Timeless by nawaraalmandeel

Nawara AlMandeel

Timeless by Nawara AlMandeel

A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2020

To my father, Zuhair Jumaa' AlMandeel, whom provided me with a household filled with love towards my beautiful country's traditions and heritage. This book is dedicated to everyone that is constantly in the journey of loving the heritage and Architecture of their own Motherland and curious to know more about mine.

Acknowledgement I would like express my gratitude to Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai for this incredible journey and opportunity. I'd like to especially thank Professor Abdellatif AlQamaieh for his continuous support and guidance to make this book possible. His enthusiasim and patience always motivated me towards creating my best possible outcomes. And ofcourse to my family. For the incredible support system and love they provided me with throughout the making of this thesis.

Approval of the Thesis Book for Final Architectural Project Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai

Student’s Full Name: Nawara Zuhair AlMandeel Thesis Book Title: Timeless

Thesis Abstract: The kingdom of Bahrain is one of the richest islands in the Arabian Peninsula with cultural monuments that date back to the Sumerian and Assyrian times. It is the heart of fascinating temples and forts that bind the kingdom together for its profound culture. Foreign interest brought disruption into the intellectual growth reflected by architecture in the country. With that put into perspective, it is unfortunate that Bahrain lacks this deep heritage root in its architectural identity during this current day and time. It is essential that all demographic slates of people; the youth, seniors, and even the physically impaired, get to learn and embrace the kingdom of Bahrain's deep cultural heritage and get inspired to revive what is lost. The project would be a livable, sustainable educational cultural center, hosting multiple activities that would invite all demographics from all around the world to visit and immerse in Bahrain's true architectural identity. The former would be implemented by including water-centric views of Bahrain’s pearl diving history and water related activities; including contemporary livable areas such as resort hotels and vacation villas that overlook museums and refabricated historical monumental sculptures.

Student Signature: ________________________ Date: __________________ Professor Name: Professor Signature: _______________________ Date: __________________

T ABLE O F C ONTENT

CH 1.0 INTRODUCTION Pages 1 - 2

1.1 URBAN GROWTH IN MANAMA Pages 3 - 10

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Pages 11 - 16

1.3 MANAMA URBAN HISTORY Pages 17 - 21

1.4 CURRENT DAY MANAMA Pages 22 - 23

CH 2.0 REVITALIZING CULTURAL HERITAGE Pages 24 - 29

CH 3.0 CASE STUDIES Pages 30 - 67

CH 4.0 CONTEXT SELECTION Pages 68 - 75

4.2 SITE SURROUNDINGS

Pages 76 - 77

4.3 SITE ACCESS & CIRCULATION

Pages 79 - 80

4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

Pages 81 - 82

4.5 VIEWS & SURROUNDINGS

Pages 83 - 84

CH 5.0 PROGRAM Pages 87 - 90

6.1 CONCEPT 1

Pages 93 - 94

6.2 CONCEPT 2 Pages 95 - 96

6.3 CONCEPT 3

Pages 97 - 98

6.4 ABSTRACT CONCEPTS Pages 99 - 100

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Pages 101 - 102

TABLE OF FIGURES

Pages 103 - 108

CH 6.0 CONCEPT

Pages 91 - 92

H ISTORY O F B AHRAIN

CH. 1

I NTRODUCTION

Figure 1 - Vernacular Architecture

Cultural Identity in the form of

formulate what is known as a cultural

belonging to a society and heritage; it’s

identity. The importance of culture and

part of human nature to self-perceive and

architectural identity is undeniable. It may

self-conceptualize with nationality, religion,

also give rise to unique urbanscapes and

locality, generation, or reside towards

solutions that may pave the way for fur-

a social group unique culture. Cultural

ther architectural evolution.The dismissal

identity reflected by architecture stands as

of traditional aspects of regional or, more

an intellectual accomplishment and a track

specifically, Bahraini architecture stems

record of what the nation has endured

from the lack of understanding, utilization,

and overcome throughout the years to

and expansion of the practice.

The country has accepted glo-

This occurrence left the tradition-

balized modern building techniques and

al and residential areas at risk of aban-

architecture as a more efficient or con-

donment and gentrification. As a result,

venient answer to building morphology

social and commercial functions have been

issues. These answers were imposed upon

localized towardsthe very well served

the nation rather than achieved. Within

and maintained new Manama capital while

this scope of thought, it seems that there

other less prominent cities are purely

is much more left to discover and evolve

residential. It has also paved the way for

upon when it comes to traditional archi-

globalized solutions incredibly wasteful

tecture. It is, in essence, a missing piece of

and reckless in operation, such as clear

the culture. The current enforced urban-

glazed high-rise buildings with an exceed-

ization plans favored the newly founded

ingly high cooling load and energy usage.

commercial and governmental districts.

Sustainability appears to be a secondary

This occurrence left the traditional and

trait of modern globalized architecture,

residential areas at risk of abandonment

whereas the regionally traditional archi-

and gentrification.

tecture was significantly sustainable. The current state of the nation may not be ap-

As a result, social and commercial

parent to people who are not natives.

functions have been localized towards the very well within the architectural compositions has rendered Bahrain’s urban scape to be monotonous. The current enforced urbanization plans favored the newly founded commercial and governmental districts.

1.1 URBAN GROWTH IN MANAMA

T RADE R ELEVANCE

Figure 2 - Dilmun in the Golden Age

The population appears to seg-

The current name “Bahrain”

regate from one city to another in terms

comes from the Arabic word “Bahr,”

of economic class and ancestry. All of

which means sea. Bahrain is a trading hub

which is a result of colonization and the

for many great empires of the ancient

globalized development of the nation. The

world. In ancient times, Bahrain was part

proposed solution will bring relevance to

of a kingdom known as Dilmun. It was lat-

the abandoned cultural identity. As well as

er named Tylos by the Greeks and Portu-

reviving the ancestral essence of tradition-

guese. The current name “Bahrain” comes

al architecture. To bring the old and the

from the Arabic word “Bahr,” which means

new together in coexistence rather than

sea.

seclusion and exclusion.

Bahrain means two seas; the

name is a tribute relating to a rare natural

Bahrain is a trading hub for many

phenomenon where two unique water

great empires of the ancient world. In an-

bodies merge to form what appears to be

cient times, Bahrain was part of a kingdom

a singular body, with natural resources of

known as Dilmun. It was later named Tylos

having sweet/spring and saltwater within

by the Greeks and Portuguese.

the island.

The islands of Bahrain hosted one

In the middle of the second millennium

of the greatest trading empires at the time

BC, the Indus Valley’s fall led to a decline

of the ancient world. Founded during the

in commerce and trading routes as the

bronze age around 3000BC, Bahrain is

main trading harbor between Mesopota-

formerly known as the Dilmun civilization.

mia and the current day. The Indus Valley

In one form or another, this civilization

suffered the most economic difficulty.

lasted for over 2000 years. Dilmun was a

Dilmun was still finding its way as a branch

center of commerce and trade due to its

of the Assyrian empire in the 8th century

geopolitically important location. Bahrain’s

BC and was incorporated entirely into the

place was at the gulf’s heart, linking Mes-

Babylonian empire. (Ootlah 2017)

opotamia (Southern Iraq) with the Indus Valley (India and Pakistan).

Figure 3 - Manama Harbor 1940s

P EARLING I NDUSTRY

Figure 4 - Bahraini pearling divers

With over 3000 years of pearling

history, Bahrain’s kingdom was always known to be the gulf’s pearl. It is recognized throughout history for its pearling industry and prosperity of natural resources.

The roman author, philosopher,

and naturalist, Pliny, continuously wrote about the legendary island that long held the purity and brilliance of its stunning pearls’ beauty. It is thought that somehow, due to Bahrain’s oyster bed locations located around underwater sweet water springs had caused the pearls to be unique to its kind. (“Bahraini Pearls - Danat”)

Pearl diving in Bahrain was first

mentioned in texts dating to 3000 BC by the Assyrian civilization. The golden age of pearl is said to be between the 1850s and 1930s.

The reason for that is that during

that time, pearls were more precious and rarer than diamonds. They attracted jewelers like Jacques Cartier to Bahrain. There were over 30,000 pearl divers around the 1930s because the pearling industry was the principal industry in Bahrain before discovering oil in 1932. After the fall of the pearling industry,

most pearling divers resolved to

The site consists of three oys-

newly founded oil job sectors. The trading

ter beds, the seafront Bu Mahir fortress,

of cultured pearls in Bahrain is currently

and 17 buildings located in the historical

minimal, as very few pearl divers remain

section of Muharraq. A 3.5 km pathway

today. between Mesopotamia and the

connects these segments. This site is the

current day. The Indus Valley suffered the

second world heritage site in Bahrain after

most economic difficulty. Dilmun was still

the “Bahrain fort” in Manama. (“Along

finding its way as a branch of the Assyrian

The Pearling Path: Discovering Muharraq,

empire in the 8th century BC and was

Bahrain”)

incorporated entirely into the Babylonian empire. (Ootlah 2017) Bahrain’s pearling trail (also called the Bahrain pearling pathway) is inscribed as one of the cultural heritage sites on the “UNESCO World Heritage” List on June 30, 2012. Figure 5

Figure 6 - Bahraini Diver, AlHaj Ali Bin Abdulla AlHabib

Figure 7

S ETTLEMENT P ATTERNS

Figure 8 - Excavated Areas in Bahrain

Migration into Manama started

compromising 11,000 burial mounds. Fif-

from ancient Dilmun. The different trails of

teen of the burial mounds consist of two

the Dilmun civilization are currently scat-

pairs of royal burial mounds and thirteen

tered around the islands of Bahrain. With

single royal mounds embedded in the

that held in an account, excavated sites

current urban fabric of A’ali Village.

have led archeologists to believe that the oldest settlements moved from the south-

The distribution and organization

ern government to Manama’s current day.

of the early and late-type of Dilmun burial mounds are distinctive monuments that

The Royal burial mounds of A’ali,

reflect the hierarchy of the ancient civili-

situated in A’ali village, is a series of 21

zation. It showcases social groups’ aspects

archeological sites located in the South-

across the sections of their original urban

western part of Bahrain.

fabric; this includes the “G” type of design

The burial

mound fields’ components are thousands

for private strategies that reflect their

of tumuli,

cultural norms and values.he “G” type is a

spiral shape that creates a division between the public and private areas in the

Most of the tumuli are entirely in-

where A’ali village is located. In the 1950s

tact and only impacted by natural erosion

to 1990s, several excavation sites held a

that caused depreciation to the towers

place there, and archeologists found plen-

that were once on top of those mounds.

ty of valuable heritage antiquities in those

As a result of excavation and research,

sites. Those sites showed Burial mounds,

some of the mounds have been dug up

temples, and even underground cities that

to clearly understand what they used to

still held their shape and structure to

be like as a civilization. Regardless of that,

this very day. The archeological areas in

Corrective measures are underway and

Bahrain are various; they show evidence of

include green belts around the ancient

Islamic and pre-Islamic settlements in Bah-

cemeteries to improve their visual setting

rain. It also consists of forts built in the 16

and bring back their integrity and rele-

century that holds plenty of history and

vance. (UNESCO 2020)

cultural heritage of the traditional roots of

construction methods and materiality.

From the A’ali Mounds moving

towards the northwest of Bahrain’s islands where Saar Village is located, Saar is situated between Manama and the southern area of Bahrain. Figure 9 - Saar Excavated Areas

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

A NCIENT U RBAN H ISTORY DILMUN

Figure 10 - Bahrain Fort (Top view)

For many years, Dilmun was

It was built by the Portuguese in

described to be one of the most mythical

the 16th century but settles right across

areas in the world. It is one of the most

Dilmun’s capital (Now, an archeological

ancient civilizations that existed during

site). Its contextual relevance brings it so

the same consequential Mesopotamia and

much importance, especially that it was

Indus Valleys era. The strategic location to

strategically placed in current day Manama

Dilmun’s capital flooded Dilmun with trad-

for its strategic location.

ing importance.

It allowed it to control all trading

Manama still, to this very day,

routes in the Arabian Gulf, giving it the

is one of the most significant areas in

most potent power and making it the big-

Bahrain and known for its rich history and

gest threat to foreign interests in the land

natural resources. It was the ancient har-

of Dilmun. Bahrain fort is one of the most

bor of Dilmun, the Portuguese, and is the

iconic pieces of architecture that clearly

current day capital of Bahrain’s kingdom.

shows the strength and sophistication.

(Ootlah 2017)

Figure 11 - Bahrain Fort

TYLOS

Figure 12 - Arad Fort

By the 2nd Century BC, Bahrain

This theory was believed by sev-

was stated as “Tylos” by the Greeks as

eral Greek geographers, primarily due to

the Hellenistic empire gained tremendous

the resemblance of names between Tyrus

international trade contact. Tylos was

and Tylos, considering that Tylos is the

considered to be one of the exceptional

mother country to the relics of Phoeni-

strategic areas to highlight.

cian temples. (International 1986)

“The Greek admiral Nearchus is

Located at the heart of the gulf

believed to have been the first of Alexan-

and prospering under the Dilmun empire,

der’s commanders to visit the island, and

as during the Tylos era, Bahrain was very

he found a verdant land that was part of a

well known for its glazed pottery, distin-

wide trading network; he recorded: “That

guished glass vessels, and trade network.

is the island of Tylos, situated in the Per-

The Islamic artifacts highlight that Bahrain

sian Gulf, are large plantations of a cotton

during the Tylos era had also taken in the

tree, A Greek historian named Strabo had

Islamic faith and craftsmanship. (Hall Of

a theory that Phoenicians are initially from

Tylos And Islam 2015)

Bahrain’s current day kingdom.

Figure 13 - Arad Fort (Top view)

Figure 13 - Arad Fort (Interior)

ALKHAMIS MOSQUE

Figure 14 - AlKhamis Mosque

AlKhamis Mosque is one of the

oldest mosques in the Arab peninsula. It

tion of the identical minarets was add-

consists of two identical minarets that

ed and are still standing today. (Bahrain

take back the Islamic monument to an

authority for culture and antiquities 2015)

ancient era. The foundation of Alkhamis mosque dated back to the 11th century and was rebuilt in the 14th century.

During this time, the reconstruc-

ALFATEH MOSQUE

Figure 15 - AlFateh Mosque location of the National Library of Bahrain

Alfateh mosque is one of the big-

in 2016. The enormous dome built on

gest mosques in the world. This mosque

Al-Fateh Mosque is entirely constructed

compromises 6,500 square meters and

by fiberglass materials and Weighs over 60

can accommodate more than 7,000 wor-

tons. The mosque’s dome is the current

shippers at a time. In 1987, it was built by

day’s largest dome globally and an iconic

Sheikh Isa bin Salman AlKhalifa and named

architectural element that reflects the

after Bahrain’s founder, Ahmed Al Fateh.

significance of architecture in bahrain.

Al-Fateh mosque became the 2016.

(Alfozan 2020)

1.3 MANAMA URBAN HISTORY

M ODERN U RBAN H ISTORY MANAMA

Figure 16 - Manama Gate

The current day of Bahrain’s mod-

Bahrain was then declared to be

ern era began in 1783. Bahrain was first

independent of the United Kingdom on

conquered by Ahmed Al Fateh “Ahmed

August 15, 1971, and in the same year,

ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa was the pro-

separate from the British colony on De-

genitor of the ruling Al Khalifa family of

cember 16. Bahrain also first issued the

Bahrain and the first monarch or hakim

constitution in 1973. At the year 1999,

of Bahrain.” (Bin Isa AlKhalifa 1995), and

HM King Hamad bin Isa Al Kh

ruled by the royal family Al Khalifa ever since.

On December 16, 1961, one of

Bahrain even further, the government

the pioneers of Arab leaders, Shaikh Isa

continuously developed and achieved ad-

Bin Salman Al Khalifa, came into power

vancements that gave Bahrain a prominent

and built Bahrain to be based on stabil-

position of position internationally region-

ity, unity, and justice. “As it voted in the

ally. (M.I.A. 2015) Muharraq was the capital

poll organized under the United Nations

of Bahrain until 1923. During the 1940s,

that Bahrain is an independent Arab state

Manama was a trading port;

ruled by Al Khalifa.”

As he reformed and developed

Figure 17 - Manama Souq 1940s

it was the main trading harbor

and the center of the pearling industry. The iconic urban modernization project Bab AL Bahrain was famous for being part of the port’s waterfront renewal. It was established in 1945 and was the governmental seat, which later gave it the relevance of being the capital of Bahrain. The Bahraini city center surrounded Bab Al Bahrain and the project was designed in accordance with modernist architecture. Figure 18 - Manama Harbour 1940s

1.4 CURRENT STATUS

C URRENT DAY MANAMA

Manama

Figure 19 - Map of Manama A current-day downtown Manama is filled with skyscrapers and iconic architectural buildings that reflect the modern-day population’s life. These buildings did not cover the traditional urban fabric but left those areas neglected and lose its relevance by the majority of the community.

There are plenty of neglected buildings that underwent transitional eras in Manama. Many archeological sites that are part of the UNESCO are being conserved and restored with the ministry of culture and antiquities.

Figure 20 - Current Status, year 2020

MANAMA IN RELATION TO MUHARRAQ

Muharraq

Manama

Map of Muharraq and Manama

There’s an evident link between

Manama was the gateway, direct

Manama and Muharraq. These side by

coastal access to the island of Bahrain.

side islands share a history of cohesion.

Due to oil and mercantile in the 20th cen-

Muharraq was the original capital of Bah-

tury, Bahrain’s wealth drove Manama to

rain before Bahrain increased population

be a significant financial hub in the middle

and density. Manama and Muharraq were

east. The Arab league later gave Manama

simultaneously founded in the 1800s. Due

the “Capital of Arab culture,” and later by

to Muharraq’s strategic defense location,

the globalization and world cities research

it remained the capital of Bahrain from

network, a “beta global city” in 2018.

the 1800s to 1923.

(Hamouche 2018)

Figure 21 - Old Muharraq

CH. 2

R EVITALIZING C ULTURAL H ERITAGE

Figure 22 The types of heritage usually consist of Tangible and intangible heritage. Bahraini heritage is evident in both. Bahrain Cultural heritage thrives from the current dominant faith of Islam, consisting of privacy factors and traditions derived from the Islamic tradition and the colliding world of Architectural Heritage as one of the most significant tangible heritage factors valuable in Bahrain.

Tangible, Movable; Bahrain is filled with Museum collections, Libraries, Paintings, Wall Murals, Sculptures, Manuscripts, and Artifacts. Some of the most popular movable tangible types of heritage in Bahrain is paintings, pottery making, and sculpture.

Figure 23

Tangible, Immovable;

Architectural buildings, Architectural sites, Archeological Sites, Monuments, Historical buildings, and centers are the Immovable types of Tangible Heritage. Due to Bahrain’s trade relevance and ancient history, it’s been occupied by multiple civilizations and empires. With over eleven-thousand Dilmunian burial mounds and twenty-one archeological sites, Bahrain attracts tourists worldwide to uncover its rich heritage and cultural roots. Qala’at al-Bahrain, Qala’at Arad, AlKhamis Mosque, and AlAa’li Burial mounds are architectural sites and archeological sites that belong to the revitalization of cultural heritage.

Figure 24 - Dilmun ancient ruins

Figure 25 - Traditional Bahraini wedding ceremony

Intangible; Traditions, Literature, Cultural festivals, Islamic Beliefs, Religious diversity,

Figure 28

Social practices, music, dance, theatre, values, and customs. “Bahrain’s culture is very similar to that of its Arab neighbors in the Gulf, and is largely based around its Islamic heritage.” (iexplore)

Figure 26

Figure 27 - Musical Heritage

T ECHNIQUES OF P RESERVATION

Figure 29

Figure 30

Due to the ministry of culture’s efforts to raise awareness and recognize historic sites in Bahrain, Bahrain has multiple entries to the UNESCO world heritage sites. Many historic locations in Bahrain were meticulously preserved and maintained as part of its heritage. After the massive scale reclamation projects, Bahrain’s marine life was compromised. The alliance formed between the ministry of culture and the municipalities helped to maintain pearling and fishing traditions in Bahrain.

This includes houses of old pearl divers, the harbors from which the divers and fishers would embark on their voyages, and the trade routes that more or less facilitated the country’s economy. And as an homage to this deep heritage tradition, many past-time architecture elements such as the distinguished Bahraini arch, the wind towers (or badqeer), and traditional Islamic ornamentation have been implemented in more recent structures such as Al-Fateh Mosque.

In harmony with the efforts made in preserving marine life and legacy, Bahrain also prioritized the conservation of many landmarks that were essential elements of its commerce.

The Antiquities Law contains penalties for violations of its provisions. Smuggling of artifacts out of the country is punishable with imprisonment and a fine of between 5,000 and 20,000 Bahraini Dinars.

Illegal trade in antiquities, forgery, failing to inform BACA about the discovery of antiquities, presenting false information to obtain an excavation license, and declining or failing to deliver to the Authority discovered artifacts are punishable imprisonment or a fine of up to 1,000 Bahraini Dinars. The Kingdom of Bahrain has indorsed five of the most relevant and widely recognized standard-setting conventions in the field of cultural heritage. Bound by these treaties, Bahrain is part of a sophisticated information and report scheme. It also enables Kingdom to a pool of international proficiency and contribution in conferences of experts, worldwide. Figure 31 - Dilmun city ruins

C ASE STUDIES

CH. 3

3.1 CASE STUDY 1

2019

M USEUM & E NTRANCE OF T HE P EARLING P ATH

Figure 32 Architect Valerio Olgiati Architects Emaar Engineering Location Muharraq, Bahrain Project Brief This architectural monument is located as the main entrance to the pearling path, ruins documented as part of the UNESCO pearling path. The building’s function revolves around being the foyer to the cultural heritage for the medina. The pearling path is on the scale of a public park. Elements used in this project, such as brushed concrete, reflects traditional Bahraini architecture. The massive project ranges 10 meters above the ground and consists of a forest of columns and wind towers as cultural reflection. (Olgiati 2019)

Figure 33

“As a totality the building creates a universe in itself that is the entrance for the Pearling Path and the city beyond.” (Valerio Olgiati)

L OCATION

Figure 34 The Pearling Path covers an estimate of 3 kilometers, “starting from the pearling sites (known locally as “hayrat”) near Bu Maher Fort which was built in 1840” (“Infrastructure Projects”), to Siyadi House in the heart of Muharraq, which will serve as the main pearling museum. Located near Muharraq’s commercial center and Fakhro House, a luxurious residence of Yousif Abdulrahman Fakhro, a successful boat and timber merchant during the time of the pearling industry. The residential villa is now part of the pearling path located right at its private dock. With 50 boats owned by Fakhro himself.

Muharraq, Bahrain

Figure 35

C ONCEPT & K EY E LEMENTS

Figure 36

Concept Valerio Olgiati’s Brutalist concrete canopy and a second visitor centre within the dense urban fabric, hovers above the old city’s rooftops. Studio Anne Holtrop’s contribution includes the redevelopment of the oldest market in town, Suq Al Qaysariyyah (AR February 2020), where wood was stored to build dhows and pearls traded in coffee shops. Exhibitions will be dotted along the route – one on women’s role in the pearling society at the Jalahma House, one on folkloric medicine at the Badr Ghulum House, and the Fakhro House will look back at the personal history and influence of the Fakhro family – while a new pavilion will host a museum of pearls.

Key Elements -

Brutalist materialism. Faceless Façade. Contextuality. Collanade Skylights Context

D ESIGN S TRATEGIES

Roof plan Figure 37

The design strategies used in this project was the use of coral colored stained concrete, washed with the use of brutalist architecture to reflect the transparent and evident cultural heritage of bahrain. The collanade is used as a structural element that helps lift the perforated ceiling, shadowing the fine urban fabric of muharraq. (Olgiati 2019)

Facade Materiality

P ROGRAM & D RAWINGS

Elevation

Section B - B'

Section A - A'

Ground Floorplan

Roofplan

3.2 CASE STUDY 2

2020

C YPRUS A RCHEOLOGY M USEUM

Figure 38

Architect

Theoni Xanthi of XZA Architects

Location

Nicosia, Cyprus

Project Brief

The Cyprus archeology museum by XZA Architects is the winning proposal for the competition of designing the new Cyprus archeological museum in the festivity of its regional history. The project includes three layers of functions; those layers consist of remembrance, the river, and the City. The unique approach that Xanthi took was incorporating Nicosia’s history and archeology into the project. (“Archdaily” 2020)

“It aims to be a landmark, a cultural installation that would nurture new environments and behaviors, and act as a revitalizing gesture to the city.” (Theoni Xanthi of XZA Architects)

Figure 39

L OCATION

Figure 40

The project is close to various medieval city structures, which is the approach Xanthi took to alter and develop the existing context of urban spaces and green belts that surround the project. Bears in the concept of bringing nature from the west to the east.(“Archdaily” 2020)

Nicosia, Cyprus

Figure 41

Figure 42

C ONCEPT & K EY E LEMENTS

Topos Pre-history Sea Timeless Intermediate

Cosmos History

Concept Three horizontal zones aim to combine past archaeological finds with the present, creating the apparently hovering building. The museum is located in the uppermost “Memory” layer, while the intermediate “City” layer “welcomes the city” and the bottom “River” layer accommodates everyday programs.

Similarly, the museum and permanent exhibitions themselves are also fragmented in three ways. The first of these is TOPOS, which highlights the relationship between Cyprus’ first settlers and the land they inhabited. The connection between land and water is the focus of SEA, while the third category, COSMOS, explores the interaction between different Mediterranean cultures.

Figure 43

Figure 44

Key Elements - Perforated Wall, with artificial or natural light. - Faceless Façade - Shading Louvers (Solar Panels). - Bioclimatic Strategies.

P ROGRAM Lower Level

Figure 45

Upper Level

Figure 46

D ESIGN S TRATEGIES

1. Hovering body 2. Intermediate Zone

3. Ground Layer

Steps Figure 47

Square

Platfrom Yard

Atrium

Urban Design (Ground Sculpting) Figure 48 Exhibition

Labratories

Functions Figure 49 1. Exhibition level 2.City Level River level 3. Underground level

Museology Concept Figure 50

Foyer Cafe

Library

Stores

River Promenade

Park

Bioclimatic Diagram Figure 52

Siteplan

Figure 51

D RAWINGS

Section B - B'

Section A - A'

Site Section

Section C - C'

South Elevation

Figure 53

3.3 CASE STUDY 3

2012

D EAD S EA H OTEL & R ESORT

Figure 54

Architect

Accent Design Group

Location

Dead Sea, Jordan

Project Brief

The project is designed to add to the current state of the dead sea. The dead sea all on its own is a tourist attraction and a landmark. The project consist of Terraces strips that hold housing units looking towards the dead sea. “The terraces would start at the bottom level of the site, rising towards the upper ‘platform’, where the project meets the highway. There, on the upper boundary of the site, two elements serve to anchor the project and to signal its presence on the highway: the hotel unit and the opera house.”

Figure 55

“The challenge in this project was to create a design for a resort and opera house that would organically blend the building with the special surroundings. We did not want to impose on the natural experience of Jordan’s Dead Sea by creating a completely artificial environment, as is the trend with suburban recreational facilities..” (Accent Design Group)

L OCATION

Figure 56

Dead Sea, Jordan

Figure 57

Figure 58

C ONCEPT & K EY E LEMENTS

Figure 59

Concept “The concept was for built areas to naturally merge into the surroundings appearing as terraces in the landscape. These terraces contain the housing units and are landscaped with palm trees and pools in a way that unobtrusively blends the natural with the artificial. This project is an example of the importance the Accent DG team gives to the creation of common spaces. The terraces or strips rise from the beach level to an “upper platform” where the resort meets the highway. At this level two elements anchor the architectural project and signal its presence on the highway, the hotel unit and the opera house.” (AccentDG 2012)

Figure 60

Key Elements -

Water features Shading strategies Multi functional complex Liesure

D ESIGN S TRATEGIES

Figure 61

Figure 62

The design strategies used in the project revolved mostly around the contextual aspect of the project. The entrance to the project is like a pathway from the highway to the Dead sea. The strips of functions are layered on the hill right by the sea, bringing the two elements together.

Figure 63

Figure 64

P ROGRAM & D RAWINGS

Figure 65

Figure 66 - Floorplan and Program

Figure 67 - Sections

Figure 68 - Elevation

Figure 69 - Top view

3.4 CASE STUDY 4

2020

GUADIX PISANDO LA TIERRA

Figure 70

Architect

Alfonso Zavala Cendra Ramón Andrada González-Parrado

Project Brief It was found worthy of recognition for the reorganization it suggests of the Plaza Pedro de Mendoza, which gives back the main historic access to the Alcazaba its importance, as well as for how naturally this access is restored by means of constructing a series of platforms at different levels. It was also highlighted for the solution put forward for the residential block, which is in current state of ruin, where the authors of the proposal masterfully put into practice the forms and materials of the tradition of the area of Guadix, with a result which is completely aligned with the identity of this place.(“Archdaily” 2020) Figure 71

Figure 72

Figure 73

3.5 CASE STUDY 5

2020

ELEPHANT MUSEUM

Figure 74

Architect

Bangkok project studio

Project Brief Filled with fired clay bricks, this project is handmade by the loam available on the outskirts of bangkok. It consists of techniques that were part of the ancient traditions of thailand. “the construction creates jobs and income for the locals while increasing the value of the often-overlooked local material.” (“Archdaily” 2020)

Figure 75

Figure 76

Figure 77

C ONTEXT A NALYSIS

CH. 4

C ONTEXT

Al Khobar, Saudia Arabia

Figure 78

Manama,. Bahrain

S ITE S ELECTION

Selection 1 Bahrain Fort, Manama

Selection 2 Dilmun Burial Mounds & Temple, Saar

Selection 3 Royal Burial Mounds, A’ali

Figure 79

4.1 SITE SELECTION

P RE-SELECTED S ITES Selection 1 Bahrain Fort, Manama Criteria Historical relevance 3 Architecture potential 3 Tranquility & Views 3 Access to site 2 Availability of land 3 Project Suitability 3 Total 17 Selection 2 Dilmun Burial Mounds & Temple, Saar Criteria Historical relevance Architecture potential Tranquility & Views Access to site Availability of land Project Suitability Total

3 3 1 3 3 1 14

Selection 3 Royal Burial Mounds, A’ali Criteria Historical relevance Architecture potential Tranquility & Views Access to site Availability of land Project Suitability Total 1

3 1 1 2 2 2 11

Figure 80

4.2 SITE SELECTION BRIEF

P RE-SELECTED S ITES Selection 1 Bahrain Fort, Manama The preselected site located in Manama, Bahrain is situated by the northwest seashore. This site includes the historical monument, Qal'at AlBahrain. The fort was built by the portugeuse and lays beside the ruins of what used to be once dilmun civilization's capital city.

Selection 2 Dilmun Burial Mounds & Temple, Saar The preselected site located in Saar, Bahrain is in close proximity to multiple cafes and shopping malls. With that in account, the area also holds one of the oldest archeological sites. A UNESCO listed site that represents the social lifestyle of Dilmun civilization.

Selection 3 Royal Burial Mounds, A’ali The preselected site located in A'ali, Bahrain is where over 2,000 royal burial mounds of the ancient civilization of dilmun is situated. The neighboring streets of these burial mounds are filled with residential areas and parks.

Figure 81

Figure 82

Figure 83

4.3 SITE SURROUNDINGS

S ELECTED S ITE

The site consists of barren lands, archeological sites, fresh water springs and a museum. There's also residential areas that consist of G+1, G+2, and mid rise buildings. Qa'alt albahrain also overlooks the current day, downtown manama's city scape.

Figure 84

4.4 CONTEXT ANALYSIS

S ITE A CCESS

Main Access Pedestrian Access

4.5 CONTEXT ANALYSIS

E NVIRONMENTAL S TUDY

Sun path

Figure 86

Figure 85 - Top view of site

4.6 CONTEXT ANALYSIS

V IEWS & S URROUNDINGS

Figure 87

4.7 CONTEXT ANALYSIS

V IEWS

Figure 88

P ROPOSED P ROJECT

CH. 5

P ROGRAM

5.1 DERIVED PROGRAM

BUBBLE DIAGRAM

Storage

Auditorium Cafe

Exhibition Lobby

Admin

Multi Purpose Hall

Residential Units/Hotel

Business center

Spa

Staff Area

C ONCEPT

CH. 6

B RIDGING T HE D IVIDE

Architecture has always been a

catalyst for people to come together and achieve a harmonious balance in what is old and contradicting versus what is new and exciting. This project aims to eliminate forms of social division and restore the importance of many aspects of the nation that is now overshadowed by still-standing structures that started these divides. An ideal goal would be to balance the two elements that (in my humble opinion) were a crucial factor in the nation’s prosperity in the past.

The bridging of the elements will

bring forth economic growth, restore significance and power to the blue-collar Bahrainis, which were once the foundations of growth and prosperity

Figure 89

6.1 CONCEPT 1

E XCAVATION

This concept revolves around the

idea of being invisible within the surroundings of the context. The exhibition area will be public as an area that is overlooked from the ground. The different levels integrated into the concept sketch and model reveals a transparent approach to context, as it respects its surroundings and disappearing between the rich heritage of the selected site. Figure 90

Figure 91

6.2 CONCEPT 2

S CULPTURE

Sculpture is a rich heritage in Bah-

rain, an art practiced in almost every part of the Kingdom. This concept is a contrast to the surrounding, an approach that is derived from the fluidity of the materiality within sculpture and design. The merging of the two elipses creates an interesting interconnection that reflects the concept of bridging the divide and the open spaces reflects the courtyard design, which could Figure 92

eventually be part of an outdoor exhibition and agriculture study area.

Figure 93

6.3 CONCEPT 3

W ATER R IPPLES

Figure 94

Incorporating the ground into the

building is a relatively unique approach to increase walkability. The area of the site is surrounded by rich heritage and culture which could be viewed from the roof area. The intergration between ground and the form creates a guided path for the exhibition areas and open spaces. The curved arches also create a viewing angle from the interior of the building towards the archeological sites and incorporate the Figure 95

bridging of the divide within the concept.

Figure 96

6.4 ABSTRACT CONCEPTS

C ONCEPT I NSPIRATIONS

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B IBLIOGRAPHY Lomholt Isabelle. “Museum and Entrance to Pearling Path Bahrain - e-Architect.” E-Architect, 7 Apr. 2019, https://www.e-architect.co.uk/bahrain/museum-and-entrance-to-the-pearling-path-in-bahrain. Manon Mollard. String of Pearls: Preserving Cultural Heritage in Bahrain - Architectural Review. 2020, https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/ string-of-pearls-preserving-cultural-heritage-in-bahrain. Olgiati Valerio. Pearling Site, Museum and Entrance to the Pearling Path -. 15 May 2019, https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/reviews/pearlingsite-museum-and-entrance-to-the-pearling-path. P.V.R. Murty. “Traditional Pottery Making in Bahrain Stock Footage Video (100% Royalty-Free) 14981248 | Shutterstock.” Shutterstock, 2020, https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-14981248-traditional-pottery-making-bahrain.

Pearling Path Visitors Center by Valerio Olgiati Architect | 2019-03-01 | Architectural Record. https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13926-pearling-path-visitors-center-by-valerio-olgiati-architect. Accessed 22 Oct. 2020.

Pintos Paula. “Pearling Site Museum and Entrance / Valerio Olgiati | ArchDaily.” Archdaily, 9 Apr. 2019, https://www.archdaily.com/914629/pearling-site-museum-and-entrance-valerio-olgiati?ad_medium=gallery.

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This Landmark in Bahrain Is Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site - Culture. https:// me.mashable.com/culture/5962/this-landmark-in-bahrain-is-now-a-unesco-world-heritagesite. Accessed 22 Oct. 2020.

WOODBURN, M. A., and H. E. W. CRAWFORD. “London Bahrain Archaeological Expedition: 1991–2 Excavations at Saar.” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, vol. 5, no. 2, 1994, pp. 89–105, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.1994.tb00059.x. Spring of Culture 2019 Event | Dar Al Muharraq - Bahrain This Month. https://www. bahrainthismonth.com/events/entertainment/spring-of-culture-2019-dar-al-muharraq. Accessed 22

“The Land of Pearls, Oil and Burial Mounds (I): A Study Tour on the Preservation and Presentation of Burial Mounds in Japan ｜JCIC-Heritage.” International Cooperation with Bahrain — , 2016, https://www.jcic-heritage.jp/en/column/bahrain01/.

“The Lost Sumerian Paradise.” International History Blog, 2011, https://intlhistory.blogspot.com/2011/05/just-essay-about-dilmun-aka-bahrain.html.

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T ABLE OF F IGURES Figure 1, source: https://intlhistory.blogspot.com/2011/05/just-essay-about-dilmun-aka-bahrain.html Figure 2, source: https://www.selamtamagazine.com/stories/pearls-of-great-price Figure 3, source: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d1c59b1376164a229564990673e46098 Figure 4, source: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d1c59b1376164a229564990673e46098 Figure 5, source: https://www.jcic-heritage.jp/en/column/bahrain01/ Figure 6, source:: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d1c59b1376164a229564990673e46098 Figure 7, source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273990277_Dilmun_revisited_excavations_at_Saar_Bahrain Figure 8, source: http://culture.gov.bh/en/authority/CulturalHighlights/DBM/Descriptionandsignificanceoftheproperty/ Figure 9, source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/manama-skyline.html Figure 10, source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/manama-skyline.html Figure 11, source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/manama-skyline.html Figure 12, source: https://scotttraveler.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/arad-fort-qalat-al-bahrain/ Figure 13, source: https://www.viator.com/Bahrain-attractions/Arad-Fort/d4458-a24569 Figure 14, source: https://www.sciencesource.com/archive/Arad-Fort--Bahrain-SS2291381. html Figure 15, source: http://culture.gov.bh/en/visitingbahrain/CulturalTourism/Destinations/ Name,10321,en.php#.X5DnLYgzaUk Figure 16, source: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/old-and-vintage-photos-of-bahrain-l Figure 17, source: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/old-and-vintage-photos-of-bahrain-l Figure 18, source: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/old-and-vintage-photos-of-

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bahrain-l Figure 19, source: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/old-and-vintage-photos-of-bahrain-l Figure 20, source: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/old-and-vintage-photos-of-bahrain-l Figure 21, source: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/old-and-vintage-photos-of-bahrain-l Figure 22, source: https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/old-and-vintage-photos-of-bahrain-l Figure 23, source: https://mapstyle.withgoogle.com/ Figure 24, source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/heshaaam/6732498037/in/photostream/ Figure 25, source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/heshaaam/6732498037/in/photostream/ Figure 26, source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/heshaaam/6732498037/in/photostream/ Figure 27, source: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d1c59b1376164a229564990673e46098 Figure 28, Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D 9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8 %A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7 %D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8.jpg Figure 29, source: https://www.arabnews.com/node/1521996/offbeat Figure 30, source: https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/unesco-lists-bahrain-s-dilmun-era-burial-mounds-as-world-heritage-site-1.883369 Figure 31, source: http://culture.gov.bh/en/mediacenter/news_center/2019/July2019/ Name,17456,en.html Figure 32, source: https://www.icomos.org/en/mediatheque/archaeological-site-and-remains/61492-madinat-hamad-1-burial-mound-field-buri-bahrain-september-2018-61492?tmpl=component Figure 33, source: http://www.gulfconstructiononline.com/stories/source/?url=CONS_343375.html

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Figure 34, source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fheritage-bh. com%2Fproducts-services%2Fdilmun-seals.php&psig=AOvVaw2vRJ23ZOdX06oFhpK9IjDA&ust=1607917326128000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCLDkpvqEyu0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAd Figure 35, source: http://heritage-bh.com/products-services/dilmun-seals.php Figure 36, source: http://culture.gov.bh/en/mediacenter/news_center/2019/March/ Name,17002,en.html Figure 37, source: http://culture.gov.bh/en/mediacenter/news_center/2019/March/ Name,17002,en.html Figure 38, source: https://brewminate.com/the-history-and-culture-of-bahrain/ Figure 39, source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fasia%2Fbahrain%2F&psig=AOvVaw25AwtGjwJXCL7CE3YxQsSO&ust=1607917694729000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCICuy6qGyu0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP Figure 40, source: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bahrain/ Figure 41, source: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bahrain/ Figure 42, source: https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/September-2017/Bahrain-s-Pearling-Path Figure 43, source: https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/September-2017/Bahrain-s-Pearling-Path Figure 44, source: https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/September-2017/Bahrain-s-Pearling-Path Figure 45, source: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1364/ Figure 46, source: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1364/ Figure 47, source: https://www.cyprusisland.net/cyprus-museums-galleries/cyprus-museum Figure 48, source: https://www.livius.org/museum/nicosia-cyprus-museum/ Figure 49, source: https://www.livius.org/museum/nicosia-cyprus-museum/ Figure 50, source: http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/DA/DA.nsf/0/67084F17382CF201C2257199001FE4AD?OpenDocument Figure 51, source: http://www.vuaround.com/placeDetail.php?id=737

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Figure 52, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 53, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 54, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 55, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 56, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 57, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 58, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 59, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 60, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 61, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 62, source: https://www.archdaily.com/198362/dead-sea-resort-opera-house-accentdesign-group Figure 63, source: http://accentdg.com/projects/dead-sea-hotel-resort Figure 64, source: http://accentdg.com/projects/dead-sea-hotel-resort Figure 65, source: http://accentdg.com/projects/dead-sea-hotel-resort Figure 66, source: http://accentdg.com/projects/dead-sea-hotel-resort Figure 67, source: https://www.archdaily.com/943474/projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition/5f012dfcb357658c1f0005c7-projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition-image

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Figure 68, source: https://www.archdaily.com/943474/projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition/5f012dfcb357658c1f0005c7-projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition-image Figure 69, source: https://www.archdaily.com/943474/projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition/5f012dfcb357658c1f0005c7-projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition-image Figure 70, source: https://www.archdaily.com/943474/projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition/5f012dfcb357658c1f0005c7-projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition-image Figure 71, source: https://www.archdaily.com/943474/projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition/5f012dfcb357658c1f0005c7-projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition-image Figure 72, source: https://www.archdaily.com/943474/projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition/5f012dfcb357658c1f0005c7-projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition-image Figure 73, source: https://www.archdaily.com/943474/projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition/5f012dfcb357658c1f0005c7-projects-to-revive-traditional-spanish-architecture-winners-of-the-2020-driehaus-architecture-competition-image Figure 74, source: https://www.archdaily.com/948267/elephant-museum-elephant-world-bangkok-project-studio Figure 75, source: https://www.archdaily.com/948267/elephant-museum-elephant-world-bangkok-project-studio Figure 74, source: https://thailand-construction.com/thailands-elephant-museum-in-surinprovince-built-with-480000-clay-bricks/ Figure 75, source: https://thailand-construction.com/thailands-elephant-museum-in-surinprovince-built-with-480000-clay-bricks/

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Figure 76, source: https://thailand-construction.com/thailands-elephant-museum-in-surinprovince-built-with-480000-clay-bricks/ Figure 77, source: https://thailand-construction.com/thailands-elephant-museum-in-surinprovince-built-with-480000-clay-bricks/ Figure 78, source: https://www.archdaily.com/948267/elephant-museum-elephant-world-bangkok-project-studio Figure 79, source: https://www.archdaily.com/948267/elephant-museum-elephant-world-bangkok-project-studio Figure 80, source: https://www.archdaily.com/948267/elephant-museum-elephant-world-bangkok-project-studio Figure 81, source: https://www.archdaily.com/948267/elephant-museum-elephant-world-bangkok-project-studio Figure 82, source: https://www.archdaily.com/948267/elephant-museum-elephant-world-bangkok-project-studio Figure 83, source: https://mapstyle.withgoogle.com/ Figure 84, source: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/bahrain/attractions/bahrain-fort-museum/a/poi-sig/1008863/361009 Figure 85, source: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/bahrain/attractions/bahrain-fort-museum/a/poi-sig/1008863/361009 Figure 85, source: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/bahrain/attractions/bahrain-fort-museum/a/poi-sig/1008863/361009 Figure 86, source: http://hikersbay.com/climate/august/bahrain?lang=en Figure 87, source: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/bahrain/attractions/bahrain-fort-museum/a/poi-sig/1008863/361009 Figure 88, source: https://mapstyle.withgoogle.com/ Figure 89, source: https://mapstyle.withgoogle.com/ Figure 90, source: http://www.herskhazeen.com/wadi-rum-excavated-sanctuaries/ Figure 91, source: https://dribbble.com/nikkian Figure 92, source: https://www.dezeen.com/tag/oppenheim-architecture-design/

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Timeless by Nawara AlMandeel