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. . . . . . : IVEG
PROBE
IVEG
. IEA ECBCS Annex 35 HybVent . . . . . . . Aggerholm , 2001 Aggerholm ,2002a . . Aggerholm ,2002b : PROBE PROBE . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . : B&O B&O . Struer . . . . . . . 3.0 ach 1.5 ach . . . . . . . : I Guzzini Illuminazione I Guzzini Illuminazione . Recanati . . . .
B&O
. . Antwerp . . . . . . oC .
. : Fujika . Atsugi . . . . . . VAV . . . .
I Guzzini Illuminazione
. . . . . oC . . oC oC oC . oC . oC oC . / oC . . . : Wilkingson Wilkingson . . . . . . . . / . . . . .
. . . VAV . . . oC . : IEA ECBCS Annex 35 HybVent . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Preheated 2 Laissez Faire 3 Air Curtain
:
Wilkingson
Fujika
David Arnold : : habibahmady@hotmail.com
Cosmio I Medici . Vasari . . Whitehall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
Chicago Board of Trade )(
. . . : Fully Air Conditioned . . Uffizi Pevsner .) office Ufficio(
. . . : . . open court . . . . )( . . Rand McNally McNally Rookery Chicago Quarter Block . Rand . . Building . Louis Sullivan Wainwright U Uffizi Sullivan U . . )( . . . Building ) ( . Wainwright .
: .
. )ASHVE( : . . . . . . . Buffalo .) ( . Alfred R. Wolff . Buffalo . . American Surety . . . . ASHVE . :Larkin Administration Frank Lloyd Wright Larkin Administration . . Wright ) oF( oC
) ( )( ) ( Larkin Administration Building
Straus )(
. . Larkin . : Wright . ( . ) . Wright Chicago Quarter Blocks Louis Sullivan . .)( . ) ( / . . . . : ) ( . . Larkin . . . . .
Wright . . ! Wright . . : Larkin . . Woolworth . Chrysler . . S .W. Straus and Company . . . .) ( “U“ “E“ “H“ . . . . “T“ . .
.) ( Milam )a(
Le Corbusier . . oC . )/ oF( ) ( le mur neutralisant Centrosoyus Palace Lyon . . Lyon conditioned air . . Cite de Refuge Le Corbusier . . ) ( Milam )b(
. San Antonio : . )HPAC( . Milam . . . . . . . )( . . . ( . ( ) . ) . )17 Btu/h.ft( )/ oF( oC )/ oF( oC . ! : Milam Le Corbusier Le Corbusier . Jeanneret Gustave Lyon Lyon . l'air ponctuel
PSFS .) ( Le Corbusier Loos Gropius . . . Empire State RCA . Rockefeller PSFS . . . . PSFS .
. . . . . . . Le Corbusier . ( .) :PSFS PSFS . .
) ( PSFS ) ( .
. . ( . .) . . . 1 allair 2 light court 3 Thermal Mass 4 false section 5 anterooms 6 Ribbon Windows 7 Venetian blinds 8 Clerestory 9 terminal air conditioning unit system
:
. . . . . . . . Lescaze Howe . PSFS . PSFS . . Larkin . Lloyd Wright . . Hershey . Detroit Edison Company E H U . Johnson's Wax Administration Frank Lloyd Wright . . . .
Dupont . . Dupont . . . Dupont HFC134 . ) CFCs( . FormacelDymel Suva Dupont . www.Dupont. Com WEMBLEY . kw 30 HXC kw . . . . .
HFC134 Dupont Dupont
134a . )HFC( Sava 134a 134a Dymel Formacel . . Dupont . . . . Dupont HFC134 .
. Greg Sanchez . . / . . . m . . . . . . . . . )CBR( . sanchez . . Kitzsteinhorn . . . . www.Ashrae.org :
. . ! . . . 7.4m . . . www.wembleystadium.com ASHRAE . ) ( . .
: Georg Havenith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . Munters . H2oliquid Air . . . . . . VOC . . Larry Klekar . Munters . . Munters San Antonio . )ppm( . Antonio Hawk . ppm tds San Richard . . . . . : . www.Munters.com
. . .
. www.Ashrae.Org . . KNAUF
Koolduct KNAUF
. . CFC . . Koolduct . : . . . . . KNAUE .
:
www .Livingroom .Orgolympics
. )ASHRAE( . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . .
. SEER . . . SEER . SEER TRANE . . ) ( . : www .Achrnews .com
Dynasonic DUFX . D D D . D . . DVVX . ppm . ppm UFX UFX . . PPm . ( MPS ) ( FPS
. .SMACNA Leakage Class6 NFPA255 DW144 Class B : oC / w/mc . fpm : www.KnaufUSA.com
SEER 13 . SEER . . . . SEER . Energy Star . . . Halsey Cook .
. . . Lenoir . . . . . . . : . www.Ornl.Gov/new
. . : ( ) ) ( ) C.Q (
. ) Full Scale UFX . . ) mm( / [ mps / ] FPS / . : www.dynasonics.com/products
HERMIDIFIER MD Herrtronic . VAC lb/hr . . . . . lb/hr )A( lb/hr . .)C( lb/hr )B( . / IntegralProportional . )BMS( lb/hr . : www.herrmidifier.com
. . . .
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. . . .
. . . ) ( . . . ! . . ( . ). : ) . ) . ) . . )LCD( . . : ) ) ) )
. . 68oF )20oC( . ! . 78oF )26oC( . . . . . . . . . 15 oC 10 oC . .
LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )Reset( .
)( . .
. ) )EM( . . . . LED . ) ( .
. . : )×
. . . .
)( . .
. .
The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse )EREC( “Electronic Thermostats “ Radio Electronics June 1992. “Energy Saving Thermostats “Consumer Reports October 1993. “Good News on the 'Setback' Front “T .Wilson Home Energy Jan Feb 1991 .2124 Kittredge Street No .95 Berkeley CA 94704 (510) 524 5405. “Home Environment “Home Mechanix February 1992. “Home Q& A “Home Mechanix November 1995. “The Latest in Home Thermostats“Consumers' Research Magazine February 1990. “New Electronic Thermostats Save Money “Consumers Digest January 1989. “Programmable Thermostats :How to Buy and Install One in Your Home “Family Handyman January 1989. “Smart Thermostats for Comfort and Conservation “March 1994 EPRI Journal.
. )× )× )× )× . . . . . . Ghost Readings . . . . . . . . . . .
Jolly Sanjeev : :
. . . . )( ) ( . : .)US( ) )HP( ) . . . . . . )( . . . .
CT )(
. . . & Light's Westinghouse 501 B5 ) ( . Putnam Florida Power . . . . . . . )CTIAC( . )CT( )( ISO : . ) . . ) . . . . )TES( ) ) ( . . TES . .
. . . ) ( . . . HP . (CE&E) Palatka Florida Putnam Westinghouse W501 B5 CT . .
. psi )( . psi . . . / . . . . . psi
. )(
psi )(
Putnam . )FPL( Westinghouse501 B5 C E & E FPL . )HRSG( . . )( : T dry bulb = 95°F R.H = 50 T wet bulb = 79°F = 2,500,000 lbs/.hr = 35 ft T inlet air = T inlet air =
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. . . . . . : )
. . . .
. . . . . .)( / . / . RH . . . .
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. ) ( . . )( . Putnam . ) ( . . . . DI . . ) ( .
. )
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. . . Westinghouse W501 B5 . . . .
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: )(
.) . : . . )Lioh( . . . . : )CuO Cu2O( )NH3( . )NH3( . H2 N2 NO2NO N2O 4N2O NoX NOX . )NH3( ppm . :)CuOCu2O( . . Pitiny . . )(
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: Kg = W )Wt%( = A ) ( )Wt%( = C . : )( . / / )HBr( / .
:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . . .
. : . ! . . . . . . . : : . . . . ) ( . . . . . ( flash off .) . .
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. . . )CRI( . . . CRI . . . . . .
: . . . . . . . . . . . . : .
: . .
1 Overspray 2 Color Rendering Index
:
Marlin S. Addison :
: M.Vosough@Pishrofarayand.com
) : ) ) ( ) oF oF ) . ) : ) Bauman Webster( ) ) ( ) . ) ( ) ( ) ( . .
. ) ( )( . ( . ) . . HVAC . . HVAC . VAV
) .) ( )Bauman et.al 1998( ) ( . ( oC oC( oF oF ) ) ) ( ) oC / oC( oF oF ) Tsuzuki( ) / oC( + oF )Wyon( / )Fisk( . . )Bauman Webster( . . . ) )a : )b ) ( )c )d
. . . ) Faulkner,et.al.,1995 Yuan,et.al.,1999( )( . ASHRAE HVAC : . ) . . ( ) )Webster Bauman( . .
) . . . )( . ) oF / oC( . ) ( . . . . . . ) oC( oF in . )/ m( . )/ oC( oF . . . ) m/s( fpm . .)/ m/s fpm(
)e )f Webster( .)Brager deDear Yuan et.al.1999 Bauman ( ) . o o . C F( ) ) > oF oC( . ) ) ( . ) ) > oF / oC( . ) .) > oF oC( .)< .in / m(
( .) .) Bauman(
. ) Nall Hill( Pittsburgh Alcoa . . . )( Nall . CFD .
. ) / m/s fpm( . . fpm ) m( ft . ) / m/s( . .
)( HVAC . HVAC ( . ) . . . . . )( . / . .
HVAC )( .)DOE2 Carrier HAP Trane TRACE ( ( . )Energy 10 .) ( . / . : ) ) )
. ( . ) . . ) ( . .
DOE2 HAPTRACE )ASHRAE 1993( . )( ( .) EnergyPlus ( ) . .
)( . . . DOE2.2 DOE2.2 .
HVAC Hensen )( : ) ( TRACE .) . EnergyPlus DOE2 HAP HVAC ) . . )CFD ( .) ( . ) ( ) . )CFD( . . )( ( HVAC ) ) ( ) ( .
) ASHRAE 2001 ( )( . . .) ( ) ( Loudermilk ) ( Brown Loudermilk ) ( Glicksman Chen Yuan Zweifel CFD
DOE2.2 . . . . ( .) )W/sq.ft. ( .
CFD
CFD . Alcoa ) / m( ft )/ m/s( fpm CFD .
CFD . CFD . . CFD . . Hill Nall HVAC
)( Koschenz . ( ( ) Koschenz Zweifel Yuan et.al . )( .) )( )( Brown )( Loudermilk . DOE2.2 . . )( / . . . EnergyPlus DOE2.2 . ) ( . . UA . . . CFD .
. )( CFD . .
Morrison 2001 Chen Broderick2001 Maliska 1999 Haves Rees .)Beausoleil Morrison et.al .2001 2001 Beausoleil
REFERENCES ASHRAE .1993 .Handbook of Fundamentals American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Inc .Atlanta .ASHRAE .2001 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals American Society of Heatin Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Inc .Atlanta. Bauman F .T .Carter A .Baughman and E .Arens .1998 “.Field study of the impact of a desktop task/ambient conditioning system in office buildings “ASHRAE Transactions 104 (1) Bauman F .2000 .Private communication .Center for the Built Environment University of California Berkeley. Bauman F .and T .Webster 2001.“Outlook for Underfloor Air Distribution“ ASHRAE Journal June 2001 1827. BeausoleilMorrison I .2001.“The adaptive coupling of computational fluid dynamics with wholebuilding thermal simulation “Proceedings of Building Simulation 2001 p1259 BeausoleilMorrison I .J .Clarke J .Denev I.A .Macdonald A .Melikov and P .Stankov .2001.“Further developments in the conflation of CFD and building simulation “Proceedings of Building Simulation 2001 p1267 Broderick C .and Q .Chen .2001.“A simple interface to CFD codes for building environment simulations“Proceedings of Building Simulation 2001 p577 Brown M .2000 .“Underfloor air conditioning systems :principles and applications“ Carrier Global Engineering Conference 2000. DeDear R .and G .Brager 1998 .“Developing and adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference “ASHRAE Transactions 104 )1a( 145167. Faulkner D .W.J .Fisk and D.P .Sullivan .1995 .“Indoor airflow and pollutant removal in a room with floorbased task ventilation :results of additional experiments “Building and Environment 30)3) 323332. Fisk W .2000 .“ Health and productivity gains from better indoor environments and their relationship with energy efficiency“ LBNL45484 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Hensen et.al 1996.“Modeling Approaches for Displacement Ventilation in Offices“Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms ROOMVENT '9 6 )http://www.esru.strath.a c.u k/publications/ roomvent.htm( Loudermilk K .1999 .“Underfloor air distribution solutions for open office applications “ASHRAE Transactions 105 )1(. Maliska C .2001.“Issues on the integration of CFD to building simulation tools “Proceedings of Building Simulation 2001 p29. Nall D .1998 .“Underfloor Air Delivery System “The Construction Specifier The Construction Specification Institute February 4548. Nall D .and J .Hill .1997 .“Utilization of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Design HVAC Systems and the Building Envelope for a Corporate Headquarters Building “The 21st Century Outlook AIA U.S .Green Building Council. Rees S .P .Haves .1999.“A nodal model for displacement ventilation and chilled ceiling systems in office spaces “.Proceedings of Building Simulation '99 433440. Tsuzuki K et al.1999 .“Individual thermal comfort control with deskmounted and floormounted task/ambient conditioning )TAC( system “Proceedings of Indoor Air99)2(368373. Wyon D .1996 .“Individual microclimatic control :required range probable benefits and current feasibility “Proceedings of Indoor Air 96)1( 10671072. Yuan X .Q Chen and L .Glicksman .1999 .“Performance evaluation and design guidelines for displacement Ventilation“ASHRAE Transactions 105)1( Zweifel G .and M .Koschenz 1993.“Simulation of displacement ventilation and radiant cooling with DOE2“ ASHRAE Transactions 99 )1( 548555.
. ( HVAC .)
. / EnergyPlus ( . .
Scientific American
. . . B . . B . a1 B1 : . B1 . C . d4 a1 . d5 a2 . e . C . . a7 a5 A . . D . Pittsburg Rudolph Berg . .
. : A a2 a1 a a4 .a3 . a3 . a3
: Farshid momeni@yahoo.com
Cold Crack
. DC )Direct Current(
. Electrode Negative )Direct Current Stright Polarity( DCEN )DCSP( Dirct Current DC
DC . )DCRP ( .
Air Carbon ARC Cutting )CAC( ) (
. Alternating Current )AC(
. ARC
) ( . . ) ( ARC BLOW
. ARC Cleaning
)DCEP( DC . DCRP . . ) ( ARC Strike Backstep Welding )(
Electrode Positive )Direct Current Reverse Polarity( DCEP )DCRP( Direct Current DC
DC . .)DCSP ( Defect
)Discontinuity( . ) ( Distorion
. . )American Welding Society( AWS Backstep Welding
. )( Certified Welder
.
Heat Input . : H = (60 VI) / (1000 S) )KJ/mm KJ/in( H :
)( V )( I ( S ) Heat Sink Effect
. . . . . . . . . ) ( . Hot Crac
. Inclusion
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.
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T = (Ceq - 0.11)
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)
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)(
: . Local Preheating
. MAG Welding
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Ceq = %C + ( %Mn / 6 ) + [ %(Cr+Mo+V) / 5 ] + [ %(Ni+Cu) / 15] . )In( ) (
CO2
Porosity
MIG welding
.) (
. . NDT )NonDestructive Test(
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.
. . WPS PQR
)( WPS )Welding Weld Procedure Specification(
)Discontinuity( ) ( . . .
WPS . . )Post Weld Heat Treatment(
Runoff Plate
) (
/ kv MVA . . . )HVAC( EPC .
. . )COPPER OXIDE LEACHING( . . EPCM
Vakiloroaya@engineer.com
)Aluminum fin Thickness( = Ft = 0.006in = 0.15m.m
. )( )( . :DX . : Qc,wet =
wet
.60
a
)hae hs,r(
a
hs,r hae a wet a . :DX . : DX wet
= ( hae - hal) / ( hae - hs,r )
: hal = hae -
( hae - hs,r )
. hae hae . : DX wet
= I - exp (-NTu)
)(
. . . . . 35oC 5 . . . )DX( . : )Direct expansion( . . . . ) 15 10( 5/8 3/8 18 8 )0.15 m.m( 0.006 . )Corrugated Plate Fins( . ) Turbulence( . 60 . 2.5 1.5 Ao/Ai Ai Ao . : )Longitudinal tube spacing( = SL= 1.083in= 27.5m.m
)Transverse tube spacing( = ST=1.25in= 31.8m.m
)outside nominal Dia( = Do = 0.5in = 23m.m
. 67oF 80oF . : . 700 ( Btu / hr.oF.ft2) Tev = 45 oF HcFc22 . 0.76 ho = 12.9 ( Btu / hr.oF.ft2) ) ( . 550ffm )ToTa surface Area( .
NTU : NTU = (UoAo) / Ca
Ca u0 : Ca = 60
Cpa
a a
: . Cpa
Aa = a/Va = 5500 cfm / 550 fpm Aa=10ft2 Ao = Fs. Nr. Aa = 17.48 1.15 3 10 = 603 ft2 )56 m2(
Ao/Ai = 14.03 1.15 : . 1.15 . Ai = 603 / (14.03 1.15) = 37.4 ft2 (3.5 m2)
: Ca = 60
Af f s 500 fpm . 0.15 inwc . 0.23 inwc . 5500cfm )DX( .
Cpa = 60 5500 0.075 0.243 = 6014 (Btu/hr.oF)
a a
: NTu = UoAo/Ca = 4995 / 6014 = 0.831
: NTU DX
= 1 exp )NTu( = 1e 0.831 = 1 0.436 = 0.564
: . wet
= 0.564 0.95 = 0.536
. hae = 31.6 Btu/lb : DX Qc = 60 a a ) hae hs,r( = 60 5500 0.075 0.536 )31.6 17.65( = 185060 Btu/hr = 54223 watt = 15.42 Ton Ref.
: hal = hae
( hae hsr( = 31.6 0.536 )31.6 17.65)
)(
= 24.1 Btu/lb
: Dry Bulb = 57.6 oF Wet Bulb = 56.2 oF HR = 93% ) (
)(
)(
)( )( . : Fin/Tube Materials Rows . Fin Pitch . Fin Thickness . Tube Spacing Vertical Tube Spacing . . Horizontal Tube Dry Bulb and wet Bulb Temp . Face Velocity . Fouling Factor . . 0.0025 Fluid Velocity 4fpm 6fpm 2fpm . . . Analyze Coil
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1 NFPA . BS NFPA . NFPA . NFPA . . . NFPA NFPA . NFPA . NFPA . NFPA .
NFPA 850 NFPA 1911 NFPA 2001 . NFPA . . . NFPA
NFPA . . NFPA . NFPA NFPA . : www .NFPA .Org
:
1 National Fire Protection Association 2 National Fire Codes
NFPA 16 NFPA 17 NFPA 17A NFPA 20 NFPA 25 NFPA 30 NFPA 52 )CNG( NFPA 70 NFPA 72 NFPA 80 NFPA 96 NFPA 600 NFPA 701 NFPA 704 NFPA 801 NFPA 803
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Farshidmomeni@yahoo.com
Farshid momeni@yahoo.com
EFFECTIVE Telephoning
. . .
) . . : Dam “D“ as in “Delta“ “a“ as in “Alpha“ “m“ as in “Mike“
. )( R :Good morning .Carrier Company.
.
C :Good morning .Can I speak to Mr .Broan please.
R :I'm sorry .Mr Broan's on a business trip right now.
.
. C :oh when will he be back?
R :He should be back on 15th June .Can anybody else help you?
. C :No thank you .I'll call back later.
. )(
R :Good morning .York after sales services.
.
C :Good morning .I'd like to speak to the sales manager please.
.
R :One moment please .I'll see if he's in ... Hello I'm sorry the sales manager's out of town now. Can somebody else help you?
.... . C :Yes can I speak to his assistant?
R :Certainly I'll put you through.
. )(
R :Good afternoon .TPL Company .Can I help you?
.
C :Good afternoon .I'd like to make an appointment with technical manager.
. . . . Rosemary Palstra “TELEPHONE ENGLISH“ . 22nd November . . )American English( “November TwentySecond“
)British English( . The Twenty Second“ “The TwentySecond of November“ “November
“a.m“ “a.m“ “p.m“ ... ) ( “p.m“ . ) .Speaking . Receiver R ( “Caller“ “C“ ). R :NIOC London office Can I help you?
.
C :May I speak to Mr Rajabi please?
.
R :Speaking please.
)( ) . . Could I ask you to repeat that again?
When will he be back?
Can I take a message? Would you like to leave a message?
.
) (
Would you let him know that I called? This is Momeni.
. What number are you calling from?
I'll ask her to phone you as soom as she comes in.
.
It's confidential.
.
Could we fix a meeting?
. R :First of all may I ask who's calling?
C :oh sorry Shirazi speaking.
R :And may I ask you what your appointment is about?
C :It's about spare of machines we have bought from your Company.
. R :oh .Yes .Is 5:30 tomorrow afternoon all right?
/
C :I'm sorry .5:30 isn't suitable what about 4:30?
/ /
R :Yes never mind .4:30 is fine.
.
Would you please tell him that the signo Contract has been signed?
. /
C :Thank you .Goodbye.
.
. I'm so sorry .He's in conference at present.
. .
This is the third time I've called .What time do you think he'll be free.
I'm afraid. I must break my appointment for tomorrow.
.
With whom did you have an appointment.
What date are you able to come?
Where shall we meet?
I Want to book a round trip to Dubai.
.
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.
The number's busy all the time.
.
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. . . I can't hear you .Can you speak a bit Louder?
.
I'm sorry .There's no one of that name here you've got the wrong number.
. .
)(
R :Sales Department.
C :May I speak to Mr .Kamali?
.
R :Mr .Kamali? oh you have the wrong extension .He's on extension 268 .Hold the line .I'll transfer you.
. ... . . C :Thank you.
. : He's speaking on the other line.
.
Will you hold?
The line is engaged.
.
Put me through to the after sales service please.
.
I'm calling on behalf of Mr .Hakimi.
.
Is Engineer Kazemi in?
I'm calling about the advertisment in today's paper.
.
Advertised in the jam-e-jam for an engineer.
.
( ) . :
. : . . . .
( )
)(
)(
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1 ASHRAE “ Equipment TNBK “ 1983 2 DOE Economic Analysis .Energy Performance Standards for new Building. United States Department of Energy.
. . )( . )( . )( . / . )(
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