TOOLSANDMETHODSFORHISTORICAL RESEARCH
MENTORS:
Prof.ANTONIORUSSO
Prof.METIN
FacultyofArchitecture
Batch:2019-20
AUTHOR: NEELPATEL
1922154
SapienzaUniversityofRome Italy
FINALBOOK
■TABLEOFCOTENTS:
1.GroupAssignments(1):
-ColumnBases
-FacadeTypes
-Belltowers
-ChurchDomes
-ChurchInteriors
2.IndividualClassExercises:
-PienoinAsse
-FacadeTypes
-ChurchInteriors
-BellTowers
-ChurchDomes
3.GroupAssignments(2):
-18thcenturyOttomanArchitecture
-PalazzoCampidoglio
-PalazzoFarnese
-SantaMariaDelPopolo
-TempiettoofBramante
-VillaGiulia
GroupExercises(1) ColumnBases
PALAZZOWEDEKIND(IONICCOLUMNWITHATTICBASE)
ATTICBASE
PALAZZOWEDEKIND
■
COLUMNBASES
5
SANROCCO(CORENTHIANCOLUMNWITHPEDISTIAL)
CORINTHIANBASE
SANROCCOVIARIPETTA
■COLUMNBASES
6
GroupExercises(1) FACADETYPES
7
BASILICADISANCLEMENTE
ArchitecturalfeaturesofFacade
HybridFacade
-Thechurchisonaclassicalbasilicalplan,withthecentralnave havingarcadedsideasileandanexternalsemicircleapes.
-Thefacadeofthechurchisdividedin2parts.
-Groundfloorofthechurchishaving5bayswithioniccolumns, supportedbyseriesofarches[serliana]
-Beforegoingtothefirstfloorofthefacadethereisabandofattic ordercolumnconnectedtothefirstfloorandthegroundfloor.
-Onthefirstfloorthereare4pilastersonthefacadewhich increasesbeautyofthefacade
-Onthesidesofthefacadetherearesporllsrepresentingthe featuresofadequlafacade
-Thereisaentanceloggiaatthegroundfloorrepresentingthe featuresofpallazofacade
ExamplesofHybridfacade
TheS.SebastianofuorileMura isalotheexampleofhybrid facdeasthefacadehasentrance loggiawith3baysandtheattic orderonthefirstfloor
TheS.FrancescaRomanis anotherexampleforhybrid facadeasitsfacadehas eantranceloggiaingroundfloor andadequlafacadefeatureson thefirstfloor
■FACADETYPES
S.Francesca Romana
S.Sebastiano fuorileMura
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HybridFacade
TheBasilicadiSan Clementeisaminor basilicadedicatedto PopeClementI.This templeisremarkable because archaeologically,it recordsthehistoryof Romefromthe beginningofChristianity upuntiltheMiddle Ages.
1.Ioniccolumnorders
2.Atticcolumnorders
3.Sprolls
4.Corinthianpilasters
5.Entablature
6.Pediment
■FACADETYPES
BASILICADISANCLEMENTE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7.SerlianaArch 9
■FACADETYPES
BASILICADISANCLEMENTE
SANGEOVANNILATERANO
HybridFacade
Borrominithearchitectof piazzaSanGiovanniin Laterano.Sangiovanniin lateranoisaheavily restoredandremodelied 4thcentuary.overthe yearssangiovannihas undergoneaseriesof modificationsduetosome phenomenathatcausedits destruction;apowerful earthquakein896which causedtherooftocollapse andtwofires,onein1308 andanotherin1361.only in1650,bythewillofpope innocentXwasthetotal reorganizationsignedby francesocastelliknownas borrominiwhorebuiltthe centralnaveandtheside one
Architecturalfeaturesoffacade:
-Porticoelementsinthefacadeofgroundlevel.
-Loggiainthefirstfloor
-palazzialeelementsintheupperandlowerpartsofthefacade.
-inthefacadethecolumnsareusedasajointcolumnorderwith includesbothgroundfloorandfirstfloor.
-thecapitalofthecolumnsareCorinthiancompositecolumns orderwithbaseofattic.
-thefacadeincludeboththecolumnsandpilasterswithpedestal underthem
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■FACADETYPES
SANROCCOVIARIPETIA
IntersectedFacade
Architecturalfeaturesoffacade: ThefacadeofChurchishaving Intersectorderfeatures.
Theexteriorcolumnofthefacade arecorenthianorderwhichare havingatticbasepedistial.
Ionicorderpilastersarealsoseen intheexteriorontheeither cornersofthefacade.
Theanglelikemotifsareplaced onthecornerofthefacadeonthe eithersides.
Theentrancedoorisdecorated withapedimentsupportedby volutes.
Theinterseptorderfeaturesare clearlyseenintheuppermiddle imagewhichishighlightedbytwo colours.
Thepilastersarehavingthereown entablaturewhichrunsthrough outthechurch.
Pairedpilastersareplacedonthe smallpedistialwithitsbase.
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Exampleofintersectedfaçade Santamariaaimonti.
■FACADETYPES SANROCCOVIARIPETIA
12
IntersectedFacade
■FACADETYPES
SANROCCOVIARIPETIA
IntersectedFacade
IONICPEDIMENT
CORINTHIANCOLUMNORDER
ENTABLATURE
IONICCOLUMNCAPITAL
SHAFT
BASE
DORICPEDISTIAL
AboutSANROCCOVIARIPETIA
Architect-Giovanantoniodirossi
Style-Baroquestyleofarchitecture
in1499byPopeAlexanderVIThechurchwasbornontheinitiative ofthe"ConfraternityofSanRocco",dedicatedtothesaintof Montpellie
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SANTAMARIAINCOSMEDIN
PORTICOFACADE
TheBasilicaofSaint MaryinCosmedinisa minorbasilicachurch inRome.itwas foundedin6th centuaryandbuiltin 8thcentuary.The porticoweseetoday wasbuiltinthe twelfthcentury.The tallbelltowerdates fromthesameperiod. Intheearlyeighteenth century,many Baroqueelements wereaddedtoSanta MariainCosmedin, includinganew facade,designedby GiuseppeSardiand addedin1781. However,theBaroque additionswere removedaroundthe turnofthetwentieth centuryandthe church'soriginallook wasrestored.
■FACADETYPES
14
-Therestored Medievalfaçadehasa porticowithseven arches.
-Themedivalfacade wasrestoredwith baroquefacadein 18thcentuary.
-Thefrontporticois havingsemicircular archraisedbyionic ordercolumnsfrom medivalperiod.
-Theporticotopis enhancedby pediment-the entrancetothechurch isfromthemiddle archofthefacade.
-Therestarcheson thesidesareclosedby msgates
-Thefacadeishaving otherinteresting featureabovethose archestherearesmall archwindows
-Theupperportionof thefacadeis enhancedby pediment,entablature andsmallarched windows
■FACADETYPES SANTAMARIAINCOSMEDIN
PORTICOFACADE .
15
Architecturefeatureoffacade
FACADETYPES
SANPIETROINMONTORIO
PEDIMENT FIRSTFLOOR
FROUNDFLOOR WITHPLASTER BASE
■
ATTICFACADE .
FACADEWITHATTICORDER
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■FACADETYPES
SANPIETROINMONTORIO
ATTICFACADE
Architect–CarloMaderno
Style–Baroquestyleof architecture
-TheChurchofSan PietroinMontoriowas builtonthesiteofan earlier9th-century churchdedicatedtoSaint PeteronRome's Janiculumhill.
-TheFacadeofchurchisdividedintwolevelsbothare havingdoricorderpilastersasthecornersolutionofthe facade.
-Ingroundfloorfacadehastheentrancedoorfollowedby seriesofstepswhichisengravedbydecorativepediment andhavingamotifkindframeabovetoitspediment.
-Bothfirstandgroundfloorpilastershavebaseandcapital whichareofdoricorder.
-Pedimentofthestructureisslightlyprojectedoutsideand onthefirstfloorthereisacircularwindowopening.
.
17
■FACADETYPES
SANTIDOMENICAESISTO
PEDIMENT
ATTICBASE
ENTABLATURE
PILASTERS FACADEWITHNICHES
PALAZZALEFACADE
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SANTIDOMENICAESISTO
PALAZZALEFACADE
Architect-CarloMaderno
Style-Baroquestyleofarchitecture
-Thesingleentrancehasanelaborate entrancegatewaywhichhasapairofIonic columnswithcapitals,whichsupportsa brokensegmentalpediment.
-Theupperstoreybeginswithanatticplinth,whichhasfour BaroquePedistialsengravedwithmotifsonit.
-ThefirststoreyhasfourpairsofCorinthianpilasters.
-Thesesupportanentablaturewithacornicewhichhasboth modillionsanddentillation.
-Therearerectangularnicheswithmoldedframesonthefirstfloor andgroundfloorwhichmakesthefacadeasPalazzaleFacade.
.
■FACADETYPES
19
■FACADETYPES
SANT’IGNAZODILOYOLA
AEDICULAFACADE
Architect-CarloMaderno Style-Baroquestyleof architecture
In1562-566achurchwas builtonthesiteoftoday's S.Ignazio;itwasdedicated toS.MariaAnnunziata.The churchhoweverdidnot meettherequirementsof CollegioRomanowhich wasattendedbysome 2,000studentsandin1626 itwaspulleddowntomake roomforalargerchurch. churchwasbuiltin Baroquestylebetween 1626-1650,thechurch funcionedoriginallyasthe chappeloftheadjacent romancollege,thatmoved in1584toanewlarger building
ThefacadeofChurchishavingaediculafacadefeatures.
-Thefacadeisoftwolevelsinthecentertherearecompositeorder columnswhichstopsatfirstentablaturelevelandcontinuestill secoundentablature.
-Thereisasemicirculararchattheentrance.
-Thereispedistialatthefirstfloorafterentablature.
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■FACADETYPES
SANT’IGNAZODILOYOLA AEDICULAFACADE
PEDIMENTSWITHSTATUESON TOP
SPROLLS
PEDISTIALONFIRSTFLOOR
ENTABLATUREWITHSEMIARCH INCENTRE
COMPOSITECAPITAL
COMPOSITECOLUMNORDER
COMPOSITEBASE
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GroupExercises(1) BELLTOWERS
22
■BELLTOWERS
SANTAMARIADEIMIRACOLI
23
■
17THCENTUARY FirstLevel Secondlevel Thirdlevel
SANTAMARIADEIMIRACOLI 17THCENTUARY
Architect-CarloRenaldi
Style-Baroquestyleofarchitecture
TheChurchofSantaMariadeiMiracoliislocatedinPiazzadel Popoloabovetheremainsoftwoprior,pyramidalfunerary monumentsdatingbacktotheAugustanAge.
ThesameremainscanbefoundinthenearbyChurchofSanta MariainMontesanto,whichislocatedontheothersideofthe square.Giventheirlocationandtheirverysimilarlayout,thetwo churchesarecommonlyknownas“twins”.Asthetwochurches,the twofunerarymonumentshadthepurposetosymbolizea monumentalentrancetoCampoMarzio,andtodefinethesocalled“trident”ofstreetsofViadelBabuino,ViadelCorsoandVia diRipetta,whichalldepartfromPiazzadelPopolo
COMPARITIVELYANALYSIS
■BELLTOWERS
24
■BELLTOWERS ■SANTAMARIAINLORETO Secondlevel Firstlevel 16THCENTUARY 25
Architect-AntoniodaSangalloyounger Style-Renaissancearchitecture
TheChurchofSantaMariainLoreto,locatedintheheartofRome, isconsideredthebestworkoftheRenaissancearchitectAntonioda SangallotheYounger.Thisstructurewasamplifiedandextended overtheyears,thebelltowerandclockbeingaddedin1731and towardstheendofthe18thcentury,themainaltarandinternal decorationinlavishblackandwhitemarblefromGenoa,was complete.
Itisbuiltinbricksandtravertineandisremarkableforthegreat beautyoftheproportionsandthenobleeffectproducedwithgreat simplicity.Thelowerorderhasasquareplan,theupperoneis octagonalandthewholeissurmountedbyafinedomeandahigh lantern.
COMPARITIVELYANALYSIS
■BELLTOWERS
SANTAMARIAINLORETO 16THCENTUARY
26
■BELLTOWERS ■ SANT’ANDREADELLAFRATTE 17THCENTUARY GroundLevel FirstLevel Planofdrum Level SecondLevel
27
Viewofbell tower
■BELLTOWERS
SANT’ANDREADELLAFRATTE
Architect-Borromini,Mattiaderossi
Style-Baroquestyleofarchitecture
17THCENTUARY
Thechurchwasrebuiltbeginningin1604throughthegenerosityof awealthybenefactor,PaolodelBufalo,whohadaresidenceinthe neighbourhood.Thework,however,wentalongveryslowlyand wasfinishedonlyin1691.Severalarchitectshadahandinthe rebuilding,themostfamousofwhomwasFrancescoBorromini.To himweowetheapse,thedrumofthedome,andespeciallythebell tower.ConsideredoneofBorromini'smasterpieces,thebelltower ofthischurchissimilartotheonehedesignedforthechurchof Sant'IvoallaSapienzanearPiazzaNavona.Itisatwo-storiedtower, circularonthelowerlevelandconvex-concaveontheupperpart, typicaltrademarksoftheBorroministyle..
COMPARITIVELYANALYSIS
28
■BELLTOWERS ■SANTAMARIAINMONTICEILLI MEDIVALPERIOD FirstAndSecond Level ThirdLevel FourthLevel FifthLevel 29
SANTAMARIAINMONTICEILLI
MEDIVALPERIOD
Architect-Matteosassi,Giusepesardi
Achurchwasfoundedatthesiteinthe12thcenturyand reconsecratedbyInnocentIIin1143.S.MARIAINMONTICELLIisa godexampleofanoldchurchwhoseexteriorisrepairedinnew soberstate.Thenewfacadeofthechurchwasbuiltbymatteosassi. Thebelltowerwasbuiltinthe12thcenturyanditwastaller,but thetwoupperstoreyswerepulleddownintheearly17thcentury; thebelltowerismadeofbricks.First2storeyoftheBelltowerare having2archopeningsoneachsideandin3rdand4thfloorthere are3archopenings.Entablatureofthetoweriscarriedinevery singlestoreyofthetowertobreakthecontinuityofthetower.
COMPARITIVELYANALYSIS
■BELLTOWERS
30
31
■BELLTOWERS ■CHIESADISANTAMARIAINTRASPONTINA Firstlevel Secondlevel 16THCENTUARY
■BELLTOWERS
■CHIESADISANTAMARIAINTRASPONTINA
16THCENTUARY
Architect-Borromini
Style-Baroquestyleofarchitecture
ThechurchhasareferencetoTraspontina(beyondthebridge), ratherthantoBorgo,becausewhenitwascompletedthe neighbourhoodwasstillpartofRionePonteandalsobecausein originthechurchwaslocatedmuchnearertoPontedegliAngeli.It wasamedievalchurchwithaportico;ithousedtwobroken columnstowhichSt.PeterandSt.Paulweretied;becauseofits proximitytotheriveritwasoftendamagedbyfloods.In1564Pope PiusIVdecidedtosurroundCastelSant'Angelowithnewwallsand thechurchwaspulleddown.ItwasrebuiltalongBorgoNuovo,but theconstructionwascompletedonlyin1668.Youmaywishtosee thechurchina1588GuidetoRome,whenthefaçadebySallustio PeruzziandOttavioMascherinowasalreadyfinished,butthedome andthetranseptwereyettobestarted.
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GroupExercises(1) ChurchDomes
■ LATERNBAPISTERYCATHOLICCHURCH
16THCENTUARY
Sectiondetailof Dome
Decorativepaintings
CorinthianPlasters
■CHURCHDOMES
TamburoLevelPlan
34
Circularwindow
16THCENTUARY
InternalDome
ExternalDome
■CHURCHDOMES LATERNBAPISTERYCATHOLICCHURCH
DomeLevelPlan
35
InteriorviewofDome
■CHURCHDOMES
LATERNBAPISTERYCATHOLICCHURCH
16THCENTUARY
MIDOF16THCENTUARYDOME
Architect:FrancescoBorromini
Style:PaleoChristianArchitecture
36
■CHURCHDOMES ■ SAINTANDREADELLAVALLE 16THCENTUARY SectiondetailofDome 37
SAINTANDREADELLAVALLE 16THCENTUARY InteriorviewofDome 38
■CHURCHDOMES
■CHURCHDOMES SAINTANDREADELLAVALLE
EARLY16THCENTUARYDOME
Architect:CarloMaderno
Style:BaroqueArchitecture
16THCENTUARY
39
■CHURCHDOMES
SAINTAGNESEINAGONE 17THCENTUARY SectiondetailofDome 40
■
SAINTAGNESEINAGONE 17THCENTUARY InteriorviewofDome 41
■CHURCHDOMES ■
■CHURCHDOMES
SAINTAGNESEINAGONE
17THCENTUARY LATE16THCENTUARYDOME
Architect:FrancescoBorromini
42
Style:BaroqueArchitecture
GroupExercises(1) CHURCHINTERIOIRS
15THCENTUARY
ThechurchofSanMarcelloal CorsoisaCatholicplaceof worshipinRome,locatedinthe Trevidistrict,alongViadelCorso. Itisthechurchofthecardinal titleofSanMarcello.Founded sincethefourthcenturybyPope MarcelloI,itwasrebuiltaftera devastatingfire,startingin1519, byJacopoSansovino.Itisthe churchwithRenaissanceand Baroquestyle.
Observation
Thebuildinghasasinglenave, withfivechapelsoneachside.
TheAbeshavepalladiumwindow openingontheboyhsides.
Thetriumphalarchisrefferedto phantheon
■CHURCHINTERIORS ■CHIESADISANMARCELLOALCORSO
44
■CHURCHINTERIORS ■CHIESADISANMARCELLOALCORSO 15THCENTUARY Cornerdetail“A"Planandview
Cornerdetail“C”Planandview 45
Cornerdetail“B”Planandview
TheBasilicaofSt.MaryoftheAngelsandtheMartyrsisabasilicaandtitular churchinRome,Italy,builtinsidetheruinedfrigidariumoftheRomanBathsof DiocletianinthePiazzadellaRepubblica.Itwasconstructedinthe16thcentury followinganoriginaldesignbyMichelangeloBuonarroti.Otherarchitectsand artistsaddedtothechurchoverthefollowingcenturies.DuringtheKingdom ofItaly,thechurchwasusedforreligiousstatefunctions.
Observations
PlanofthebuildingisGreekCross,withDomeontheearlyentranceofthe church.Theinteriorofthechurchisremarkableandcompletelyunpredictable fromlookingatitsbarefaçade.
theChurchisbeautifullydecoratedwithvastfrescoesonitswallsand enormousseveralcolouredmarblecolumns. thereare4differentchappelsinthebuildingandoneapes everychappeliswelcomedbyTrimphalarch
■CHURCHINTERIORS ■ SANTAMARIADEGLIANGELIEDEIMARTIRI 16THCENTUARY
46
SANTAMARIADEGLIANGELIEDEIMARTIRI
Cornerdetail“A"Planandview
Cornerdetail“B”Planandview
CHURCHINTERIORS
16THCENTUARY
■
■
47
■CHURCHINTERIORS ■ 16THCENTUARY Cornerdetail“C"Planandview Cornerdetail“D”Planandview SANTAMARIADEGLIANGELIEDEIMARTIRI 48
16THCENTUARY
Architect-CarloMaderno
Style-Baroquestyleofarchitecture
In1562-566achurchwasbuilton thesiteoftoday'sS.Ignazio;itwas dedicatedtoS.MariaAnnunziata. Thechurchhoweverdidnotmeet therequirementsofCollegio Romanowhichwasattendedby some2,000studentsandin1626it waspulleddowntomakeroomfora largerchurch.churchwasbuiltin Baroquestylebetween1626-1650
Observation
Theplanofthechurchisinlatin crossshape.
interiorofthechurchisenhanced byarchesandpilasters.
pilastersshareacommon entablature.
Trimphalarchformavoluteto supportdomeinthechurch
■CHURCHINTERIORS ■ CHIESADISANT’IGNAZIODILOYOLA
49
KEY PLAN
■CHURCHINTERIORS ■ 16THCENTUARY Cornerdetail“A"Planandview Cornerdetail“B”Planandview SANTAMARIADEGLIANGELIEDEIMARTIRI 50