SONORAN GROWTH Where Water Flows, Phoenix Grows
EDS 402 Environmental Design Synthesis II Spring Semester 2020 Arizona State University; The Design School
Matthew Lake Arizona State University The Design School Environmental Design EDS 402 Design Synthesis Spring 2020 Instructor: Silvia Neretti TA: Amalia DeSardi Layout Design: Nick Shekerjian & Silvia Neretti
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CONTENTS
Introduction
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1. Literature Review
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2. Research Questions
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3. Proposal (Context and User)
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4. Prototypes
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5. Reflections
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6. Bibliography
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INTRODUCTION
For nearly a millennium canals have been used by the inhabitants of the Salt River Valley to make life possible. The Hohokam Nation used canals so their crops could survive the harsh summers. In the late 19th century canals were once again constructed so life in the Valley of the Sun could be possible. Up
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until the mid 1900’s these canals were seen as an asset to The Valley. The canals were places of gathering, celebrating The Valley’s water. The canal areas where full of large shade trees and people would even swim the canals during the heat of the day. Today cities and the Salt River Project (SRP) have turned the canals into more of an industrial zone. There are no more shade trees and developments have turned their back to them. Some see the canals as dangerous due to a
number of drownings occurring in the canals each year. These canals are unique to Arizona. We have little water and should celebrate where we have it. These canals have the potential to become a staple of Sonoran Desert living. How can these canals leverage our place? Be resilient? Connect communities? Protect from flood damage? Densify Phoenix to prepare for an additional 100 million Americans by the end of the century? Promote healthy lifestyles? and respond to the surrounding environment?
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LITERATURE REVIEW
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Lit. Review
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The history of landscapes has always been closely tied to how efficient that land is used. The world has a long history of trying to create landscapes where a community or person has all of the things they need in a local area. This interest first came early in our history as we settled and started to cultivate the land. Around these early day’s food was available near where people lived. However, this feature of civilization was slowly lost as our cities became larger and more complex living spaces. This shift came into climax around the industrial revolution when factories started to be a major part of the workforce, replacing the live-work situation of farming. The world has gone on like this for many years now. However, with large scale urban sprawl on the rise in cities around the world, it is time to look back to our
past to understand how we have tried to efficiently use our land while still meeting the needs of those in the immediate area. Looking at more recent attempts to do this in places like Arcosanti and Bijlermeer, will give us deeper insight into how our modern world we can build efficiently. But we need to also observe the faults that these sites face so that we may further improve the understanding of what it means to use land efficiently. Arcosanti The Phoenix metro area is the poster child for suburban sprawl. Over 4.5 million people spread out over 14,600 square miles. As you drive the metro area the tract homes and strip malls seem endless. Driving north on the interstate seventeen you hit a point where you think you saw the end of development but no there something even further; Arcosanti, Arizona. Arcosanti is “an experiential learning center, walk-through demonstration of how to pursue efficient alternatives to urban sprawl.” In essence; Arcosanti is an experimental micro-city seeking the radical reorganization of the built environment by integrating Architecture and Ecology to create what the community calls, “arcology”. In 1956, Paolo Soleri and his wife Colly purchased land in Paradise Valley (the future site of Arcosanti) and established the Cosanti Foundation. Arcosanti began construction in 1970 and is currently still under development. Arcosanti is one solution of many that aim to solve the issue of ineffective land use. Though noble in their efforts, Arcosanti is not without flaws. The
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remainder of this section will gather information and learn from the failures of Arcosanti in order to develop a better solution to ineffective land use. One major critique of the supposed utopia is; though founded on the idea of arcology, the design of the community does not seem to take climate into account. Mark English, an architect in San Francisco and member of the AIA, was interviewed for his critiques about Arcosanti. He stated, “Here in the middle of the desert we have a building that has no shade structures on any facade. Its basic structure is such that it has to be air-conditioned. In its very form, it’s wrong. It’s falling apart. It’s irredeemable” English said went on to say “Soleri failed to pay attention to working with the desert environment and instead made an architectural object statement rather than a revolutionary town” (Schieler, “The Complicated and Contradictory Legacy of Arcosanti”). Another critique of the community is its use of non-native flora. The use of non-native plant material usually requires supplemental water, especially in the desert. These irrigation practices are completely inefficient when it comes to land use efficiency. If xeriscaping practices were implemented, then the community would not have to use additional water on plant materials. Therefore, that water that would otherwise be used for irrigation would be used to support the surrounding environment. In conclusion, in order to create an effective and efficient piece of land it must harmonize with the environment it is in. Another critique of Arcosanti is the fact that it is completely separate from yet dependent on the larger
city an hour to their south. Alice Bucknell, a writer for a notable design journal says “The principle of arcology vehemently cites cars as the death of society, yet almost every resident has their own. Far from an independent community, they make the 70-mile schlep to Phoenix weekly to pick up food supplies, drop off cast bells in gift shops aplenty, sometimes grabbing a drink at a favorite bar” (Bucknell, “The Complicated and Contradictory Legacy of Arcosanti”). In order to create an efficient land and community on that land it must be self-sustaining. Being isolated from the city creates an image for the community that is less than ideal. Many residents of the larger city may view the residents of the isolated community as dissident and not part of the overall community. Not so much a critique but more a roadblock for Arcosanti is the source of funding for the project. The sole method of funding the project is by hand making and selling cast iron bells. The Cosanti Foundation continues to refuse any corporate donations. The dream of an arcology can only fully become a reality when the financial sources are constant and direct.” (Spencer, Lessons in Arcology). Fairly, we learn that to be efficient, the land must respond to it’s surrounding environment. Bijlmermeer Located in the neighborhoods that help form Amsterdam Zuidoost is the Dutch invention of the Bijlmermeer. The Biljmer, short for Bijlmermeer, was supposed to be a modernist dream for residents living in Amsterdam.
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Image Title, Author (if applicable) Date, Caption (if applicable)
The original plan was to create a modern city that would remove the congestion and pollution that cities are commonly known for. This would be done by organizing specific zones for housing, commercial, recreation and traffic. This all leads back to the year 1933 where a voyage containing some of world’s most famous modernist architects and artists, who gathered for the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM is the French acronym) to talk about city planning in specific. The idea was to zone specific areas off so that life would be in divided into sections. Residents would live in high-rise apartments while pedestrians would be on the ground level for recreational use and collective spaces. The concept was live in the sky and play on the ground. This would also include separate districts for shopping and commercial as well. As former European cities were congested and polluted, the new one being built would be very clean, linear and everything would have a precise place. This was the blueprint that the International Congress of Modern Architecture believed in. Charles Edouard Jeanneret, better known as Le Corbusier (or Corbu) was a Swiss architect that was part of the meeting. He also authored a book published in 1943 explaining the modernist ideas of city building. Le Corbusier would travel, introducing modernist ideas to governments around the world. Most governments liked what they heard, solely because of the idea that the cost would be cheap and the turn-around time for construction would be fast as well, and not for the utopian society idea. After the second
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world war, developments using the CIAM’s blueprint were being used all over the world. Many cities though, took some ideas and not all from the blueprint. The city planners of Amsterdam though had other plans and wanted to go even further. So, they decided to build a new neighborhood, roughly forty-five to an hour bike ride away from the main city of Amsterdam. This city would be an exact CIAM blueprint built on a massive scale to show off its modernist principals. These buildings were built out of concrete since it was a cheap material and a modernist design material as well. The buildings would appear in a honeycomb shape, for the purpose of exposing all buildings and rooms to sunlight at some point in the day. All apartments were originally designed for the middle class, and no one apartment was built to be better than the other. The purpose was everyone was equal to their neighbors, since this was built under a socialistic government. It would not be until the late 1960s though that the apartments would finally start getting finished for residents to move into. The Biljmermeer was advertised as a modern paradise with fresh green foliage everywhere, but that was not the case, as none of the plants were grown in, leaving a bare, naked concrete building surrounded by dirt. Along with the missing foliage was the metro station connecting the neighborhoods and towns together, and roads in and out of the city. The main road was made of dirt, and it was not until the following years that roads and the metro would be added. There would be 31 buildings that would go up, with 13,000 apartments
Top: Re-visioning Amsterdam Bijlmermeer, Lea Olsson & Jan Loerakker. Bottom: Bijlmer, before demolition., Lea Olsson & Jan Loerakker.
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total. The Biljmermeer was proposed as a modern approach to living in the 1960s. Its problem though lies in body design, and how people were supposed to live in this area. The land used was massive and many tall buildings were erected. The space used was for living above, and play below, while also having cars above the ground level. All this in turn would be a massive failure, as crime would begin to climb due to lack of vision that the building would provide. Drugs and needles began to make a return, and ultimately signaled the time for families to depart. Still people needed low income housing, and housing in general. Today there are still Surinamese and foreign nationalities present at the Bijlmermeer. Though the Biljmermeer was projected to be great for the future and people, its lack of connection to the other cities nearby, its lack of presentation in relation to advertisements, and the overall use of the land it was built on was mismanaged and not correctly assessed.
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Conclusion Bringing together the sites discussed above, it seems as though all of these sites have at least one huge blunder that was not thought about or overlooked as a whole. Arcosanti has the problem of not adapting the site to the unforgiving desert climate that surrounds it. The Bijlermeer suffered from uncomfortable living conditions for those it was intended for, thereby causing people to not want to live there at all. The one problem that all of these sites seem to have in common
is the disconnected feeling these cities have from the surrounding cities. Some are even located miles away from the nearest metro area to buy supplies. In order to solve this issue of a disconnected community, an initiative must be taken in the making of cities that do not rely on vehicles which take up about 70% of every street (Calthorpe). A denser local community driven city is how land use efficiency will be used most in the upcoming future expansions of cities and the new communities that are being built right this second. If we can find a way to solve transit as well as the other problems that have plagued our “sustainable cities� of the past, our path towards the future will not only look brighter but also be more connected than ever before. It is time that we start taking the threat of urban sprawl seriously and start to develop new areas in sustainable ways that will also nurture the community without taking the known lifestyle of people away from them. We cannot achieve this just by using sustainable technology and practices but by using those technologies to improve the efficiency of every piece of land that the community is connected to. Only then will we start to make a truly efficient city, one that nurtures it people, but those people themselves remain happy and healthy living there.
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Design and Technology Review
New York City, High Line (Field Operations) One of the most famous landmarks in the city. The High Line is a public park built on a historic freight rail line elevated above the streets on Manhattan’s West Side. The design team transformed it into a placemaking masterpiece for NYC.
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The High Line stretches across 1.45 miles. It’s main goals are to capitalize on what is already there and to “grow” something new out of something old. The design team wanted its path to be an episodic walk. They accomplished this by having a number of gathering spaces along the path of the High Line. Both photos to the right show how the design connects and gathers.
The Inside Track On New York City’s High Line, NPR, NPR Staff Bottom: thehighline.org, At a Glance
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Resilient South City (Hassell+) “Resilient South City is a proposal to create more public green space and continuous public access along South San Francisco’s Colma Creek, aiming to reduce the impacts of flooding, mitigate against sea-level rise vulnerability, restore native flora and fauna, and create more amenity and healthy lifestyle opportunities by connecting a continuous public corridor from Orange Memorial Park to a new public park at the shoreline.” The primary objectives of Resilient South City: • Manage flooding along Colma Creek. • Connect the community along the creek to the shoreline, between a series of active public spaces. • Upgrade schools to become resilience hubs as well as active community open space resources while linking them to the creek & each other by new green streets for cycling and water management (more kids riding to school!) The key project is the parkway connection from Orange Memorial Park to the shoreline. This will involve a sequence of new green public open spaces of varying character, linked by a continuous path for walking and cycling.
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Top & Bottom: Resilient South City, Hassell+
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Scottsdale Waterfront, Arizona (Smith Group) Located near the downtown area of Scottsdale Arizona, this is project is one of the first of it’s kind. This project encouraged canal front development. It celebrates the unique feature of Arizona canals. The waterfront connects users to two main pedestrian corridors over the Arizona Canal which creates a completely connected downtown Scottsdale district. Though this project is a step in the right direction, it does fall short in many instances. The design does not respond to it’s environment, which is vital to any outdoor design in a hot, arid region. The design has a serious lack of shade and tree canopy coupled with a overwhelming amount of metal and concrete. The tallest waterfront building are on the north side of the canal instead of the south. I they were on the south side of the canal it would create a large swath of shade to the user on the canal. The design also severely limits the interaction of user with the water. Water is crucial to life in the Phoenix valley. If people were closer to water and interacted with it more often, might they become more aware of their usage of the resource?
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS
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As we learned in the literature review, the most efficient lands are multi-purpose. We also learn that in order for any development to be successful it must respond to it’s immediate surrounding natural environment .Since the mid 1900’s the Arizona canal system has been reduced to a one-purpose system, move water. Shade trees have been reduced to zero, and residents have shunned the canals. These areas of land in the Salt River Valley have high potential to be a source of pride again in Arizona and the key to our future, if we can design them correctly. We can revive these storied yet neglected lands to become multi-functional, economic, sustainable hubs and give character to the placemaking pit of Phoenix, Arizona. 26
HOW CAN WE DESIGN A MORE EFFICIENT ARIZONA CANAL SYSTEM?
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It is no secret that Arizona’s climate is one of the harshest in the United States. We learned from studying Arcosanti in order to be successful a land development must respond the surrounding environment. Arcosanti had minimal shade coverage in a arid region, non- native flora and promoted sprawl. In order to learn from the mistakes of those who have gone before, our efficient land must have immense shade coverage, use native flora to reduce water usage and promote local place-making, and allow for denser development. Within the next 35 years Maricopa county will experience an increase of 2 million people (MAG Maps). Many of those people will choose to live in The Valley of the Sun. If we continue to sprawl like we have been we will continue to experience its harmful effects. We would also need to allow for flexible development. 28
1 HOW CAN ARIZONA’S BUILT ENVIRONMENT RESPOND TO IT’S SURROUNDING CLIMATE? 29
In the Valley of the Sun it does not rain often, making the desert soil hard and compact. It does not help that we pave over hundreds of miles of desert dirt to allow for sprawl, making storm water absorption next to non. So, when it does rain, floods come hard and fast. We need to develop ways to reduce storm water damage to neighborhoods. Arizona naturally has a hot, dry climate but our development practices of 6-ft masonry walls and low albedo pavements make it even hotter and drier. It has become ever more common to have 30+ days over 110 degrees every year. Why make Arizona hotter then it already is? We need to let the naked desert floor breathe and create cooling hubs for people to have respite from the heat. This would be necessary in case of long term power outages. Citizens could gather at these hubs and not fry in the heat. 30
2 HOW CAN WE MAKE ARIZONA MORE RESILIENT?
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High Times on the High Line. Thomas Blythe.
Suburban sprawl creates an entanglement of many issues. Residential units are so spread out, cities become un-walkable. This creates a complete reliance on automobiles and an abundance of single passenger commuters. This creates car-centric development. That encourages more sprawl and less walking. In order to improve this impermeable land and development must become permeable, communities need to more connected to one another. Neighborhoods need to be connected to frequent transit to curb single passenger commuting. 32
3 HOW CAN WE CONNECT COMMUNITIES?
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PROPOSAL
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CONTEXT: A CANALSCAPE
This site is approximately 1 mile stretch of the Tempe Canal. It is part of the Mesa-Tempe border. It is a prime example of how the Arizona canal system has transformed into an industrial site. I selected this area due to it’s current and potential assets. There area many potential open spaces along with current open spaces. Through a redeveloped canal we can connect all these open spaces to create cooling hubs, densify Arizona, and connect surrounding communities. The vacant pieces of land on the north end of the site are owned by the City of Tempe and City of Mesa. The route of the Valley Metro Light Rail runs right through the northern open spaces with a station .1 miles to the west of this. As per census data the north half of the site has about 32-48% persons below the poverty level. The southern half has about 16-31% of persons below the poverty line. Over 75% of all people around the site drive alone to work. 36
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Activity Uses
Walk
Run
Bike
Appx. Age of Users
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61+
31-60
17-30
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USER
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Interviews were conducted among many canal adjacent neighbors to reveal important, potentially overlooked aspects of the canal (to respect privacy, names of residents have be changed and places of residents are not exact). Vanessa witnesses people dumping trash into canal. She as heard of people falling into canal and some drownings. Vanessa wishes the vacant lot across from her would be put to use. Jessica finds the canal as a good place to exercise. She has not heard of anyone having canal related incidents but welcomes positive changes. Paul and Diane have fond memories of activities around waterways in home country of Canada and can see the potential Arizona canals have. They both would enjoy more shade, benches and lighting. Rick does not pay much attention to canal, often forgets it is there. Although he would welcome changes. This group of user represents many backgrounds, cultures, income levels and ages. They also represent a large range of perceptions of the canal system and all who were interviewed welcomed positive changes to the canals.
Vanessa’s Residence Jessica’s Residence North Open Space
Rick’s Residence South Open Space Paul & Diane’s 41
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A PAD overlay district creates unique opportunities that are vital to this design. A Planned Area Development Overlay will incentivize canaladjacent land owners to densify and turn towards the canals instead of away once the canal corridor is completed. The purpose of a PAD Overlay District is to accommodate, encourage and promote innovative designed developments involving mixed land uses, which form an attractive and harmonious unit of the community. These districts will be placed every half mile to 1 mile apart along the canal. This is an appropriate distance that encourages and promote walk-ability in Phoenix and so each community has access to a cooling hub. Each district will follow shade and cooling guidelines to create a more resilient Arizona. Each building within these districts will also have residential units to accommodate the 2 million in population increase within the next 35 years without continuing to sprawl through the desert.
Site Enlargement Next page
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SOLUTIONS ARE IN THE DETAILS
The canal corridor (pictured in plan and section) will safely connect the southern population to the Apache light Rail station in an effort to reduce the amount of single driver commuters in the Phoenix area. A medium sized community farm will be placed on the north end of the site. This community farm will use the water from the divergent canal path to water the crops and encourage safe interaction with the water. This also restores the canals to it’s ancient purposes, agriculture. The new canal design provides a raised planting bed along the banks of the canal to keep canal users safe and reduce the number of canal related accidents. If a user does happen to fall, the new design provides 52
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small steps along the entire edge of the canal in. This allows a user to exit the canal at any spot instead of the current ladder every 100 feet. The raised planted barrier will also create a small levy in order to protect the surrounding areas in the event of a strong storm. The design will work with SRP to drain storm water to the canal to protect nearby households form flooding. The paths will allow a safe integration of pedestrians and bicyclists. Provide comfortable shade. The native flora will create a sense of place. The canals will become a source of pride for Arizonians again. Each building within a PAD overlay district will feature a cooling tower. A cooling tower is a passive cooling system using wind and water. Wind is harvested by the fan in the top of the tower. As the wind travels down the tower it passes through a mist of water to cool the air down and then is pumped into the adjacent buildings for cooling. The canal water will be used as the mist ing water to cooling the air. Each building has open indoor-outdoor patios but will feature flexible garage like door to keep the cool air in during peak hours and hot summers. This practice helps create cooling hubs. Renders and site plans enlargements shown are plans for one PAD overlay district though the overall plan will feature a PAD overlay every half mile to one mile.
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PROTOTYPES AND TESTS
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Prototype A
Prototype B 58
A number of different canal corridors were tested and designed before final one was chosen. The guidelines for choosing a canal corridor design were 1. Safety 2. Interaction between user and water and 3. simplicity. prototype A would have been one of the more complicated design since it would have required up grading and mounding in order to create enough room on the canal walkway to have stairs that lead down to the canal. This design had the most separation between user and water.
Prototype B would have used a uniquely colored bridge to create a sense of place. the bridge would weave and curve back and forth between the two banks of the canals for a number of miles along the canal. This prototype was not chosen because it covered a majority of the surface area of the canal. It also created numerous awkward intersection between the canal walkway and the bridge.
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This prototype was chosen because of it multiple functions and simplicity. The 24� high raised planter beds reduce SRP liability. The bed have breaks every 100 ft on each side so interaction is still encourage. Some areas of the planter bed is covered as to create a bench for the user. The plants in the bed make the canal front look more esthetically pleasing by placing greenery along the edge. This makes the canal look more river-like. If storm water drain to the canal the water level will rise. These planter beds will create additional room for a fluxing water level in the event of a string storm. If a user does happen to fall into the canal they will no longer be required to swim 100 ft and climb a ladder in order to exit the canal. The canal will be lined with steps to create a easy and safe exit.
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Chosen Prototype
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REFLECTIONS
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As I approach a retrospective view of this project, I reflect back to the beginning of this year long process. I began this project by creating a personal design process by studying the processes of others. Some of the famous designers that I researched were Frank Lloyd Wright, Bjarke Ingels, Sasaki Design, James Corner, Elora Hardy, Norman Foster and more. After researching these great designers, I decided to list out some of the key points that I was able to uncover in their own design processes. As I compared the lists, I found many similarities. Narrowing down the lists, I was able to create a design process that incorporates all of the designers’ ideas into one final design process. Now that the project is completed, I now reflect and beg the questions; how well was I able to implement my design process? Did I complete each step in full? Did each step actually help the project? or should I revise my design process now that I have used it? Overall each step was vital to the creativity and success of the project. I believe prototyping and review must be repeated many times in order to be fruitful. I feel that in this project I should have taken more time to create more prototypes. I all about four were created before the final was implemented. One obstacle that was placed before me was user feedback. During my interviews I did not receive contact info for follow up. After a few weeks the nation was hit with the COVID-19 pandemic and made it a public health issue to contact them in person. I had to rely on the 65
desires they expressed to me in my initial interviews. I hope that I truly had their best interest in mind and not subconsciously succumbing to my own design bias. Without their feedback I may consider my design process incomplete. Within my initial interviews I should have tried to enter the building to the south-west of the site and interviewed a number of the residents that live there. This building is a assisted living center for people with more advanced age and who are also hard of hearing. I feel they would have been able to supply good information on the project. If I were still in the prototype phase I would have completed a prototype with more permeable building faces. The buildings in this project seem a little bulky. I would like to see how I could design a building footprint in order to allow for more foot traffic to go through the building and out to the open space behind the building. A “M� shape building with subtracted corners may be more inviting to the open space and allow for more cross pollination between open space and canal front. One aspect of the project that would be beneficial and open up many more opportunities would be to research how to make the canal water cleaner. This is an environmental, water management issue more than design therefore, I did not choose to dedicate my time to solving it. However, having cleaner water opens up many new design intervention possibilities along the canal. I can see a how a landscape architect with 66
an ecological planning background would be able to tackle this issue. My hope is that these canals would eventually be able to clean enough to restore the community swimming rights. It is intriguing to see how the we as a society repeat our own history. These canals have a storied past and now we see their potential once again to become their former selves.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Angelidou, Margarita. “Smart City Planning and Development Shortcomings.” TEMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, vol. 10, no. 1, 27 Apr. 2017, pp. 1–22. The Complicated and Contradictory Legacy of Arcosanti. 5 Jan. 2018, https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/complicated-legacy-arcosanti-paolo-soleri/. Accessed 16 Oct. 2019. Calthorpe, Peter. “7 Principles for Building Better Cities.” TED, TED, Apr. 2017, Hassell+ “Resilient South City (San Mateo County).” Bay Area: Resilient By Design Challenge, www.resilientbayarea.org/resilient-south-city. Kohlstedt, Kurt. “Machines for Living In: Le Corbusier’s Pivotal ‘Five Points of Architecture.’’ 99% Invisible, 1 Jan. 1970, https://99percentinvisible.org/article/machines-living-le-cobusiers-pivotal-five-points-architecture/. Mingle, Katie. “Bijlmer (City of the Future, Part 1).” 99% Invisible, 1 Jan. 1970, https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/bijlmer-city-futurepart-1/. 68
Mingle, Katie. “Blood, Sweat & Tears (City of the Future, Part 2).” 99% Invisible, 1 Jan. 1970, https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/bloodsweat-tears-city-future-part-2/. Schieler, Lauren. Arcosanti: The Experiment Lives on as Urban Lab Approaches 50th Year. Cronkite News - Arizona PBS, 7 May 2019, https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2019/05/03/arcosanti-project/. Spencer, Sarah Anne, Manuel-Navarrete, David, Salon, Deborah, Barrett, The Honors College, and School of Geographical Sciences Urban Planning. Lessons in Arcology: An Overview of Two Experimental Urban Projects and Their Viability in Phoenix’s Sustainable Urban Development (2015). Web. Zahirović, Selma, and Boudewijn Sterk. “The Bijlmer: a Dutch Approach to Multiculturalism.” Humanity in Action,
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EDS 402 Environmental Design Synthesis II Spring Semester 2020
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Arizona State University; The Design School