World War ll (1939-lgcs)
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World War llwas the result of Germany, ltaly, and Japan's conquests of neighboring nations in the late 1930s, The Allies-Britain, France, and the United States-tried very hard to avoid war. Britain and France tried to negotiate with Germany, but Germany broke its promises. Eventually, war broke out in Europe as Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, conquered one nation after another. The Nazis were the ruling German political pafi during Hitler's time in power. Many U.S. citizens did not want to become involved in World War ll. They felt it was a European matter, These people were called isolationists, because they wanted to "isolate" the United States from involvement in a foreign war. Others believed strongly that the United States should enter at once to help Britain and to defeat Hitler. The United States debated what to do untilthe end of 1941. On December 7,1941, Japan bombed the U,S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The United States was united in its anger. lt declared war on Japan and entered the war on the side of the
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World War ll was the first war in which the airplane played an imporlant role, and air strikes were a major parl of strategy. Many kinds of advanced technology were put to use during the warradar, guided nrissiles, jet-propelled planes, and the atomic bomb. World War ll lasted for six years and was fought on many fronts in Europe, Asia, the islands of the Pacific, and Africa. lt ended in the total defeat of Germany and Japan and established the United States as a world leader. lt was also the beginning of a rivalry between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (or Soviet Union). Seventy million soldiers from forty countries were involved in World War ll, and fighting occurred on six continents and alloceans.
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The Holocaust
NAZI GERMANY'S WAR AGAINST THE EUROPEAN JEWS ln one of the worst and most tragic chaPters of World War ll,
Nazis in GermanY organized the murder of millions of Jews and other PeoPle, This dark period is known as the Holocaust (A holocaust is a disaster that wiPes out life.) The Holocaust was not a dispute over land, nor was it a power struggle. lt was a sYS-
tematic attemPt to exterminate all Jews simPlY because theY were Jews.
Before World War ll, Adolf Hitler dreamed of a world ruled by white PeoPle he called Aryans. He built many wdled prisons, called concentration camPs, in Germany and Poland. Some were work camps where prisoners made suPPlies for the German army, Others were death factories. Hitler sent Jews and anYone who opposed his rule to these concentration camPs.
Hitler was determined to eliminate the Jews, the biggest threat, he thought, to his Aryan suPremacY, He killed over six million, a full forly percent of the world's Jewish poPulation. Other
groups, including GYPsies, the disabled, homosexuals, and political oPPonents of the Nazis, also became targets, Five million PeoPle from these groups lost their lives. Never before had organized murder taken Place on such a horrifying scale.
tn Nazi concentration camPs' prisoners lived in cramPed quarters with no Personal
possessions, excePt for the clothes on their backs and the dish issued them for food, if food was provided at all.
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Prime minister of Britain at the beginning of World War Neville Chamberlain was sure that Adolf Hitler could be satisfied by giving him more territory. ln 1938. attended a conference with Hitler, Benito Mussolirfl Italy, and Edouard Daladier of France, where he agreed to give Hitler parl of Czechoslovakia. Chamberlain was replaced by Winston Churchill. ,w favored taking a strong stand against Hitler,
Winston Churchill was named prime minister of
Britain in 1940, He was an inspiring speaker, writer, arl statesman. His courageous leadership and defiant speeches kept British morale high during the worst cal of the war. ln 1953, he won the Nobel Prizefor literat-i'l
for his memoirs,
The supreme commander of the Allied forces, Amens General Dwight D, Eisenhower organized the massive Allied invasion of the French coast on D dayt 1944.ln 1952 and 1956, he was elected president oi:r United States.
Adolf Hitler was an unsuccessfulartist before
he joined the National Socialist Workers' Party, known as the Nazis. Through his skill in propaganda and his us= I terror he became the Ffihrer, or leader, of Germarl. His conquest of surrounding countries set ofl World ,nut ll, and his anti-Semitic beliefs led to Ihe Holocaust (see p.1OO).
General Douglas MacArthurwas commander c'illt U,S. forces in the Pacific during World War ll. A prouc man, MacArlhur was fired later by Presidenl Harry S, Trumanforfailing to follow orders during lhe Korea War (see p.110).
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