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Acute Myeloid Leukemia Updates
Written by Dr. Rabiatul Basria S. M. N. Mydin1* (Ph.D) and Dr. Eman S. Algariri1,2 (MD) 1 Oncological and Radiological Sciences Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute Universiti Sains Malaysia 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Hadhramout, Yemen. *Corresponding author email: rabiatulbasria@usm.my In the last decade, the incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has increased worldwide. In Malaysia, AML represented the highest incidence and mortality rate among other leukemia type, as shown in Figure 1 (Global Health Data Exchange, 2019). AML is more common in adults, with a median age of 67 and around 30% of AML patients over 75 years. However, Pediatric AML is the fifth most common cancer in children and its prognosis is still poor compared to ALL, the most common type of leukemia in children (Chen et al., 2019). AML is characterized as a highly heterogeneous hematologic malignancy and is associated with the clonal expansion of immature (blast) myeloid precursors and disturbance of hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.
Figure 1. Incidence and mortality rate of leukemia subtypes in Malaysia in 2019. Comparison of incidence and mortality rate between leukemia subtypes in Malaysia in 2019. AML: Acute myeloid leukemia, ALL: Acute lymphocytic leukemia, CML: Chronic myelogenous leukemia, CLL: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Data was obtained from Global health data exchange (2019). Recently, the AML survival rate revealed certain improvements that were prominent across all age groups, except for the age group older than 70 years. From 2010 to 2017, the estimated 5-year survival rate was 65 %-70 % in childhood AML, 50-63 % in patients less than 40 years old, and 40% for patients aged 40-60 years old. The survival rate did not show any change among elderly AML patients, where the survival rate MyHVP Newsletter | December 2021 | page 10
