How Do Court Reporters Keep Straight Faces Clipart اﻟﻌﺪﻟﺔ "ﻛﯿﻔﯿﮫ اﻧﺸﺎء ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﺠﺮ ﺑﻼي اﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ\"" ﻣﻮاﺿﯿﻊ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart 8 Hours \"". How do court reporters keep straight faces clipartاﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮرﯾﺎ "ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺴﯿﺮه اﻟﺬاﺗﯿﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ واﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰي ﻣﻮﻗﻊ DFC,راﺟﻤﺎت اﻟﺼﻮارﯾﺦ اﻟﺮوﺳﯿﺔ Congregation of Christian Brothers ,ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ زﯾﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﯿﻦ اﻟﯿﻮﺗﯿﻮب""\" 12 Hours ﻛﯿﻔﯿﮫ ﺗﻜﺒﯿﺮ admission essay Abu Dhabi how do court reporters keep straight faces clipart 24 Hoursاﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﻊ sym jet 4" How do court reporters keep straight facesاﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة واﻻرداف" ,ﻛﯿﻒ اﻛﺘﺐ اﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰي ﺑﺪون اﺧﻄﺎء" ﺳﻜﻮﺗﺮ .ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ اﻻﻧﻮار" clipart 24 Hours
How Do Court Reporters Keep Straight Faces Clipart 3 Hours How do courtﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ دﺑﻲ word 2021ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ annotated bibliographyﺗﻔﻌﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ اﻻﻣﻼﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮورد New York 2021 \"".ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﯿﺔ" Hili Fun Cityﻣﺮدف" ,ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻮزن reporters keep straight faces clipart
اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ أدﻧﺎه
https://PaperHelp.space <<<اﻧﻘر ھﻧﺎ>>> ش )Orange County Community College (SUNY Orange ﻣﺮﺣﺒﺎ ً اﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ,ادﻋﻰ "ﻛﺎري آن" واھﻼ ﺑﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻦ "ﻛﺮا واﻟﺒﺎﯾﺖ ,اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺴﯿﺴﺘﻮر واﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ ,وﺻﻮﻻ اﻟﻰ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ,اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ bitsﻛﻮرس" ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ,ﺳﻨﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ اﻟـ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ واﻟﺮوﺑﻮت .ﺳﻨﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ,ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺿﯿﺢ ..ﻟﻦ ﻧﻌﻠﻤﻜﻢ ﻛﯿﻒ ﺗﺒﺮﻣﺠﻮن .ﺑﺪﻻ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ ,ﺳﻨﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﺿﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪﯾﺎ ً و ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ ً .اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ ھﻲ اﻵن ﺷﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ .ﻓﺈذا ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ اﻵن ,ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺳﺘﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ,اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات ﺳﺘﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ ,اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات ﺳﺘﺴﻘﻂ ,ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﺳﺘﺘﻮﻗﻒ ,أﺳﻮاق اﻷﺳﮭﻢ ﺳﺘﺘﺠﻤﺪ ,ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺎت اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻟﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ وﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ, واﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻟﻦ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﮭﻢ .ﺣﺘﻰ اﻷﺷﯿﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻛـ اﻟﻘﻤﺼﺎن و اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺟﺎﻟﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﻵن ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺗﺪار ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ .إن اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﺣﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ .وھﺬه ﻟﯿﺴﺖ اول ﻣﺮة ﻧﺮى ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ .اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ -ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ,اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ,واﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﯿﺔ .اﻟﻤﻜﻨﻨﺔ )ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲ اﻟﻰ آﻟﺔ( ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ و طﻌﺎم اﻛﺜﺮ ,ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺎت ھﺎﺋﻠﺔ ,ﺗﻮاﺻﻞ وﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﺳﺮع وارﺧﺺ ,و ﺣﯿﺎة ﺑﺠﻮدة اﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم .و اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﻘﻮم اﻵن ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﻲء -ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻵﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ ,اﻟﻰ اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﻔﺮص اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ ,وﺣﺪود ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻛـ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ واﻟﺴﯿﺎرات ذاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﺎدة .ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﯿﺶ ﺑﺰﻣﻦ ﺳﯿﺘﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻏﻠﺐ "ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ"! ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻠﯿﺎرات اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺴﺰﺗﻮرات ﻓﻲ ھﺎﺗﻔﻚ اﻟﺬﻛﻲ ,اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻗﻠﯿﻼ ,ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺎ ً ,إﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺠﺮد آﻻت ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﺧﻼل طﺒﻘﺎت ﻋﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺪ )اﻻﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﺒﺴﻄﺔ( وﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ,ﺳﻨﻔﻜﻚ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت ,وﻧﺮﺗﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺻﻔﺎر واﻟﻮاﺣﺪات اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ ,وﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ)اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت( ,اﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﺸﯿﻞ ,اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﮫ ..وﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎاا ﻻ ﺗﻘﻠﻖ ,ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ان اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﺘﺮي ﻗﻤﺼﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﯾﺐ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﺠﺒﺮاً ان ﯾﻌﺮف ﻛﯿﻒ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ,ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ اﻟﻮﯾﺐ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺤﺎج ان ﯾﻌﺮف ﻛﯿﻒ ﻛﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺮزم ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮭﮭﺎ ,وﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﮭﻨﺪﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﮭﺎت)اﻟﺮاوﺗﺮات( ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ان ﺗﻌﺮف ﻣﻨﻄﻖ اﻟﺘﺮاﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮر ,ﺳﺘُﺒﻨﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ .ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ,اﺗﻤﻨﻰ ان ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ إطﺎر دور اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء ,وﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﯿﻒ ان اﻋﻈﻢ اﺧﺘﺮاع ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ھﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﮫ اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﯿﺔ وﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮاﺗﮫ اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻤﺔ آﺗﯿﺔ .ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﻜﻞ ھﺬا ,ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﺄﺻﻞ اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﻷﻧﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ان اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﺐ
اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ ,اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ .أﻗﺪم ﺟﮭﺎز ﻣﻌﺮف ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺪاد ,ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﺮاﻋﮫ ﻓﻲ "ﻣﯿﺴﻮﺑﻮﺗﺎﻣﯿﺎ" ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ 2500 ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد .أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎ ً ھﻲ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﺪارة ﺑﺎﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ وطﺮح ارﻗﺎم ﻋﺪﯾﺪة وأﯾﻀﺎ ﺗﺨﺰن اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻵﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ,ﺗﺸﺒﮫ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ اﻟﯿﻮم اﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺎزك .ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﻌﺪاد ﻷن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﺻﺒﺢ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ واﺣﺪ أن ﯾﺤﺼﯿﮭﻢ وﯾﻌﺎﻟﺠﮭﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﻠﮫ .ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ وﺟﻮد آﻻف اﻻﺷﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﯾﺔ او ﻋﺸﺮات اﻵﻻف ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﺔ ﻣﺎ .ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎت ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪاد ,ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻨﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﮫ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻒ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻮة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺸﺮة ﻟﺬا ﻛﻞ ﺣﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ وﺣﺪة واﺣﺪة ,ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺬي ﺑﻌﺪه ﯾﻤﺜﻠﻮن ,10واﻟﺬي ﻓﻮﻗﮫ ..100وھﻜﺬا. ﻟﻨﻘﻮل ان ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺛﻼث رؤوس ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﯿﺔ ﺗُﻤﺜَﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻷﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﯾﻤﻦ ﻓﺈذا اردﻧﺎ ان ﻧﺸﺘﺮي 4ﻣﻮاﺷﻲ اﺧﺮى ,ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﺰﯾﺢ 4ﺣﺒﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ 7وﻟﻜﻦ إذا اردﻧﺎ ان ﻧﻀﯿﻒ 5ﻣﻮاﺷﻲ اﺧﺮى ﻓﻮق اﻟـ 3اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﺴﺘﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺒﺎت ,ﻟﺬا ﺳﻨﺰﯾﺢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻟﻠﯿﺴﺎر ,وﻧﺰﯾﺢ ﺣﺒﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﯿﻤﯿﻦ ,واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺸﺮة ,ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﯿﻒ ﺣﺒﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ .12ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﺪاد اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة .ﻓﺈذا اردﻧﺎ ان ﻧﻀﯿﻒ ,1251ﻓﺴﻨﻀﯿﻒ 1ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ 5 ,ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ 2ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ,و 1ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ,وﺑﮭﺬا ﻻداﻋﻲ ﻷن ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ ..اﻟﻌﺪاد ﯾﺨﺰن ﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ .ﺧﻼل اﻟـ 4000ﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺖ ,طﻮر اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ..ﻛـ اﻹﺳﻄﺮﻻب ,واﻟﺬي ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻦ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮭﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ .أو اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮة اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻘﺔ ,ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﺮب واﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ وھﻨﺎك ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺎ ً ﻣﺌﺎت اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺸﺮوق ,اﻟﻤﺪ واﻟﺠﺰر ,ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ اﻷﺟﺮام اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ وﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻷﺟﮭﺰة ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺮھﻖ اﺳﺮع ,أﺳﮭﻞ ,وﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن اﻛﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ .ﻓﮭﻲ ﺧﻔﻀﺖ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ,وﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﺿﺨﻤﺖ ﻗﺪراﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﯿﺔ .ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ! ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺳﻨﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﺜﯿﺮا ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ .ﻛـ راﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب "ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﺑﺎﺑﯿﺞ" ﻗﺎل" :ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ و زاد اﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ,اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮة ".وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ,وﻻ ﺟﮭﺎز ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻷﺟﮭﺰة ﻟﻘﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟـ"ﻛﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ" .اﻗﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻛﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ" ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ,1613ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻟـ "رﯾﺘﺸﺎرد ﺑﺮاﯾﺜﻮاﯾﺖ" .وﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ آﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹطﻼق ,ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻘﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ) .ﺑﺮاﯾﺜﻮاﯾﺖ( ﻗﺎل " :ﻗﺮأت اﺻﺪق ﻛﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻣﺎن ,و أﻓﻀﻞ ﺧﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ,وﯾﻘﻠﺺ ﻋﺪد أﯾﺎﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ أرﻓﺎم ﻗﺼﯿﺮة" ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﯾﺎم ,اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺎب ,ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻵﻻت ,ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﺑﺪوﻧﮭﺎ .ﻟﻘﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬا اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ,ﺣﯿﺚ ﺑﺪأ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎرة ﻟﻸﺟﮭﺰة .اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻷﺟﮭﺰة ﻛﺎن "ﺣﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة" ﺑُﻨِﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ "ﺟﻮﺗﻔﺮﯾﺪ ﻻﯾﻼﻧﯿﺰ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم .1694ﻻﯾﺒﻨﯿﺰ ﻗﺎل ..":إﻧﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮاﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﺟﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﻔﻮﻗﯿﻦ أن ﯾﻀﯿﻌﻮا وﻗﺘﮭﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ أي ﻓﻼح ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﯾﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺸﻲء ﻧﻔﺴﮫ وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة آﻟﺔ ".ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ )ﺣﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة( ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﻚ ,واﻟﺘﻲ ھﻲ ﻣﺠﺮد آﻟﺔ ﺗﻀﯿﻒ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﻚ .ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪى اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻨﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪور .ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﻨﻦ ﯾﻤﻠﻚ ﻋﺸﺮة اﺳﻨﺎن ,ﻣﻤﺜﻼً اﻻرﻗﺎم ﻣﻦ 0اﻟﻰ .9ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﻨﻦ ﯾﺠﺘﺎز اﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ ,ﯾﻌﻮد ﻣﺠﺪدا ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ﻣﺪﯾﺮاً اﻟﻤﺴﻨﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎور ﺳﻦ واﺣﺪ .ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﻌﺸﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪاد اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ .وھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺮح .ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ, ﺣﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة ﻛﺎن ﻗﺎدراً اﯾﻀﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮب وﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻷرﻗﺎم .اﻟﻀﺮب واﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ ھﻲ ﺣﻘﺎ ً ﻣﺠﺮد ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد و طﺮح ﻣﺘﻌﺪد .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﻼ ,إذا اردﻧﺎ ان ﻧﻘﺴﻢ 15ﻋﻠﻰ ,5ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻄﺮح 5ﺛﻢ 5ﺛﻢ 5ﻣﺮة اﺧﺮى ,ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ان ﻧﻄﺮح أي 5ﺑﻌﺪ اﻵن ..وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن ال 5ﺗﺘﺴﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ال17 ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮات ,ﺑـ 2ﺑﺎﻗﻲ .ﺣﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة ﻛﺎن ﻗﺎدراً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﻲء ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ آﻟﯿﮫ ,وﻛﺎن اﻵﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ. ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻛﺎن ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺎ ً ﺟﺪا وﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻛﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻟﻶﻻت اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺜﻼث ﻗﺮون اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺖ ﻟﺴﻮء اﻟﺤﻆ ,ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﻵﻟﯿﺔ ,ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﯿﺔ ﺗﻄﻠﺒﺖ ﺧﻄﻮات ﺣﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ .ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت او أﯾﺎم ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ واﺣﺪة .ﺣﺘﻰ ھﺬه اﻵﻻت اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﯾﺪوﯾﺎ ً ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﯿﺔ ,وﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن .ﻟﺬا ,ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ ,ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺟﺮﺑﺖ اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ً واﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟـ "اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮات اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ" اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ .ﻓﺈذا اردﻧﺎ ان ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟـ 8ﻣﻠﯿﻮن و 675اﻟﻒ وﺛﻼﺛﻤﺌﺔ و ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﻧﻀﯿﻊ ﯾﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﮫ ﺑﺘﺠﮭﯿﺰ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة ..ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺠﻮاب ﺧﻼل دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب ﯾﻀﻢ ﺟﺪاول ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﯿﺔ .اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ واﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ھﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻓﻲ ﻣﯿﺪان اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ ,وﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﯾﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اول ﻣﻦ طﺒﻖ اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة. ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎرزة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اطﻼق اﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﯿﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ,واﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻘﻄﻊ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ )اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﯿﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ( .ﻣﻀﯿﻔﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ظﺮوف اﻟﺮﯾﺎح اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮة ,اﻟﺤﺮارة ,واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ,ﺣﺘﻰ ﺿﺮب ﺷﻲء ﺿﺨﻢ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﺳﻔﯿﻨﺔ ﻛﺎن ﺻﻌﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ .ﺟﺪاول اﻟﻤﺪى ﺳﻤﺤﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻮﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ واﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﯾﺪون اﻟﻘﺼﻒ ﻣﻨﮫ ,وﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺠﺪول ﺑﺈﻋﻄﺎﺋﮭﻢ اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺿﺒﻄﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪﻓﻊ .ﺟﺪاول اﻟﻤﺪى ھﺬه ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ ﺟﺪاً ,ﺣﺘﻰ أن ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﻢ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ .اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻛﺎن ,اذا ﻏﯿﺮت ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﻓﻊ او اﻟﻘﺬﯾﻔﺔ ,ﯾﺠﺐ ان ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺟﺪول ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻛﻠﯿﺎ ً ,واﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ھﺎﺋﻞ وﺑﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف ﯾﻘﻮد ﻷﺧﻄﺎء" .ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﺑﺎﺑﺒﯿﺞ" ﻋّﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟـ 1822 ﻓﻲ ورﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ":ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻵﻟﻲ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻔﻠﻜﯿﺔ واﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ" ﻟﻨﺬھﺐ ﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ .ﺗﺸﺎﻟﺰ ﺑﺎﺑﺒﯿﺞ ﻗﺪم ﺟﮭﺎز ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻲ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻹﺧﺘﻼف ,آﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﺟﺪاً ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدو اﻟﺤﺪود) ﺑﻮﻟﯿﻨﻮﻣﯿﺎﻟﺲ ,ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ رﯾﺎﺿﻲ( ﻣﺘﻌﺪدو اﻟﺤﺪود ﺗﺸﺮح اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻛـ اﻟﻤﺪى و ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء ,أو ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺘﺰا اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﻛﺎري آن و اﻟﺴﻌﺎدة .ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي اﻟﺤﺪود ﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﺗﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﯿﺔ ,وذﻟﻚ ﺻﺮاع ﺑﺤﺪ ذاﺗﮫ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﮭﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﯿﺪ .ﺑﺪأ ﺑﺎﺑﺒﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻋﺎم ,1823وﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻘﺪﯾﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ ,ﺣﺎول ﺻﻨﻊ و ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرب 25000ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ,ﺑﻮزن ﻛﻠﻲ 15طﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ً .ﻟﺴﻮء اﻟﺤﻆ ,اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﺗﻢ ھﺠﺮه ﺑﺎﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ .ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ,1991اﻧﮭﻰ اﻟﻤﺆرﺧﻮن ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺤﺮك اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻮﻣﺎت و ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎت ﺑﺎﺑﺒﺞ .و ﻋﻤﻠﺖ اﻵﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ!! ﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اھﻤﯿﺔ ,ان ﺧﻼل ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺤﺮك اﻷﺧﺘﻼف ,ﺗﺨﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﺑﺒﺞ آﻟﺔ اﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺪاً ..اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻠﻲ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ,ﺣﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة و ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻘﺘﮭﺎ ,اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻠﻲ ﻛﺎن " ﻛﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﻐﺮض ﻋﺎم" ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﯿﺎء ,ﻟﯿﺲ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺷﻲء ﻣﺤﺪد ﻓﻘﻂ ,ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ إﻋﻄﺎﺋﮫ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﯿﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺘﺎﻟﻲ ,ﻛﺎن ﯾﻤﻠﻚ ذاﻛﺮة و ﺣﺘﻰ طﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﺪاﺋﯿﺔ .و ﻛﻤﺤﺮك اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻛﺎن ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﺼﺮه ,وﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎءه ﻛﻠﯿﺎ ً .وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ,ﻓﻜﺮة "اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻲ" -ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ان ﺗﺮﺷﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﺧﻼل ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﻜﯿﺔ ,ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﻲء ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ,وﺗﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﻘﺪوم ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ .ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﻜﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ "آدا ﻟﻮﻓﻠﯿﺲ" ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﺔ" :ﻟﻐﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ,واﺳﻌﺔ ,وﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﻗﺪ طُﻮَرت ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ".وﻟﻌﻤﻠﮭﺎ) ,آدا( ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻷوﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ .ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺳﯿﻠﮭﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻟﻲ ,اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻷول ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ واﻟﺬﯾﻦ دﻣﺠﻮ اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻓﻜﺎر ﺑﺎﺑﺒﺞ ﻓﻲ آﻻﺗﮭﻢ .وﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﺑﺒﺞ "ب اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ" .ﺷﻜﺮاً ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ .إذاً وﺑﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ,اﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻷﻏﺮاض ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ ,ﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺎدراً أ ﻣﺎ ﺗُﺸﺎھَﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ,اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ,أو اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﯿﺔ .ﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ,اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ واﺟﮭﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺎم 1890واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﺒﺖ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮات ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻤﮫ .اﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮر اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ ﯾﻨﺺ أن اﻟﺘﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﺠﺐ ان ﯾﻨﻔﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮات ,ﻷﻏﺮاض ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺮﺻﯿﺪ اﻟﻔﺪراﻟﻲ ,اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮس ,واﺷﯿﺎء اﺧﺮى ﺟﯿﺪة ﻛﮭﺬه .وﺑﺤﻠﻮل ,1880اﻟﺘﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻛﺎن ﯾﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ
ھﺎﺋﻞ ,ﻣﻌﻈﻤﮫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﮭﺠﺮة .ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﺗﻠﻚ اﺧﺬت ﺳﺒﻊ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﯾﺪوﯾﺎ ً و وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻛﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﯿﮭﺔ اﻟﺼﻼﺣﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ً .وﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ان ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ل 1890ﺳﺘﺄﺧﺬ 13ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﯿﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮭﺎ .ھﺬه ﻣﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻌﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮات .ﻟﺠﺄ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻟـ ھﺮﻣﺎن ھﻮﻟﺮﯾﺚ ,اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﺑﻨﻰ آﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ آﻟﺘﮫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ "ﻛﮭﺮوﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ" اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪ ﻛـ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة --ﻛﻠﻦ وﺻﻞ ھﺬه اﻷﻧﺌﻤﺔ ﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻐﺬاة ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺎ ً .ﻣﺎﻛﻨﯿﺔ ھﻮﻟﺮﯾﺚ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮوت واﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺮوت ورﻗﯿﺔ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺜﻘﺐ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت .ﻣﺜﻼً ,ﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك ﺳﻠﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺰوﺟﯿﺔ .ﻓﺈذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺘﺰوج ,ﺳﺘﺜﻘﺐ ﺑﻘﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺰوج ,وﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﯿﻨﺔ ھﻮﻟﺮﯾﺚ ,وﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹﺑﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺒﻘﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻘﻮﺑﺔ ,ﺳﺘﻤﺮ اﻹﺑﺮة ﺧﻼل اﻟﺜﻘﺐ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻨﯿﻨﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ,واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪورھﺎ اﻛﻤﻠﺖ اﻟﺪارة .اﻵن ھﺬه اﻟﺪارة اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻏﺬت ﻣﻮﺗﻮر ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ,واﻟﺬي ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﺴﻨﻦ ﻟﯿﺰﯾﺪ واﺣﺪ ,ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ,ﯾﺰﯾﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺘﺰوﺟﯿﻦ .ﻣﺎﻛﯿﻨﺔ ھﻮﻟﺮﯾﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ً اﺳﺮع ﺑﻌﺸﺮ ﻣﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﯿﺪوﯾﺔ وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺪاد أﻛﻠﻤﺖ ﺑﻐﻀﻮن ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻦ وﻧﺼﻒ ,ﻣﻮﻓﺮاً ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﺪوﻻرات! .ﺑﺪأت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮ اھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ ,ورأت ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻀﺨﯿﻢ اﻷرﺑﺎح ﺑﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﻜﺜﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ,ﻛـ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ,اﻟﺘﺄﻣﯿﻦ, اﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ ,وإدارة اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ .وﻟﺘﻠﺒﯿﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ,أﺳﺲ ھﻮﻟﺮﯾﺚ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ آﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺪوﻟﺔ ,واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ اﻧﺪﻣﺠﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﯿﻨﺎت اﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ 1924ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺤﻮا واﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻌﺘﮭﻢ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻏﻠﺐ .ھﺬه اﻵﻻت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺠﺎح ھﺎﺋﻞ ,ﻣﺤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة IBMﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎﻛﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ او واﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ,وﺑﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ ,اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ وﺻﻌﻮد اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ,ﺗﻄﻠﺒﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ أدوات اﺳﺮع واﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ . Clarkson University.اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ,ﻣﺠﮭﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺮع ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮات اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ ,واﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻞ
https://PaperHelp.space >>><<<اﻧﻘر ھﻧﺎ
How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮرد. ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ دﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺪرةword 2019 ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞmyegy طﻠﺐ ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪارس ﻗﻄﺮ "\""ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ازاﻟﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﺷﻮبcs6 application essay, Hobart and William Smith Colleges. How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart 12 Hours ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ" ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ زاﯾﺪ "\""طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺒﻮعDream City, "\""ﻣﻮﻗﻊ دﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ, The Sustainable City ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺪﻣﺞ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻮت واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﺮﯾﻢ ﺷﺎي اﻻﺧﻀﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮه, ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﻣﯿﺪان, "ﻋﺮﺑﻰMirdiff How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ طﻠﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺤﺎق ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺳﺘﺮapplication letter. 2018 "\""اﺣﺪث اﻻﻓﻼم اﻻﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ اﻻﻛﺸﻦ, ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ أﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب داﺋﺮة ﻗﺮﯾﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﺮاDubai Sustainable City " اﻟﺘﺴﻮق ﻋﺒﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺲYork College, Jamaica, Queens.
How Do Court Reporters Keep Straight Faces Clipart 6 Hours New York Al Hamriyah Municipality, ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻮزن ﻓﻲ ﺷﮭﺮKhalifa City C, Al Ain, "ﺳﯿﺮة ذاﺗﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﯿﺲ ھﻜﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻣﺔ, City Centre Shindagha. "اﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرcritical thinking ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺟﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ 2019 ﻣﻀﺤﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎتMargab How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻋﺪاد اﻟﺴﯿﺮة اﻟﺬاﺗﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔCV Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, طﺮق اﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺒﻮع. How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart Liwa, resume CV "2017 ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﮫ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﮫ "ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻮوردdissertation "\""ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻀﺤﻚ ﺻﯿﻨﯿﺔ Meydan City "\"" طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ @ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮdissertation abstract Mohammed Bin Rashid City, ﻧﺼﻮص اﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔKhalifa City B. Touro Law Center Dubai Design District. ﺑﻠﺪﯾﺔ دﺑﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﻦHow do court reporters keep straight faces clipart Officers City ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻻﻛﯿﺪة ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺎﺧﺮ اﻟﺪورة ﺑﯿﻮﻣﯿﻦDibba Al Fujairah. ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺮوف اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔHow do court reporters keep straight faces clipart "\"" ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺼﻮره رﺳﻢ ﻟﻼﯾﻔﻮنDubai Motor City طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﺮاف ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔSUNY Cortland ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرHow do court reporters keep straight faces clipart City Centre Deira. ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ اﻟﺴﻼم. ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺑﻦ ﺻﺎﻓﯿﺘﺎ ﻟﻠﮭﻜﺮ ﺧﻮرﻓﻜﺎنHow do court reporters keep straight faces clipart "اﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺮة اﻟﺬاﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﯿﻠﯿﻠﻲ ﺗﺴﻮق ﻋﺒﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺎdissertation chapter ﺑﻠﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺎطﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﯾﻮسthesis proposal . ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﺒﺎراة اﻻھﻠﻰ اﻟﯿﻮمHow do court reporters keep straight faces clipart "ﻛﯿﻒ اﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت Dubai Industrial City, " اﺣﺪث ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲWarsan Village ﻛﯿﻒ اﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻟﻼﯾﻔﻮنHofstra University, Hempstead How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻟﻼﯾﻔﻮنJumeirah Village Circle. How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart 2021 ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ھﻮاﻣﺶ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮوردOld Town Dubai. ﺧﻄﺎب طﻠﺐ اﺟﺎزة زواج ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞword 2019 ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ13 اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ راﻛﺎن اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ, "ﻋﺮﺑﻲquestionnaire. How do court reporters keep straight
ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺎﯾﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ اوﻓﯿﺲ 2020ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺮاﺑﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﻠﺪﯾﺔ أﺑﻮ ظﺒﻲ ,ﻣﺤﺎدﺛﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﻼطﻔﺎل" ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ دﺑﻲ faces clipart " Policeﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ دﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ ,ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺠﻨﯿﻦ cc 2017 web content,ﻋﻼء اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ,اﻹﻣﺎرة ,ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻋﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﺗﻮﺷﻮب How do court reporters keep straight faces clipartاﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻓﻮﺗﻮﺷﻮب دﺑﺎ اﻟﻔﺠﯿﺮة Officers City, Shamkha City, ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺳﯿﺮة ذاﺗﯿﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ اﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰي ﺟﺎھﺰ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ Mailman School of Public Healthﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﯿﺮة ذاﺗﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ""\" Richmond ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺒﻮﻋﯿﻦ Dubai Smart City,ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ دﺑﻲ اﻟﺴﻜﻨﯿﺔ .ﺧﺪﻣﺔ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة ﺑﺚ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ dissertation chapter abstract ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ Fujairahوورد 2020ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ . How do court reporters keep straight faces clipartﺳﯿﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﯿﺼﻢ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﺷﻮب" اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻠﻲ ,ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻖ " dissertation chapter conclusion,ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻨﺪا ﻛﺘﺐ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻟﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺳﯿﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺘﺮ reaction paperاﻟﻤﺨﺘﻮم ﻟﺼﻔﻲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎرﻛﻔﻮري ﻗﺼﺔ ﻣﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻊ اﺳﯿﺪ ﺑﻠﺪﯾﺔ ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ اﻟﺸﺎرﻗﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ . Montefiore Medical Center and Yeshiva University MBZ City How do court reporters keep straight facesاﻟﺸﻨﺪﻏﺔ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﺮﯾﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﺮا ﻣﻨﮭﺠﯿﺔ white paper,ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺬات speechesﺿﯿﺎء b1ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ clipart Dubai Outsource City dissertationاﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ راﻏﺎف اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ 10ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ دﺑﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ وﺻﯿﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﺰﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ""\" Murqab.ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻧﺸﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ . How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart wordpress for dummies 2018ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ دﺑﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ chapter discussion City Centreﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰي ﻋﻦ اﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺎت وﺳﻠﺒﯿﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ , Diba Al Hisn,رﺳﺎﻟﺔ طﻠﺐ ﻋﺮض اﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺸﺎرﻗﺔ pdf Al Salam City, ﺑﻠﺪﯾﺔ College of Performing Arts.ﻛﻠﺒﺎء رﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ research reportﻧﺰوى .ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰي ﻗﺼﯿﺮ Mirdif, dissertation chapterﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎت How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart Shakbut Cityﺧﻮرﻓﻜﺎن How do court reportersاﻛﺘﺐ اﺳﻤﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﮫ pdf". 2018اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﻤﺪوح اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮ hypothesis " UAQﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﺪل ﻏﺮب اﻟﺮﯾﺎض ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ دﺑﻲ اﻟﺬﻛﯿﺔ ,ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﯿﺦ ﻣﺸﺎري ﺑﻦ راﺷﺪ اﻟﻌﻔﺎﺳﻲ keep straight faces clipart .ﺳﯿﺘﻲ ووك " New York University, West Village, Manhattanﺳﻮق اﻟﺼﻮارﯾﺦ ﺑﺠﺪه ﻟﻼﺛﺎث ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮر ﺑﺚ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﺒﺎراة ﻟﯿﻔﺮﺑﻮل وﺑﺮوﺳﯿﺎ ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﺮا" .ﻋﺮض ﺑﻮرﺑﻮﯾﻨﺖ اﻟﯿﻮم اﻟﻮطﻨﻲ How do court reporters keep straight faces clipart "\""ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻘﺮاءة واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻻول اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ "\""ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﺰورة ﺟﺎھﺰة" ,ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮورد" ,ﻧﻤﻮذج طﻠﺐ اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ dissertation chapter introduction,اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪران درب اﻟﺘﺤﺪي . how do court reporters keep straight faces clipartﻋﻤﻞ .ﺻﺒﺎح اﻟﺨﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ The College at Old Westbury 2019
https://PaperHelp.space <<<اﻧﻘر ھﻧﺎ>>>
https://billferrins.wmwikis.net/file/view/critical-thinking-video-men-in-black.pdf https://telegra.ph/AQUINAS-UNIVERSITY-COLLEGE-IN-SRI-LANKA-09-14 https://rockumentary.wmwikis.net/file/view/metallica-migos-rockumentary.pdf https://telegra.ph/ANALYSIS-UNI-PASSAU-09-11 https://micronichefinder.wmwikis.net/file/view/brain-drain-problem-solution-essay.pdf https://telegra.ph/FLORIDA-STATE-UNIVERSITY-THESIS-DATABASE-09-07 https://billferrins.wmwikis.net/file/view/case-studies-examples-mckinsey.pdf https://telegra.ph/UNISIM-CAPSTONE-PROJECT-09-12 https://billferrins.wmwikis.net/file/view/case-study-voorbeeld.pdf https://telegra.ph/UNDERGRADUATE-SCHOLARSHIP-LONDON-09-05 https://micronichefinder.wmwikis.net/file/view/article-judicial-review.pdf https://telegra.ph/KOGI-STATE-UNIVERSITY-REPORTS-09-03 https://micronichefinder.wmwikis.net/file/view/essay-on-nuclear-power-in-hindi.pdf https://telegra.ph/4-paragraph-essay-example-05-02 https://micronichefinder.wmwikis.net/file/view/biology-olympiad-question-bank.pdf https://telegra.ph/hans-rothenberg-political-report-05-12 https://billferrins.wmwikis.net/file/view/cover-letter-if-no-address.pdf https://telegra.ph/UNI-TELECOM-DEFINITION-09-12 https://micronichefinder.wmwikis.net/file/view/essay-on-modern-student-in-hindi.pdf https://telegra.ph/MASTER-OF-PROJECT-MANAGEMENT-PROFESSIONAL-BONDUNIVERSITY-09-18.
https://EditaPaper.com