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26 PQJOJuO
viernes 14 de Enero de 2011
milenio
Marco Provencio
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h oq^_kjo_eajpa _kha_perk `aoa]n ] mqa h] hapn] u oq qje`]` b je_] pqrean]j qj] _knnaolkj`aj_e] je_] u at]_p]* D]n ] h]o _ko]o i o b _ehao( `e_aj mqeajao _naaj mqa pk`k ao iafkn ieajpn]o i o oaj_ehhk oa]* Oe u] h]o jqar]o cajan]_ekjao pn]jobkni]j ] `e]nek ah hajcq]fa _kj hko iajo]fao `a patpk( ¼lkn mq jk kÚ_e]hev]n ah lnk_aok; Aj k_]oe j `a h] lnaoajp]_e j `a h] jqar] knpkcn]b ] `a h] hajcq] aol] kh]( h] >e^hekpa) _] Renpq]h Iecqah `a ?anr]jpao d] ah]^kn]`k qj afan_e_ek mqa iqaopn] hk mqa oecjeÚ_]n ] qjen hapn] _kj okje`k* R] ]mq qj] ranoe j ]`]lp]`]* Fqvcqa _]`] mqeaj* *** ÎH] nabkni] oan l]qh]pej]( _h]nk* H] lne) ian] ap]l] oqlneien h]o ej pehao `ebanaj_e]o ajpna `( h u n* =o ( ] l]npen `ah lneian ] k( pk`k okje`k oeieh]n ]h `a h] h oan ]oqie`k lkn aop] hapn]* Aj ]`ah]jpa( lqao( oa ao_ne) ^en Hlkdobpl( Hfglqb( Hr_]* @aolq o oa pfjmifÛh]o ah okje`k `a h] _ u `a h] v l]n] ecq]h]njko ] jqaopnko dani]jko h]pejk]iane_]jko hb hlksfboqbk aop]o hapn]o aj qj jegk bkjai] o( hlk hk hr]i ok^n]n j h] _ u h] v* Oa `en ( lkn afailhk( mqa aj P]h]qbh]p ah pfbil oa bkhrbkqo] oeailna ]ori* ÎHljl h] _ d] abp^m^obpfal( h] u pk) i]n ah hqc]n `a h] `k^ha _* H]o oba^ufl* kbp `a hko mbof afhlp bphof_fo k hb h]o ln tei]o ahatekjao oan j cofuflk]kqbp a fkcbuflp]p+ Î=oeieoik( Új]hiajpa h] >h]abjf]
Pablo Gómez
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]u qj] lnacqjp] mqa lkn o ieoi] l]na_a hhar]n ] qj] naolqaop] ]qpk_kilh]_eajpa k( lkn kpnk h]`k( bn]j_]iajpa _]p]opn Ú_]* Ao h] _qaope j `a h] re]^ehe`]` `a qj l] o* D]u mqa ]`ranpen mqa ah qok `a h] l]h]^n] l] o oa aj_qajpn] ]mq aj `ai]o ]( lqao aj ran`]` oa pn]p] `a oq n ceiaj lkh pe_k u( lkn atpajoe j( `a oq oeopai] ok_e]h* D]u l] oao mqa oecqaj ateopeaj`k `aolq o `a mqa oqo nac iajao lkh pe_ko bqankj ^]nne`ko lkn ah laok `a h] na]he`]`* Aopk jko hhar] ]h lnk^hai] `a oeailna6 h] rkhqjp]` jk ao oqÚ_eajpa lkn i o mqa h] _h]oa `kiej]jpa oa aila a aj eilkjan h] oqu] lnkle]* I te_k jk ao re]^ha ]o _kik aop ( lank lk`n ] oanhk `a kpn] bkni]* Oq h]nck aop]j_]) ieajpk a_kj ie_k( lkn o okhk( jko `aiqaopn] mqa `a p]h i]jan] jk lqa`a qj l] o naokhran jejcqjk `a oqo lnk^hai]o je oepq]noa ^eaj aj h] ao_aj] iqj`e]h* Aopk hpeik Íhk `ah iqj`k aj ah mqa aop]ikoÍ peaja p]jp] i o eilknp]j_e] _q]jpk mqa jk ao `]^ha jejc j `ao]nnkhhk oej pki]n aj _qajp] ah atpanekn* Ah ik`ahk ok_eka_kj ie_k mqa d] oe`k eilqaopk ]h l] o `ao`a hko ] ko 4, `ah oechk
La Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes ha elaborado un ejercicio que muestra lo que significaría unir letra con sonido. Va aquí una versión adaptada
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molpbabn ] bqoekj]n h] _ hlk h] s( u] hb aj na]) he`]` jk ateopa cn]j afcbobkpf] ajpna ah okje`k `a qj] u kpn]* Hlk aopa h]j_fl bjmbp]objlp ] _bo h jl ^]op] hlk h] _ l]n] hb _f_]jlp oej _bod bkp] ]h bphof_fo( pajc]iko _bfkqb k pfkhrbkq] ] ko* Î?kik ah _bkbkl `a hko h]j_flp lqa`a oan ennaoeope^ha( ah oecqeajpa oan bqoekj]n h] ii _kj h] v l]n] hb pk`k oa bphof_] hlk v* ?bobjlp vlsbo aj ?bo]horp `a Fdj^pfl `a h] V^sb u aj J]kp^kfvl `a bkni] p]j j]o]_fvlp] hljl oe qj] _lqbv] oa bpqobv]o] u jk dq^ean] h jl pboo]oi]* ÎH] b]jp]oi]h e hba]o oqlneie`] lkn hlj* mibql* Oa ]_i]n `ah lklo]_ib Hlkdobpl k h] i o lklo^_ib p]k]lof]7 oa ]h]_]o k ao]o loof_ibp u rjfv]kqbp lo]p `a aopq`ek aj hrbpqflkbp hb peajaj ]oqlp ] hko g _bkbp* Î@ko h]j_flp ]afpflk]ibp ] l]npen `ah qbopbo ] k `a aop] krb_] knpkcn]b ] oan j( lkn qj h]`k( ah hb l]n] i]ukn hlkpfpqbkpf] pk`k okje`k `a boob oa bphof_fo _kj `k^ha boob* @enaiko hb Ool_boql jko oobd]i qj oo^afl k hb Oo]j k oa ool_ qj oolp]i* Lkn ah lqool( oa bqoekj]n j h] c
u h] f l]n] hb ]o gfq]kl oa bphoof_] hljl fen]b] u gbo]kfl hljl faba* >lo] pk`k _] hlk fkp] u ]o h] gboo] hlkqo] ah k]ohl jk oqbnen hr]kal iajko `a ho jbkbp ] h] ibkgr]* Aop] pbkpfv] jlafÛh]pf k ]o hb ]_ibjlp v bphof_]jlp hlk oobgri]ofa]a v oofqjl* ÎAo hi]ol hb aopa patpk oa _b iafkn lqao Ú) j]hiajpa oa bphof_b _kik oa ]_i] u oa afpb* ÎHlkqfkr]kal hlk hko _]i^eko( ]_o ga aheiej]n ao] loof_ib h]i]jfa]a `ah h]pqbv]kl hb okj hko ]pbkqlp* Aopko okj qj] p]kh]afv] hlqfaf]k]( lkn hk hb gbkbn]objlp qj] ]uf k abpfpf_] aj h] oobcloj]7 ]objlp hljl ah fkgi p( ah hb ] pneqjb]`k rkf_bop]ijbkqb ½u oej ]pbkqlp Haa]o]k h]kpbi]alp `ao`a ah hr]oql ] k( u ]_o]k `a oan ah oajpe`k hljrk u h] fkqbifgbkpf] h^vb* gbo] h]o hb afg]k ] hb oa oobÛbob h^a^ _lh^_il+ ?bo_fgo^pf]6 Îhljl hljl) hljlÏ* ÎH]o hlkplk]kqbp pq( mp k mq fqjp]o hba]o]k hljl peilhao q k p( hlk ah Új `a ]molpfj]oklp hk j]pfjl lkoe^ha ] h] molkrkpf]pflk _lif_]) of]k] `a ?bkbprbi]* ÎAopko h]j_flp bq]k abqfk]alp ] iafkn] bq]al hlkcrpl `a h] ibkgr]* Lkn bvl( q]j_fbk pbo]k molf_fa]p pfboq]p hlkplk]kqbp Új]hao hb fkhljla]k u mlhl ]uq`]j ]h pfra]a]kl+ >pf) oa afo]6 μhb lo^ b bk qr obil;Ï k Î] qj rbhl aj h] m]obÐ* Q]j_fbk oa ormofjfo]k h]o bpbp `a hko miro]ib( `a i]jan] hb afobjl6 Îi] jrgbobÏ k Îil kj_obÏ* >abj]( hlkpfabo]kal hb i^qfk jk qbkf] ^oqfhril u klplqol jk ab_bjl ej_bkq]o hlo] hb i]qfk oob`e]p]_]( h]qbv]kl h]obpbo] `a ]oqfhril* Pbo] ]igl bkooba]l aj mofkpfmfl u ]_i]) objl hljl cr_lifq] vrgli]_l) lank abmrb pk`k bqo]kgbol _bo] hb p]na] `a ]mobkab krb_l e`eki] naoqhp] j] c]pfi* Qlal qbojfk]o]k _bkbo]kal ]h]abjfhlp hb ]k abpfafl ]pbo oobcloj] hi]_b l]n] hb pbob rj]kl hb _f_fjl aj k]pflka fpm]) kl]_i]kqb glpbjl _boa]abo]jbkqb `ah e`eki] `a Pbo_]kqb u Hb_bal* Aok o ( krkh] ]pbq]objl hb oa qlhb hapn] b b* ½B b oobmobpbkq] _]ilo j] bib_^al ab qo]afpflk fpm]jfh] ***Ï ¼Lq`e n]iko hhac]n ] aopk; O ( oe `af]iko mqa lkn h] _kilhafe`]` `ah iqj`k ]_pq]h h] `acn]`]_e j `a jqaopnk e`eki] oa leajoa enna) har]jpa k oe oa _naa mqa ao_ne^en ^eaj ao o hk qj] `ecnaoe j `a atmqeoepko( qj l]o]peailk l]n] mqeaj jk peaja ]hck iafkn* .m mp@proa.structura.com.mx
TT na`qfk oajoe^haiajpa h]o lkoe^ehe`]`ao `ah `ao]nnkhhk a_kj ie_k* Ah _]lep]heoik iate_]jk oeailna oa okopqrk aj ah Aop]`k( lank _q]j`k aopa hpeik oa _kjrenpe aj qj ejopnqiajpk `ena_pk `a ]mq h( pk`k ah ]j`]ie]fa ok_e]h `ah _]n`ajeoik ailav ] _]an ennaia`e]^haiajpa* H] lnapaj`e`] okhq_e j `a Lnkj]okh)Okhe`]ne`]`( oa hh]i Íjk bqa i o mqa qj] i]jan] `a na`eopne^qen iec]f]o ] l]npen `ah ]`ahc]v]ieajpk `ah Aop]`k lnkikre`k `ao`a @a h] I]`ne` u _kjoqi]`k lkn O]hej]o* Lank u] `ao`a H lav Lknpehhk ah ]l]n]pk l ^he_k aop]^] kneajp]`k d]_e] h] o]peob]__e j `a hko namqaneieajpko _kj_napko `a hko cn]j`ao cnqlko a_kj ie_ko mqa oa d]^ ]j _kjbkni]`k pn]o iq_dko ] ko `a ]i]i]jp]ieajpk `ah Aop]`k* >]fk h] e`a] `a mqa hk eilknp]jpa ao ah _na) _eieajpk `a hko ikjklkheko lank jk `a h] ejranoe j l ^he_] lnk`q_per]( hk mqa pajaiko ao qj] aopnq_pqn] aj h] mqa ah nepik `a _na_e) ieajpk ao `apaniej]`k fqop]iajpa lkn hko ikjklkheko( ieajpn]o ah Aop]`k fqac] qj l]lah aop]^ehev]`kn `a h]o c]j]j_e]o ikjkl he_]o `ajpnk `a qj] aopnq_pqn] oej eje_e]per] aop]p]h lnkle] l]n] cajan]n aba_pko iqhpelhe_]`knao `ah c]opk ok_e]h* I te_k jk aop _na_eaj`k* ?]oe pk`k oa hk _kia ah ]qiajpk `a h] lk^h]_e j jk k^op]jpa h] `e olkn] `a hko lk^nao d]_e] ah jknpa* J]`ea lnkcnao] at_alpk h]o ailnao]o ikjkl he_]o* Ah ian_]`k ejpanjk jk i]n_] ah nepik `ah `a) o]nnkhhk oejk h]o atlknp]_ekjao d]_e] Aop]`ko Qje`ko( h]o _q]hao okj `apaniej]`]o at]_p]) iajpa lkn ah _kilknp]ieajpk `a h] a_kjk) i ] `a aoa l] o* Hko cn]j`ao atlknp]`knao
okj p]i^e j hko cn]j`ao eilknp]`knao* H] ^]h]jv] _kian_e]h _kj ah ra_ejk ao oqlan]re) p]ne] ieajpn]o mqa _kj ah naopk `ah iqj`k ao `aÚ_ep]ne]( hk _q]h o hk `aiqaopn] mqa I te_k jk _kilepa _kj ah iqj`k oejk raj`a ^]n]pk ] Aop]`ko Qje`ko* H] lkh pe_] Úo_]h oecqa ah ieoik oaj`ank l]n] c]n]jpev]n je_dko aola_e]hao `a pne^qp]_e j hko _q]hao aopna_d]j _kj oarane`]` ah l]lah na`eopne^qperk `ah ejcnaok l ^he_k* H] k^oaoe j mqa `kiej] ao h] `ah amqehe) ^nek Új]j_eank* Jk eilknp] mq oa lnk`qv_] u l]n] mqe jao( oejk h] _]l]_e`]` `a l]ck `ah l] o( hk _q]h namqeana `a qj] naoanr] ejpanj]) _ekj]h ]hp] ]qjmqa kjanko] l]n] ah Aop]`k* Aj na]he`]`( ah >]j_k `a I te_k _q^na h]o ja_aoe`]`ao `a _kiln] `a hko ikjklkheko u hko namqaneieajpko `a l]ck `a hko ieoiko* Jk d]_a kpn] _ko]* Lank `a ao] i]jan] jk oa lnkiqara h] atl]joe j `a h] a_kjki ]* Ah ian_]`k ejpanjk oecqa aop]j`k `ai]oe]`k _kjopna e`k( hk _q]h ao `ao`a d]_a iq_dk peailk qj] heiep]_e j aopnq_pqn]h `ah _na) _eieajpk a_kj ie_k* =o jk d]u o]he`]* U( lkn aok( ah n ceiaj ]_pq]h ao ejre]^ha* >ajaÚ_e] ] oqo lk`an`]jpao lank lanfq`e_] ]h l] o aj oq _kjfqjpk* Hhar] ] I te_k ] qj napn]ok p]h mqa oa ja_aoep]n ] lkn hk iajko qj] ` _]`] `a nabkni]o ok_e]hao l]n] oan naikjp]`k* J]`] lnkcnao] aj ah l] o i o mqa h]o c]j]j_e]o `a qjko _q]jpko ailkneko ailnao]ne]hao ik) jklkheop]o* I]ukn ejre]^ehe`]` ao `eb _eh* Aj I te_k( l]n] `a_enhk n le`k( d]_a b]hp] qj] narkhq_e j* .m www.pablogomez.org
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El capitalismo mexicano siempre se sostuvo en el Estado, pero cuando este último se convirtió en un instrumento directo de aquél, todo el andamiaje social del cardenismo empezó a caer