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James B. Rishel, P.E. : : 2
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. . . ) ( . . . . : . . : EP ) ( Em . ) ( . . :
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: FT : HS
: Hpf . : ( Ews ) :
)(
)( )( Hpf .
Ft
: Ft :Ch )Qd( Ft :HF . gpm :Qd :Q 2 . :n . : . 1.85 1.9 . . 3.7 0.37 . . . . )( )( )( 160gpm
Ews . . . : :
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. 25Ft . 35Ft )( )( . . . )( . )( . . )( . )( . . )( . ) ( . B A )( A . B . 30Ft )(
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. 2.59 1.851.48 1.11 0.74 0.37 )( . . . ) ( . )( )( . )( . 1600gpm 1280gpm ) ( . . )( . z y x . )( ( ) )( )( .
)(
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)( . : . )60Ft ( . 800gpm . 68Ft )HRF = 8Ft(
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.
:
1 Wire to water Efficiency: 2 James B.Rishel 3 chilled water 4 Loop 5 Uniform
. 20hp 800hp . gpm )( . . . . . )( . . . 50hp .
Dennis Stanke : : 3
. 6.1 . . 62n . 62n
. Ra Rp )6.1 62n ( )( . . ) ( 6-1 . . Vbz = Rp Pz+Ra Az 6-1 Ez )62n ( )( ( . ) ASHRAE 129 (
ASHRAE/ANSI 62 62n . ASHRAE 62-1989 ( . ) . 62n . ) Ez( . . VAV . . . ) ( . 62-2001 )Rp( CFM .) ( CFM . )Ra( ( .) . )( . ( .)...
. Rp= 5 CFM/person )(
1500 ft2 Ra = 0.06 CFM/ft2 : 6-1 Vbz = 5 10 + 0.06 1500 = 50 + 90 . 140 CFM
1 6-2 . 0.8
. ) 6-2 . Voz=Vbz/Ez 6-2 .
)(
( ) ( ) 6.2
: Voz = Vbz/Ez = 140/1 = 140 CFM 140/10 = 14 CFM/person
Voz = Vbz/Ez = 140/0.8 = 175 CFM 175/10 = 17.5 CFM/person
) ) ( . . 6-4 Vot = Voz 6-4 Vot 6-4 . Vot Ez<1 DOAS . :
VAV . . . . . ( .) Vot 62n )Ev( . 6-3 62n . . 6-5 Zp = Voz/Vpz 6-5 . 62n G
. 20 CFM/person 62 1989 . . 62n ) ( . 23CFM/person 115 CFM . 9.5 CFM/person 190 CFM )Voz( . )Vot( . : 62n DOAS :
. ... 62n . . 6-3 Vot = Voz 6-3 Vot . Vot :)DOAS(
.
. 6-1 . ) ( IFMA 1000ft2 15 . 6.1 )1000ft2 5( Ez . )( 6-2 . . . . Ez Ez . . Ez . 90oF
)Vot( Ev : 6-8 6-7 6-6 Vou = D (Rp Pz) + (Ra Az) 6-6 D =Ps/ Pz 6-7 Vot=Vou/EV 6-8 6-6 . 6-7 6-7 . ) ( . Ev Vou 62n . ( ) :
. )( 6-1 6.1 Rp Ra . Vbz )(
) 30 72%( * *
) 20 72%( *
)( . Voz 6-2 . . :
. ) ( Vot . Voz )( Ez . . 3830 CFM )6-7 ( )D( . . . . .
Vot 6-3 . . . Voz Vot )( . . 3830 CFM . . . . 90oF . 1 Ez 6.2 : . :DOAS
. . . . . . 6-4 Vot
. ) ( ) ( . :DOAS
) ( . ) ( . 6-4 . . . ) ( Voz 11200 CFM . . ) ( . 62n . . . . . DOAS . . DOAS ASHRAE . 5000 CFM DOAS .
:
. )( . 62n Vbz 6.1 6-1 . . ) ( 6.2 Ez . 90oF Ez=1 . )4.5ft ( 150 FPM . Ez=08 6-2 . : :
6-3 . . )( . . Ez 12300 CFM
62n . ASHRAE 62 ( .) ) ( . .) ( . 1989 . 20 CFM/Person . 15 CFM . 5 CFM 62n 6-1 . ( ) .) (
: 62n . ) ( 6.4 62-2001 . .) ( . . . . 62n : ) + ( . .
)(
(4 100+1 60+0.5 80)/5.5 = 91%
T = 3 V/Vbz= 3 1500 10/140 = 321 min 5.5hr * : **
. )(
) 300 92%( **
)T = V/Vo( . 6-9 . . . )( . ) ( T . :
) 40 81%( *
. 6.2.5 62n . . . ) ( . 6-9 T . . T = 3 V/Vbz 6-9 . . C=Co - e -t/
. ) ( 62n
ANSI/ASHRAE 129 . ACE Ez ( . 9FT ACE . Ez ACE 30ft 6-2 ACE Ez ). ANSI/ASHRAE 113 ADPI . . Ez ADPI
:
1- ANSI/ ASHRAE 62-2001
n
2- Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems 3- Dennis Stanke 4- Ventilation 5- Indoor air 6- Occupancy 7- Breathing - Zone 8- Effectiveness 9- Multipel - Zone 10- Recirculating system 11- Variable Air Volume system 12- Pre - conditioning energy 13- Outdoor 14- Air - Change Effectiveness 15- Water - source heat pump 16- Hybrid system 17- Constant - volume Reheat system 18- system ventiation efficiency 19- International Facility Management Association 20- Pre - condition 21- Local 22- System population diversity 23- Over - ventilated zone 24- Purt - load 25- Demand - Controlled ventilation 26- Intermittent occupancy 27- Un corrected 28- Laminar flow 29- Air Diffusion Performance Index
[6-1] Vbz = Rp Pz+ Ra Az [6-2] Voz = Vbz / Ez [6-3] Vot =Voz [6-4] Vot = Voz DOAS [6-5] Zp = Voz/Vpz [6-6] Vou = D allzones Rp Pz + allzones Ra Az = D allzones Vbzp + Vbza allzones [6-7] D = Ps/ allzones Pz [6-8] Vot = Vot/Ev [6-9a] T= 3v/Vbz IP IP [6-9b] T= 50 v/Vbz (m2) :Az ft2
: D :Ev :Ez ) ( :Ps :Pz 62n ( ) ( ) 6.2.1.1 (L/s.m2) CFM/ft2 :Ra )L/s.person( CFM/person :Rp )( :T )m3( ft3 :V )L/s( CFM :Vbz )L/s( CFM :Vot )L/s( CFM : Vou )L/s( CFM :Voz )L/s( CFM :Vpz )L/s( CFM : Zp
. ) ( ) ( . . )Ez( )ACE(
Gregory G. Aymong :
:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . Jack Lowe . .
. ( . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) EPA( . EPA . .
. . . . .
. Lowe . . . . . / . ) (
. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) ( . . . . . . . Stokes .
. . . . . . Stokes Stokes . . : Vt : Vt= g )swsg( D2 /18 )980cm/sec 2( g )g/cm 3( sw)0.01( D )g/cm 3( sg Stokes . : ) ) ) : . . . . . . . . . . (
. . )(
. . . . . . . . . .
1 Scum
:
. / . . . . . . . . ) ( . . . EPA . .
Scientific American . CROWN . . CROWN . ! CROWN . . CROWN . . )( CROWN . . CROWN . !
. . Skymetry . . : Skymetry Skymetry . Sensaphone . . Sensaphone )r( . Inc. . Phonetics
SkymetryTM Phonetics Inc. TM Skymetry . . Skymetry . . Skymetry www.skymetry.com . . Skymetry Sensaphone . : Skymetry
: WhiteRodgers . HVAC Comverge . . Emerson / . . . http://www.gotoemerson.com Emerson Climate Technologies Emerson . . Copeland Scroll WhiteRodgers . . http://www.emersonclimate.com . . . . .
. www.Sensaphone.com Emerson Climate Technologies Comverge Inc .
Emerson Climate Technologies )TM( Emerson Comverge WhiteRodgers . WhiteRodgers Comverge . DistribuTech Comverge . HVAC . Comverge Comverge Bud Vos . : WhiteRodgers . . . WhiteRodgers . WhiteRodgers . Ron Miles .
G . . ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.12004 . . ASHRAE . www.ashrae.org ASHRAE . . ASHRAE ANSI/ASHRAE 152004 . . . : Doug Reindl . . . . . . . ASHRAE . www.ashrae.org
. . . . )GTRI( . http://www.pe.gatech.edu ASHRAE )ASHRAE( Standard 62.12004 . ANSI/ASHRAE . : . . . . . . . . .
. ZAC . Cooline . . Cooline : Cooline . Cooline . . . . Cooline . Zamil . . )ZIIC( . Air Conditioners . Zamil Steel Industries www.zamilac.com Zamil Glass Industries www.zamilsteel.com ZIIC . www.zamilglass.com Zamil ZIIC . /( / )
Technology Energy & Engine
Energy & Engine Technology AXP 1000 . . HVAC HVAC . . BUNK . HVAC . Energy & Engine Technology . BMZ Generators Technology . Zamil Air Conditioners )ZAC( Zamil Air Conditioners . .
PowerCold
PowerCold ) ECAP( . . . . . PowerCold ECAP . . : ECAP Al Othmer HVAC PowerCold . HVAC PowerCold ENERGY STAR
/ . . ZIIC . . / Zamil Air Conditioners . Clima Tech . Geoclima Classic Cooline Cool Care Clima Tech Kessler . . . )GM( Sequel Byron Mc Cormick . GM . GM . . . HVAC .
TRH1000 ACR . . o C . . / oC + ( . ± ) ( ) 25x58x81 . TrendReader Express . TRH1000 . . . . . EXCEL . ABS . / . HVAC http://www.laboratorytalk.comnews/jdl/jdl000.html .
. : ECAP STAR ENERGY . PowerCold PowerCold Robert Yoho . ECAP : . ECAP ECAP . : . BreezeMaster Nauticon DesertMaster Trane Teletrol Systems WFI Global PowerCold . Munters York International HVAC . . http://www.powercold.com Watsco Watsco . . http://www.watsco.com Watsco . HVAC . HVAC . .
Gerald J. Willams, P.E. :
:
)(
. . . )( . HVAC . . . )( . :AMCA )AMCA( . : . AMCA 21194 AMCA 21099 AMCA . .
)(
: ( .) . . . : AMCA ) ( .
: AMCA . . . . ) ( . DWDI . 4.5 in. wc 12000 cfm 150CA4DWDI ( DWDI .) . / . / . / . . . . . : : .
) (
) ( I )DWDI(
. AMCA 9986 )( . II III I . . AMCA 9986 .
. . 12000 cfm I . ) (
AMCA 9986 )(
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. . ( .) . . )( . . . ( ). )bypass ( . .) / ( . : . . )( . ) ( . . / . . )( .
200 rpm . . I . . . II . .
:
1) AMCA. (1999). Laboratory methods of testing fans for aerodynamic performance rating. ANSI/AMCA Standard 210-99. 2) AMCA. (1994). Certified ratings program—air performance. AMCA Publication 211-94. 3) AMCA. (1986). Standards handbook. AMCA Publication 9986.
)DWDI( / 12000 cfm .) 210CA4DWDI ( )( . I rpm I 1862 rpm . 1865 AMCA 9986 ( .) 10800 cfm 1862 rpm . cfm 4.9 in . 10800 . .6in 1200 cfm 2057 rpm .
Valentine A. Lehr, P.E. :
:
. . . . . . )living machine( . . . . . . . . . .
. ) ecohotel( . . . . . )( . . . . : : . . . . . . .
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. . R410a R407C . . . ) ( .
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. : HVAC . : . . . . : . . . . . : . . . . . : . . .
. . . . . . . . ECOTEL .
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Kennete M. Elovitz, P.E. :
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. . . . . . )( . . )( . . )( . . ) ( . . . . ) (
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)(
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) ( . 1750 psi . . 5.8 x 10- . 1750 psi . 85 x 10-6 in./in./F . 6 in./in./F 79.2 x 10- : . 6 in./in./F = E ( Young = E )psi( = : .)in./in.( = )14 x 106
. . . . )( . . . . 30000 psi 30000 psi 1750 psi . : h = pr/t p psi h : 6.375 r t 1750 psi . 0.375
2.14 x 30000 psi 74.2 x 10-6 in./in./ . 10-3 in./in./F
. HVAC . 1750 psi 30000 psi Cv . . 72 . 110 psi . psi . . . . . . .)2L/c( . . . 0.004 0.008 .
oF F . . )40-F( . oF oF . oF . .) ( oF )( . . . . / . 10 . . 635 psi . )(
. . .) 20000 psi ( . 30000 psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rockwell B )Rb( Brinell . Brinell . . )(
. )( . . . . )( . . . . . . . . . )( . .
1/4 . . . . . . . A48 . ASTM . . . . . ( 21100 psi 20500 psi . )20800psi )( . . ASTM 48 . . . . )SEM( . .
)( .
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Brinell . . . . Brinell . . Rockwell B . 1/16 Rockwell B . : Brinell BHN = 7300/ (130-Rb) Rb Brinell . Brinell . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . pH . pH . )( pH . . .
. . . . . . . . . )( . . . . . . )( . )( . . )( . . . . . . HVAC . . . . . .
. . . . / . . . ( ) . . . . 1 2 3 4 5 6
: stresscorrosion intergranular transgranular yield strength hoop stress throttled
:
1) American Society for Metals. 1961. Metals handbook, 8th edition, volume 1: properties and selection of metals. American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH. 2) Juvinall, R.C. 1967. Stress, strain, and strength. McGraw-Hill, New York. Page 447. 3) United States Steel. 1971. The making, shaping, and treating of steel, 9th edition. Herbick & Held, Pittsburgh, PA. Page 983. 4) Popov, E.P. 1968. Introduction to mechanics of solids. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Page 346. 5) ASHRAE. 1989. Fundamentals handbook. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. Page 33.4. 6) Colt Industries, Fairbanks Morse Pump Div. 1979. Hydraulic handbook, 11th edition. Colt Industries, Kansas City, KS. Pages 11-13. 7) Site visit and interview with the building’s lead HVAC mechanic. 8) Keyser, C.A. 1968. Materials science in engineering. Merrill Publishing Co., Columbus, OH. Page 197. 9) Brick, R.M., R.B. Gordon, and A. Phillips. 1965. Structure and properties of alloys, third edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Pages 361-364. 10) Kehl, G.L. 1949. Metallographic laboratory practice, third edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Page 240.
. . pH . . . . ) ( . . . ) ( . . . . . .
Jerry Koenigsberg :
:
. . . . BOCA M309 : BOCA . M309 ) ( . . : BOCA . . . . . : : . . . : . .
. ( . ) . / / / . M309 )BOCA( . .
) ( .
)( .
:
: . . 4000 fpm 3000 . . :
. . . . . : NFPA 704 : . . . . : . : . ) ( LD50 ( ) ( LD50 ) . LD50 . LD50 . / o C LC50 LD50 ) ( . LC50 . . : /
. . :phenol . . ) ( LD50 . . LD50 . .
. : . . : . . : . . . : . . . : . . . / : . . . . . :
. . . LD50 LD50 . . LD50 LD50 . . . : : . .)( . : . . . . )( : .)( )( .
. : . . . . . .
Milton Meckler, P.E. :
:
. HVAC . . . HVAC . . . . V1 V2 . . . .
HVAC . . . HVAC HVAC . . HVAC . . HVAC . . )( / . )( / . . V2 V1 . . . .
NOx NOx . . . NOx . ( . ) . NOx
. )NOx( . . . NOx / )(
. ( ) . / )COP( . . .
1 Lead/Lag 2 RichBurning Engine 3 LeanBurning Engine
:
NOx . . NOx ( ) . )( NOx . . . . . . CFC . . .
Greenhouse effect and Global Warming : Farshid_momeni@yahoo.com
)(
)(
. . )( . )global warming( : . anthropogenic climate change . . Co2
. . . . . . . . )( )global warming( . . :)Greenhouse effect( . . )oF ( oC . . . . .
. . . ) ( . ) ( . . . )(
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: . )global warming( . oC )oF( . / / /
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: . . . . . . : )( . . . .
1- Global warming - By: John Hart. 2- Encatra Computerized Encyclopedia.
:
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. )(
Air-Cooling And Dehumidifying Coils ) ( :
7. In finned coils construction the external surface of these coil components is primary and the fin surface is secondary. 10. Some coils use these types of water header plates and plugs for each tube to allow the tubes to be cleaned. 11. As the air approaches this point, each degree of sensible cooling is nearly matched by a corresponding degree of dewpoint decrease. 12. This term is used to describe typical water circuit arrangements – half, single, or double. 14. This air pressure loss across the coil along with the other system component pressure losses determines the static pressure requirement for the system. 15. Cooling coils for water, aqueous glycol, brine, or halocarbon refrigerants usually have fins made of this metal. 18. This organization publishes Standard 33, “Methods of Testing Forced Circulation Air-Cooling and Air-Heating Coils.”
Answer
ACROSS 3. This type of liquid is sometimes put on cooling coils to aid in air cleaning, odor absorption, and frost prevention. 4. Thermostatic Expansion Valve abbreviation. 8. This is placed between the thermostatic expansion valve and the coil inlets to ensure uniform refrigerant distribution in multicircuit coils. 9. Cooling coils for water, aqueous glycol, brine, or halocarbon refrigerants usually have tubes made of this metal. 12. This factor is sometimes included when calculating thermal performance of the coil when deposits or fouling of the waterside surface is expected. 13. This type of plate should be installed on the downstream side of dehumidifying coils if water carry- over is likely. 16. This connection should be on the downstream side of the coils and discharge to an indirect waste or storm sewer. 17. This should be of a deep-seal design so that no sewer gas can enter the air handling system. 18. This organization publishes Standard 410, “ForcedCirculation Air-Cooling and Air-Heating Coils.” 19. This tube wall dimension is determined mainly by
the coil’s working pressure and safety for hydrostatic burst pressure. 20. The removal of this form of heat through condensation occurs only on the portions of the coil where the surface temperature is lower than the dewpoint of the air passing over the coil.
DOWN 1. Air-cooling and dehumidifying coils are generally multirow and circuited in this arrangement. 2. Unless this is properly vented, it may accumulate in the coil tube circuits and reduce the thermal performance of the coil and possibly cause noise or vibration in the piping system. 4. There are three of these resistances to heat transmission rate of air passing over a clean tube to a fluid flowing within it – surface airside film resistance, metal resistance, and in-tube, fluid-side film resistance. 5. Along with the character of the airstream and the character of the in-tube coolant, this is another factor of the airstream and in-tube coolant that affects the transfer of heat between the cooling medium and the airstream across a coil. 6. Air-cleaning filters are typically used in air-handling systems to protect the coil from accumulation of this.
Mark Heizer, P.E. :
:
0.5 w . . . . . 1.5 1.0 w 0.75 . 2.0 w
)(
. . . . .
. . ( ) . )( . . . 250 Btuh / w . . / / . . T12 T8 . T5 / . / ( . ) w . 1.0
. . Energy Star )LEED( /IESNA Standard 90.1 . ANSI/ASHRAE . . . . . . . . / . . .
LCD 0.4 cfm 0.35 . cfm . 0.4 cfm . . . . )( . 1.1 cfm . . oF )( . 0.5 cfm . 0.35 cfm . . 20.0 cfm )VAV( . / . 0.35 cfm oF 150 cfm )112 cfm( . .
. 1.0 w . )LCD( )CRT( . . 1.0 cfm 0.8 oF . .
)( 1.1 cfm
w 1.4
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1.0 w LCD . . . 80 w LCD . . 0.5 cfm )( .
3.3 w . 1.8 w . . . . . HVAC . . . 1.5 w 0.5 .
. . ( .) oC . . )SHR( . 20 cfm . 0.2 cfm 0.35 . 0.4 cfm . 622001 VAV ANSI/ASHRAE Standard . . SHR . SHR SHR ( .) SHR )( . 20 cfm
. . . .
. SHR . . )( . .
. . cfm . . . cfm
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:
1 Semidisplacement Ventilation
:
1) Wilkins, C., & Honsi, M.H. (2000). Heat gain from office equipment. ASHRAE Journal, 42, pp. 33, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44.
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VAV
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Ronald J. Wilkinson, P.E. :
:
. HVAC : HVAC . HVAC HVAC . . . . . . . . . . . EPA FDA
. . . IEQ . . / . . . .
)IEQ( . . . )(
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. FDA/USDA . . . . / . . . ( .) / . .
. . . . . )FDA( )USDA( . Salt Lake City . . . D . . D . . . NFPA
LoopCAD . .
LoopCAD . . . . . . LoopCAD . . LoopCAD . LoopCAD . . . LoopCAD . DWG AutoCAD PDF AutoCAD . DXF AutoCAD . . . http://www.loopcad.com
: LoopCAD CAD CAD AutoCAD
AutoCAD PDF ) ( )Freehand( Project Wizard . . . LoopCAD . AutoCAD LoopCAD . AutoCAD LoopCAD . AutoCAD .
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