Name
: Natasha Elaine Majalap Haling
Module No. : ARC4026 Module
: 20th Century Movements in Architecture and Design
Date
: 8th January 2018
Content Weekly Sketches Task 1
Art Nouveau Poster
Task 2
Bauhaus Manifesto and Program
Task 3
Chapelle Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp 1955
Task 4
Presentation Slides
Task 5
Avant Garde inspired Manifesto
Task 6
Preparing for The Essay
Task 7
Modernism: Designing a New World
Task 8
Essay Planning
Task 9
Essay Outline
Task 10 Finalised Digital Journal
Weekly Sketches
Week 2
Week 3
Week 1
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
These are the sketches I’ve drawn into my notebooks during the lecture classes. Most of them are found in the lecture slides.
Week 9 Week 10
W1:
Vaulted Hall Project (1863-66)
W2:
Barcelona Chair (1929)
W3:
The Five Points New Architecture (1927)
W4:
Moller House (1930)
W5:
Melnikov House (1927)
W6:
La CittĂ Nuova (1914)
W7:
SAS Royal Hotel (1960)
W8:
Kanchanjunga Apartments (1970-83)
W9:
University of East Anglia (1962)
W10: Falling Water (1936-39)
Task 1 Creating a poster design related to the first lecture on modernism, we were given the choice to choose our topic between Modernism, Arts and Crafts or Art Nouveau. For this task, I chose “Art Nouveau” to be the topic that I wanted to make as a poster.
First of all, I started out by making different templates and compare the designs that’ll suite best for the topic. After deciding which one was better, I did some modification on the design and stuck with the number 5 as it’s simple and “organic” to work with.
The second step was that I started designing what to be placed into my poster. I did my own notes on the typefaces to consider on using for the title and the subtitles of the poster. As for the description, I did research on the best key characteristic to describe “Art Nouveau” at its finest way.
In the late 1880s and 1890s, Art Nouveau became a famous design style in Europe and the United States. Art Nouveau originated from France and it means ‘new art’. Artists and artists recognize Art Noveau as a reaction against the 19th-century academic styles and an expression to create a new style for the next century for the new age. When Art Nouveau is implemented in philosophy, people would normally enjoy the beauty of them. During the time of industrialization and mass production of cheap, poorly-made goods in the 19th century, many artists, designers and architects went against this as they voice out the need for good craftmanship and that art should be incorporated back into the daily life. Through this poster, I was able to capture the beautiful of architecture in the aspect of art nouveau and gain more passion from the beauty of it.
Task 2 Bauhaus Manifesto and Program (1919)
The next decorative item I chose was a furniture that was designed by a painter and a modernist pioneer, Josef Albers. He designed this set of accent tables as a study in modern design while working as the artistic director of the furniture workshop at Bauhaus from 1926 to 1927. As stated on (Martinique 2016), the set of tables were designed in minimalist style and crafted of solid oak and lacquered acrylic glass, the table demonstrated the Bauhaus principles that were present in the introductory course. Albers did the exact precision and logic towards the furniture he designed was best known for his geometric paintings and passion for colour, and gave each table a different individual colour. The tables work individualistically delicate in their simplicity.
As I know, we humans are usually attracted to the brighter coloured objects. The set tables work well to manipulate us into desiring to have them placed into our homes and use them in a “independently and interdependently” way around the house.
Last of all, the chosen Bauhaus building that I chose was Unite d’ Habitation.
Firstly, a painting by El Lissitzky was one of the decorative items that was involved in the Bauhaus that caught my attention. I find this piece of art unsophisticated, adding that it involves with colour contrasts and harmonious ones like black, grey and red. About El Lissitzky, he was born in Russia and designed multiple exhibitions and archaic as he held titles of being an artist, designer, typographer, photographer and architect during the Soviet Union. As a result, one of his artwork became very significant in the Constructivist art movements and the development of the Bauhaus behind the idea growth of Suprematist art. In the 1920s, El Lissitzky began his interest on stylistic characteristics and experimentation with production methods; and in the 1930s, he became an inspiration on graphic designers since.
The Unite d’ Habitation was a new housing project developed by Le Corbusier in 1952. This project emphasizes on communal living for its residents to shop, play, live and come together in a “vertical garden city”. The “vertical garden city” was inspired by the thought of expanding the villa where it can provide its residents with their own private spaces, but outside of these spaces, they are able to shop, eat, exercise and socialize. Unite d’ Habitation was properly innovated with well spatial organization that is able to accommodate the living, public and communal spaces. As an implication, it was able to occupy 1,600 residents into an eighteen-storey building. Also, this project was designed to locate most of the communal aspects on the roof rather than within the building.
Although most of Corbusier’s projects had some materialistic properties, the Unite d’Habitation still had some mechanistic influence, with respect to Corbusier’s Five Points developed in the 1920s. As a result of this influence, the building is supported on massive pilotis, thus creating a space below the building where the circulation, gardens and gathering spaces are located. Also, the building has an emphasized horizontal view rather than vertical due to the incorporated patio into the façade system. The spatial organization of the residential units is significantly important, yet interesting because the units were designed to span from each side of the building and its doubled living space height helps to minimize the number of corridors to one per every three floors.
Unite d’ Habitation is known to be the most important and innovative architectural responses to a residential building. It was also said that the Brutalist Style was influenced by this project and as an implication, the beton-brut concrete was implemented. Due to its significance and inspiration, Unite d’ Habitation has been a leading example for public housing.
Task 3 Chapelle of Notre Dame du Haut
After the war, the church seeks for a pure space void of extravagant detail and ornate religious figure unlike its predecessors. Ronchamp is recognized more as a sculptural object, rather than being known as a part of Corbusier’s aesthetic or even that of the International Style despite its modern looks. Due to this, Corbusier’s career was more well recognized and now, Ronchamp is one of the most important religious buildings of the 20th century (AD Classics: Ronchamp / Le Corbusier 2010).
For centuries, pilgrimage chapels are known as a place of worship and meditation. However, in recent times, these buildings have provided modern architects the opportunities to narrate a story based on their design and to experiments the usage of natural lights in its purest forms. These buildings also inspire architects to journey on their own kind of pilgrimage. Situated slightly south of east Paris, the chapel, Ronchamp, can be found on top of a hill, where its surrounding terrain is covered by trees and it is secluded from the rest of the commune. Although most of Corbusier’s works are known to be boxy, functional and sterile in volume, Ronchamp, on the other hand is irregularly sculpted where the walls, the roof and the floor slope. As stylish and complex as it sounds, Ronchamp has a simple configuration of two entrances, an altar and three chapels (Kroll 2010). One of Corbusier’s most iconic building designs is Ronchamp, which was completed in 1954 and was built as a Catholic church on a pre-exiting pilgrimage site. During the Second World War, a large portion of its wall, which was made from stone, was destroyed (Winston 2016).
Being known as one of the most important buildings of the 20th Century, Ronchamp is signifies a key shift from the sparse, functionalist form of modernism that le Corbusier displayed in his earlier projects. To improve stability and provide support, the church was built with thick masonry walls, which are curved. In conclusion to all the research sources stated above, we can firmly say that the Chapelle Notre-Dame du Haut relates to the theory of having nature as a spiritual ideal. Vermont integrated architecture (2016) said that the design is use by both large celebrations outside and intimate reflection inside, he used the great depth and swoops of the walls to create a fantastic play of light through stained glass windows and through carefully crafted light wells. Apart from that, personally, the Ronchamp has a similar structure to a mushroom.
Task 4
Slide 1
Slide 5
Slide 2
Slide 6
Slide 3
Slide 7
Slide 4
Slide 8
Task 5
To the left is a poster I’ve drawn that symbolises the Manifesto in architecture that shaped our ever-changing world. As an interior architecture, we have the rights to voice out our opinions on politics that shape the world. The meaning behind the word “Avant Garde” is creating a fresh and experimental ideas and methods in artistic aspects. It’s usually has a social or political influence to it. The Avant Garde movement took place during the war which had affected heavily towards the people and has changed the way how they express their emotions and thoughts through art creations. The art manifesto serves two main purpose. The first being express and disapprove a standard in contemporary art or culture; the second is to define a set of aesthetic values to overcome this paradigm. Manifestos are frequently sought their own rights on in the works of art. Such as, various manifesto writers plan for their texts to be performed. Other manifestos cannot be fully respected simply as written statements because they depend heavily on graphic design for communication, a public feature in Dada manifestos. Several artists have written manifestos about artistic methods that aren’t original. “A manifesto is a communication made to the whole world, whose only pretension is to the discovery of an instant cure for political, astronomical, artistic, parliamentary, agronomical and literary syphilis. It may be pleasant, and good-natured, it’s always right, it’s strong, vigorous and logical. Apropos of logic, I consider myself very likeable.” – Tristan Tzara (Feeble Love & Bitter Love, II) Avant Garde movement consist of the main four movements that took place in Europe during and after the war, those are neo-plasticism, futurism, German expressionism and deconstructivism. List of key points the “Conservative General Election Manifesto 2017” (Williamson 2017): • • • • • • •
A cap on energy bills is coming The personal tax allowance will go up – but VAT won’t No existing powers will be taken from the Assembly – and it could get more After 2020, pension won’t automatically go up by 2.5% The rights of EU nationals in the UK will be secured Britain will not pay a ‘vast’ Brexit bill Goal – bringing net migration down to the tens of thousands
Manifesto actions points includes discrimination, racism, sexism, greed, egotistical concepts, persecutions, abstraction, equality.
Task 6 WORKSHEET 1 a) What is good about your writing? •
That some materials collected from online sources are relevant to the chosen topic
•
The contradicting sources between the two topics makes the essay rather more
WORKSHEET 2 a) Write down in your own words what you think the assignment is asking you to do. The purpose of the essay is to make us understand the history of how architecture was gradually changing and what was the influence of the design back then.
interesting than complicated b) What do you already know about the subject matter of the essay? The topic I was an abstract to one another but that’s what makes it interesting and unique at the same time.
b) What do you feel you need to improve? •
The area that should be placed more attention is on paraphrasing the gathered
c) What background information do you need to help you to complete this essay? The historical facts of the topic and the artists whom were involve during the event.
resources or it’ll be considered plagiarizing •
There should be stronger and better materials to back up my facts and opinion
•
Rather than always relying on online resources, consideration should be occurred on physical books to gain further information at the chosen topic
d) How do you think this essay differs from or is similar to other assignments that you are working on at the moment? The essay gives a sense of precise on the topic I chose, the other assignment is basically a general study of the 20th Century History on Architecture and Design
e) How are you going to choose your reading material? c) How do you think this pack might help you? •
Helps me to understand where my mistakes and areas that could be much
Compare the different questions, read them briefly and understand which topic would suit best
improved before finalising the essay •
Enables me to realise where my strength and weakness is
•
I am able to plan ahead of my essay along with the structure, flow, and conclusion of it
f)
As you begin to read for your assignment, try to read and take notes with the essay in mind.
that won’t produce any mass pollution and that it’s healthy not only for our health and well-being, but also for the environment. We would like to raise awareness that architecture is able to improve our everyday lifestyle in the most simple and noncomplex way possible.
Task 7
(Mindmap that was done during the group discussion, followed by question and answers with the tutor during the seminar)
During the seminar, as a group, I manage to did a brief research and reading on what exactly the Healthy Body Culture is about. Basically, architecture needs to constantly adapt to the everchanging world, that includes climate change, politician, environment etc. These things will take an affect to the human health and possibly put our health at risk. “Whether people are healthy or not, is determined by their circumstances and environment. To a large extent, factors such as where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income and education level, and our relationship with friends and family all have considerable impacts on health…” – World Health Organisation: The determinants of health What affects our health and well-being depends on the design of our built environment, and can have long-term implications for quality of life. The publication of Nudge: Improving health, wealth and happiness (Richard Thaler and Sunstein 2008) revealed that behaviour can be powerfully influenced by background. People can be shoved into making better decisions in largely automatic, no threats and modest ways, through “choice architecture” (Steemers 2016). And as for that, I’ve chosen a key theme on “An architectural design (hygiene, clean lines)” and “Exercise”, that would explain my design of the poster with the bicycle. Since its clearly evidential that architecture is present in the form of a bicycle, as interior architectures, we encourage people to take part into exercising as their daily routine. Adding on the bicycles are everyday objects
Task 8 THE MINDMAP TEMPLATE
Avant Garde Introduction Argument Thoughts on World War / War (in general)
De Stijl / Neo Plasticism Concept
German Expressionism Concept
Evidence How it affected them
Introductio n
Paragraph No. 1 Topic: Both Neo Understanding
Paragraph No. 3
Other social and cultural comments
Brief overview of the two movements
De Stijl/ Title:Neo Plasticism and German Expressionism
fundamental principle of geometry
symbolic acting and symbolic events Paragraph No. 4
Paragraph No. 2
avoid symmetry and attained aesthetic balance
What influenced German Expressionism
Topic: German Expressionism
Analysis
simplicity and abstraction
What influenced Neo Plasticism
Topic: Neo Plasticism
Conclusion
Conclude Neo Plasticism
Bring together the characteristics of both movement
Topic: German Expressionism
Conclude German Expressionism
Metropolis
primarily developments
By using this mind map that was given on Moodle, I was able to identify the topics I want to involve on my essay. As shown, I have chosen Q4 Avant Garde movement to be the topic of discussion. After comparing among the four fields we were to choose, I conclude that I wanted to write about Neo Plasticism and German Expressionism in my essay instead. Throughout the process of organising the main points of the essay writing, I was able to comprehend it easier and plan out each paragraph without much trouble. I came to an understanding that some topic may be changed during the stage of writing the essay and modification will occur to complete it.
Who Is, are, was, were, did, does, can, could, would, should, will, might What
De Stijl: Piet Mondrian, Theo Van Doesburg, Gerrit Rietveld, Bart van der Leck German Expressionism: Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Chaim Soutine, Max Beckmann
De Stijl: fundamental principle of geometry, ultimate simplicity and abstraction, avoid symmetry and attained Is, are, was, aesthetic balance by opposition were, did, does, German Expressionism: creative movements that reached can, could, a peak in Berlin, fields: architecture, dance, painting, would, should, sculpture, primarily developments in cinema will, might When De Stijl: 1917 – 1931 Is, are, was, were, did, does, German Expressionism: Approximately 1905 – 1920 can, could, would, should, will, might Where De Stijl: Leiden, Netherlands Is, are, was, German Expressionism: Europe (include Norway, Austria, were, did, does, Germany) can, could, would, should, will, might Why De Stijl: start an art movement, followed the Impressionist revolutionary new perception of painting Is, are, was, were, did, does, can, could, German Expressionism: initially confined to Germany due would, should, to the isolation in the country, Metropolis will, might How
Five Paragraph Essay Main “response” to question, introductory idea and flagging up topics to be covered Both movement between Neo Plasticism and German Expressionism differences has their own uniqueness that contributes to the national Avant Garde movements in Architecture. They manage to involve multiple field such as political, social and culture events of the countries they occurred during their development in the beginning of 20th Century.
Topic 1
Introduce – Proof – Discussion - Point
• Describing the definition of De Stijl / Neo Plasticism • The principles and influences that were involve inthe moment
Topic 2
Introduce – Proof – Discussion - Point
•
•
Describing the definition of German Expressionism The political, social and culture event aspects
Topic 3
Introduce – Proof – Discussion - Point
•
•
Compare the two movement fields Collage their differences and similarities to fit in the Avant Garde movement
De Stijl: collaboration with other isolated/individual artists
Is, are, was, German Expressionism: developments in style and were, did, does, technique that were apparent on the screen, highly symbolic can, could, acting and symbolic events to tell its story would, should, will, might
Re-state main arguments and points
To conclusion / summarising both the different field of Avant Garde and it’s movement in the 20th Century
Task 9 INTRODUCTION • • • • •
Describe both movements Originated countries involved Its ideals / manifesto Describe the intension of the essay (Must reference at least two finished of unfinished projects to both)
CONTEXT Neo Plasticism concept • Brief manifesto description • Include citations and elaborate on the quotes given
• • • •
German Expressionism Brief manifesto description Include metropolis documentary (1927) Artist’s works and projects Ideals of political, social and cultural impact on German Expressionism and the First World War (1914 – 1918)
Neo Plasticism • Cubism, • Impressionist revolutionary • Collaboration with other isolated/individual artists
CONCLUSION • Sum up Neo Plasticism and German Expressionism on behalf of the political views • Compare both movemnts and the relation to business modern living and flexibility
Bibliography and References Able, A 2007, Josef Alber’s nesting tables, Apartment Therapy, viewed 22 October 2017, <https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/photograph-by-25-24559>. Art nouveau architecture: characteristics & style (2008), Chapter 9 Lesson 1, viewed at 8 December 2017, <https://study.com/academy/lesson/art-nouveauarchitecture-characteristics-style.html>. Art Nouveau (2014), The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, viewed at 1 December 2017, <https://www.britannica.com/art/Art-Nouveau>. Bauhaus Design Movement: art and technology – a new unity (2016), Bauhaus Movement, viewed at 20 October 2017, <http://www.bauhaus-movement.com/en/>. El Lissitzky (n.d.), Design is history, viewed 18 November 2017, <http://www.designishistory.com/1920/el-lissitzky/>. Essley, J (n.d.), Art nouveau architecture – Otto Wagner and the Vienna Secession, House Design Coffee, viewed 27 November 2017, <http://www.house-designcoffee.com/art-nouveau-architecture.html>. Josef Albers nesting tables, 1926/1927 (design) (n.d.), Daimler Art Collection, viewed 23 October 2017, <http://art.daimler.com/en/artwork/nesting-tables-josefalbers-19261927-entwurf-2/>. Kroll, A 2010, AD classics: Ronchamp / Le Corbusier, ArchDaily, viewed 10 October 2017, <http://www.archdaily.com/84988/ad-classics-ronchamp-le-corbusier>. Kroll, A 2010, AD classics: Unite d’ Habitation / Le Corbusier, ArchDaily, viewed 15 October 2017, <https://www.archdaily.com/85971/ad-classics-unite-dhabitation-le-corbusier>. Martinique, E 2016, Timeless examples of Bauhaus Design still relevant and popular, Widewalls, viewed 21 October 2017, <https://www.widewalls.ch/bauhausdesign/josef-albers-nesting-tables/>. Neo-Plasticism (n.d.), The Art Story: Modern Art Insight, viewed 27 November 2017, <http://www.theartstory.org/movement-neo-plasticism.htm>. Stamp, E 2016, The most beautigul art nouveau buildings around the world, Architecturaldigest, viewed 18 November 2017, <https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/the-most-beautiful-art-nouveau-buildings-around-the-world>. Steemers, K 2016, Architecture for well-being and health, Daylight, viewed at 29 October 2017, <http://thedaylightsite.com/architecture-for-well-being-and-health/>. Vermont integrated architecture (2016), UU Talks, viewed 15 October 2017, <http://vermontintegratedarchitecture.com/new/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UUTalks.pdf>. Winston, A 2016, Le Corbussier's Ronchamp chapel is one of the 20th century's most important buildings, Dezeen, viewed 13 October 2017, <https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/24/le-corbusier-notre-dame-du-haut-ronchamp-chapel-france-unesco-world-heritage-list/>. Williamson, D 2017, The 40 key points from the conservative general election manifesto 2017, Wales Online, viewed 9 December 2017, <http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/here-key-points-conservative-general-13055156>. El Lissitzky (2014), Biography, viewed 18 November 2017, <https://www.biography.com/people/el-lissitzky-9383369>.