras Al Khaimah, connecting visually is quite important as its landscapes are rich and panoramic. Consequently, taking from the different topographies and opportunities for outdoor activities, Ras al Khaimah has become known for camping, hiking, exploring, diving, and ziplining, just to name a few; all being part of nature and one with the surrounding. Combining the importance and beauty of Ras Al Khaimah as a leisure destination with all its impressive landscapes and the concept of fortification led to Dhayah Fort as being the main site in focus. Forts are purposefully intended to function as watchtowers, to be able to see any enemy attacks, so opening up to surrounding views is quite essential. The selected fort allows for maximum 360-degree landscape exposure, as it is located on a mountain top, and is surrounded by Ras Al Khaimahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscapes; mangroves, desert, gulf, and mountains. Luckily, the fortunate presence of the landscapes reinforces the reasoning as to why Dhayah Fort specifically was selected.

330

272. What Ras Al Khaimah is Known For 273. Mood Board. Concept Inspirations

The views from the fort determined the program of the project; connecting the architecture by referring to the activities done on, in, and for the mountains, gulf, and mangroves. Also, incorporating ancestral activities such as diving reminisces the past and brings it back to our contemporary day and age.

331

332

333

334

DESIGN APPROACH

A few concepts have been explored as ways to relate to the forts, as a heritage monument, and to connect with the landscapes, as key aspects for solidifying the past in the present day.

-Inserted -Inverted -Branched

335

336

CHAPTER CHAPTER

EIGHT EIGHT

PRELIMINARY DESIGN DOCUMENTATION

337

274. Concept Model. Inverted

8.1 Schematic Representations. Plans, Sections, Diagrams, and Photographs

338

DESIGN APPROACH

339

275. View Exposure Diagram 276. Schematic Section 277. Formation Diagram

Concept One. Inserted Schematic Section

Direct View to Landscape from Fort and Project

Formation Diagram

340

Utilization of Existing Mountain Slope

Imitation of Geometry

Masking Architecture within Mountain

Utilization of Existing Mountain Slope

Introduction of Orthogonal Geometry

Emergence of Natural and Artificial Topography

278. Program Arrangement Plan

Program Arrangement

Mangroves

Garden Observation Deck Cafe

Gulf

Mountains

Aquatic Hall Cafe Library

Climbing Walls Courtyards Exhibition Spaces Workshops Classrooms

Disguising the architecture within the mountain creates harmony with nature while introducing an element of linearity. The resulting design allows for a 360 degree view of the landscape and the forts on top as the program gradually rises to the hilltop.

341

279-281. Concept Study Model

Study Model Version 1

342

DESIGN APPROACH

343

282-284. Concept Study Model 285-287. Concept Study Model

Study Model Version 2

344

DESIGN APPROACH

345

288. View Exposure Diagram 289. Schematic Section 290. Formation Diagram

Concept Two. Inverted Direct View to Landscape from Fort Only

Schematic Section

Formation Diagram

Invertion of Topography

Down Scale

Mirror

346

Position

Result

291. Program Arrangement Plan

Program Arrangement

Gulf and Mangroves Garden Aquatic Hall Observation Deck Cafe Library

Mountains Climbing Walls Courtyards Exhibition Spaces Workshops Classrooms

Inverting the topography helps in imitating the natural structure of the mountain, creating a more ‘secure’ and ‘fortified’ architecture. A continuation of the topography would form opening spaces for courtyards while interconnecting interior and exterior areas.

347

292-298. Concept Study Models

Study Model Version 1

348

DESIGN APPROACH

349

Study Model Version 2

350

DESIGN APPROACH

351

299. View Exposure Diagram 300. Schematic Section 301. Formation Diagram

Concept Three. Branched Schematic Section

Dynamic View to Landscape from Fort and Project

Formation Diagram

Following Natural Slope

352

Path Follows Slope Leading Program

302. Program Arrangement Plan

Mangroves

Program Arrangement

Garden Observation Deck Cafe

Gulf

Mountains

Aquatic Hall Cafe Library

Climbing Walls Courtyards Exhibition Spaces Workshops Classrooms

Following the slope and views shapes the circulation which then branches out around the mountain. From the circulation path widen the branches to space out for the program itself. The spread utilizes the 360 degree view while connecting all parts of the mountain and the program together.

353

303-305. Concept Study Model

Study Model Version 1

354

DESIGN APPROACH

355

306-308. Concept Study Model

Study Model Version 2

356

DESIGN APPROACH

357

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