urb a n fab r i c
: Ib $ D bb b bX H b Jb b b WJb bP" 4Q b( 4 ( # ^b P Z P ) 5 WP" 4Q( 4 ( # $ : Ib D )bb 5 b ; C C b b b R Q ^b b b bX RH X 6B b7 b bKbC <b [;Z6 [6b *Y*6 b +U 0 < b Y b ,L6; Eb6b b b b Cb ; Q ' @. ab & YS ,L6 =Eb6b' / A R `0 % X 6`B% b &7 SKb <b [6 =[6b /*YA*6 b 8+U b b -Jb6bPb3 4Tb 7G?\ F O NbbV 9 R-7?!b\6 ]b=\ <6 8 R=_ b\4 b b 1 <<A2 bFb@. <Nb4>babQb9 b Mb b W A >b 8 8 b 3 M b G 6b < < < b Tb _ b b F Fb 1 A2 4Qb b AW 4b -JbPb 4 Y O bV 7R- !b ]b 0 b Z 0 b Z Y 7
a woven narrative of the people of Pettaway Neighborhood and the construction of I-630 - Little Rock, AR
history+ influence
of I-630
vision vs reality
% 6( < &< < *50 .+," < 4 1 <$8 < < < < 7)< /'< < % 6( < &< < *50 .+," < 4 1 <$8 < < < < 7)< /'< < 3! !< 3 3! !< 3 2 2 ;< ;< #< : #< : 9< 9<
transportation
vision: solve business development ..... reality: altered locations of business centers
the streetcar systems of the early 1900s that linked neighborhoods were replaced by interstate highway systems that subdivided the entire city and its communities
vision: eliminate slums ..... reality: affected neighborhood demographics vision: increase access to downtown ..... reality: altered transportation patterns
early 1900s Even in the days of horse and carriage, Capitol Ave. was a main thoroughfare, as seen in this undated photo, looking east from Center.
civic voice
trust
residents indicated a general distrust of police and city officials
1950s Eisenhower pushes creation of interstate highway system to connect cities. Little Rock expands west as a result of a push by whites to live away from other populations
55%
of residents do not think that the Mayor would listen to their concerns and help them
20%
52%
some residents felt their community was not taking the effort to speak out and work to make improvements
38%
23% 19% 13% 13%
neglect
of residents said they would call the city to report pot holes, drainage problems, or other maintenance issues
why?
cited personal experience said the Mayor is too busy / doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t care claimed neighborhood is not a priority claimed â&#x20AC;&#x153;Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m just one personâ&#x20AC;?
morale
residents felt the needs of the people and of the neighborhood were neglected or overlooked by the city in favor towards neighborhoods north of I-30
44% said this was because thier neighborhood was not rich enough
unisghtly abandoned properties in the neighborhood contribute significantly to negative neighborhood morale
17%
residents feel unsafe, neglected, marginalized, unwilling to speak up, and doubtful of the reliability of their police and city government officials
cited higher crime rates, lower police presence, and poor maintenance
cited other reasons
1956 It took several years of wrangling, but a new Federal-Aid Highway Act passed in June 1956. The law authorized the construction of a 41,000-milenetwork of interstate highways that would span the nation.
police
health + safety
residents indicated a percieved lack of police presence and general distrust of police in their neighborhoods
61%
1970 Congressman Wilbur D. Mills, chair of the powerful Ways and Means Committee, became engaged in the project. Within monnts, the federal highway agency changed course, and the project was brought into the federal system.
sidewalk condition is a safety concern, as many people, including children and the disabled, who are walking home from work or school are forced to walk in the street residents indicated a high level of concern regarding public safety, with crimes such as theft and robbery being frequently mentioned
of residents said they would call the city to report illegal or suspicious activity
opportunity
housing
for many, engaging youth in healthy recreation options is a method of crime prevention
a number of vacant lots and houses represent a significant fire hazard, decreases the value of surrounding properties, and are often used as havens for drug users, the homeless, and prostitutes
many residents believe that expanding job opportunities will help decrease crime rates
â&#x20AC;&#x153;From what I can tell, the city just tears them down, ridding us of our past as well as our hope for the future.â&#x20AC;?
residents noted that public transportation in the areais often unreliable, making it extremely difficult to work
1975-1979 With completion of the project on the horizon, Arkansas Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) â&#x20AC;&#x201D;an advocacy group for low- and moderate-income families and communities, founded in 1970â&#x20AC;&#x201D;became active in the issue.
pressing issues
demographics
requiring assistance from the city government, according to residents:
median age
economy
Pettaway
Pulaski County
44.75 ....... 35.5
b P WP" 4Q( 4 ( # $ : Ib D )bb 5 Jb b population below poverty rate b crime ^b one common concern was that there are actually ;Z bX RH b b b Cb ; Q C b b Pettaway Pulaski County b 0 few jobs avaliable [ [ Kb Y Y 7 Eb , L X 6`B% b 6 6 b 6b <b 6b 6 < + b * * U @ S ' & /A ab12% abandoned R= houses / lack of housing / etc. ....... 15.4% . = 26.3% in the neighborhoods south of I-630 \ \ >b 8 8 b ? G AW< _b 4 bb -Jb6bPb3 4Tb b 1 <A2Fb <4Qb Mb b F O NbbV 912% 6 ]brepair / upkeep / maintenance R-7!bstreet
0 b Z Y 7 9% care for youth and elderly / access to welfare median household income a number of residents indicated that lack of timely / effective police intervention 8% Pettaway Pulaski County a lack of investment in their neighborhoods 8% homelessness / poverty / hunger $21,141 ....... $44,370 has affected economic growth and development, 8% unemployment / lack of jobs Federal district judge J. Smith Henley, ACORN opposed completion of the eastern segment because of its impact on the low-income, heavily minority neighborhoods in this section of the interstateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s footprint, as well as the African-American business district.
26%
17%
ruled that the environmental impact statement filed by the state highway department with the federal government was inadequate. The ruling led to a new environmental impact studythat was approved by federal judge G. Thomas Eisele in 1979, allowing the project to proceed.
other issues
the five downtown neighborhoods
years
leading to a lack of jobs and career possibilities
this data indicates a disparity of opportunity in Pettaway in comparison to other parts of Pulaski County
pettaway neighborhood
% 6( < &< < *50 .+," < 4 1 <$8 < < < < 7)< /'< <
Aerial view of I-630, looking east, when it ended shortly past the Woodrow Street Bridge.
;<
: 9<
The eastern segment of the highway, the final piece, was opened to traffic on September 29, 1985.
-
3! !< 2
I-6
#<
treet
1985
3
main s
8
2012 I-630, looking east toward downtown Little Rock, from the Woodrow Street Bridge
1. central business district 2. central high neighborhood 3. macarthur park 4. pettaway neighborhood 5. governorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mansion district
roosevelt road
years
30
macarthur park
opportunity in little rock LARC 3356 - Design V - Prof. Noah Billig - Fall 2016 - Erin Cox
obesity rate by gender men
PARK ACCESS
±
RIVER MOUNTAIN
0 0.5 1
2
3
obesity rate by age
obesity rate by age 34.1%
white
35.1%
women
18-25
33.2% 43.9%
black
36.8%
26-44
36.9%
latino
Miles 4
20.7%
40.5%
45-64 29.8%
65+ RESERVOIR
HEIGHTS
WALNUT VALLEY
ROCK CREEK
MIDTOWN HILLCREST
WEST MARKHAM BRIARWOOD
MEDICAL CENTER CAPITAL VIEW-STIFF
DOWNTOWN CENTRAL HIGH STEPHENS
BOYLE PARK JOHN BARROW
EAST OF I-30
OAK FOREST
SOUTH END BIG DICKINSON LAKE
WESTWOOD-PECAN LAKE WAKEFIELD
UPPER BASELINE
CLOVERDALE WATSON OTTER CREEK CRYSTAL
NEIGHBORHOOD PARK RATING 0.0
CHICOT WEST
0.1 - 1.0
12.6%
opportunity
65TH STREET WEST
SOUTH GEYER SPRINGS
1.1 - 2.0
current adult diabetes rate in Arkansas
(n): a situation or condition that places individuals in a position to be more likely to succeed, excel, and be healthy, comfortable, and happy
2.1 - 4.0 4.1 - 6.0 PUBLIC LANDS
0
0.5
1
2
Miles 4
3
current adult obesity rate in Arkansas
why is this important? urban communities that are more walkable, enjoyable to live in, healthy and safe are often those that provide opportunity for its residents through good housing, access to supermarkets, a variety of job oppo rtunities, and low crime rates
POPULATION USING PUBLIC TRANSIT
±
34.5%
diabetes
obesity
PUBLIC TRANSIT USERS 0.000000 - 6.000000 6.000001 - 18.000000 18.000001 - 31.000000 31.000001 - 44.000000 44.000001 - 96.000000
transportation
health + safety
SINGLE DRIVERS
±
0
0.5
1
2
Miles 4
3
crime
access
SINGLE USER PER VEHICLE 8.000000 - 268.000000 268.000001 - 549.000000 549.000001 - 916.000000
CRIME RATES
916.000001 - 1905.000000 1905.000001 - 3997.000000
±
RIVER MOUNTAIN
RESERVOIR
economy
0.5
1
2
Miles 4
3
HEIGHTS
MIDTOWN
ROCK CREEK
job opportunity
0
WALNUT VALLEY
HILLCREST
WEST MARKHAM
MEDICAL CENTER CAPITAL VIEW-STIFF
BRIARWOOD
DOWNTOWN CENTRAL HIGH STEPHENS
BOYLE PARK JOHN BARROW
EAST OF I-30
OAK FOREST
SOUTH END BIG DICKINSON LAKE
WESTWOOD-PECAN LAKE WAKEFIELD
65TH STREET WEST UPPER BASELINE
!
! !
!
/ / ! !
!
SUPERMARKET ACCESS
!
! ! ! !! ! !
CLOVERDALE WATSON
! !
!
!
±
!
! ! !
/
! !
!
!
0 0.5 1
2
3
OTTER CREEK CRYSTAL
CRIME RATES (% higher than national average) CHICOT WEST
20.000000 - 85.000000
Miles 4
SOUTH GEYER SPRINGS
85.000001 - 208.000000 208.000001 - 281.000000 281.000001 - 314.000000
! ! !!
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119 - 279
!
280 - 549
1 - 15
!
16 - 47
/
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!
280 - 549
! !
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1 - 15
!
16 - 47
!
48 - 118
!
119 - 279
!
280 - 549
RESERVOIR
cost of living !
/
1/2 MILE FROM SUPERMARKET
0
0.5
1
2
Miles 4
3
HEIGHTS
MIDTOWN
ROCK CREEK WALNUT VALLEY
167,556
!
POPULATION DENSITIES IN POVERTY !
RIVER MOUNTAIN
population of workers in poverty
! ! ! !
!
!
!
!
! ! ! ! ! !!
/ ! /! ! /! ! ! ! / ! / / ! ! ! !
!
48 - 118 119 - 279
/
!
!
! !! !
!!
!
!
!
±
! !
!
!
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
! !
POPULATION WITHIN DRIVING DISTANCE
!
!
!
// /
!!
!
!!
!
!!
!
!! !
POPULATION WITHIN WALKING DISTANCE 1 - 15
/
! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! !!!
!
!
!
Supermarkets
!
! !! ! ! ! ! !
!
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314.000001 - 331.000000
!
/ / /
!
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! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!!!! !!!! !! !!! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !! !! !!!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
!
Legend
!!! !!!! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !
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/
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//
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/
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HILLCREST
WEST MARKHAM
MEDICAL CENTER CAPITAL VIEW-STIFF
BRIARWOOD
DOWNTOWN CENTRAL HIGH STEPHENS
BOYLE PARK JOHN BARROW
EAST OF I-30
OAK FOREST
SOUTH END BIG DICKINSON LAKE
WESTWOOD-PECAN LAKE
1 MILE FROM SUPERMARKET
WAKEFIELD
65TH STREET WEST UPPER BASELINE
CLOVERDALE WATSON OTTER CREEK CRYSTAL
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES CHICOT WEST
0 - 2.5%
SOUTH GEYER SPRINGS
2.6 - 5.0% 5.1 - 7.5% 7.6 - 10.0% 10.1 - 12.5%
8.3%
PUBLIC SCHOOL QUALITY
! !
±
0 0.5 1
2
3
Miles 4
below poverty line
!
8.0%
!
! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !
education
!
!
!
!
quality
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
at 100-149% of poverty line
83.7%
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
LEGEND
at or above 150% of poverty line
!
!
!
PUBLIC SCHOOL
RATING
! ! ! !
!
!
!
A
!
!
B
!
!
!
!
!
C
COST OF LIVING
±
D RIVER MOUNTAIN
DEFINED NEIGHBORHOOD
RESERVOIR
quantity
0.5
1
2
Miles 4
3
HEIGHTS
MIDTOWN
ROCK CREEK WALNUT VALLEY
median household income
0
HILLCREST
WEST MARKHAM
MEDICAL CENTER CAPITAL VIEW-STIFF
BRIARWOOD
DOWNTOWN
housing
$44,546
CENTRAL HIGH STEPHENS
BOYLE PARK JOHN BARROW
EAST OF I-30
OAK FOREST
SOUTH END BIG DICKINSON LAKE
WESTWOOD-PECAN LAKE WAKEFIELD
65TH STREET WEST UPPER BASELINE
CLOVERDALE WATSON OTTER CREEK CRYSTAL
COST OF LIVING (% of national average) CHICOT WEST
84.000000 - 87.000000
SOUTH GEYER SPRINGS
87.000001 - 91.000000 91.000001 - 96.000000 96.000001 - 107.000000 107.000001 - 117.000000
POPULATION WITH BACHELOR'S DEGREE
POPULATION WITH NO SCHOOLING COMPLETED
±
0 0.5 1
2
±
Miles 4
3
0 0.5 1
2
3
HOMEOWNERS
±
RIVER MOUNTAIN
Miles 4
RESERVOIR
0
0.5
1
2
3
Miles 4
HEIGHTS
MIDTOWN
ROCK CREEK WALNUT VALLEY
HILLCREST
WEST MARKHAM
MEDICAL CENTER CAPITAL VIEW-STIFF
BRIARWOOD
DOWNTOWN CENTRAL HIGH STEPHENS
BOYLE PARK JOHN BARROW
EAST OF I-30
OAK FOREST
SOUTH END BIG DICKINSON LAKE
WESTWOOD-PECAN LAKE WAKEFIELD
POPULATION DENSITY
65TH STREET WEST UPPER BASELINE
±
CLOVERDALE WATSON OTTER CREEK CRYSTAL
POPULATION
POPULATION
0.000000
CHICOT WEST
% HOMES OWNED
0.000000 - 147.000000
RIVER MOUNTAIN
SOUTH GEYER SPRINGS
RESERVOIR
0.000000 - 45.200000
0.000001 - 14.000000
0
0.5
HEIGHTS
147.000001 - 310.000000 45.200001 - 57.700000
14.000001 - 29.000000
MIDTOWN
ROCK CREEK
310.000001 - 497.000000
WALNUT VALLEY
57.700001 - 65.200000
29.000001 - 45.000000
497.000001 - 789.000000
45.000001 - 75.000000
HILLCREST
WEST MARKHAM
65.200001 - 72.900000
789.000001 - 1798.000000
MEDICAL CENTER CAPITAL VIEW-STIFF
BRIARWOOD
DOWNTOWN CENTRAL HIGH STEPHENS
BOYLE PARK JOHN BARROW
OAK FOREST
SOUTH END BIG DICKINSON LAKE
WESTWOOD-PECAN LAKE WAKEFIELD
POPULATION WITH HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA
±
0 0.5 1
2
3
POPULATION WITH MASTER'S DEGREE
±
Miles 4
0 0.5 1
2
3
±
RIVER MOUNTAIN
RENTERS 0
0.5
1
2
3
65TH STREET WEST UPPER BASELINE
Miles 4
CLOVERDALE WATSON OTTER CREEK CRYSTAL
POPULATION DENSITY / SQ. MILE
Miles 4 RESERVOIR
244.000000 - 600.000000
HEIGHTS
600.000001 - 1000.000000 MIDTOWN
ROCK CREEK
1000.000001 - 1500.000000
WALNUT VALLEY
HILLCREST
WEST MARKHAM
1500.000001 - 3000.000000 3000.000001 - 4000.000000
MEDICAL CENTER CAPITAL VIEW-STIFF
BRIARWOOD
DOWNTOWN CENTRAL HIGH STEPHENS
BOYLE PARK JOHN BARROW
OAK FOREST
SOUTH END BIG DICKINSON LAKE
WESTWOOD-PECAN LAKE WAKEFIELD
65TH STREET WEST UPPER BASELINE
CLOVERDALE WATSON OTTER CREEK CRYSTAL
POPULATION
POPULATION
% HOMES RENTED
0.000000 - 82.000000
0.000000 - 33.000000
27.100000 - 32.500000
82.000001 - 156.000000
33.000001 - 88.000000
32.500001 - 37.600000
156.000001 - 241.000000
88.000001 - 167.000000
241.000001 - 396.000000
167.000001 - 277.000000
396.000001 - 994.000000
277.000001 - 751.000000
37.600001 - 51.300000 51.300001 - 66.700000 66.700001 - 100.000000
CHICOT WEST
SOUTH GEYER SPRINGS
EAST OF I-30
CHICOT WEST
SOUTH GEYER SPRINGS
EAST OF I-30
1
2
3
Miles 4