Biodiversity distribution in Kalvebod Fælled in Nature Park Amager by Michala Kristensen

FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN

Master’s thesis Michala Kristensen

Biodiversity distribution in Kalvebod Fælled Integrating heterogeneous nature data in GIS

Academic advisor: Ole Hjorth Caspersen Submitted: 31/07/15

Name of department:

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management

University:

University of Copenhagen

Author:

Michala Kristensen

Title / Subtitle:

Biodiversity in Kalvebod FĂŚlled / Integrating heterogeneous nature data in GIS

Academic advisor:

Ole Hjorth Caspersen

Assistant advisor:

Anton Stahl Olafsson

Submitted:

31 July 2015

Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Senior Researcher Ole Hjort Caspersen and Assistant Professor Anton Stahl Olafsson at the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management at University of Copenhagen, for competent guidance, helpful feedback and support during the thesis working process. The forest and nature manager Sven Norup from the Danish Nature Agency deserves great appreciation for providing inspiring insight and local knowledge on the case area. A special gratitude I give to biologist Johanne Bak from Biomedia for sharing her extensive expertise in data collection and application of GIS. The following organizations deserve special thanks for providing data for the analysis: Danmarks Svampeatlas, Naturbasen ApS, Danish Nature Agency, Danish Ornithological Society and Danish Natural Environment Portal. Last, but not least, I would like to thank to my family and especially my husband Jesper for his lasting support during the whole Nature Management MSc Program and especially during the thesis writing process. My thanks and appreciations go also to my good friends for their encouraging support and fellow students for helpful suggestions.

In Copenhagen on 31 July 2015

______________________________ Michala Kristensen

The present thesis is a 6 months project corresponding to 30 ECTS.

Abstract In the context of the recent certification of the Nature Park Amager and its location in the suburbs of Copenhagen, conflicts between biodiversity conservation and outdoor recreation concerns are expected to become a major challenge for the future management. The case area of Kalvebod Fælled contains coastal meadow habitats and habitats for wading birds of international importance. The purpose of this project was to investigate how available data on biodiversity can be combined in order to provide nature managers with a science-based decision support tool for spatial prioritization at a local scale. The available data from diverse nature databases were integrated in the open source QGIS platform. Significant limitations in the data quality and accessibility were identified and possible solutions were suggested. Based on the distribution of the main species groups (fungi, plants, invertebrates, birds and vertebrates) priority areas for biodiversity were designated covering approximately 1/3 of the case area. Conversely, eight areas suitable for recreational development were identified. Moreover, the designation of Landscape Character Areas was adjusted. The results show in general good coherence with similar designations. The suggested GIS-based method provided useful planning tool for a more transparent and qualified nature and recreation management at local scale. Key words: Biodiversity, distribution, spatial prioritization, decision support tool, GIS, citizen science

Resume I forbindelse med kvalitetsmærkningen af Naturparken Amager og dets beliggenhed tæt på den danske hovedstad kan konflikter mellem biodiversitets beskyttelse og parkens rekreative benyttelse forventes at blive en væsentlig udfordring i den fremtidige forvaltning. Projektområdet Kalvebod Fælled indeholder strandenge og levesteder for vadefugle af international betydning. Hovedformålet med opgaven var at undersøge, hvordan eksisterende biodiversitetsdata kan kombineres til et videnskabeligt baseret beslutningstøtteværktøj for rumlig prioritering på lokal skala. Tilgængelige data fra diverse naturdatabaser blev indsamlet og integreret i open source QGIS platformen. Væsentlige begrænsninger med hensyn til datakvalitet og tilgængelighed blev identificeret og mulige løsninger blev foreslået. Baseret på den rumlige fordeling af hovedorganismegrupperne (svampe, planter, hvirvelløse dyr, fugle, hvirveldyr) blev ca. en tredjedel af projektområdet udpeget som prioritetsområde for biodiversiteten. Omvendt blev otte områder identificeret som værende velegnede til udvikling af rekreation. Endvidere blev udpegning af landskabskarakterområderne justeret. Generelt viser resultaterne et godt sammenfald med lignende udpegninger. Den foreslåede GIS-baserede metode er derfor et brugbart planlægningsværktøj til en mere tranparent og kvalificeret forvaltning af natur og friluftsliv på en lokal skala. 4

Preface The recently certified Nature Park Amager covering the area of 3500 hectares in the suburbs of Copenhagen represents one of the largest urban parks in the world. It includes unique natural areas with large variety of nature types and high biodiversity values. At the same time, the location at the edge of the urban area involves high recreational potential and attraction of larger amounts of users is one of the major longterm goals of the Nature Park. The inevitable conflict between biodiversity and recreation concerns posses a major challenge for the future management of the area. Key strategic documents for the Nature Park Amager: Nature Park Strategy and Nature Park Plan 2015-2020 formulated a set of central management areas (nature; cultural heritage; access and recreation; tourism and business; and education) and their long term goals have been published recently. Nevertheless, it remains a major concern, how these areas are going to be prioritized and how the prospective conflicts will be resolved? To assist the managers on strategic development of the Nature Park Amager, a number of fundamental analyses of the urban park strategies, landscape character, access, social dimension and recreation opportunities were conducted recently and published in the report Nature Park Amager â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Opportunities and Efforts (Caspersen et al., 2015). Designation of Landscape Character Areas and assessment of their strength, weaknesses and potentials was an important outcome of this report. However, a comprehensive analysis of the biological aspect of these areas has been absent. Considering the context of the global biodiversity decline and the high nature values of the area, gathering knowledge on biodiversity and its spatial distribution is highly important. Data on biodiversity are of varying character in terms of quality, geographical accuracy and availability. Data collection, their compilation and use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) therefore possess another challenge for nature managers. Recently, this challenge taken up by the Biodiversity Map of Denmark (EjrnĂŚs et al., 2014) that delivered a GIS-based prioritization tool based on distribution of threatened species listed on the Danish Red List and proxy indicators for their habitats. This comprehensive work integrated large amounts of data and provided a prioritization at national and local scale. However, the relevance of the local prioritization for the management of particular nature areas can be questionable. Local nature managers need therefore more transparent and explicit methods for use at local scales.

1 PROBLEM FORMULATION

2 DESCRIPTION OF KALVEBOD FÆLLED

2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DELIMITATION OF THE AREA 2.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 2.3 RECENT HISTORY AND LAND USE 2.4 HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 2.5 VEGETATION TYPES AND NATURE MANAGEMENT 2.6 NATURE PROTECTION AREAS 2.6.1 NATURA-2000 AREAS AND ANNEX IV SPECIES 2.6.2 NATIONAL PROTECTED AREAS 2.7 REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL PLANNING 2.8 INFRASTRUCTURE, RECREATIONAL FACILITIES AND ACCESS

9 10 11 13 15 21 21 22 24 24

3 RECREATION ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

3.1 RECREATION ECOLOGY 3.2 RECREATION PLANNING FRAMEWORKS 3.3 USE OF ZONATION STRATEGY 3.4 USE OF GIS IN PLANNING 3.5 NATURE PARK AMAGER 3.5.1 NEW NATURE PARK 3.5.2 NATURE PARK CONCEPT 3.5.3 NATURE PROTECTION AND RECREATION & ACCESS GOALS FOR THE NATURE PARK AMAGER 3.5.4 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT 3.5.5 RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT – OPPORTUNITIES AND EFFORTS

26 26 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 37

4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

4.1 CURRENT CONTEXT 4.2 THE CONTEXT OF THE BIODIVERSITY MAP OF DENMARK 4.3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AT A SPECIES LEVEL 4.4 BIODIVERSITY DATA SOURCES 4.4.1 MONITORING PROGRAMS 4.4.2 CITIZEN SCIENCE PLATFORMS

38 38 40 42 42 42

5 METHOD

5.1 DATA SOURCES 5.1.1 FUGLEOGNATUR.DK 5.1.2 DOFBASEN 5.1.3 DANMARKS SVAMPEATLAS 5.1.4 NATURDATA.DK

44 45 46 47 47 6

5.2 CATEGORIES OF SPECIES 5.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKING PROCESS

49 51

6 RESULTS

6.1 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DATA 6.2 OVERALL DISTRIBUTION MAP 6.3 DISTRIBUTION MAPS FOR MAIN SPECIES GROUPS 6.3.1 FUNGI 6.3.2 PLANTS 6.3.3 INVERTEBRATES 6.3.4 BIRDS 6.3.5 VERTEBRATES 6.4 DESIGNATION OF PRIORITY AREAS FOR BIODIVERSITY 6.5 DESIGNATION OF PRIORITY AREAS FOR RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 6.6 SUGGESTED CHANGES TO THE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS

54 55 56 56 58 60 62 64 65 67 70

7 DISCUSSION

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

73 75 77 78 79

GENERAL ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTIES DATA SOURCES - LIMITATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES DESIGNATION OF PRIORITY AREAS FOR BIODIVERSITY PERSPECTIVES FOR THE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT DESIGNATION OF THE PRIORITY AREAS FOR RECREATIONAL MANAGEMENT

8 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

ANNEX I ANNEX II ANNEX III ANNEX IV ANNEX V ANNEX VI ANNEX VII ANNEX VIII ANNEX IX

88 89 90 92 94 95 96 98 104

1 Problem formulation The Nature Park Amager is awaiting major development in terms of recreation in the upcoming years and enhanced pressure on biodiversity can be expected in the future. At the same time, comprehensive analysis of the current biodiversity has been lacking. The data on biodiversity are spread in diverse databases have varying quality. The main focus of the present thesis is to investigate how the data on biodiversity in the heterogeneous nature databases can be combined in order to provide a science-based decision support tool for the future management and spatial prioritization. The present thesis aims at addressing the following questions: 1) What are the requirements that biodiversity data have to fulfill in order to be useful for analysis using GIS platforms? 2) How can the biodiversity data from different sources be used to identify spatial distribution patterns in biodiversity in terms of key areas for biodiversity and areas suitable for recreational development? 3) How can the designation of Landscape Character Areas be enriched by the data on biodiversity?

2 Description of Kalvebod Fælled 2.1 Geographical delimitation of the area In the context of the renewal of the current management plan for the Kalvebod Fælled in 2015, the case area was delimited to the area of Kalvebod Fælled, far the largest sub-area of the Nature Park Amager. The case area of Kalvebod Fælled consisting of 2100 hectares is situated in the southwest of Amager Peninsula south of Copenhagen (see Map 1). The area is delimited by the shallow sea Kalveboderne from the west; Øresund highway and Vejlands Allé from the north; urban district of Ørestad and water channel from the east and Køge Bay from the south. Map 1: Geographical delimitation of the area. Map source: Danish Geodata Agency

2.2 Topography and geology The landscape comprises of large flat areas with the elevation range from 0 at northeast falling slightly towards southwest and reaching – 2.54 m below sea level at the artificial dike. The eight artificial hills with height of 5 - 6 m together with the artificial dike of 5.9 m represent the only elevated structures in the area. The terrain depressions include the lakes Klydesø, Birkedam and Hejresø and small depressions located pair-wise by the artificial hills indicating their origin. Furthermore, the areas near the former islands of Nordre Klapper, Koklaperne and the area called Svenskeholm are slightly elevated in comparison to the rest of the area. The terrain conditions of Kalvebod Fælled are illustrated in Map 2. Map 2: Topographic map of Kalvebod Fælled. Map source: Danish Geodata Agency

The Amager peninsula is a former seabed of the Littorina Sea that covered the Baltic Sea area ca. 9000 – 8000 years ago after the termination of the last glacial period. Around 5000 years ago, the current coastline of Denmark was formed (Sand-Jensen & Larsen, 2006). The western part of the peninsula is covered by sandy marine sediments, while the central and eastern part is covered by moraine clay sediments (GEUS, 2011). Under these sediments, layers of Copenhagen (Saltholm) limestone originating from the seabed that covered the area for 60 million years ago are found (Sand-Jensen & Larsen, 2006).

2.3 Recent history and land use The majority of the Kalvebod Fælled area was covered by shallow sea waters called Kalveboderne until 1939 (see Map 3). Small holms Nordre Klapper, Koklaperne and Svenskeholm were together with coastal areas in northeast used for grazing by cattle (The Danish Nature Agency, 2015a) until the land was expropriated by the military in 1869 (Frandsen, Housted, Jansen, & Thavlov, 2002). In March 1939, the act on the large reclamation project of Kalvebod Fælled was adopted with the aim to create new military exercise area and decrease the high unemployment rate (Frandsen et al., 2002). Reclamation work was performed in 19411943 with the result of 14 km long and 4 m high dike and 20 km2 of reclaimed land (The Danish Nature Agency, 2015a). Subsequently, the network of drainage canals and ditches was built. In 1957, after 12 years of drainage and pumping, the Danish Military was able to start using the area as a training facility (Frandsen et al., 2002). In 1984 the Ministry of Environment overtook the area and opened it for public access except for the Bird Reserve around Klydesø Lake in the south. The public access was limited until 2010, when the clearance of the area for ammunition was finished (The Danish Nature Agency, 2015a). The coastal dike was reinforced to the current 5.9 m in 2007-2012 as a protection against flooding of West Amager and a trail was established on the dike (The Danish Nature Agency, 2015b).

Map 3: Historical topographical map of Amager and Kalveboderne from years 1928-1945. Map source: Danish Geodata Agency

2.4 Hydrological conditions The hydrological conditions in the case area are site-specific, as the whole case area is drained by a complex system of canals and ditches. The system involves two pumping stations. The area north of Øresund highway is drained by the northern pumping station. The southern pumping station drains the area south of the Øresund highway and includes two catchment areas: south-western (ca. 1100 ha) and southeastern (ca. 900 ha). The water level in the south-eastern drainage system is configured to elevation -2.35 m that provides sufficient drainage of the forest area of Pinseskoven. The south-western drainage system is configured to elevation -2.42 m that secures the large water table area of the Klydesø lake (147 ha) and large “slush water” area as benefit for many bird species (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). The estimated water balance consists of following components (COWI, 2014):  Net precipitation (precipitation minus evapotranspiration)  Inflow (water from the affluent at Metrovej and Centerboulevard)  Runoff (the water pumped by the southern pumping station)  Infiltration of salt groundwater (relevant on 5 km2 of the case area estimated under 0 m elevation)  Percolation of water to groundwater (relevant on 15 km2 of the case estimated above 0 m elevation) Rough estimates of water balance in Vestamager are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Estimated water balance for Vestamager. Source: COWI (2014)

1500

Runoff

1000 m3/ year

1000

Inflow

500 Net precipitation 0 1

-500

10 11 12

Percolation Infiltration of groundwater Water balance

-1000 -1500 Month

In the period from May to July evapotranspiration frequently exceeds precipitation in the area and the overall water balance reaches considerably negative levels. Therefore, the pumping stations are in operation from November to April and the rest of the year only in case of large precipitation incidents. The very low water levels during the late spring and early summer months have negative effect on salt marsh habitats and bird breeding conditions as the salt marshes dry out (COWI, 2014). 13

The Danish Nature Agency performed range of measures regard to improve the hydrological conditions in the case area such as point-wise ditch closures (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010) and establishment of 20 weirs in the frame of EU Life project in 2007-2008 (The Danish Forest and Nature Agency, 2010) illustrated on Pictures 1 and 2. Due to the lack of water in the late spring and early summer months these measures have proven insufficient and further solutions have been investigated recently, particularly the possibility of leading the water received from the drainage of the areas around Øresund highway to the salt marshes at Koklaperne (COWI, 2014). Picture 1: Ditch closure in Klydesø Lake area

Picture 2: Weir at Nordre Klapper

The salinity levels in water are higher compared to other coastal areas due to the geological origin. The groundwater potential in Vestamager is between 0 and -1 m, i. e. over the terrain level (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). The salinity in water is therefore caused primarily by the rising salty groundwater, while the penetrating sea water through the dike has a minor importance (COWI, 2014). The salinity decreases with the distance to the dike, from 0.9 % at Klydesø Lake (similar level to Køge Bay) to 0.1 % at the distance of 2500 m from the dike. This is due to salinity reduction over the years by leaching by precipitation and removal of the salty water by pumping (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). The water quality in the case area is relatively favorable due to the absence of nutrition loading from agriculture or wastewater from urban areas (COWI, 2014).

2.5 Vegetation types and nature management The following section gives a brief overview of the development of vegetation types in the case area, the overview of the current distribution of vegetation types and nature management. The case area can be divided into two distinct areas with regards to habitat continuity: the original coastal meadows (east from 0 m elevation line, see Map 2) and the reclaimed area (west from 0 m elevation line). The development of vegetation types was in both cases determined by the site-specific hydrological conditions, lack of natural dynamics and the type of nature management. Furthermore, the relatively short habitat continuity of 70 years is an important determining factor in the reclaimed area. During the early succession stages, the reclaimed area was colonized by salttolerant plant species (halophytes). In 1947, the vegetation consisted of a low and dense cover by annual coastal meadow and salt marsh species. As the terrain was drained and salinity decreased by leaching, many plant species not related to coastal meadows colonized the area. In 1979, 443 plant species associated with following habitat types: coastal meadow, coastal grassland, reed beds, wet grassland, freshwater and forest vegetation types. Woody vegetation established on the higher elevated sandy areas in northwest (Fasanskoven) and south-east (Pinseskoven), where the salinity was decreasing by leaching rapidly (JĂ¸rgensen, 1986). The case area was left almost as untouched nature type for 50 years (L. H. Jensen, 1996). This caused rapid overgrowth by woody vegetation and resulted in large areas of willow scrub vegetation, reed beds dominated by Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and large monocultures of Wood Small Reed (Calamagrostis epigeios) in 198090â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (L. H. Jensen, 1996; JĂ¸rgensen, 1986). Wood Small Reed is a vital grass, which forms dense populations by effective vegetative reproduction and displaces often all other species in the area (L. H. Jensen, 1996). Picture 3: Wood small reed is still a problem in some areas at Koklaperne

Cattle grazing was established in Vestamager in 1991. In period 1991-2005 cattle grazing with low pressure was introduced in the majority of the area, while horse grazing took place in smaller areas east and north of Pinseskoven Forest. Since 2005, the Danish Forest and Nature Agency increased the grazing pressure to minimum 1 animal unit per hectare and uses system of zonation with differentiated zones with specific 15

management. This strategy has been successful, as areas of Wood Small Reed have been considerably reduced in grazed areas. The goal for the actual management plan for Kalvebod Fælled is “to secure the coastal meadows and grassland vegetation types, especially in the areas of Klydesø and Koklaperne”. In these areas, grazing is focused on wading birds, e.g. the goal is rather short-cut coastal meadow vegetation (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). The management is specific in the following zones (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010):  Area around Klydesø – grazing has a high priority and experimenting with winter grazing and water levels (in order to enhance grazing of the Common reed)  Koklapperne south-east – grazing with regards to wading birds combined with mowing and controlled fires; grazing animals include cattle, horses and goats  Koklapperne north-west – area of national botanical interest; grazing with regards to wading birds; areas with Wood small reed reduced by winter burning and early grazing  Svenskeholm – extensive grazing  Villahøj area – grazing with regards to wading birds  Old coastal meadow east of Pinseskoven Forest – effective grazing by horses In addition to cattle grazing, populations of Fallow Deer (Dama dama) and Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) have been introduced in the area in the past. Roe Deer was released in Vestamager in 1961 and today only a little population is left in the area. Fallow Deer was introduced in 1985-86. The population of Fallow Deer varies in size, but is kept under 500 animals (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). The conditions are not optimal for the Fallow Deer as the coastal meadows are too wet during winter and the area does not provide dry habitats to serve as shelter (S. Norup, personal communication, May 4, 2015). In order to re-establish meadows with short vegetation in Kalvebod Fælled, 220 hectares of coastal meadows in the central parts were cleared for scrub, tree vegetation and re-growth during EU LIFE project in 2007-2009 (The Danish Forest and Nature Agency, 2010). Following invasive species were registered in the case area: Beach Rose (Rosa rugosa), Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea), Hybrid Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia x bohemica) and Canadian Horseweed (Conyza canadensis), but do occur dominating in the habitats (Copenhagen County, 2006).

The current distribution of nature types is shown in Map 4 and consists of large open areas of coastal meadows and coastal grasslands including two forest areas of Pinseskoven and Fasanskoven and mosaics of scrubs. The major nature types are described in the following section. Map 4: Distribution of nature types in the case area. Data source: Danish Nature Agency, Caspersen et al. (2015) and personal observations

Coastal meadows The majority of the case area (approximately 1700 hectares) is covered by coastal meadows. Their characteristic flora is adapted to high soil moisture and salinity, as a result of regular flooding at high tides. The shifting water levels and different degree of salinity make coastal meadows a species-rich nature type as they include variety of types such as low meadow vegetation, salt marsh vegetation and coastal reed beds (Vestergaard, 2000). The characteristic plant species include a range of salt-tolerant species of grasses, rushes and herbs (see indicator species in Annex I). Picture 4: Coastal meadow with ant-hills at Koklaperne

Picture 5: Coastal meadows with many indicator species at SydmĂ¸llevej

The main factors defining the coastal meadow and grassland vegetation of Vestamager are salinity, moisture and grazing (Heimes, Kollmann, & Bergmeier, 2010). Despite the lack of the regular flooding, coastal meadows with their characteristic plant communities are found in their near-typical form in south and west, especially in the KlydesĂ¸ area. This is presumably a result of infiltration of salty groundwater (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). Coastal meadow plant communities are dependent on high groundwater level and high soil salinity as factors for their success in competition with tall and shading species such as Wood Small Reed (Calamagrostis epigeios) or Common Reed (Phragmites australis) (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010).

Forest and scrub vegetation Forest areas form approximately 260 hectares and consist predominantly of selfsown Birch, Willow and Hawthorn scrubs. Furthermore, Willow scrubs of different density and size are found spread in the area (especially in northeast and at Svenskeholm) and Pinseskoven includes also 30 hectares of planted forest stands with winter Oak, Linden and Ash (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). Common Hawthorn is found in the grazed grassland in east-western corner along Kanalvej (Caspersen et al., 2015). In the context of the Strategy for natural forests and other Forest Types of High Conservation Value in Denmark (The Danish Forest and Nature Agency, 1994), Pinseskoven forest was designated as a partially untouched forest and partially forest managed by selective thinning (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). Picture 6: Fasanskoven Forest dominated by Birch

Picture 7: Mixed scrub vegetation near Kanonvej

Coastal grasslands The coastal meadows gradually shift towards coastal grasslands with decreasing soil moisture and increasing elevation. The coastal grasslands represent culturally dependent nature types dependent on management such as grazing or mowing (Petersen & Vestergaard, 2006). This nature type is especially well developed in the area along Kanalvej (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). Picture 8: Coastal grasslands grazed by sheep near Kanalvej

2.6 Nature protection areas 2.6.1 NATURA-2000 areas and Annex IV species The part of the case area south of Øresund highway is designated NATURA-2000 area no. 143 “Vestamager and the sea to the south”. It consists of Special Protection Area (SPA) no. 111, in compliance with the Council Directive 79/409/EEC (“the Birds Directive”) on the conservation of wild birds (European Council, 1979), and Special Area of Conservation (SAC) no. 127 in compliance with Council Directive 92/43/EEC (“the Habitats Directive”) on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (European Council, 1992). The area is one of the most important wetland areas in Eastern Denmark as it hosts large populations of breeding of waterfowl and wading birds. Furthermore, it serves as an important resting place for many birds of prey and overwintering area for many bird species (The Danish Nature Agency, 2011). The designation basis includes 8 breeding and 7 migratory bird species (see Table 1). Table 1: Designation basis for the SPA no. 111: Vestamager and the sea to the south. Source: (The Danish Nature Agency, 2012a) B = breeding species, M = migratory species, exceeding 1% of flyway population, Mn = migratory species, nationally important F1: Species on Annex I, regularly breeding, with at least 1% of national numbers F2: Species on Annex I and regularly in area part of year with at least 1% of flyway population (M), or rare species (Mn) with more than 1% of national numbers, where the areas in Denmark are important to their conservation F3: Species with a relatively small, but significant occurrence F4: Migratory species, exceeding 1% of flyway population F7: Species with a relatively small, but important occurrence in the area, which contributes significantly to the survival of the species in critical periods of the life cycle

Species name Annex I species, subject to Article 4, part 1 Eurasian Bittern Marsh Harrier Spotted Crake Pied Avocet Dunlin Arctic Tern Little Tern Short-eared Owl

Scientific name

Behaviour

Criteria

B B B B B B B B

F1 F3 F1 F1 F1 F3 F1 F3

Smew

Mergellus albellus

F2, F7

Osprey

Pandion haliaetus

Peregrine falcon Other species subject to Article 4, part 2 Great Cormorant Knopsvane Tufted Duck Common Merganser

Falco peregrinus

Phalacrocorax carbo Cygnus olor Aythya fuligula Mergus merganser

M M M M

F4 F4, F7 F4, F7 F4, F7

Botaurus stellaris Circus aeruginosus Porzana porzana Recurvirostra avosetta Calidris alpina Sterna paradisaea Sternula albifrons Asio flammeus

Kalvebod Fælled represents one of Danmarks few coherent areas of coastal meadows of such a large extent (The Danish Forest and Nature Agency, 2009). Moreover, botanical locality of high importance as it serves as a refugium for many threatened and rare plant species and species of orchids (The Danish Nature Agency, 2011). Atlantic salt meadows covering more than 1400 ha and 8 other nature types of minor areas (see Table 2) are included in the designation basis. Table 2: Designation basis for SAC no. 127: Vestamager and the sea to the south. Source: The Danish Nature Agency (2012b)

Code

Nature type

1110 1150 1160 1310 1330 2130 2190

Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time *Coastal lagoons Large shallow inlets and bays Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) *Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) Humid dune slacks

6210 6230

Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (* important orchid sites) * Species-rich Nardus grasslands

* Nature type of high priority in EU

In addition, several species of amphibians and bats listed in Annex IV of the Habitats Directive (European Council, 1992) area expected to occur in the area (Søgaard & Asferg, 2007). 2.6.2 National protected areas The area south of Øresund highway is designated Vestamager Nature Reserve (Vildtreservat) according to Executive Order no. 545 of 20 May 2012. It aims at protecting the natural and cultural values and to regulate traffic and hunting in order to protect the areas birdlife (The Danish Ministry of Environment, 2012). It is prohibited to hunt or capture birds in the area. Furthermore, 400 ha large area around Klydesø Lake is access restricted from public access (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). The whole case area is protected by Conservation Order of 14 November 1990 on conservation of Kalvebodkilen. The goal of the order is to maintain and improve the biological and landscape values as well as to assure and regulate the access and recreational use of the area. The area is divided into 6 subareas, where areas 2, 3 and 4 form the case area. The protection purpose for area 4 is primarily to protect and manage the nature area for the benefit of flora and fauna and especially the birdlife. In the other areas, recreational use is to be emphasized (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). Nature types protected by § 3 of the Danish Nature Protection Consolidation Act no. 951 of 3 July 2013 (The Danish Ministry of Environment, 2013a) cover approximately 90 % of the case area and include protected watercourses, lakes, coastal and wet

meadows (see Map 5). The protected coastal meadows cover the majority of the case area of around 1700 ha. Map 5: Distribution of nature types protected by ยง 3 of the Danish Nature Protection Act. Data source: the Danish Nature Environmental Portal. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

Furthermore, few areas in Fasanskoven and Pinseskoven Forests are designated as forest reserves in compliance with ยง 4 of the Danish Forest Consolidation Act no. 678 of 14 June 2013 (The Danish Ministry of Environment, 2013b).

2.7 Regional and municipal planning On regional level, the case area (excluding the area around Klydesø Lake) is designated as a green wedge according to the Finger Plan 2013, the regional plan for Greater Copenhagen (The Danish Ministry of Environment, 2013d). The primary purpose of the green wedges is to meet the need for recreation for Copenhagen citizens (The Danish Ministry of Environment, 2013f). Moreover, the area includes several regional recreation paths. The area north of Vejlands Allé is designated as area with possibilities for placement of recreation facilities (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010). On municipal level, the case area is regulated by municipality plans of Copenhagen Municipality and Tårnby Municipality. The Copenhagen Municipality Plan 2011 designates the northern part of the case area as “protection area” and “regional recreation area” (Copenhagen Municipality, 2011). The Tårnby Municipality Plan 20062015 designates the area for the following purposes: nature area, recreation green area, area for public purposes and nature reserve (Tårnby Municipality, 2006). In addition, the south-western corner of the case area is located within the 13 km protection zone of the Copenhagen Airport (The Danish Ministry of Environment, 2013d) involving restrictions concerning some groups of bird species (The Danish Nature Agency, 2010).

2.8 Infrastructure, recreational facilities and access Several large infrastructure projects have significant impacts on the coherency of the case area. These include the construction of the Kalvebod Bridge and highway E20 (opened in 1987), the expansion of the highway with the direct connection to Sweden via Øresund Bridge (opened in 2000) and the train connection from Tårnby to Sydhavn (opened in 1998) cutting the area east-west (Ehlers, Ege, & Bogø, 2010; Frandsen et al., 2002). On contrary, the construction of the metro line in the north-south direction terminating at Vestamager station (opened in 2002), created new direct access to the case area (Metroselskabet, 2015). Map 6 shows the distribution of existing recreational infrastructure (entrances, bird watching towers, bird hides, shelters, fireplace and grill sites) and network of paved roads and paths in the case area. The intensive recreational facilities are concentrated in the northern part (Royal Golf Club and Copenhagen Shooting Center) and around Nature Center Amager. The infrastructure network in the case area consists of long straight paved roads and unpaved paths of varying quality. It is important to note that the infrastructure was built originally for military purposes and therefore is not well suited for recreational activities. During the reinforcement of the dike around Kalvebod Fælled, new path was established along the dike connecting Kalvebod Bridge with Kongelunden (S. Norup, personal communication, May 4, 2015). The case area can be accessed by 13 official entrances with barriers and 14 smaller entrances with poles (The Danish Nature Agency, Copenhagen Municipality, Tårnby Municipality, Dragør Municipality, & City & Port Development, 2015). The vast 24

majority of visitors (47%) use the entrance at Otto Baches AllĂŠ near Vestamager metro station. The entrance at the Kalvebod path is the second most used (F. S. Jensen, 2014). Map 6: Distribution of existing recreational infrastructure and facilities. Data source: Danish Nature Agency. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

The presence of relatively many fences both represented as fencing of grazing areas and historical fences surrounding the area possess a challenge for recreational management in the area. Removal of unnecessary fences and better access to the grazing areas are the current tasks for the Danish Nature Agency (S. Norup, personal communication, May 4, 2015). Today, the estimated number of visits to Kalvebod FĂŚlled is 560,000 visits per year (F. S. Jensen, 2014). Vestamager and Kalvebod FĂŚlled is ranked among 10 most visited forest and nature areas in Denmark, though the number of annual visits is 10 times lower compared to the most visited area of Dyrehaven (F. S. Jensen, 2003). 25

3 Recreation ecology and management 3.1 Recreation ecology In European landscapes, conflicts between biodiversity conservation and recreation activities are intensifying (Pouwels, Opdam, & Jochem, 2011). More economic resources and time available for recreational activities result in increased pressure on nature areas to meet the recreational needs of citizens (Young et al., 2005). Moreover, the current qualitative shifts in outdoor recreation result in growing and diversifying set of demands for providing recreation opportunities (McCool, Clark, & Stankey, 2007). More complexity of forms and settings within outdoor recreation is also a documented trend in Denmark (Andkjær, 2005). These issues result in growing complexity of management in nature areas as is the case of Nature Park Amager. The scientific field of recreation ecology deals with recreation impacts on the environment and its primary resource elements – soil, vegetation, wildlife and water (Leung & Marion, 2000). The relationship between outdoor recreation and environment is highly complex (Pigram & Jenkins, 2006) and an array of recreation management strategies can be applied. Extensive overview of strategies and tactics for wilderness management provided by Cole, Petersen, and Lucas (1987) include:  Reduce use of the area/ or reduced use of problem areas  Modify the location of use within problem areas  Modify the timing of use, type of use, visitor behavior and expectations  Modify the resistance of the resource  Maintain or rehabilitate the resource The management interventions are aimed at either manipulating use-related factors (amount of use, density of use, type of use and user behavior) or environmental factors (environmental resistance and resilience, and site management) (Leung & Marion, 2000). Today, the Nature Park Amager has in general relatively low visitor density, but increase in recreational use and enhanced visitor density can be expected in near future. In order to prevent irreversible changes in the nature environment, this thesis seeks to identify the potential problem areas and conversely areas well suited for recreational development.

3.2 Recreation planning frameworks Managers of nature areas are increasingly expected to provide science-based, consistent and transparent decisions to highly complex management issues. To assist the decision makers in dealing with such complex issues in recreation management, several multidisciplinary frameworks have been developed in USA and Canada. The first attempts to develop a framework for recreation management were based on the concept of recreation carrying capacity focusing primarily on establishment of use limits. 26

Limitations of this traditional concept formed basis for development of a range of planning frameworks such as Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) and Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP). Simultaneously, the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) concept focusing on the variety of recreation settings was developed (Manning, 2010; McCool et al., 2007; Pigram & Jenkins, 2006). “A framework is a process using a set of steps, based on sound science, that assists managers in framing a particular problem, working through it, and arriving at a set of defendable decisions” (McCool et al., 2007). The above mentioned frameworks share a common set of elements as they describe desired future conditions, identify indicators of quality experiences and resource conditions, establish standards, formulate monitoring techniques and develop management actions to ensure that all indicators are maintained within specified standards (USDI National Park Service, 1997). A brief description of the three most widely applied frameworks: Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) The ROS is the most acknowledged and applied framework for outdoor recreation management (Manning, 2010). The ROS framework is based on the concept of recreational setting consisting of three types of attributes, each varying along a continuum: biophysical (vary from no change to highly modified environments), social (vary from many and frequent encounters to few and rare) and managerial (vary from many rules and regulations to few) (McCool et al., 2007). “The recreation opportunity setting is defined as the combination of physical, biological, social, and managerial conditions that give value to a place. ”(Clark & Stankey, 1979). The focus is on creating a diverse set of the recreation opportunities (Manning, 2010; Pigram & Jenkins, 2006). The ROS framework is discussed in more detail in Chapter 3.3. The LAC and VERP frameworks adapted ROS concept to public land recreation settings and extended it with indicators, standards, and monitoring (McCool et al., 2007). Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) The LAC concept seeks to answer the question: “How much impact is acceptable and what strategies should be taken to avoid unacceptable impacts?”(McCool et al., 2007). The main focus of LAC is therefore on setting standards for acceptable levels of human impact and managing the human-induced changes (McCool et al., 2007; Pigram & Jenkins, 2006). The LAC framework process includes nine working steps (Manning, 2010): 1) Identify area concerns and issues 2) Define and describe opportunity classes 3) Select indicators of resource and social conditions 4) Inventory resource and social conditions 5) Specify standards for resource and social indicators 6) Identify alternative opportunity class allocations 27

7) Identify management actions for each alternative 8) Evaluation and selection of an alternative 9) Implement actions and monitor conditions Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) The VERP framework is an adaptation of the LAC framework, extended to a variety of resource settings (USDI National Park Service, 1997). The focus of the VERP concentrates on the visitor use impacts, visitor experience and the park resources and operates with visitor behavior, use levels, types of use, timing of use and location of use (USDI National Park Service, 1997). The VERP framework process includes nine working steps (Manning, 2010): 1) Assemble an interdisciplinary project team 2) Develop a public involvement strategy 3) Develop statements of primary park purpose, significance and primary interpretive themes 4) Analyze park resources and existing visitor use 5) Describe a potential range of visitor experiences and resource conditions 6) Allocate potential zones to specific locations 7) Select indicators and specify standards for each zone, develop a monitoring plan 8) Monitor resource and social indicators 9) Take management action Mapping and collection of information on the resource conditions is an essential component of the working process in all of the above mentioned frameworks (the LAC and VERP frameworks include it under step 4 in the working process). For this purpose, the LAC and VERP use selection of measurable indicators that are monitored periodically and systematically over time and space that reflect a particular set of social or biophysical conditions (McCool et al., 2007). To define simple and measurable indicators concerning such a complex issue as biological diversity is a major challenge. In this thesis, the selected categories of species (see Chapter 0) provide indication on the conditions of the biodiversity resource and therefore may serve as a basis for possible application of a recreation planning framework. It is widely accepted that different types of planning frameworks and management strategies are useful tools when dealing with complex and interdisciplinary issues such as planning in nature areas (Manning, 2010; McCool et al., 2007; Pigram & Jenkins, 2006). However, the application of such concepts requires considerable amount of resources in terms of knowledge, time and human resources. Despite this fact, it would be highly beneficial to apply an appropriate planning framework for the management of the upcoming recreational development in Nature Park Amager in order to secure the values of the area for the future generations.

3.3 Use of zonation strategy Zonation strategy or spatial designation of zones has been widely acknowledged and used as a tool for landscape planning. The frameworks for management of nature areas discussed above use the zonation strategy based on the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum concept. The recreational settings can be classified into categories (opportunity classes) developed along the continuum of the three attributes (biophysical, social and managerial) (McCool et al., 2007). The typical application of ROS includes six classes: Primitive, Semi-Primitive (non-motorized), Semi-Primitive (motorized), Roaded natural, Rural and Urban (USDA Forest Service, 1982). In Denmark, a simplified zonation system inspired by the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum concept has been applied by the Danish Nature Agency. The primary purpose is to create a decision support tool for management and prioritization of recreational activities and investments in recreation within nature and forest areas managed by the Danish Nature Agency (The Danish Nature Agency, 2013). Three zone categories are defined in this system: silent zone (stillezone), outdoor recreation zone (friluftszone) and facility zone (facilitetszone), see Table 3. Table 3: Zonation with the zone types applied by the Danish Nature Agency. Adapted from The Danish Nature Agency (2013)

Silent zone Physical setting

Social setting

Managerial setting

Outdoor recreation zone Facility zone (1 - 100 ha)

Areas with high nature values Silent Areas not included in Silent or experience, Facility zone, serves as a buffer experience of nature, between these two zones piece and quietness Density of users very low and minimal Density of users low, but often evidence of other other area users are evident users Large outdoor recreation activities Only simple and low not supported (e.g. maintenance facilities large facility spaces or supported (benches, tables, camps) Paths for simple camps) Paths for walking, horseback walking, horseback riding and riding and biking biking desirable desirable

Areas with robust habitats, suitable for outdoor recreation and often in connection with existing facilities Density of users high

Large outdoor recreation facilities and activity areas strongly supported, good access by all transportation types and good infrastructure desirable

The zonation designation process includes 7 steps (The Danish Nature Agency, 2013): 1) General goals for recreation are set and the local User Council is involved 2) First suggestion of the zone designation on a map 3) First suggestion is assessed by background criteria (discussed in detail below) 4) Critical evaluation of the first suggestion and adjustments in the zonation 5) Presentation of the adjusted zonation and planning meeting 6) Hearing of the adjusted zonation in the User Council 7) Public hearing of the finalized management plan 29

The background criteria for the assessment of the zonation include following categories: rules for access to nature, existing designations of protected nature, policies and guidelines of the Danish Nature Agency, local management guidelines, physical planning rules, cooperation agreements and analysis of the current user groups and recreation potentials. These have to be considered and not be conflicting with the zonation (The Danish Nature Agency, 2013). The application of this concept to the case area would be highly beneficial in order to deal with the challenge of accommodating both recreation and biodiversity concerns in the case area. The zonation is a central concept used in this thesis as the areas of high priority for biodiversity and areas suited for recreational development are designated. These designations may form a basis for designation of the Silent and Facility zones. However, the zonation designation process used by the Danish Nature Agency is complex and requires further steps such as involvement of the stakeholders.

3.4 Use of GIS in planning The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are â&#x20AC;&#x153;systems for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earthâ&#x20AC;? (Chorley, 1987). The geographic information systems have served an important role as an integrating technology and as powerful tools for addressing nature resource management issues (Foote & Lynch, 2015). In the present thesis, GIS platform was the primary tool for integration of data of diverse origin and tool for their spatial analysis. GIS systems have gradually become integral part of planning processes in Denmark. For instance, the Danish municipalities are increasingly using the GIS-based solutions when developing nature quality plans, e.g. Ringsted Municipality and Aarhus Municipality Nature Quality Plans (Ringsted Municipality, 2013; Aarhus Municipality, 2015). In this context, the Danish Natural Environment Portal is a central tool for the access to data on nature and the natural environment in Denmark (The Danish Natural Environmental Portal, 2015a). The recent development of the GIS-based Biodiversity Map of Denmark supports the growing trend of the broader application of GIS tools in the biodiversity conservation planning. Increasing accessibility of GIS systems in terms of open source solutions such as QGIS and growing availability of data in general create greater opportunities for application of GIS in complex planning processes.

3.5 Nature Park Amager 3.5.1 New Nature Park The Nature Park Amager received the certification of Nature Park in Denmark in January 2015 (The Danish Outdoor Council, 2015a) as a third Nature Park in Denmark. The park uniting four areas of Amager Fælled, Kalvebod Fælled, Kongelunden Forest and the southern coastline up to Dragør, is unique by the large size of 3500 ha and its location in the proximity of Copenhagen (see Map 7). Map 7: Amager Nature Park delimitation. Source: Ole H. Caspersen Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

The future development of Amager Nature Park is based on voluntary cooperation of the five subjects: The Danish Nature Agency, Copenhagen Municipality, Tårnby Municipality, Dragør Municipality, and City & Port Development (2014). These subjects have in cooperation recently formulated two key strategic documents: Nature Park Strategy including the long term visions and goals for the key areas of management (nature protection, cultural history, recreation & access, tourism & business and 31

environmental education) and more specific Nature Park Plan for the period 2015-2020 (The Danish Nature Agency, Copenhagen Municipality, Tårnby Municipality, Dragør Municipality, & City & Port Development, 2013; The Danish Nature Agency et al., 2014). The goals for nature protection and recreation & access are described in detail in Chapter 3.5.3. Most recently, the report “Nature Park Amager – Opportunities and Efforts” by Caspersen et al. (2015) presented results of four analysis (international analysis; Landscape Character Assessment; analysis of access and regional connections; analysis of the social dimension and the scope of user needs) and suggested recommendations for allocation of efforts and strategies for recreational development as well as specific examples of possibilities. The results of the Landscape Character Assessment form a basis for the analysis in this thesis and are reviewed in Chapter 3.5.4. 3.5.2 Nature Park concept The concept of Nature Parks is well-founded in many European countries, but is rather newly used in Denmark, as the first Nature Park has been designated in 2014 (The Danish Outdoor Council, 2015c). At international level, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies Nature Parks as category V “Protected Landscape” (Phillips, 2002). Nature Parks combine protection of nature and use of landscape within the meaning of sustainable development as they perform a wide range of tasks and services including nature protection and countryside preservation, recreation and sustainable tourism, environmental education and sustainable regional development (EUROPARC, 2015). The Danish Outdoor Council definition describes Nature Parks as “large coherent landscapes of regional importance that often include nature areas of national and international importance. Danish Nature Parks comprise of areas of high landscape beauty, natural values and cultural heritage” (The Danish Outdoor Council, 2015b). The Nature Park Amager Plan 2015-2020 underlines that conservation and use are balanced in Nature Parks, so there is both space for nature and public and that the use is organized in sustainable manner (The Danish Nature Agency et al., 2014). 3.5.3 Nature protection and recreation & access goals for the Nature Park Amager The nature protection goals and recreation & access goals have particular relevance for this thesis as their combination possesses the previously discussed dilemma of finding the balance between the resource protection and utilization. The goals for nature protection according to the Nature Park Amager Development Strategy include the following five points (The Danish Nature Agency et al., 2014):  To ensure favorable conservation status of the nature types and species on the designation basis for NATURA-2000 area

 To protect biodiversity of fauna and flora and enhance it by management and eradication of invasive species  To secure and enhance living conditions for rare and protected species  To ensure open landscape by continuous management  To improve hydrological conditions by leading more water to the area and keep the water in the area The major goals for recreational use according to the Nature Park Amager Development Strategy include (The Danish Nature Agency et al., 2013):  to increase the number of visitors and develop the recreational potential in future  to create better access to the area  to attract the visitors further inside the nature park  to develop main entrances in order to create the common identity of the nature park  to improve of the network of walking paths in terms of better coherence of the network and creation of circular routes and winding paths 3.5.4 Landscape character assessment “Landscape character assessment (LCA) is the process of identifying and describing variation in character of the landscape” (Natural England & Department for Environment, 2014). The character of the landscape expresses the unique combination of geophysical and cultural factors and the specific spatial and visual features that make landscapes distinctive from the surrounding landscape (Caspersen & Nellemann, 2005; Natural England & Department for Environment, 2014). Landscape character assessment method analyses the landscape distinctive characteristics and evaluates its qualities, development potential and vulnerability (Caspersen & Nellemann, 2005). The method developed in Great Britain was adapted to Danish conditions and has been widely used as a useful landscape planning tool at municipal level (Caspersen, 2009). The landscape character assessment consists of four phases: Mapping, Assessment, Strategy formulation and Implementation (The Danish Ministry of Environment, 2007). The result of the mapping phase is delineation and description of the Landscape Character Areas. The working process is illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Landscape character assessment workflow diagram. Source: (Caspersen & Nellemann, 2005)

The method of landscape character analysis has recently been applied to the Nature Park Amager and resulted in designation of seven Landscape Character Areas in the case area of Kalvebod FĂŚlled (Caspersen et al., 2015). It is important to mention that the designation basis does not take the biodiversity perspective; hence, this is the main objective of the thesis. The areas are shown in Map 8 and their landscape character, quality, vulnerability and development potential are summarized in Table 4 (except for the LCA Fuglereservat with no access for public).

Map 8: Designated Landscape Character Areas in Kalvebod FĂŚlled. Source: Ole H. Caspersen

Table 4: Overview of the Landscape Character Areas (LCA) and their quality, vulnerability and development potential. Adapted from (Caspersen et al., 2015)

LCA

Landscape character

Royal Golf and CPH Shooting Center

Golf course, shooting range and areas with woody vegetation including open meadows

Fasanskoven Forest

Combination of birch forest, semiopen and open grasslands of untouched character

Svenskeholm

Spread bush, tree and high grass vegetation create unique space contrasting to the large open areas of Kalvebod Fælled

Kalvebod Fælled

Quality The contrast of the intensively managed "park alike" area to the surrounding natural areas creates its quality Quality is reduced by the noise disturbance from the surrounding highway and shooting range

Vulnerability

Development potential

Vulnerable in terms of reduction of access for broader public

Creation of better access and improvement of path network

Less vulnerable due to the noise disturbance

Establishment of walking paths and a watching tower with view to Nordre Klapper

Vulnerable only in terms of further overgrowth by woody vegetation

Creation of better access, improved signposting and infrastructure, development of the recreational potential based on cultural history

Flat open grassland of large size creates the large open space and Not vulnerable due to its direct contact with light, changing High quality without negative large size. Overgrowth by sky and the wind. Grazing cattle elements woody vegetation can be and horses enhance the unique a threat strong character

Development of the recreational potential in terms of improved infrastructure and signposting, establishment of circular walking paths, better access to animal folds, use of artificial hills as viewpoints and establishment of observatory

High quality negatively influenced by the proximity of the highway

Tjørnesletten Plain

Grassland with remarkable hawthorn tree cover grazed by sheep creates contrast to the surrounding open areas

High quality with robust character

Not vulnerable due areas size and high quality

Development of recreational potential in terms of establishment of walking paths, benches and other facilities, replacement of the fence along Kanalvej

Pinseskoven Forest

Light birch forest creates strong contrast to the surrounding open areas. Forest includes openings in terms of drainage channels, clearance areas and meadows

The homogeneity and large size express the quality and offer unique experience connected to birch trees

Vulnerable in terms of changes in water levels and shift in tree species composition with time

Establishment of walking paths and creation of better connection to surrounding areas. Development of recreational potential of the area around the former NIKE-battery

3.5.5 Recreational development – opportunities and efforts In the context of the Landscape Character Analysis and several analysis published in the strategic report: Nature Park Amager – Opportunities and Efforts covering analysis of the international urban park strategies; analysis of regional connections and access; and analysis of social dimension and recreation opportunities (Caspersen et al., 2015), key projects for recreational development have been suggested in the catalogue (Munck Petersen et al., 2015), see Map 9. Map 9: Key development projects suggested in Kalvebod Fælled. Adapted from: Munck Petersen et al. (2015) Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency.

4 Biodiversity conservation 4.1 Current context In compliance with global commitments adopted in Nagoya in October 2010, in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity, European Union adopted a new strategy to halt biodiversity loss in the EU (European Commission, 2015). The headline target aims at “halting the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020” and “contributing to averting global biodiversity loss” (European Commission, 2011). In accordance to this, the Danish state committed to halting the biodiversity decline in Denmark by 2020. The biodiversity conservation has been a major concern in Denmark in the recent years and a number of crucial documents (Meltofte, 2012; The Danish Economic Councils, 2012) dealing with biodiversity conservation strategies were published. In 2014, the very first political long-term strategic plan, the Nature Plan Denmark (The Danish Government, 2014), was launched together with GIS-based planning tool Biodiversity Map of Denmark (Ejrnæs et al., 2014).

4.2 The context of the Biodiversity Map of Denmark The Biodiversity Map of Denmark (Ejrnæs et al., 2014) involves two distinct approaches towards conservation of biodiversity in Denmark – the national prioritization based on designation of 10x10 km quadrates and local prioritization of areas on scale 10x10 m (Available at: http://miljoegis.mim.dk/cbkort?profile=miljoegis-plangroendk). The national prioritization designates the 10x10 km quadrates including the best possible coverage of endangered species in Denmark on area corresponding to 50% of the area of existing nature areas, ca. 8.5% of area of Denmark. The national designation includes the quadrate covering the case area based on occurrence of 8 red-listed species indicating the area’s importance at a national level (Ejrnæs et al., 2014). The local prioritization is based on weighted bioscore indicating the importance of areas as habitats for red-listed species. Bioscore (range between 0-20) is a sum of proxy score (0-11 points) and species score (0-9 points). The proxy score is based on 13 indicators involving following parameters: presence of coastline, lowland, slope, protected nature, forest continuity and structure, plant species indicator based on plant composition, share of nature areas, windings of watercourses and Danish Stream Fauna Index. The species score is based on weighted distribution of red-listed species (Ejrnæs et al., 2014). The species score is used as a comparison for the results and is therefore described in more detail. The species score is based on distribution of red-listed species in three categories: species habitats (in Danish “levesteder”, including only suitable habitats), species areas of distribution (in Danish “leveområder”, larger areas with both suitable and unsuitable habitats) and observations of species (areas based on precise observations of species). The species habitats and species areas of distribution were 38

estimated by experts and the polygons were geographically localized. The observations of species collected from databases (Svampeatlas.dk, Fugleognatur.dk, Naturdata.dk), Atlas Flora Danica and experts and assigned polygons they were reported from. In order to receive the final species score, the distribution of species is weighted so that the most endangered species, the most certain locations and species with the smallest total distribution in Denmark weight the heaviest (Ejrnæs et al., 2014). The southeastern part of Kalvebod Fælled shows relatively high scores in both proxy score (7 to 9 points: 1 point for coastline, lowland, designated nature, forest structure, nature area over 40% and 80%, and 3 points for plant species indicator) and species score (up to 9 points) resulting in a high bioscore of up to 18 points. Such high scores rank Kalvebod Fælled among relatively few areas of such high biodiversity at national level. Map 10: Species score distribution in the case area of Kalvebod Fælled. Source: Jesper Bladt Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency.

4.3 Biodiversity conservation at a species level In Denmark, the overall biodiversity counts for approximately 32.000 species registered (allearter.dk) and many more species still unknown. In the context of biodiversity decline, assessment and categorization of species with regards to their extinction risk was necessary to provide basis for biodiversity conservation actions. Thus, systems for categorization of species have been developed on both international (The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), European (species protected by the Habitats and the Birds Directive) and national levels (The Danish Red List, The Danish Yellow List, nationally protected species). The Danish Red List includes the Danish plant and animal species that have been assessed according to the Red List guidelines (IUCN, 2012a). For the Red List categories and their definitions see Figure 3. The Red List categories at national level have rather complex definitions governed by quantitative criteria. Out of approximately 10.581 Danish species assessed, 1526 species were categorized as threatened species in categories CR, EN and VU (Wind & Pihl, 2004). The Danish Yellow List (Stoltze & Pihl, 1998) was developed in the context of the Red List assessment in order to include plant and animal species with population declines in Denmark that do not fulfill the criteria to be included in the Danish Red List, and species of national responsibility (see Figure 3). In total, 600 Danish species are included on the Danish Yellow List, with the majority of species qualified as species of national responsibility (Stoltze & Pihl, 1998). Figure 3: The category definitions in the Danish Red and Yellow List. Source: (IUCN, 2012a, 2012b; Stoltze & Pihl, 1998)

The Danish Red List Categories RE Regionally extinct

Definition Category for a taxon when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual potentially capable of reproduction within the region has died or has disappeared from the wild in the region, or when, if it is a former visiting taxon, the last individual has died or disappeared in the wild from the region. A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

Critically Endangered

Endangered

Vulnerable

Near Threatened

Least Concern A taxon is Least Concern when it does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. Data A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, Defficient or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. Not Category for a taxon deemed to be ineligible for assessment at a regional level. A Applicable taxon may be in this category because it is not a wild population or not within its natural range in the region, or because it is a vagrant to the region.

A taxon is Endangered when it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. A taxon is Vulnerable when it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. A taxon is Near Threatened when it does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.

Not Evaluated

A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated.

The Danish Yellow List Categories X

Species requiring special attention

Species of A taxon is qualified as species of national responsibility, if it is assessed that at national least 20% of the world population spends some part of their life cycle in Denmark responsibility or if the taxon is assessed as rare at a global level. This category cover 2 subcategories: breeding species (AY) and migrating species (AT).

A taxon is qualified as requiring special attention, if there is a high probability that it becomes Vulnerable or Endangered in the near future, if the negative factors continue affecting the taxon, or if there has been a significant reduction in its distribution and/or population status.

In order to address the biodiversity decline, legislation was adopted on both EU and national levels. At the European level, species are protected by the Birds and the Habitats Directives (European Council, 1979, 1992). The Birds Directive protects 200 bird species listed on Annex I (European Council, 1979). The Habitats Directive protects species listed on Annex IV covering 29 animal and plant species as well as all species of cetaceans and bats (European Council, 1992). For plant species, deliberate picking, collecting, cutting, uprooting or destruction of plants in their natural range in the wild is prohibited (European Council, 1992). For animal species, deliberate capturing, killing, disturbance of species particularly in the period of breeding, rearing, hibernation and migration, destruction of eggs and deterioration or destruction of breeding sites or resting places, is prohibited (European Council, 1979, 1992). Species are furthermore protected by national Danish legislation according to the Act no. 330 of 19 March 2013 on protection of certain plant and animal species and management of injured wild animals. It is prohibited to capture or kill wild living animals listed on Annex I and III and to remove plants listed on Annex II from the habitat. The national protection includes the majority of wild living mammal and bird species, all amphibian and reptile species, 1 fish species, 14 invertebrate species and 70 plant species including all species of orchids (The Danish Ministry of Environment, 2013c).

4.4 Biodiversity data sources Continuous collection of data on biodiversity is highly important in order to assess and prevent the biodiversity decline. The data collected belong to two major categories: data collected in monitoring programs by the authorities (primarily the Danish Nature Agency and the municipalities) that follow standardized methods of data collection; and opportunistic data collected by volunteers under citizen science platforms. 4.4.1 Monitoring programs In Denmark, monitoring programs are conducted at national and municipality levels. At national level, NOVANA and DEVANO monitoring programs are coordinated by the regional offices Danish Nature Agency. NOVANA refers to the National Monitoring and Assessment Program for the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments. The part of the program, that involves the terrestrial nature, covers both monitoring of selected species and selected nature types. The terrestrial nature types monitoring is conducted within designated stations, a geographical area with a given nature type. The monitoring program is directed towards collection of data in order to assess the conservation status of the given nature type. The southern part of Kalvebod Fælled is designated as intensive monitoring station of coastal meadow nature type with 60 plots. In the center of each plot, a pin-point analysis is carried out and plant species list is registered in 5m circle around the plot (Copenhagen County, 2005). DEVANO refers to the Decentralized Water and Nature Monitoring that aims at monitoring of species and nature types listed in the Habitats Directive that are not covered by the NOVANA monitoring system. The data are collected and assessed similarly as in the NOVANA monitoring program (Bijl, Boutrup, & Nordemann Jensen, 2009). Furthermore, biodiversity monitoring at the municipal level covers primarily the nature types protected by the § 3 of the Danish Nature Conservation Act (the Danish Ministry of Environment, 2013e). The data collected during monitoring programs by the Danish authorities, are integrated in the database Danmarks Naturdata (naturdata.dk). 4.4.2 Citizen science platforms Citizen science is a relatively recent phenomenon and important source of biodiversity data with great potential for the future. The citizen science refers to an “organized research in which members of the public – who may or may not be trained in science – gather or analyze data” on a voluntary basis (Bonney & Dickinson, 2012). In Denmark, there has been broad cooperation between research institutions (universities, the Natural History Museum of Denmark and other research centers), environmental organizations (The Danish Society for Nature Conservation, The Danish Ornithological Society, fugleognatur.dk), municipalities and broad public on a wide range of citizen science projects. While some projects aim at creating focus on specific groups of organisms, such as birds (DOFbasen, dofbasen.dk), fungi (Danmarks Svampeatlas, svampeatlas.dk) or fish (Fiskeatlas, fiskeatlas.ku.dk), other strive for broader picture on 42

biodiversity in Denmark (fugleognatur.dk, biowide.dk, biodiversitet.nu). The Fugleognatur.dk is the largest of these platforms with over 30.000 users (Naturbasen ApS, 2015b). The citizen science platforms are under constant development as they keep up with the rapid technology development in order to attract broader public, simplify the species reporting process and receive more accurate information. The Fugleognatur.dk platform was the first to launch an application to smart phones Naturbasen App in 2012 (Naturbasen ApS, 2012). Recently, the NaturTjek App was launched by the Danish Society for Nature Conservation (The Danish Society for Nature Conservation, 2015) and more applications are under development. These applications enhance the potential of the biodiversity data collection considerably as they allow reporting of observations directly in the field, while providing information on species determination and precise coordinates of the locality. The citizen science data collected without standardized field protocol and undefined sampling design involve different types of bias covering the observation bias (varying search efforts over time), reporting bias (incomplete and selective reporting of species), geographical bias (uneven geographical distribution of surveyed sites) and detection bias (correct determination of the species) (van Strien, van Swaay, & Termaat, 2013). However, despite these sources of potential errors, citizen science data have a major strength in sampling uncommon and rare species compared to the standardized monitoring techniques (Snall, Kindvall, Nilsson, & Part, 2010). The citizen science data can therefore be very useful in supplementing the data from monitoring surveys.

5 Method 5.1 Data sources The primary goal of the data collection was to gather available data on the biodiversity within the case area in the past 10 years (from 01.01. 2005 to 01.01.2015). The main challenge was to combine data from different databases despite their different structure, different systems of geographical localization of the data and different methods of data collection. The data source databases are reviewed in the following text. The overview over raw data is shown in Table 5. Table 5: Overview of the data sources used in the thesis

Database Danmarks svampeatlas DOFbasen.dk Naturdata.dk Fugleognatur.dk

Availability of the data Available Available Available Available only with license

Total number of observations Organism groups

All organism groups*

Precise 928 0 4198

Imprecise 0 124.098 0

All organism groups

1191

545

Fungi Birds

* data from NOVANA monitoring program covering only plant species were used in this thesis

5.1.1 Fugleognatur.dk The Fugleognatur.dk database covers generally all species groups, although the majority of the data represent bird, insect and plant species. Fugleognatur.dk is one of the largest nature databases in Denmark with over 30.000 registered users. The administrator of the database is a private company Naturbasen ApS and therefore, the data are not freely available. In this thesis, the data are used in accordance with the license F02/2015. Only quality validated data were used for the analysis. The quality validation process involves approval of all data by Quality Committee consisting of experts on different species groups and in case of questionable observations additional documentation is required (Naturbasen ApS, 2015a). The database consists of both data with precise coordinates and data assigned a locality (10 localities in the case area). The locality is subjectively estimated by the observer and the locality polygons are not geographically defined. This means that it is not possible to determine the localities precisely and certain overlaps of the localities exist. The localities and their approximate geographical location are illustrated in Map 11. The comparison of the localities “Vestamager”, “Kalvebod Fælled” (covering probably the whole case area) and “Hejresøen” (covering only limited area of a lake) illustrates the possible differences among the locality definitions. The data for localities “Vestamager” and “Kalvebod Fælled” were not used in the analysis due to the large size. Therefore, data with precise locality coordinates were differentiated from the less precise data in the analysis. Map 11: Locality distribution in the Fugleognatur.dk database. Illustration of the geographical location of selected localities “Vestamager”, “Kalvebod Fælled” and “Hejresøen”. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

5.1.2 DOFbasen The DOFbasen database contains observations of bird species. The administrator of DOFbasen.dk database is the Danish Ornithological Society with over 16.000 members of (Danish Ornithological Society, 2015). The data are available for non-commercial and research purposes. The data available for download include quality validated data only. DOFbasen’s Quality Committee is responsible for the quality validation of the data. If an observation is assessed as questionable or insufficiently documented, the observer is contacted and further documentation required (The Danish Ornithological Society, 2015). The data in DOFbasen have been assigned a locality similarly as in Fugleognatur.dk database. This results in 23 localities in the case area with undefined geographical location and unknown overlaps. Especially in the area of the Klydesø Lake, the definitions of the “Klydesøen” and “Klydesøreservatet” localities as well as numerous sub-localities are fairly unclear (see Map 12). However, the Danish Ornithological Society is currently in the process of finding a solution for the definition and geo-localization of the locality polygons. Furthermore, it has been possible to add the precise coordinates on a voluntary basis since the fall of 2014 (T. Nyegaard, personal communication, April 1, 2015). Map 12: Locality distribution in the DOFbasen.dk database. Illustration of the geographical location of selected localities “Klydesøen”, “Klydesøreservat” and sub-localities. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

5.1.3 Danmarks Svampeatlas The Danmarks Svampeatlas database contains observations of fungi species. The Svampeatlas database is administered by the cooperation of Copenhagen University and Danish Mycological Society with support from Aage V. Jensen Foundations. The data available for public are quality validated. All data include precise coordinates of the species observation. 5.1.4 Naturdata.dk The Naturdata.dk database contains data gathered by Danish authorities under various monitoring programs (NOVANA, DEVANO, species monitoring programmes, inspections of Â§ 3 protected nature and so on). The database is administered by the Danish Nature Environmental portal. The data available for the public are quality validated. The quality validation is a complex three-level process involving consultant companies, municipalities, the Danish Nature Agency and the National Environmental Research Institute at Aarhus University (Kjeldsen, K.H., personal communication, June 15, 2015). The data search in this database is rather complicated and time consuming. Moreover, the guidance for the data search was not available until February 2015 (The Danish Natural Environmental Portal, 2015c). Due to the timeframe available for this thesis, only data from NOVANA monitoring program (including the largest amount of data on the case area) were used for the analysis. The NOVANA data have precise coordinates as they are linked to one of the 60 monitoring plots (see Map 13). Map 13: NOVANA station Det IndĂŚmmede Areal and distribution of the NOVANA plots. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

Unfortunately, it was not possible to use data from large mapping project Atlas Flora Danica conducted by the Danish Botanical Society, as the data will be available in autumn 2015 (Hermann, J., personal communication, April 8, 2015).

5.2 Categories of species Seven categories of species were selected (see Figure 4) for the purposes of the spatial analysis. In accordance to one of the long-term goals of the development strategy “to continue developing the nature values of the Nature Park in terms of biodiversity of animals and plants as well as improved conditions for the rare and protected species” (The Danish Nature Agency et al., 2013), the rare and protected species have received a special focus. The categories of species selected therefore aimed at representing rare and threatened species as well as the specific characteristics of the case area (indicator species for the coastal meadows). For comparison, the Biodiversity Map of Denmark included solely the Danish Red List categories (Ejrnæs et al., 2014). Especially the inclusion of the category the Danish Yellow List included a range of important bird species characteristic for the case area (such as Northern Lapwing, Eurasian Bittern, Common Redshank). The parameters considered during the selection process and the selected categories are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Illustration of the selection process for the categories of species

“Indicator species for the coastal meadow nature type” category (see Annex I) is used in assessment of nature types protected by § 3 of the Danish Nature Conservation Act. In coastal meadow nature type, occurrence of 3 or more indicator species indicates a high probability that the habitat has a high biological value (Fredshavn, Nygaard, & Ejrnæs, 2010). There are other categories that could have been used for the analysis such as “character species for the coastal meadow nature type no. 1330” (Fredshavn et 49

al., 2009). These include many of the indicator species, but also include common species such as Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera) or Red Fescue (Festuca rubra). Thus, the indicator species category was selected as it was assessed that the species in this category are less common than the character species and therefore can be more suitable to detect the areas of high value within the given nature type. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Invasive speciesâ&#x20AC;? category (see Annex II) is defined as species that has been introduced to the area, where it supersedes native species and distorts the original ecological balance and is therefore a threat to the biological diversity associated to the habitat (Fredshavn et al., 2010).

5.3 Description of the working process An overview over the working process is illustrated in Figure 5. The particular steps are described below. Figure 5: Flowchart illustrating the 10 steps of the working process.

1) Data collection The data were collected from four databases (see Chapter 5.1) for the period of the past 10 years (1.1. 2005 - 1.1.2015) as comma separated value (csv) files and sorted in MS Excel. 2) Data preparation The raw data (see Table 5) were subject to preparation in terms of removal of imprecise observations (e.g. Falco sp.) and removal of hybrid species observations (e.g. Anser anser x Branta canadensis). The removal of duplicate observations led to significant decrease in amount of the data. This was especially the case of DOFbasen.dk including the vast majority of the data with imprecise geographical location (124.098 bird species observations only included 2599 unique values). Furthermore, the data for subspecies and species variants have been transformed to include data at species level. This is due to the fact that subspecies are often subject to revision and opinions on these subcategories may differ. However, it has to be mentioned that the subspecies that have rare or threatened status, while the main species form does not, were not included in the analysis. This can be illustrated for instance on case of the Dunlin e.g. Calidris alpina schintzii (category EN in the Danish Red List) and Calidris alpina not included in the Danish Red List. This problem is considered as minor issue as the species concerned are with high probability represented in other categories (in the case of Dunlin the Danish Yellow List and the Birds Directive Annex I). 3) Allocation of categories Simple text search Python program was used for allocation of the seven selected categories (see Chapter 0) to species observations. Due to the large amount of data, failed returns could not be completely avoided, but these were manually repaired (e.g. species with multiple Latin names or wrong spelling). 4) Geolocation of data from Naturdata.dk The data from the Naturdata.dk database required an extra step as the downloaded plant species lists had to be connected with geographical coordinates available as a GIS layer at the Danish Natural Environmental Portal. The plant species lists and the objects in the GIS layer share a common ID that was connected to the species lists manually in MS Excel. 5) GIS Analysis The data were projected and spatial analysis was conducted in QGIS 2.6.0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brighton (open source, http://qgis.org/). GIS was the common platform for the analysis producing the results described under the following five points:

6) Suggestion for database improvements During the data collection and preparation process, central challenges and recurrent difficulties were indentified. This resulted in specific suggestions of improvements concerning the requirements for the data in general and for the particular databases. 7) Distribution maps for main species groups The spatial distribution of the observations of species categorized by the seven selected categories was assessed in the analysis. Maps showing the spatial distribution of the relevant categories for the main groups of species (fungi, plants, invertebrates, birds and vertebrates excluding birds) were produced. Clusters with higher concentration of data were identified visually and resulted in five polygon layers. 8) Designation of priority areas for biodiversity (positive designation) Overlay analysis of the polygon layers lead to designation of priority areas for biodiversity covering the polygons with high concentration of observations of species in the selected categories. 9) Designation of priority areas for recreation (negative designation) Areas outside the priority areas for biodiversity, i.e. areas with low concentration of species observations, were identified as priority areas for recreation purposes. Subsequently, priority areas for recreational development were designated in suitable areas distant to the priority areas for biodiversity. Furthermore, their suitability and recreational potential was assessed visually in the field. 10) Landscape Character Areas including biodiversity The Landscape Character Areas defined by Caspersen et al. (2015) were analyzed with regards to the distribution of the biodiversity data. Adjustments to the Landscape Character Areas designation were discussed and the development potential assessed.

6 Results 6.1 Distribution of the data In total, 9461 observations of species were reported in the four databases (DOFbasen.dk, Fugleognatur.dk, Naturdata.dk (NOVANA data only) and Svampeatlas.dk) in the case area in the period 2005 to 2014. These observations cover 1184 species distributed relatively evenly among fungi, plant, invertebrate and vertebrate species. The vertebrate species group was divided into bird species and rest of vertebrates in order to illustrate the dominance of observations of bird species. This is in contrast to zero observations of fish species, 5 observations of mammal species (Hare, Fox and a Fallow deer) and 21 observations of amphibian and reptile species. The Table 6 shows an overview over the data in terms of observations of species and number of species in the main species groups and the relevant categories. The majority of the data are precisely located (6317 observations), while 3144 observations are imprecise with assigned locality (see Chapter 5.1). Table 6: Overview over distribution of the data in the main species groups and the relevant categories. Source of data: DOFbasen.dk, Fugleognatur.dk, Naturdata.dk, Svampeatlas.dk

Observations of species

The Danish Red List

154

108 569

15 108 569

Nationally protected species

Birds Directive Annex I

929 14 4345 104 613 292 420 2718 10

Habitats Directive Annex IV

Invasive species

6317 3144

Indicator species

71 8

Imprecise

All data

Precise

Imprecise

5 5 6 30 7

Precise

12 4 10 49 1

Indicator species

Imprecise

The Danish Yellow List

Invasive species

Precise

128 429 144 439 20 The Danish Red List

Imprecise

Habitats Directive Annex IV

Precise

Imprecise

Birds Directive Annex I

Precise

Imprecise

Precise

Fungi Plants Invertebrates Birds Vertebrates*

Imprecise

Number of species

Nationally protected species

23 1 9 3 3 10 2 11 24 7 19 8 78 417 97 420

Vertebrates* Total

Precise

Imprecise

Precise

Fungi Plants Invertebrates Birds

The Danish Yellow List

Total 76 53 14 71 1 4 14 * Vertebrates excluding birds ** Note that a small number of species overlap in the categories

All data 347 309 234 283 11 1184

6.2 Overall distribution map The overall distribution of the species included in one of the five categories (the Danish Red List, the Danish Yellow List, the Birds Directive Annex I, nationally protected and indicator species) is shown in the Map 14. The category of the Habitats Directive Annex IV species and category of invasive species could not be used in the analysis due to lack of data (less than 10 observations in total). The detailed distribution of the species observations in the selected categories are shown in Annexes III-IX sorted after the main species groups (fungi, plants, invertebrates, birds and vertebrates excl. birds). Map 14: Distribution of species observations in the five selected categories of species. Source of data: DOFbasen.dk, Fugleognatur.dk, Naturdata.dk, Svampeatlas.dk; Source background map: Danish Geodata Agency

6.3 Distribution maps for main species groups 6.3.1 Fungi The designation of the priority areas for fungi species is based on 32 observations of 15 fungi species listed on the Danish Red and Yellow List. Two priority areas of relatively small size were identified for fungi species both located in the forest nature types (see Map 15 and Table 7). Map 15: Priority areas for fungi species. Data source: Svampeatlas.dk, Fugleognatur.dk, Danish Nature Agency. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

Table 7: Description of the priority areas for fungi species

Area number

Description

Nature type

Small area in the north-western Mixed open forest corner of the dominated by Fasanskoven Forest Birch and Aspen includes few species with rich grass and listed on the Danish shrub understory Red and Yellow List

Northern part of Pinseskoven Forest has high concentration of fungi species listed on the Danish Red and Yellow List

Picture

Mixed open forest dominated by Birch with grass understory

6.3.2 Plants The designation of the priority areas for plant species is based on 194 observations of 33 plant species listed on the Danish Red List, the Danish Yellow List, nationally protected species and indicator species. Four priority areas were identified for plant species in the coastal meadow and coastal grassland nature types (see Map 16 and Table 8). The category of nationally protected species includes predominantly orchid species attached to coastal meadows. However, two orchid species (Listera ovata, Epipactis helleborine) located in Pinseskoven Forest are forest floor species. Map 16: Priority areas for plant species. Data sources: Fugleognatur.dk, Naturdata.dk, Danish Nature Agency. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

Table 8: Description of the priority areas for plant species

Area number

Description

Nature type

The area at Koklapperne includes several plant species listed on the Danish Red and Yellow List and many indicator species

Coastal grasslands and meadows of varying condition in terms of vegetation height depending on the type and intensity of grazing (cattle, sheep, horses) Some areas include characteristic ant-hills

The area around Coastal meadows Nihøje and Enghøj grazed by cattle in good includes few species condition, however listed on the Danish water availability is not Yellow List and several optimal indicator species

Area around Sydmøllevej includes numerous indicator species

Well-developed coastal meadows grazed by cattle with the characteristic flora of salt-tolerant species

The area along the south-western coastline located mostly in the Klydesø Lake Nature Reserve includes numerous indicator species

Well-developed coastal meadows with the characteristic flora of salt-tolerant species and including large numbers of ant-hills

Photo

6.3.3 Invertebrates The designation of the priority area for invertebrate species is based on 58 observations of 14 invertebrate species listed on the Danish Red and Yellow List. Furthermore, 74 observations of the rare butterfly Lesser Purple Emperor (Apatura ilia) were added as it recently immigrated to the Pinseskoven Forest. One priority area was identified in the Pinseskoven forest, open forest with openings and meadows of varying size (see Map 17 and Table 9). Map 17: Priority area for invertebrate species. Data sources: Fugleognatur.dk, Danish Nature Agency Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

Table 9: Description of the priority area for invertebrate species

Area number 1

Description

Nature type

Photo

Relatively large Semi-open forest dominated by area in the Birch including small plantations northern part of Oak and Linden of Pinseskoven The area includes openings and forest including small meadows of varying size several species that are important habitats for listed on insect species Danish Red and Pinseengen meadow being the Yellow List largest (picture at the bottom) Overgrowth by tall grasses and nutrient demanding species is a potential threat

6.3.4 Birds The designation of the priority area for bird species is based on 1689 observations of 118 bird species listed on the Danish Red, the Danish Yellow List and the Birds Directive Annex I. Five priority areas were identified in very different nature types covering lakes, wetlands, reed beds, coastal meadows and open forest vegetation (see Map 18 and Table 10). The largest priority area is situated in the KlydesĂ¸ Lake Nature Reserve that was designated for bird species protection. Map 18: Priority areas for bird species. Data sources: DOFbasen.dk, Fugleognatur.dk, Danish nature Agency Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

Table 10: Description of the priority areas for bird species

Area number

Description

Nature type

Area at the border of Svenskeholm includes numerous observations of birds of prey species and non-wader species

The area has a spread woody vegetation of Birch, Willow and other tree species and understory of tall grasses

Store Høj Lake hosts various grebes, ducks, geese, swans and wading birds

Lake surrounded by large areas of tall reed beds

Northeastern part of Koklapperne hosts mainly Barnacle Goose

Coastal meadows and grasslands with short vegetation

Hejresø Lake is an important locality for a range of grebes, ducks, geese, swans, waders and terns

Lake surrounded by large areas of reed beds and Pinseskoven Forest from the north

Klydesø Lake area is the core locality for wading birds, grebes, duck, geese, swans, terns and birds of prey listed on the Danish Red and Yellow List

Large area including a range of nature types: lake, reed beds, coastal meadows with short vegetation and “slush water” areas

Photo

6.3.5 Vertebrates Due to limited amount of data on vertebrate species (in total 22 observations of 9 species) and their spread character, it was not possible to designate areas of high priority for vertebrate species (see Map 19). Map 19: Distribution of the vertebrate species. Data sources: Fugleognatur.dk, Danish Nature Agency. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

6.4 Designation of priority areas for biodiversity The designation of priority areas for biodiversity unites the designations of the priority areas for the main species groups. The designation covering approximately one third of the case area (737 hectares) shows the core areas of high biodiversity value (see Map 20). These include areas of large extent: area around Klydesø Lake, northern part of the Pinseskoven Forest, Koklapperne and eastern part of Svenskeholm; and areas of smaller extent: Hejresø Lake, Store Høj Lake and small area in Fasanskoven Forest. Map 20: Designation of priority areas for biodiversity. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency.

The priority areas for biodiversity cover a wide range of different nature types and therefore have a large potential for accommodating different organism groups. The nature types covered by the designation include:  Lakes with reed beds (Klydesø Lake, Hejresø Lake, Store Høj Sø Lake)  Coastal meadows and grasslands (Klydesø Lake area, Koklapperne)  Semi-open forest (Pinsekoven Forest, Fasanskoven Forest)  Scrub vegetation (Svenskeholm)  Forest openings and meadows (Pinseskoven Forest) In addition, water channels with closures and weirs create various water habitats for plants, invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

6.5 Designation of priority areas for recreational development The designation of the areas suitable for recreation covers the remaining area outside the priority areas for biodiversity, i.e. is based on designation of areas with none or very few observations of species in the selected categories indicating lower biodiversity values. The area covers 1417 hectares and represents areas well suited for purposes of outdoor recreation. Moreover, 8 priority areas for recreational development were designated in the areas distant to the priority areas for biodiversity (see Map 21). Map 21: Designation of priority areas for recreation and priority areas for recreational development. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

The eight priority areas for recreational development were assessed to have a large recreational potential described in Table 11. The majority of the areas is located near the border of the park and has the potential to be connected to the main entrances to the park. Two areas (Svenskeholm; area around Villahøj and Svenskehøj) are located inside the case area and have the potential to attract the visitors inside the park. The recreational potential and the consistency with the recreational efforts suggested in the report Nature Park Amager – Opportunities and Efforts and Catalogue (Caspersen et al., 2015; Munck Petersen et al., 2015) are discussed in Chapter 7.5. Table 11: Priority areas for recreational development overview. Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

Area number 1

Recreational infrastructure Little existing recreational infrastructure (Fasanskovvej) and no recreational facilities

Location

Nature type

Northeast corner of Fasanskoven Forest and Nordre Klapper

Semi-open forest dominated by Willow with openings of varying size Coastal grasslands

Fasanskoven Forest near Kalvebod Sti

Closed mixed forest dominated by Birch with few open meadows

Recreational infrastructure consisting of Kalvebod Sti, smaller walking paths, fireplaces, shelter

Central area of Svenskeholm

Areas of scrub vegetation (Willow, Birch, Buckthorn) and tall grass vegetation

Svenskeholmvej and the path around Svenskeholm form the infrastructure Few recreational facilities (benches, fireplace)

Photo

Area around VillahĂ¸j and SvenskehĂ¸j

Coastal Svenskeholmvej meadows and Granatvej grazed by form the cattle, lakes infrastructure, no surrounded by recreational wetlands and facilities, no reed beds access to the Forest grazed areas meadow at the side of Pinseskoven

Area around Ugandavej

Coastal meadows grazed by horses and cattle

Infrastructure consists of Ugandavej, LĂŚrkestien and few more walking paths. Area with benches and fireplace near the park border

Southern part of Pinseskoven Forest incl. area with buildings for Nike battery

Semi-open forest dominated by Birch and coastal meadows grazed by horses

Number of paths and roads, few areas with benches and fireplaces and a shelter

7, 8

Small areas by the artificial dike

Artificial dike and coastline

Path on the artificial dike is the only infrastructure

6.6 Suggested changes to the Landscape Character Areas The Landscape Character Areas (LCA; described in Chapter 3.5.4) were revised in order to integrate the biodiversity analysis results. The major changes include: extension of the LCA Svenskeholm towards east, establishment of new LCA Southern coastal meadows (“Sydlige strandenge” in Danish) and sub-division of the large LCA area “Kalvebod Fælled” into four areas with similar grazing and visitor access regimes (see Map 22 and Table 12). Map 22: Suggested changes to the Landscape Character Areas designated by Caspersen et al. (2015). Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

Table 12: Suggested changes in the designation of the Landscape Character Areas (LCA)

Biodiversity aspect

Development potential

Royal Golf and Copenhagen Shooting Center

The results indicate relatively low biodiversity values of the area. This is in accordance with the intensive recreational use of the area

Creation of better access and improvement of path network is desirable

Fasanskoven Forest

Fasanskoven Forest includes a small area of high biodiversity values for fungi species. The majority of the area is suitable for recreational use

Establishment of walking paths and a watching tower with a view to Nordre Klapper is desirable if the priority area for biodiversity is avoided

Svenskeholm

The eastern part of Svenskeholm includes an important area of high biodiversity value: important habitat for birds of prey and other non-wader bird species. The case area is an important resting habitat for birds of prey during migration periods and therefore these habitats must be secured. The biodiversity values of the rest of the area may be underestimated as the area is difficult to access

Creation of better access, signposting and infrastructure; and development of the recreational potential is possible, but the development should avoid the priority area as it may cause disturbance for the bird species. Moreover, further research of the biodiversity values of the area is highly recommended prior to the recreational development

Kalvebod FĂŚlled

TjĂ¸rnesletten Plain

The area of 700 hectares is large for nature management purposes. The Development of the recreational southern part becomes a new LCA potential (improved infrastructure, "Southern coastal meadows" and a subsignposting, establishment of division into 4 areas with similar grazing circular walking paths, better access and visitor access regimes is to animal folds) is possible, if the recommended. Limited access and development is located in the subcontinued grazing with regards to wading areas 1,3,4. Use of artificial hills as birds (short-cut coastal meadows) viewpoints and establishment of an combined by controlled burning is observatory is less desirable, recommended for the central area (2) especially the location of the including the priority area for observatory near EnghĂ¸j is biodiversity. Fencing of the areas with problematic as it is situated in the the national botanical importance is areas of high biodiversity values desirable. The overgrowth by Wood Small Reed is still a potential threat to the area The results indicate relatively low biodiversity values of the area. However, the area has high recreational potential in terms of uniqueness of the habitat type and good access

Development of recreational potential in terms of establishment of walking paths, benches and other facilities. Replacement of the fence along Kanalvej is desirable

Pinseskoven Forest

The northern part of the forest is designated a priority area for biodiversity The recreational development for insect and fungi species and therefore should be concentrated in the the recreational activities should be southern part. Establishment of concentrated in the southern part. walking paths and creation of better Enhanced nature management of the connections to surrounding areas is forest openings is recommended as desirable. Development of overgrowth by tall grasses is a potential recreational potential of the area threat to valuable insect habitats. The around the former NIKE-battery is forest management (untouched forest desirable. However, the possible and selective thinning) is in accordance negative effects on bird locality of with creation of habitats for fungi species HejresĂ¸en have to be considered (e.g. standing and lying dead wood)

Southern coastal meadows

The establishment of an extra LCA covers the coastal meadows included in priority The area has good potential to areas for biodiversity. This area has wellserve as a refuge for biodiversity developed coastal meadows that are and conservation of valuable coastal difficult to access due to high water levels meadow habitats. Limitation of (except for summer months) and lack of visitor access is desirable and infrastructure (especially in the southern recreational development is to be part of the area). Continued grazing by avoided cattle with regards to wading birds is recommended

7 Discussion 7.1 General errors and uncertainties The central challenge in the analysis is the consolidation of the data from databases with varying data quality. Mapping of biodiversity is conducted at various levels, by both experts and volunteers and some species groups receive much more attention than others. The main uncertainty is therefore related to how the presented dataset represent the overall biodiversity. Citizen science databases based on data collected by volunteering citizens (Fugleognatur.dk, DOFbasen.dk and Svampeatlas.dk) represent a major data source for the analysis. The citizen science data are based on presence-data. The species occurrences indicate suitable habitats for these species. However, suitable habitats may also be found at localities without any observations of species. The data from the citizen science databases cannot be compared to data from systematic and standardized monitoring programmes as they involve various types of bias (such as observation, reporting, geographical or detection bias; see Chapter 4.4.2). The databases have validation processes to deal with the detection bias. However, dealing with varying search efforts, selective reporting and uneven distribution of surveyed sites requires significant methodical and systematic changes. Clearly, the geographical distribution of data to a certain extent reflects the distribution of visitors in the case area. This is especially the case with observations of birds, as a high concentration of observations is reported from the areas in the vicinity of bird watching towers. However, many observations are also reported from areas with low concentration of recreational facilities, such as the northern area of Pinseskoven or the eastern part of Svenskeholm. Nevertheless, the less accessible areas may be underestimated due to lack of data. Tendencies for selective reporting of species can also be identified in the distribution of the data in the main species groups. The bird and plant species groups are largely represented compared to the vertebrate species group (zero observations of fish species and few observations of amphibian, reptile and mammal species). Despite the fact, that the case area is situated in the vicinity of Copenhagen and receives a relatively high numbers of visitors, the amount of the collected citizen science data is rather limited (except for the bird species data) and may have great potential engaging more citizens. To sum up, the dataset includes data of diverse origins involving different strengths and weaknesses. Whereas citizen science data involve potential errors especially for common species, the standardized monitoring methods are designed to avoid them (Snall et al., 2010). On the other hand, standardized monitoring methods are less suitable to sample uncommon and rare species, whereas this is a major strength of the voluntarily collected data (Snall et al., 2010). Therefore, the combination of both

data from standardized monitoring programmes and opportunistic citizen science platforms have a good potential for representing the overall biodiversity.

7.2 Data sources - limitations and perspectives The integration of the data from heterogeneous databases into a common GIS platform was challenging in terms of dealing with varying geographical precision of the data and the practical issues of data availability and accessibility. While some databases contain data with high geographical precision, others relate observations to large localities leading to considerable losses in the data quality (see Chapter 5.1). First, limitations and suggestions for improvements concerning the particular databases are presented. Then, the future perspectives in general are discussed. Svampeatlas.dk Svampeatlas.dk database has the most simple and user-friendly interface of all the databases. Data are easily accessible and can be downloaded directly including the geographical localization. The database is relatively new and therefore includes only data with precise geographical coordinates. Further improvement of the database including an application for smart phones is under development (University of Copenhagen, 2015). Svampeatlas.dk represents a good example of a successful citizen science project gaining steadily support among researchers and volunteers. Fugleognatur.dk Fugleognatur.dk is one of the most successful citizen science platforms in Denmark and covers all species groups. It has a relatively user-friendly interface and the application for smart phones Naturbasen App provides possibility for reporting observations with precise coordinates. However, the older data in the database are connected to a locality with undefined geographic range (polygon). The central problem of this database is the data availability. The private ownership has the consequence that the data are only available with a purchased license, even for use of data for research purposes such as the present thesis. This is a major concern in the context of the future use data gathered by volunteers. DOFbasen.dk DOFbasen.dk database has a very good user interface and includes large amounts of data. However, a major deficiency of the database is the vast majority of the data have imprecise geographical locations (see Chapter 5.1). Since 2014, it has been possible to add precise coordinates, but it has not been widely used so far. The solution to this problem may be development of a smart phone application, which is highly recommended with regards to the great data amounts included in this database. Naturdata.dk The database user interface is outdated and not intuitive. The search in the database requires knowledge of its structure and is time consuming. Particularly, when searching observations of single species, previous knowledge of which monitoring scheme the species was included in, is necessary.

Challenges are also related to the issue of connecting the data with the geographical coordinates. This has to be done in a separate process by connecting the species observations with a map layer available at Arealinfo.dk The administrators are aware of the limitations and the complicated structure of the database (The Danish Natural Environmental Portal, 2015b). The Danish Natural Environmental Portal is currently processing an evaluation of the database containing suggestions for improvements (The Danish Natural Environmental Portal, 2015b). Recently, the smart phone application NaturAppl has been developed to facilitate the process of reporting the data into the database. However, the process of accessing and searching in the database is the remaining and urgent challenge to be addressed. In the context of limited resources for biodiversity monitoring, the citizen science platforms have a huge potential for the future use in biodiversity and recreational management in the long term perspective. The current development of smart phone applications open up for a wide range of new possibilities and have the potential to attract more contributors. The applications can assist with reporting of high geographical precision data, show previously reported observations from a locality and assist the citizens with the correct determination of the species directly in the field by providing information and pictures. These considerations are especially relevant for the databases Naturdata.dk and DOFbasen.dk. The seemingly high costs of the primary investments in these technologies must be viewed in the long-term perspective and the immense value of the acquired data. It is clear that the state owned database Naturadata.dk is halting after the citizen science based databases in many aspects. It is highly recomended to conduct a general revision of the whole Danish Nature Environmental Portal (including the Naturdata.dk database and Arealinfo.dk map server) with the main focus on providing better access to the raw data instead of manufactured data layers. Enabling citizen participation is another aspect of possible development. The citizen science projects can only be successful, if they receive broad citizen support. Therefore, it is recommended that the Danish state takes the leading initiative in developing the technologies and supporting their union as well as the technological development of these platforms. In the context of rapid development of new citizen science projects, developing a central data platform for all organism groups is a challenging goal. Supporting the development of voluntary citizen-based platforms is not only important to serve as a useful tool for collecting large amounts of data, but they also engage the public, raise the public awareness and create future interest in conservation and biodiversity (Sullivan et al., 2009).

7.3 Designation of priority areas for biodiversity The designation of priority areas for biodiversity identified the core areas for the wide spectrum of rare and threatened species and the core areas with well-developed coastal meadows; the main nature type represented in the area. The distribution of the priority areas for biodiversity is concentrated in the south-west around Klydesø Lake area, in the northern part of Pinseskoven Forest and in the central part of Koklaperne. When comparing with the results of the Biodiversity Map of Denmark, there is a general accordance in the distribution of the cores areas and the areas of high species score in the Biodiversity Map of Denmark (Ejrnæs et al., 2014), see Map 23. However, the priority areas for biodiversity highlight some areas that are cannot be identified in the Biodiversity Map of Denmark. These include the central part of Koklapperne (containing the botanical site of national interest); the eastern part of Svenskeholm (occurrences of many birds of prey); a minor area in Fasanskoven Forest (occurrences of fungi species listed on the Danish Yellow List); and Store Høj and Hejresøen Lakes (occurrences of a range of water bird and wader species). Map 23: Comparison of the designation of the priority areas for biodiversity (on the left) and the areas with high species score (on the right) from the Biodiversity Map of Denmark (Map source: Jesper Bladt). Background map source: Danish Geodata Agency

Furthermore, there is a major difference in the central areas and the area of Svenskeholm that are not included in the priority areas for biodiversity, but have high species scores. This may be due to an underestimation of the areas that are not easy to access, which may result in a low reporting rate of species from these areas. This has to 77

be taken into account and these areas need to be surveyed prior to major changes in nature or recreational management. The priority areas for biodiversity are based on a broad range of categories (the Danish Red and Yellow List, Birds Directive Annex I, nationally protected species and indicator species for coastal meadows) and a wide range of nature types. Therefore, they may have a good potential for representing the overall biodiversity in the case area. The suggested GIS-based method used in the analysis is very transparent. It does not involve any weighting system among species observations, conversely to the Biodiversity Map of Denmark. This allows a visualization of the distribution of a single species or species groups of particular interest. The simplicity and direct applicability are considered major strengths of the method. The method can be a useful tool for identification of the core areas for biodiversity. However, a higher amount of data particularly in some species groups would provide better accuracy of the results.

7.4 Perspectives for the Landscape Character Areas and recreation management In the context of the recent certification of the Nature Park Amager and the desire to attract larger amounts of visitors, a strategic planning of the future recreational use is important in order to minimize potential negative impacts on nature and biodiversity values. Various planning frameworks can be used for this purpose (such as ROS, LAC or VERP, see Chapter 3.2). Zonation is a central strategy used in these frameworks. The management strategy of the Danish Nature Agency applies zonation inspired by the ROS planning framework and defines three zones (Silent, Outdoor recreation and Facility zone; see Chapter 3.3). The designations of priority areas for biodiversity, area for recreation and priority areas for recreational development provide a basis for such a zonation1. Another possibility is to use the Landscape Character Areas as the primary units for management. The priority areas for biodiversity were integrated in the Landscape Character Areas designation defined by Caspersen et al. (2015) and resulted in eight Landscape Character Areas (with LCA Kalvebod FĂŚlled divided in 4 sub-areas). These may serve as management units with similar nature and recreation management regimes. However, when applying the recreation planning frameworks, the zonation is only a part of the working process. The next steps include a selection of measurable indicators, setting standards for these indicators and monitoring them over time. These steps are important in order to provide a basis for the assessment of changes and adapting the management accordingly. 1

Priority areas for biodiversity = Silent zone; Area for recreation = Outdoor recreation zone; Priority areas for recreational development = Facility zone

The main tactics for recreation management can focus on either manipulating use-related factors or manipulating environmental factors. This thesis works with the use-related factors such as the distribution of the visitors and optimization of the use of the particular areas. The central strategy is to concentrate visitors into areas with lower biodiversity values and limiting the possibilities of access into priority areas for biodiversity.

7.5 Designation of the priority areas for recreational management The designation of priority areas for recreational development in general shows good coherence with the key projects suggested by Munck Petersen et al. (2015), see Chapter 3.5.5. The designated areas no. 2, 5 and 6 correspond well with the suggested main entrances and the key projects areas of Kalveboderne, Pinseskoven and Indvindingen (see Map 24). However, minor adjustments are necessary to prevent negative effects on priority areas for biodiversity. Map 24: Comparison of the designation of the areas for recreational development and key suggested by Caspersen et al. (2015). Background source map: Danish Geodata Agency

The key project in the area Kalveboderne involves a major development project with direct access from the highway, a parking lot, an entrance building with facilities (situated close to the highway) and landscaping in terms of the creation of small water bodies, artificial dikes and paths (in the northern part of Svenskeholm). In order to avoid the priority area in eastern Svenskeholm, it is highly recommended to concentrate the 79

development in the area close to the highway and further towards north (Map 24, no. 2). It would also fit well with the terrain conditions, as the area north of Svenskeholm is lying between -1 and 0 m (see Map 2) and make it easier to create diverse landscapes with water elements. However, placement of a bird hide or bird watching tower on the edge of the priority area for biodiversity in eastern Svenskeholm may prevent unnecessary disturbance of the present bird species. Moreover, the area in central Svenskeholm (Map 24, no. 3) may be subject to a modest recreational development corresponding to the remote character of the area. The placement of an observatory at the southern border of Svenskeholm seems reasonable. The key project of Pinseskoven involves recreational development mainly outside of the case area in the green area Trekanten and development of the path network in the northern part of Pinseskoven and north of Pinseskoven. The placement corresponds to the priority area for recreational development no. 5 (see Map 24). However, it is recommended to concentrate the development in the strip north of Pinseskoven and towards the area no. 4 (see Map 24) around Villahøj and Svenskehøj. This area is considered to have a good recreational development potential with the artificial hills, lakes and a meadow offering lee from wind at the edge of Pinseskoven. It may be considered to place an observatory in this area. Development in this area would attract visitors inside of the park and at the same time avoid the priority areas for biodiversity. The key project Indvindingen corresponds well with the area for recreational development no. 6 (see Map 24). The southern part of Pinseskoven including the buildings from the former Nike batteries is suitable for recreational development. However, the priority area for biodiversity Hejresøen Lake should be considered and development possibly avoided. A bird watching tower is already established here and further disturbance may have negative consequences for the present bird species. In accordance to the designation of priority areas for recreational development, the placement of an observatory in Enghøj area is not recommended as it would attract too many visitors to the core areas with high biodiversity values. In addition, a development of small areas at the south-western coastline (no. 7, 8, see Map 24) is possible, but a placement right outside the borders of the Klydesø Lake Nature Reserve is recommended as they can be expected to attract large amounts of visitors. The area no. 7 in the southern corner can be connected with the area no. 6 through the area around the Søndre Pumpe and create a coherent recreational area with a wide range of visitor experiences. The priority areas for recreational development are generally distributed along the borders of Kalvebod Fælled, but areas no. 3 and 4 offer an opportunity to attract visitors inside the nature area. Development of these areas must be made with respect the nature values and avoid to compromise the coherence among the priority areas of biodiversity.

8 Conclusion The large area of Kalvebod Fælled has a potential for accommodating both biodiversity and recreational values. Spatial prioritization is one possibility to realize this potential. The present thesis combined data from heterogeneous databases and developed a transparent GIS-based decision support tool for performing spatial prioritization of management actions at a local scale. The main findings of the thesis include:  a set of recommendations concerning the data sources  a designation of the priority areas for biodiversity and for recreational development  a recommendation of adjustments to the Landscape Character Areas GIS-based decision support tools are increasingly being used for spatial prioritization at national, regional and municipal levels. However, further research is needed to develop these tools for use at local scales. Significant limitations in terms of geographical precision and accessibility of the data must be addressed. Citizen science holds a great potential for biodiversity data collection and its future opportunities must be explored. In the context of increasing complexity of management issues it is highly important to develop tools to assist decision makers in providing sound and science-based decisions. The suggested simplistic GIS-based method consolidating the existing data can be a useful tool for a more transparent and qualified management in nature areas at a local scale.

References Andkjær, S. (Ed.). (2005). Friluftsliv under forandring. Slagelse: Bavnebakke. Bijl, L. v. d., Boutrup, S., & Nordemann Jensen, P. (Eds.). (2009). Decentral Vand- og Naturovervågning. Programbeskrivelse 2009.: Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Aarhus Universitet. Bonney, R., & Dickinson, J. L. (2012). Overview of Citizen Science. In J. L. Dickinson & R. Bonney (Eds.), Citizen science: public participation in environmental research. New York: Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Caspersen, O. H. (2009). Public participation in strengthening cultural heritage: The role of landscape character assessment in Denmark. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 109(1), 33-45. Caspersen, O. H., & Nellemann, V. (2005). Landskabskaraktermetoden - et kompendium Arbejdsrapport Skov & Landskab nr. 20-2005. Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning, Københavns Universitet. Caspersen, O. H., Petersen, R. M., Nyed, P. K., Stilling S., Christensen I. K., Lynggard, I., . . . Hartman, L. (2015). Naturpark Amager. Muligheder og indsatser. Temaraporter. IGN Rapport Januar 2015. Frederiksberg C: Institut for Geovidenskab og Naturforvaltning, Københavns Universitet. Chorley, R. R. E. (1987). Handling Geographic Information Report of the Committee of Enquiry chaired by Lord Chorley. London: HMSO. Clark, R. N., & Stankey, G. H. (1979). The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum: A Framework for Planning, Management, and Research. General Technical Report PNW-98. Seattle, WA: USDA Forest Service. Cole, D. N., Petersen, M. E., & Lucas, R. C. (1987). Managing Wilderness Recreation Use: Common Problems and Potential Solutions. General Technical Report INT-230. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service. Copenhagen County. (2005). Terrestrisk natur. Naturtyper 2004., from http://www.kbhamt.dk/pdf_pub/Naturtyper2004.pdf Copenhagen County. (2006). Basisanalyse til Natura 2000-plan for Vestamager og havet syd for. Retrieved 14.04.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/70260/143_basisanalyse.pdf Copenhagen Municipality. (2011). Kommuneplan 2011. Retrieved 01.06.2015, from http://kp11.kk.dk/artikel/naturbeskyttelse COWI. (2014). Forbedring af hydrologien i Natura 2000 områderne på Vestamager. Unpublished manuscript. COWI A/S. Kongens Lyngby. Danish Ornithological Society. (2015). Om DOF. Retrieved 22.07.2015, from http://www.dof.dk/om-dof Ehlers, C., Ege, O., & Bogø, D. (2010). Amager – den lysegrønne ø – med Christianshavn og Saltholm. Dragør: Din Bog. Ejrnæs, R., Petersen, A. H., Bladt, J., Bruun, H. H., Moeslund, J. E., Wiberg-Larsen, P., & Rahbek, C. (2014). Biodiversitetskort for Danmark. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 112. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. EUROPARC. (2015). European Nature Parks Declaration. Retrieved 09.06.2015, from http://www.europarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/2014-European-NatureParks-Declaration-Europe-needs-nature-parks.pdf 82

European Commission. (2011). The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Retrieved 09.06.2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/brochures/2020%20Bi od%20brochure%20final%20lowres.pdf European Commission. (2015). EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 – towards implementation. Retrieved 09.06.2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/comm2006/2020.htm European Council. (1979). Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds. Official Journal L 103. European Council. (1992). Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Official Journal L 206. Foote, K. E., & Lynch, M. (2015). Geographic Information Systems as an Integrating Technology: Context, Concepts, and Definitions. The Geographer's Craft Project. Retrieved 21.7.2015, from http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/intro/intro.html Frandsen, K.-E., Housted, E., Jansen, I. K., & Thavlov, L. (2002). Amager. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag. Fredshavn, J., Nielsen, K. E., Ejrnæs, R., Nygaard, B., Skov, F., Strandberg, B., & Johannsen, V. K. (2009). Tekniske anvisninger til overvågning af terrestriske naturtyper. Version 1.06. Fagdatacenter for Biodiversitet og Terrestrisk Natur Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Aarhus Universitet. Retrieved from http://www.dmu.dk/fileadmin/Attachments/TAN1_106_01_FDCNY1.pdf Fredshavn, J., Nygaard, B., & Ejrnæs, R. (2010). Teknisk anvisning til besigtigelse af naturarealer omfattet af Naturbeskyttelseslovens §3 mv. Version 1.04. The National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University. Retrieved from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/71939/TAbesigtigelse%20af%20naturarealer-104.doc GEUS (Cartographer). (2011). Jordartskort 1:200 000, Version 2. Retrieved from http://data.geus.dk/geusmap/ Heimes, C., Kollmann, J. C., & Bergmeier, E. (2010). Vegetation und Management seltener Pflanzenarten im Küstengrünland einer dänischen Ostseeinsel. Tuexenia, 30, 243-269. IUCN. (2012a). Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List Criteria at regional and national levels. Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. IUCN. (2012b). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. Jensen, F. S. (2003). Friluftsliv i 592 skove og andre naturområder. Skovbrugsserien nr. 32. Skov & Landskab (FSL), Hørsholm. . Jensen, F. S. (2014). Friluftslivet på Vestamager 2013-2014 IGN Rapport November 2014. Institut for Geovidenskab og Naturforvaltning, Københavns Universitet, Frederiksberg. Jensen, L. H. (1996). Vegetationen på de inddæmmede arealer på Vestamager successions og autøkologiske studier. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Botanical Institute. Copenhagen.

Jørgensen, H. (1986). Plantesamfundene på Vestamager - indhold og udvikling. Unpublished manuscript. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Botanical Institute. Copenhagen. Leung, Y.-F., & Marion, J. L. (2000). Recreation Impacts and Management in Wilderness: A state-of-knowldege review. Paper presented at the Wilderness science in a time of change conference, 1999 May 23–27, Missoula, MT; Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Manning, R. E. (2010). Studies in Outdoor Recreation: Search and Research for Satisfaction. Third edition. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. McCool, S. F., Clark, R. N., & Stankey, G. H. (2007). An assessment of frameworks useful for public land recreation planning. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Meltofte, H. (Ed.). (2012). Danmarks natur frem mod 2020: om at stoppe tabet af biologisk mangfoldighed. Copenhagen: Det Grønne Kontaktudvalg: Danmarks Naturfredningsforening. Metroselskabet. (2015). Metroens historie. Retrieved 01.06.2015, from http://m.dk/#!/om+metroen/facts+om+metroen/historie Munck Petersen, R., Caspersen, O. H., Nyed, P. K., Stilling, S., Christensen I. K., Lynggaard, I., . . . Hartman, L. (2015). Naturpark Amager. Muligheder og indsatser. Katalog. IGN Rapport januar 2015. Frederiksberg C: Institut for Geovidenskab og Naturforvaltning, Københavns Universitet. Natural England, & Department for Environment, F. R. A. (2014). Planning and development – guidance. Landscape and seascape character assessments. Retrieved 03.06.2015, from https://www.gov.uk/landscape-and-seascapecharacter-assessments Naturbasen ApS. (2012, 29.05.2012). Naturbasen App til Android kan hentes nu! Retrieved 15.06.2015, from http://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_message.asp?MessageID=765989&Fo rumID=50 Naturbasen ApS. (2015a). Kvalitetsudvalget på Fugleognatur.dk. Retrieved 16.06.2015, from http://www.fugleognatur.dk/kvalitetssikring/kvalitetssikring.asp Naturbasen ApS. (2015b). Om www.fugleognatur.dk Retrieved 15.06.2015, from http://www.fugleognatur.dk/about.asp Petersen, P. M., & Vestergaard, P. (2006). Vegetationsøkologi. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. Phillips, A. (2002). Management Guidelines for IUCN Category V. Protected Areas: Protected Landscapes/Seascapes. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom. Pigram, J. J., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006). Outdoor recreation Management. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. Pouwels, R., Opdam, P., & Jochem, R. (2011). Reconsidering the Effectiveness of Scientific Tools for Negotiating Local Solutions to Conflicts between Recreation and Conservation with Stakeholders. Ecology and Society, 16(4), 17. Ringsted Municipality. (2013). Naturkvalitetsplan 2013. Retrieved 16.06.2015, from 13.01.2014 Sand-Jensen, K., & Larsen, G. (Eds.). (2006). Naturen i Danmark. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. Snall, T., Kindvall, O., Nilsson, J., & Part, T. (2010). Evaluating citizen-based presence data for bird monitoring. Biological Conservation, 144(2), 804-810. 84

Stoltze, M., & Pihl, S. (Eds.). (1998). Gulliste 1997 over planter og dyr i Danmark.: The Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy, The National Environmental Research Institute and the Danish Nature and Forest Agency. Sullivan, B. L., Wood, C. L., Iliff, M. J., Bonney, R. E., Fink, D., & Kelling, S. (2009). eBird: A citizen-based bird observation network in the biological sciences. Biological Conservation, 142(10), 2282-2292. Søgaard, B., & Asferg, T. (Eds.). (2007). Håndbog om arter på habitatdirektivets bilag IV – til brug i administration og planlægning. (Faglig rapport fra DMU nr. 635 ed.): Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Aarhus Universitet. The Danish Economic Councils. (2012). Conservation of the Biodiversity in Denmark. An Analysis of Effort and Costs. Working paper 2012:2. Copenhagen: De Økonomiske Råd. The Danish Forest and Nature Agency. (1994). Strategy for Natural Forests and other Forest Types of High Conservation Value in Denmark. Retrieved 8.4.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/67064/Naturskovsstrategien%201992.pdf The Danish Forest and Nature Agency. (2009). Forbedring af levesteder for engfugle – et LIFE-Nature projekt. Retrieved 21.07.2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=ho me.showFile&rep=file&fil=LIFE06_NAT_DK_000158_LAYMAN_DK.pdf The Danish Forest and Nature Agency. (2010). REMAB - Restoration of Meadow Bird Habitats, LIFE06 NAT/DK/000158. Retrieved 18.03.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/Attachments/FinalReportREMAB.pdf The Danish Government. (2014). Naturplan Danmark. Vores fælles natur. Retrieved 10.06.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/12478455/naturplandanmark.pdf The Danish Ministry of Environment. (2007). Vejledning om landskabet i kommuneplanlægningen. Retrieved 03.06.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/Attachments/Vejledningenilandskab_05070 7b1.pdf BEK nr 545 af 20/05/2012 om Amager vildtreservat samt fredning af dele af søterritoriet (2012). The Danish Ministry of Environment. (2013a). Bekendtgørelse af lov om naturbeskyttelse nr. 951 af 03/07/2013 Bekendtgørelse af lov om skove nr. 678 af 14/06/2013 (2013b). Bekendtgørelse om fredning af visse dyre- og plantearter og pleje af tilskadekommet vildt nr. 330 af 19/03/2013. (2013c). Bekendtgørelse om hovedstadsområdets planlægning (Fingerplan 2013) nr. 1037 af 09/08/2013. (2013d). The Consolidation Act no. 951 of 03 July 2013 on Nature Conservation. (2013e). The Danish Ministry of Environment. (2013f). Fingerplan 2013. Redegørelse & baggrundsmateriale. Retrieved 01.06.2014, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/Attachments/Fingerplan2013RedegrelseBag grundsmaterialemail.pdf The Danish Natural Environmental Portal. (2015a). The Danish Natural Environment Portal: One gateway to data about nature and the natural environment in Denmark. Retrieved 16.06.2015, from http://www.miljoeportal.dk/English/Sider/default.aspx 85

The Danish Natural Environmental Portal. (2015b). Naturdata skal kunne anvendes. Retrieved 22.07.2015, from http://www.miljoeportal.dk/Nyt/Sider/Nyheder/Naturdata-skal-kunneanvendes.aspx The Danish Natural Environmental Portal. (2015c). Vejledning til søgning af naturdata Søgning via Naturdata og Danmarks Arealinformation. Retrieved 18.06.2015, from http://www.miljoeportal.dk/Dokumenter%20alle/Vejledning%20til%20s%C3%B8 gning%20af%20naturdata.pdf The Danish Nature Agency. (2010). Plejeplan for delområde 2,3 & 4 på Vestamager 2010-2014. Retrieved 16.02.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/Attachments/PlejeplanVestamager20101418 maj.pdf The Danish Nature Agency. (2011). Natura 2000-plan 2010-2015 Vestamager og havet syd for. Natura 2000-område nr. 143 Habitatområde H127 Fuglebeskyttelsesområde F111 N. Retrieved 14.04.2015, from http://www2.blst.dk/download/nyk/plan2011/143plan.pdf The Danish Nature Agency. (2012a). Oversigt over Fuglebeskyttelsesområdernes udpegningsgrundlag 31/12 2012 (Resultat af offentlig høring 25/6 - 20/8 2012). Retrieved 22.04.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/68126/FuglUdpgr-2012-31Dec.pdf The Danish Nature Agency. (2012b). Oversigt over Habitatområdernes udpegningsgrundlag 31/12 2012 (Resultat af offentlig høring 25/6 - 20/8 2012). Retrieved 22.04.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/Attachments/HabitatUdpgr201231Dec.pdf The Danish Nature Agency. (2013). Zonering for friluftsliv på Naturstyrelsens arealer. Notat nr. NST-804-00004. Retrieved 06.07.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/attachments/80104/friluftszonering150314. pdf The Danish Nature Agency. (2015a). Historie - Kalvebod Fælled. Retrieved 16.02.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturoplevelser/naturguider/kalvebodfaelled/historie/ The Danish Nature Agency. (2015b). Vestamager - Digeforhøjelse. Det nye kystdige er færdigt. Retrieved 01.04.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturbeskyttelse/naturprojekter/digeforhoejelse-paavestamager/ The Danish Nature Agency, Copenhagen Municipality, Tårnby Municipality, Dragør Municipality, & City & Port Development. (2013). Naturpark Amager: Udviklingsstrategi. Retrieved 19.04.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/attachments/79144/udviklingsstrategi_natur park_amager_2752013_lav_pr.pdf The Danish Nature Agency, Copenhagen Municipality, Tårnby Municipality, Dragør Municipality, & City & Port Development. (2014). Naturpark Amager: Naturparkplan 2015 - 2020. Retrieved 19.04.2015, from https://subsite.kk.dk/~/media/C51A13D4C2FA4FE98D385B5C094CE5AD.ashx The Danish Nature Agency, Copenhagen Municipality, Tårnby Municipality, Dragør Municipality, & City & Port Development. (2015). Naturpark Amager. Registrering 86

af indgange, stier, parkeringsforhold og offentlig transport. Retrieved 02.06.2015, from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/attachments/79144/registre.pdf The Danish Ornithological Society. (2015). Kvalitetssikring. Retrieved 18.06.2015, from http://www.dofbasen.dk/kvalitet/ The Danish Outdoor Council. (2015a, 15.01.2015). Amager udnævnt af Danske Naturparker. Retrieved 08.06.2015, from http://www.friluftsraadet.dk/nyhedsoversigt/2015/januar/amager-udnaevnt-afdanske-naturparker.aspx The Danish Outdoor Council. (2015b). Danske Naturparker. Retrieved 08.06.2015, from http://www.friluftsraadet.dk/indhold/friluftsprojekter/naturparker.aspx The Danish Outdoor Council. (2015c). Inspiration fra europæiske naturparker. Retrieved 08.06.2015, from http://www.friluftsraadet.dk/indhold/friluftsprojekter/naturparker/materialerog-hjemmesider.aspx The Danish Society for Nature Conservation. (2015, 25.04.2015). Nu starter Danmarkshistoriens største naturtjek. from http://www.dn.dk/Default.aspx?ID=44545 Tårnby Municipality. (2006). Tårnby Kommune. Kommuneplan 2006-2015. Retrieved 01.06.2015, from http://www.taarnby.dk/media/178166/Kommuneplan-20062015.pdf University of Copenhagen. (2015, 03. juni 2015). Svampesuccesen fortsætter. Retrieved 15.06.2015, from http://nyheder.ku.dk/alle_nyheder/2015/06/svampesuccesenfortsaetter/ USDA Forest Service. (1982). ROS Users Guide. Washington DC: USDA Forest Service. USDI National Park Service. (1997). The Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) Framework - A Handbook for Planners and Managers. Denver: USDI National Park Service. van Strien, J. A., van Swaay, C. A. M., & Termaat, T. (2013). Opportunistic citizen science data of animal species produce reliable estimates of distribution trends if analysed with occupancy models. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(6), 1450-1458. Vestergaard, P. (2000). Strandenge - en beskyttet naturtype: G.E.C. Gads Forlag. The Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy, The Danish Forest and Nature Agency. Copenhagen. Wind, P., & Pihl, S. (Eds.). (2004). The Danish Red List.: The National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University. (updated April 2010). Young, J., Watt, A., Nowicki, P., Didier, A., Clitherow, J., Henle, K., . . . Richards, C. (2005). Towards sustainable land use: identifying and managing the conflicts between human activities and biodiversity conservation in Europe. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14, 1641-1661. Aarhus Municipality. (2015). Naturkvalitetsplan. Retrieved 16.06.2015, from http://webgis.aarhus.dk/naturkvalitetsplan/kort.htm

Annex I Indicator species for coastal meadow according to Fredshavn et al. (2010) Scientific name Armeria maritima Atriplex portulacoides Carex extensa Centaurium littorale Elytrigia atherica Glaux maritima Limonium vulgare Lotus tenuis Odontites verna

Danish name Engelskgræs Stilkløs kilebæger Udspilet star Strand-tusindgylden Stiv kvik Sandkryb Tætblomstret hindebæger Smalbladet kællingetand Mark-rødtop

Plantago coronopus Plantago maritima

Fliget vejbred Strand-vejbred

Puccinellia distans Puccinellia maritima Salicornia europaea Seriphidium maritimum Spergularia media Suaeda maritima Triglochin maritima

Udspærret annelgræs Strand-annelgræs Kveller Strandmalurt Vingefrøet hindeknæ Strandgåsefod Strand-trehage

Tripolium vulgare

Strandasters

Annex II Invasive species category according to Fredshavn et al. (2010) Scientific name Heracleum mantegazzianum Petasites hybridus Reynoutria japonica Fallopia japonica Reynoutria sachalinensis Solidago canadensis Solidago gigantea Lupinus polyphyllus Conyza canadensis Rosa rugosa Rosa kamtchatica Spirea spp. Cornus alba Amelanchier spp. Symphoricarpus albus Lycium barbarum Berberis thunbergii Rhus hirsuta Rhus typhina Prunus serotina Robinia pseudoacacia Campylopus introflexus All coniferous species except for Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Taxus baccata and Juniperus communis

Danish name Kæmpe-Bjørneklo Rød Hestehov Japan-Pileurt Japan-Pileurt Kæmpe-Pileurt Kanadisk Gyldenris Sildig Gyldenris Mangebladet Lupin Kanadisk Bakkestjerne Rynket Rose Kamchatka rose Spiræa Hvid kornel Bærmispel Snebær Bukketorn Hæk-berberis Hjortetaktræ Hjortetaktræ Glansbladet Hæg Robinie Stjerne-bredribbe

Annex III Categorization and distribution of recorded fungi species (Source: Svampeatlas.dk) Scientific name Flammulaster limulatus Lyophyllum leucophaeatum Ceriporia purpurea Cerrena unicolor Helvella queletii Polyporus melanopus Tulostoma brumale Ganoderma pfeifferi Leccinum quercinum Polyporus badius Schizophyllum amplum Sistotrema confluens Hypocreopsis lichenoides Ramariopsis kunzei Trichoglossum hirsutum

Danish name gylden grynskælhat rod-gråblad purpur-voksporesvamp ensfarvet læderporesvamp queléts foldhat sortfodet stilkporesvamp vinter-stilkbovist kobberrød lakporesvamp rustrød skælrørhat kastaniebrun stilkporesvamp poppel-hængeøre stilket kroneskorpe pilfinger mangegrenet køllesvamp håret jordtunge

The Danish Red List category EN EN VU VU VU VU VU NT NT NT NT NT

The Danish Yellow List category

X X

X X X

Distribution of fungi species in categories: the Danish Red List and Yellow List

Annex IV Categorization and distribution of recorded plant species (Source: Naturdata.dk, Fugleognatur.dk) Scientific name Selinum dubium Dianthus armeria Dianthus armeria Iris spuria Gentianella uliginosa Radiola linoides Anthyllis vulneraria Centaurium erythraea

Danish name Brændeskærm Kost-nellike Kost-nellike Blå iris Eng-ensian Tusindfrø Rundbælg Mark-tusindgylden

Danish Red List category EN VU VU NT

Danish Yellow List category

X X X X A

Invasive species Scientific name Conyza canadensis Rosa rugosa Solidago gigantea

Danish name Canadisk bakkestjerne Rynket rose Sildig gyldenris

Nationally protected species Scientific name Danish name Dactylorhiza incarnata Kødfarvet gøgeurt Dactylorhiza majalis Priklæbet gøgeurt (integrata) Dactylorhiza majalis Maj-gøgeurt (majalis) Epipactis helleborine Skov-hullæbe Epipactis palustris Sump-hullæbe Iris spuria Blå iris Listera ovata Ægbladet fliglæbe

Distribution of plant species in categories: the Danish Red List and Yellow List, nationally protected species and invasive species

Annex V Categorization and distribution of recorded plant species in category indicator species for coastal meadow (Source: Naturdata.dk) Indicator species Scientific name Armeria maritima Carex extensa Centaurium littorale Glaux maritima Lotus tenuis Plantago coronopus Plantago maritima Puccinellia distans Puccinellia maritima Salicornia europaea Spergularia media Suaeda maritima Triglochin maritima Tripolium vulgare

Danish name Engelskgræs Udspillet star Strand-tusindgylden Sandkryb Smalbladet kællingetand Fliget vejbred Strand-vejbred Udspærret annelgræs Strand-annelgræs Kveller Vingefrøet hindeknæ Strandgåsefod Strand-trehage Strandasters

Annex VI Distribution of invertebrate species Apatura ilia (Source: Fugleognatur.dk)

Annex VII Categorization and distribution of recorded invertebrate species (Source: Fugleognatur.dk)

Scientific name Argynnis paphia Malacosoma neustria Lejops vittata Zygaena lonicerae Araneus marmoreus Aphodius ictericus Euproctis similis Geotrupes spiniger Limenitis camilla Zygaena filipendulae Cossus cossus Graptodytes granularis Orthetrum cancellatum Sympetrum striolatum

Danish name Kejserkåbe Ringspinder Kogleaks-damsvirreflue Femplettet køllesværmer Marmoreret hjulspinder Slank møgbille Gulhale Markskarnbasse Hvid Admiral Seksplettet køllesværmer Pileborer Graptodytes granularis Stor blåpil Stor hedelibel

Danish Red List category EN EN VU VU VU NT NT NT NT NT

Danish Yellow List category

X X X X X

Distribution of recorded invertebrate species in categories: the Danish Red and Yellow List.

Annex VIII Categorization and distribution of recorded bird species (Source: DOFbasen.dk, Fugleognatur.dk) Scientific name Falco peregrinus Gallinago media Netta rufina Nucifraga caryocatactes Podiceps auritus

Danish name Vandrefalk Tredækker Rødhovedet and Nøddekrige Nordisk lappedykker

Danish Red List category RE RE RE RE RE

Upupa epops

Hærfugl

Ciconia ciconia Oriolus oriolus Pandion haliaetus Pluvialis apricaria

Hvid Stork Pirol Fiskeørn Hjejle

CR CR CR CR

Sylvia nisoria

Høgesanger

Arenaria interpres Asio flammeus Charadrius alexandrinus Chlidonias niger Cinclus cinclus Circus pygargus Falco subbuteo

Stenvender Mosehornugle Hvidbrystet præstekrave Sortterne Vandstær Hedehøg Lærkefalk

EN EN EN EN EN EN EN

Jynx torquilla Lanius excubitor

Vendehals Stor tornskade

EN EN

Philomachus pugnax

Brushane

Anas acuta Anas penelope Haliaeetus albicilla Limosa limosa Mergus merganser Milvus milvus Platalea leucorodia Remiz pendulinus

Spidsand Pibeand Havørn Stor kobbersneppe Stor skallesluger Rød glente Skestork Pungmejse

VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU

Serinus serinus Tringa glareola

Gulirisk Tinksmed

VU VU

Tringa ochropus

Svaleklire

Alca torda Anas crecca Anas querquedula Anthus spinoletta Branta leucopsis Bucephala clangula Crex crex Dendrocopos minor

Alk Krikand Atlingand Bjergpiber Bramgås Hvinand Engsnarre Lille flagspætte

NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT

Danish Yellow List category

Annex I Annex I Annex I

Annex I Annex I

Annex I Annex I Annex I Annex I Annex I Annex I Annex I

Annex I AT AT Annex I

Annex I Annex I

Annex I AT AT

Annex I AT Annex I

Scientific name Lullula arborea Numenius arquata Porzana porzana Regulus ignicapilla Rissa tridactyla Sternula albifrons Streptopelia turtur

Danish name Hedelærke Storspove Plettet rørvagtel Rødtoppet fuglekonge Ride Dværgterne Turteldue

Danish Red List category NT NT NT NT NT NT NT

Danish Yellow List category

Uria aalge

Lomvie

Alca torda

Alk

Anas acuta

Spidsand

Anas crecca

Krikand

Anas penelope

Pibeand

Anas platyrhynchos

Gråand

Anas platyrhynchos

Gråand

Anser anser

Grågås

Anser brachyrhynchus

Kortnæbbet Gås

Branta bernicla

Knortegås

Bucephala clangula Calidris alpina

Hvinand Almindelig ryle

AT AY/AT

Annex I

Cygnus columbianus

Pibesvane

Annex I

Cygnus cygnus

Sangsvane

Annex I

Cygnus olor

Knopsvane

Gavia stellata

Rødstrubet Lom

Melanitta nigra

Sortand

Mergus serrator

Toppet Skallesluger

Pluvialis apricaria

Hjejle

Podiceps grisegena

Gråstrubet lappedykker

Somateria mollissima

Ederfugl

Tadorna tadorna

Gravand

Calidris alpina

Almindelig ryle

AY/AT

Phalacrocorax carbo

Mellemskarv (sinensis)

AY/AT

Recurvirostra avosetta

Klyde

AY/AT

Annex I Annex I Annex I

Annex I

Annex I Annex I

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sivsanger

Hippolais icterina

Gulbug

Larus canus

Stormmåge

Motacilla flava

Gul vipstjert

Oenanthe oenanthe

Stenpikker

Prunella modularis

Jernspurv

Tringa totanus

Rødben

Vanellus vanellus

Vibe

Accipiter gentilis

Duehøg

Annex I

Accipiter nisus

Spurvehøg

Annex I

Aegolius funereus

Perleugle

Annex I

Alcedo atthis

Isfugl

Annex I

Danish Red List category

Danish Yellow List category

Scientific name

Danish name

Annex I

Anser albifrons

Blisgås

Annex I

Anser erythropus

Dværggås

Annex I

Aquila chrysaetos

Kongeørn

Annex I

Aquila pomarina

Lille Skrigeørn

Annex I

Ardeola ralloides

Tophejre

Annex I

Asio flammeus

Mosehornugle

Annex I

Botaurus stellaris

Rørdrum

Annex I

Branta leucopsis

Bramgås

Annex I

Calidris alpina

Almindelig ryle

Annex I

Caprimulgus europaeus

Natravn

Annex I

Certhia brachydactyla

Korttået Træløber

Annex I

Charadrius alexandrinus

Hvidbrystet Præstekrave

Annex I

Charadrius morinellus

Pomeransfugl

Annex I

Chlidonias niger

Sortterne

Annex I

Ciconia ciconia

Hvid Stork

Annex I

Circus aeruginosus

Rørhøg

Annex I

Circus cyaneus

Blå Kærhøg

Annex I

Circus macrourus

Steppehøg

Annex I

Circus pygargus

Hedehøg

Annex I

Columba palumbus

Ringdue

Annex I

Crex crex

Engsnarre

Annex I

Cygnus columbianus

Pibesvane

Annex I

Cygnus cygnus

Sangsvane

Annex I

Dendrocopos major

Stor Flagspætte

Annex I

Egretta garzetta

Silkehejre

Annex I

Emberiza hortulana

Hortulan

Annex I

Falco columbarius

Dværgfalk

Annex I

Falco peregrinus

Vandrefalk

Annex I

Falco rusticolus

Jagtfalk

Annex I

Falco vespertinus

Aftenfalk

Annex I

Ficedula parva

Lille Fluesnapper

Annex I

Fringilla coelebs

Bogfinke

Annex I

Gallinago media

Tredækker

Annex I

Gavia arctica

Sortstrubet Lom

Annex I

Gavia stellata

Rødstrubet Lom

Annex I

Glareola pratincola

Rødvinget Braksvale

Annex I

Glaucidium passerinum

Spurveugle

Annex I

Grus grus

Trane

Annex I

Haliaeetus albicilla

Havørn

Annex I

Himantopus himantopus

Stylteløber

Annex I

Lanius collurio

Rødrygget Tornskade

Annex I

Larus melanocephalus

Sorthovedet Måge

Annex I

Limosa lapponica

Lille kobbersneppe

Annex I

Lullula arborea

Hedelærke

Annex I

100

Danish Red List category

Danish Yellow List category

Scientific name

Danish name

Annex I

Luscinia svecica

Blåhals

Annex I

Mergellus albellus

Lille Skallesluger

Annex I

Milvus migrans

Sort Glente

Annex I

Milvus milvus

Rød Glente

Annex I

Pandion haliaetus

Fiskeørn

Annex I

Perdix perdix

Agerhøne

Annex I

Pernis apivorus

Hvepsevåge

Annex I

Phalaropus lobatus

Odinshane

Annex I

Philomachus pugnax

Brushane

Annex I

Platalea leucorodia

Skestork

Annex I

Pluvialis apricaria

Hjejle

Annex I

Podiceps auritus

Nordisk Lappedykker

Annex I

Porzana porzana

Plettet Rørvagtel

Annex I

Pyrrhula pyrrhula

Dompap

Annex I

Recurvirostra avosetta

Klyde

Annex I

Sterna hirundo

Fjordterne

Annex I

Sterna paradisaea

Havterne

Annex I

Sterna sandvicensis

Splitterne

Annex I

Sylvia nisoria

Høgesanger

Annex I

Tadorna ferruginea

Rustand

Annex I

Tringa glareola

Tinksmed

Annex I

Troglodytes troglodytes

Gærdesmutte

Annex I

Uria aalge

Lomvie

Annex I

101

Distribution of recorded bird species in category the Danish red List (categories RE, CR, EN and VU)

102

Distribution of bird species in categories: the Danish Red and Yellow List, the Birds Directive Annex I species

103

Annex IX Categorization and distribution of recorded vertebrate species (Source: Fugleognatur.dk)

Scientific name

Danish name

Danish Red List category

Lepus europaeus

Hare

Bufo bufo Bufo viridis Lissotriton vulgaris Natrix natrix Pelophylax esculentus Rana arvalis Rana temporaria

Skrubtudse Grønbroget Tudse Lille vandsalamander Snog Grøn frø Spidssnudet frø Butsnudet frø

Zootoca vivipara

Skovfirben

Danish Yellow List category X X X X X X X

Nationally protected NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP

104

Distribution of vertebrate species in categories: the Danish Red and Yellow List and nationally protected species

105