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HVAC Lan Xie and Kenneth Cooper :
: ASHRAE Journal :
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. . . . Willis Carrier ( ASHRAE . )/ HVAC . wp=0,1A )pwpa(Fa lb/h =wp ft2 =A in.Hg =pw
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HVAC
)RSES( )NATE( . RSES . . HVACR . HVACR .. HVACR . . http ://rses.org . HVACR
)RSES( HVACR . . . . . HVACR RSES . . HVACR : RSES HVACR Journal HVACR RSES
Donald A. newell :
: HPAC Engineering :
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. . HVAC . . MERV . . : MERV ) ) )( . 52,2 52.1 ) ( IESTRPCC001.3 MERV )( . ( .) ) ( )( . MERV ) ( MERV MERV . . ) ( MERV ) . ) ( MERV ) m ( HEPA . ) m ( MERV HEPA HEPA . ( ASHRAE ) 52,2 2.1 . . )filter bypass(
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( / m AHRAE IEST .) / ( . )A,B,C,D,E m HEPA . m
HEPA ASHRAE ASHRAE . : )affinity law( HEPA . HEPA ASHRAE . cfm / / cfm ASHRAE . /
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. : ) ( )( . REFERENCES 1) ASHRAE. (1992). Gravimetric and dust-spot procedures for testing air- cleaning devices used in general ventilation for removing particulate matter (ANSI/ ASHRAE standard 52.1-1992). Atlanta: American society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2) Tri-Dim Filter Crop. Indoor air quality tip: Bypass of unfiltered air. Avail-able at http://www.tridim.com 3) IEST. (1993). HEPA and ULPA filters (IEST-RPCC001.3).Rolling Meadows, IL: Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology.
. ) ( )interception( ) ( HEPA E A B . . / B A E . E D C HEPA . F . .) m /( . . MERV : . HEPA MERV
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HVAC HVAC : . HVAC . .
/ BTU / . . BTU ) ( BTU/h . . BTU/h . BTU/h . BTU/h BTU/h . : . BTU )quad( . BTU )therm( BTU . BTUIT Board of Trade Unit )B.O.T.U( BTU . ) (
BTU British Thermal Unit :
: BTU : BTU . . . )J( SI . BTU BTU : / BTU BTU ( BTU . ) :)( BTU ) ( / / )(
James Livingston :
: HPAC Engineering :
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. . . resistant louver( . )winddriven rain :
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HVAC CASE STUDIES
AC . Revolution . . Revolution . . AC Revolution . . America AC SEMCO Yaskawa E7 . Yaskawa Electric Revolution HVAC AC . :
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. Revolution E7 . Yaskawa )OLV( Revolution OLV . . . OLV V7 E7 . . Revolution . Revolution SEMCO . )( . Revolution
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. . . . Dwyer Instruments CVA Dwyer Instruments CVA . )( . . . . . . .
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CFM )CFM( ) ( . . CFM . . )r(Star Energy . . . APOGEE)r( . . . : . . . : . . . : . APOGEE)r(
ASHRAE EPA )ASHRAE( )EPA( .
. . . Ultra Force )tm( )tm( SUF Ultra Force . . /IESNA 90,1 1999 . ASHRAE . NOx . . . SmartFlow)tm( CFM CFM . WhisperGreen)tm( . CFM . .
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. . . . . . www.ashrae.org ASHRAE HVAC )ASHRAE( ASHRAE . . . HVAC . . .
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EI Solutions . . . . . ! .
)Google( . Energy Innovations Inc EI Solutions . / . . Googleplex ( ) EI Solutions . . Sharp Electronics . . . .
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Jeff Rafter :
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. . . . . . . . . ( . ) . . ) oC( oF . . . . . . . . . . ) ( . .
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) ( . oF . ) oC( . . ) ( . . . . . . . . )VFD( VFD . . . . )( . . . .
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UNICOLD . UNICOLD UNICOLD . . UNICOLD . .
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: TRANE :
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: . VAV ( . ) ( )A )Vp= cfm( )Vp= cfm( .)Vp=Vm= cfm( )Ev=( )( . cfm Vot . ) ( / . . : /= : . /= : z= /= : : z= .z= Z=z= . X=/= : Ev = + =
X . )DVR( = cfm( )Vot=/ . . .
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) cfm( ) cfm( cfm ( cfm . . cfm ) cfm cfm . . ASHRAE . )Ev( . )Vot( . )Ev<( . . C )( ) cfm( )Vot( . cfm . cfm cfm cfm cfm ( .)
. : z= /= : z= /= .z= /= : .Z= )X=/=( : Ev=+XZ=
.)X=( . )DVR( .)Vot=/= cfm( . VAV . X . )Von( . )Vpt( . ! . B )( )(
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X=Von/Vpt Vpt=Vp Z =z Z=DVR)/Eac Vp(
(4) (5) (6) (7)
)cfm( = DVR ) ( = Eac )( = Ev )( = P )cfm( = Vm )cfm/p( = Vo )cfm( = Von )cfm( = Vot Vd=Vp )cfm( = Vp = X = Z = z : ) ( )( .
Vot ) ( : . )( . : ASHRAE 62 : . )( Y=X/)+XZ( )Vot(
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(1) (2) (3)
HVAC
MECHQ Duct
. / / . . . . . . . http://www.asvic.com.au/mqhvac.htm
MECHQ Duct HVAC . AutoCAD / . . . . . . . Y T
John Siegenthaler :
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Airflow Around Buildings ) (
vegetation, and terrain features. 9. In critical applications where health and safety are of concern, this type of field evaluation may be required to obtain accurate estimates of wind conditions. 10. These patterns are independent of wind speed and depend mainly on building shape and upwind conditions. 12. This is formed as the down wash on the lower surface of the upwind face separates from the building before it reaches ground level and moves upwind generating high velocities close to the ground. 16. This type of heat island is created as man-made heat sources and higher solar absorption in the city produce a buoyant plume over the city and cause light wind speeds and direction frequencies significantly different than those at a rural meteorological station.
Answer
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ACROSS 1. The wind flow at a building separates at its sharp edges to generate these flow zones that cover the downwind surfaces of the building and extend for some distance into the wake. 4. This characteristic of a roof strongly affects the surface pressures on the roof of a lowrise building. 5. This atmospheric layer of wind can be as much as 1,500 ft in large city centers in which at least 50% of the buildings are higher than 70 ft, over a distance of at least 0.5 miles or 10 times the height of the structure upwind, whichever is greater. 6. The average surface pressure coefficients may be used in determining this rate of air into a building. 7. This form source of heating of valley slopes on a roof can cause light winds of up to 9 mph to occur as warm air flows up the slope. 11. Because of the three-dimensional flow around a building, the shape and size of this airflow region is not constant over the surface, and the height of this region decreases near roof edges. 13. Wind effects can interfere with fume hood operations by causing these surges in the hood exhaust due to fluctuating
wind pressures acting on the exhaust system discharge. 14. This speed of wind approaching a building increases with height above the ground. 15. This type of ventilation is also affected by wind conditions as a low-pressure wall exhaust fan can suffer drastic reduction in capacity or even have reverse flow due to high wind pressures on the windward wall. 17. This characteristic (gustiness) of approaching wind can cause surface pressures to fluctuate at the building. 18. The International Station Meteorological Climatic Summary is a source of information on wind speed and direction frequencies and can be obtained from this location.
DOWN 1. This ground surface characteristic parameter can cause the wind speed and direction at a building site to differ from values recorded at a nearby meteorological station. 2. These wind pressures may vary significantly above and below the time-averaged values. 3. These wind pressures can be two or three times the average mean time values. 4. This zone exists in the upwind wall of a building. 8. These wind pressure coefficients depend on building shape, wind direction, and the influence of nearby buildings,
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Lucas B. Hyman and Don Little :
: ASHRAE Journal :
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UCR )bridge( ( ) oC( oF .)) oC( oF ( ) . )Delta Ts( TES . . ) ( ) oC ( oF ) ( . ( ) ( / ) . ) b( . ) ( . ( .) . psid ) kPa( . . TES . ) oC( oF ) oC( oF . . TES ) ( :
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TES ( TES . ) ) ( . . TES . TES TES . gpm ) L/s( . TES gpm ) L/s( . TES . TES TES UCR . . TES . TES . rpm ( )thermocline( .) . TES TES . ) ( . ) ( . . UCR .
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HVAC
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. )CPU( . . Packard IBM Hewlett .
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. . . ISR M . M SprayCool .
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Wayne Morris : : ASHRAE Journal :
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HVAC . . . . . . . . HVAC . . SHR . . . ) L/s per kW( cfm/ton ) oC ( oF ) L/s per kW ( cfm/ton . )( . . . ) ( :
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. . . . ( Toa=91oF DB,79oF WB :)ASHRAEfundamentals Tsp= 74 oF DB (setpoint) :) (
: ) ( RHsp=60%(maximum limit) ) ( Wsp=75.2 gr/lb
( Btu/h :) Rm1Ql=5,250;Rm1Qs=29,750 Rm2Ql=5,465;Rm2Qs=26,775 Rm3Ql=5,250;Rm3Qs=26,927 Rm4Ql=5,250;Rm4Qs=28,262 62-2001 ( cfm
:)ANSI/ASHRAE 1
Rm Voa=15 cfm/p 29 people=435 Rm2Voa=15 cfm/p 30people=450 Rm3Voa=15 cfm/p 32people=480 Rm4Voa=15 cfm/p 29 people=435 System Vot=
(Voa)=1,800 cfm
( gr/lb ) ( :) W=Ql/(0.69 Voa):
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Rm1 W=5,250/(0.69 435)=17.5
. ( )Tca ) ( .
Rm2 W=5,465/(0.69 450)=17.6
1- dedicated outdoor air unit 2- total energy wheel
Rm3 W=5,697/(0.69 480)=17.2 Rm4 W=5,250/(0.69 435)=17.5
: Wca=Wsp- W :) ( Tca=52 oF DP : 75.2-17.6=57.6 gr/lb o Tca=71 F DP :) ( . )( Tca=52 oF DP )( cfm oF oF . oF oF
CALCULLESS
. : : . : : ) ( . : : ) ( : ) ( : : : ... : Email: R.SAYADI@Gmail.com
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