Making Classroom Assessments Reliable and Valid

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Table of Contents A b o u t t h e A u t h o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i i

I n t r o d u c t io n THE ROLE OF CL ASSROOM ASSESSMENT................ 1 The Curious History of Large-Scale Assessments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Place of Classroom Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Reliability and Validity at the Heart of the Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The Need for New Paradigms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The Large-Scale Assessment Paradigm for Reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The Equation for a Single Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The Reliability Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The New CA Paradigm for Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Large-Scale Assessment Paradigm for Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The New CA Paradigm for Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 What to Expect in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 1 DISCUSSING THE CL ASSROOM ASSESSMENT PA R A D I G M F O R V A L I D I T Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 The Instrumental Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Argument-Based Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Standards as the Basis of CA Validity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The Standards Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The Problem With Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Dimensionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Measurement Topics and Proficiency Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

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