U R B A N S E R I E S 2 0 3 0
MICHAEL GROPPO
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URBAN CYCLE
URBAN CYCLE 2
C O N T E N T S H Y P O T H E S I S 4 . U R B A N F R A G M E N T S M A S T E R P L A N 1 3 . I T E R AT I V E
D E S I G N
4 3 . U R B A N C Y C L E 6 0 .
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HOW CAN WE MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DEMOLITION WASTE ON THE SITE?
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The treatment and perception of demolition
materials on the site can be reused and repur-
waste illustrates the broader environmental and
posed into a new tectonic urban typology.
social issues of the construction and habitation of buildings. According to the United Nations
Through the repurposing of materials from pro-
Environmental Programme, the construction
posed demolition works, this study will examine
sector consumes approximately 40% of materi-
the application of available materiality within the
als globally, with waste produced from construc-
extents of the site into a new building. This aims
tion accounting for 40% of the total environ-
to challenge the notions of “new” construction
mental burden. This results in the repurposing
while reducing the environmental burden. The
of greenfield sites for the use of landfill, exacer-
juxtaposition between typical building typolo-
bating environmental degradation. Despite this,
gies and the irregularity of repurposed materi-
construction practices within Melbourne tend to
als confronts and challenges the user to think
rely on the demolition of existing buildings, with
about their consumption and the ways we build
the subsequent transportation of this waste to
and inhabit our urban environments.
landfill. “Sustainable” rating schemes such as Green Star and council imposed landfill levies do not offer a genuine requirement and incentive to reexamine the ways in which the industry thinks about demolition waste. This thesis will explore how existing building
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The waste derived from demolition is an inevitable as-
There is an opportunity within our cities to adopt new
Yajian Zhang and Willie Tan stipulates the process-
pect of the design and construction process. Waste
demolition waste management practises at a site level
es required in the creation of a demolition waste re-
reduction strategies are crucial aspects to consider
through the reuse and repurposing of existing materi-
use and repurposing workflow. These practises can
and implement in order to reduce the negative effects
als. The remainder that cannot be utilised sufficiently
be implemented on the site and assist in determining
of waste (Peng et al., 1997; Esin & Cosgun, 2007; Yuan
are subsequently recycled. Ortiz et al. suggests that
which materials are appropriate for reuse (Zhang &
and Shen, 2011). Often, architects utilise typical “sus-
demolition waste recycling is the most environmen-
Tan., n.d).
tainable� rating schemes such as Green Star as a tool
tally friendly building practise followed by landfill and
that deals with waste mitigation and recycling strate-
incineration (Ortiz et al., 2010). The benefits of using
Firstly, the pre-demolition phase starts with the sur-
gies. As stipulated by Green Star, an accredited waste
reusing building materials reduce the utilisation of
veying of basic information about the buildings struc-
removal contractor must log a specific percentage of
natural resources such as limestone, shale, clay and
ture. In reality, a hazardous material risk assessment
waste that is recycled from building sites in order for
water as well as reducing the embodied energy con-
is required to determine and mitigate risks associated
the building design to receive points (GBCA, n.d.).
sumed during the creation of new building materials
with certain materials and permits required for their
The remainder of the waste is sent to landfill, that is
(Poon et al., 2004).
extraction (Zhang & Tan., n.d)
egy. Profit-centric developers and construction mul-
Moreover, Serdar et al. argue that additional benefits
Secondly, an audit is conducted to collect information
tinationals prioritise time frames and rapid construc-
of the conservation of greenfield land, the increased
on the quantity and quality of materials that are de-
tion practises that often means demolished waste is
lifespan of additional landfills, reduced energy and
rived from the demolition and their subsequent sort-
turfed and any landfill levies costs are absorbed. The
pollution and potential for job creation (Serdar et
ing for repurposing or recycling (Zhang & Tan., n.d).
environmental burden is reflected in increased envi-
al., 2017). Implementation of such practises is para-
ronmental pollution, land quality degradation, and re-
mount in the reduction of environmental burden due
Careful demolition is required for a high degree of ma-
source depletion (Esa et al., 2017; Lu & Tamn., 2013).
to population growth and lifestyle improvement.
It
terial recovery that is conducted from a top down ap-
As a consequence, this results in the additional de-
is anticipated that buildings and other infrastructure
proach; from the roof to the ground, floor by floor to
pletion of natural resources, air and water pollution,
will increase in the coming years, and the demand for
recover materials systematically (Zhao et al., 2020).
and land deterioration (Rosenbaum et al., 2014; Wang
concrete production and alas construction is expect-
This workflow is important in determining how and
et al., 2014).
ed to increase in the future (Zhao et al., 2020).
what materials are to be used within the site for the
if the building is adhering to a Green Star rating strat-
creation of a new building. 6
There are implications of space within the city block for the reuse and repurposing of the existing materials. The challenges to explore within the design process focuses on the transposition of materials and their tectonic relationship with each other and its overall effectiveness in creating a habitable building.
The efficacy of repurposing demolished material has social implications on public perceptions - will people want to use this space? how can recycled structures become an intrinsic part of the way we build in the future?
Kengo Kuma Roof Tiles 7
The use of recycled material tends is represented heavily
On a larger scale, Kengo Kuma uses recycled tiles from
in pavilion and residential applications; the use of every-
local houses in the China Academy of Arts’ Folk Art Mu-
day materials as facade systems or canopies. There is
seum in Hangzhou in China. The differing sizes of roof
very little representation within the architectural realm of
tiles assist in anchoring and merging the architecture to
recycled materials at an urban scale.
the ground and reflect the Japanese phenomena of Wabi Sabi, the beauty in imperfection (Gonzalez., 2018).
The reuse of demolition waste is utilised in the crushing of concrete into aggregate or the removal of the aggregate from concrete that is reused in new concrete. Moreover, concrete waste is used for trench retaining walls or for landscaping purposed. Structural steel is often smouldered and reused in new steel. There is an opportunity to challenge these ideas of what demolition waste can be
Fahed + Architects Bedsprings
used for, particularly at an urban, high density scale on such a prominent site in the city.
Examples of recycled material are shown to the right. Fahed + Architects utilise recycled bedsprings for their temporary pavilion in Dubai as a mesh skin system that highlights the potential to reuse materials after their intended life cycles (Gonzalez., 2018).
Similarly, H&P Architects utilise recycled ceramic bricks for a skin system in their house in Vietnam (Gonzalez., 2018).
H&P Architects Ceramic Bricks 8
Google Maps
21/3/20, 7)31 pm
1. Precast Concrete 3.
1. 2.
Imagery ©2020 Google, Map data ©2020 Google https://www.google.com/maps/@-37.8159565,144.9662576,87a,35y,249.77h,50.56t/data=!3m1!1e3!5m1!1e3?hl=en
10 m Page 1 of 2
2. Insitu Concrete (Slabs and Core) 3.
2.
1. 3. Glazing (incl. Shopfront)
3.
RECYCABLE MATERIALITY 271 COLLINS STREET
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TOP-DOWN DEMOLITION
MOST%
LANDFILL
AGGREGATE
MIN %
OFFSITE RECYCLING
TRENCHING
LANDSCAPING
EXISTING DEMOLITION WORK FLOW
10
MAX% TOP-DOWN DEMOLITION
ONSITE RECYCLING
LARGE AGGREGATIONS
MEDIUM AGGREGATIONS
SMALL AGGREGATIONS
SLABS
INFILL PANELS
FLOOR FINISHES
CORES
FACADE
AGGREGATE
PROPOSED DEMOLITION WORK FLOW
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AN URBAN CASE STUDY: HOW CAN WE CHALLENGE THE USER’S UNDERSTANDING OF “NEW CONSTRUCTION”? UTILISING DEMOLISHED MATERIAL ON THE SITE WITHIN AN OFFICE TYPOLOGY WILL INFLUENCE THE WAYS WE THINK ABOUT WASTE AND CONSUMPTION IN CONSTRUCTION
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CONCEPT D E S I G N URBAN FRAGMENTS
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Melbourne Central Flagstaff Gardens
m
350
State Library
Parliament Station
Fitzroy Gardens
1000m
City Square
BD
0m 40
U
O ELB
M
C RNE
Southern Cross Station
Federation Square
ve r
Flinders Street Station
Ri
a Yarr
National Gallery of Victoria Queen Victoria Gardens
MASTERPLAN SITE 14
2020
2050
EXISTING
PROPOSED
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TRADITIONAL VS CONTEXTUAL
TRADITIONAL VS CONTEXTUAL
POCKET SPACES
POCKET SPACES 16
10
5
1895 Melbourne Map
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
HISTORICAL OVERLAY Swanston St
Elizabeth St
Collins St
17
5
1895 Melbourne Map
Swanston St
Elizabeth St
Collins St
Flinders Ln
TRACE OF HISTORY
SUBTRACTION
REFLECTION OF HISTORY
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202m 190m
164m 168m
194m
243m 194m
TOWER HEIGHTS
BUILDING HEIGHTS FLOOR AREA CALCULATIONS
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CONNECTIVITY
BIODIVERSITY
VIEW APERTURE
HIERACHY
ANALYSIS DIAGRAMS
SITE RESPONSE 20
COLLINS STREET
MAIN ENTRANCE INSTITUTE/RESIDENTIAL
MAIN ENTRANCE OFFICE
Retail
Retail
BOH
Food Market
Research Lounge
F&B
Premium Retail
Institute Reception
F&B
Retail
F&B Retail
Retail
Retail
BOH
Retail
Plant BOH
Retail
Retail
F&B
Retail Homeless Center
F&B
Retail F&B
Residential Reception
F&B
Retail
F&B Retail
Hydroponics
F&B
Retail
F&B
Work Space
Retail
Retail BOH
Hotel Lobby
Sensory Lab
Retail
Retail
Plant
Retail Retail
Retail
Retail
BOH
Retail
Food Market
Retail
F&B Urban Retreat Reception
Bio-centre Reception
Retail
Retail
Retail
F&B
FLINDERS LANE
Hotel Reception
MAIN ENTRANCE BIO-CENTRE/HOTEL
MAIN ENTRANCE HOTEL
MAIN ENTRANCE RETREAT
GROUND PLANE N 0
5
10
20
PROPOSED GROUND PLANE 21
Premium Retail
Institute Reception
F&B
Residential Reception
F&B
2
COLLINS STREET SUNKEN PLAZA N 0
2.5
5
10
PROPOSED SUNKEN PLAZA 22
SUNKEN PLAZA 23 COLLINS ST SUNKEN PLAZA
PODIUM FLOOR N 0
5
10
20
PROPOSED PODIUM LEVEL 24
FLINDERS LANE ENTRY 25 FLINDERS LANE ARRIVAL
PODIUM VIEW 26
COLLINS STREET APPROACH 27 COLLINS ST ARRIVAL
FLINDERS LANE ENTRY 28 FLINDERS LN ENTRY
HIGHRISE - TYPICAL FLOOR N 0
5
10
20
PROPOSED TOWER PLAN 29
FLINDERS LANE ENTRY 30 FLINDERS LN
SWANSTON STREET APPROACH 31 URBAN PLAZA
SWANSTON STREET ENTRY 32 SWANSTON ST PLAZA
EAST - WEST SECTION 1
SECTION 01 33
SECTION 2
SECTION 02 34
SECTION 3
SECTION 03 35
SECTION 4
SECTION 04 36
SWANSTON ST ELEVATION
SWANSTON STREET ELEVATION
37
FLINDERS LANE ELEVATION
FLINDERS LANE ELEVATION
38
COLLINS STREET ELEVATION COLLINS STREET ELEVATION 39
ELIZABETH STREET ELEVATION
ELIZABETH STREET ELEVATION
40
SITE AERIAL 41
SITE AERIAL 42
I T E R AT I V E D E S I G N
43
BUILDING AND PODIUM SCOPE 44
SKY GARDEN RECREATION
COLLABORATIVE
OFFICE COLLABORATIVE
GARDEN
BREAK OUT
BIO DIVERSITY
BIO DIVERSITY
BIO DIVERSITY
SKY GARDEN CORE
COLLABORATIVE
CORE
COLLABORATIVE
GARDEN
BIO DIVERSITY
OFFICE SKY GARDEN
FOOD AND BEVERAGE
RECREATION LEISURE
CITY CAMPUS EDUCATION SWANSTON ST
RETAIL
OFFICE
CORE
CORE
TRANSFER MARKET PLACE
CO-
COWORKING WORKING CHILDCARE ECO BRIDGE EDUCATION
RETAIL
RETAIL
COLLINS ST
CONCEPT COLLAGE + PROGRAM 45
TRANSPOSITION OF DEMOLISHED MASSED 46
OVERLAY OF TRADITIONAL TOWER + DEMOLISHED MATERIAL 47
GEOMETRIC STUDIES 48
Traditional Demolished Material In-between spaces
SUBTRACTION + IDENTIFICATION OF FACADE 49
EVOLVED SECTION 50
DYNAMISM STUDIES 51
DYNAMISM + MASS COLLISION 52
DYNAMISM MASSING 53
DYNAMISM + MASS OVERLAY 54
MASSING REFINEMENT 55
FACADE PANALISATION 56
MASSING REFINEMENT 57
MATERIAL STUDIES 58
MASSING IN SITU 59
F I N A L DESIGN URBAN CYCLE
60
URBAN CYCLE 61
EXISTING MASTERPLAN SITE
62
BUILDING SITE
63
PROPOSED DEMOLITION WORKS
64
SACRIFICIAL SITE + OFFSITE RECYCLING
65
RECYCLING PLANT SITE + CRANE
66
257 COLLINS STREET
PRECAST
GLAZING
INSITU CONCRETE
STAGE 01 - LOWER GROUND + PODIUM
67
CENTREWAY ARCADE
INSITU CONCRETE
226 FLINDERS LANE
GLAZING + PRECAST
INSITU CONCRETE
55 SWANSTON STREET
GLAZING + PRECAST
INSITU CONCRETE
STAGE 02 - LOW RISE
68
271 COLLINS STREET
GLAZING + PRECAST
INSITU CONCRETE
STAGE 03 - MID RISE
69
271 COLLINS STREET
GLAZING + PRECAST
INSITU CONCRETE
STAGE 04 - HIGH RISE
70
END STATE + AMENITY
71
TRADITIONAL TENANT
72
CO-WORKING PODS - CONTEMPORARY USER
73
MIXED USE - INCIDENTAL COLLABORATION
74
VOID CONNECTIVITY
75
1500x3400 GLAZING MODULES
1500x3400 RECYLED MODULES
LAW FIRMS ACCOUNTANTS BANKING
ENTREPRENEURS STEM START-UPS STEM ORIENTATED FACULTIES SMALL PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS OWNER
FACADE TYPES
76
SOUTHERN PERSPECTIVE 77
TO TOWN HALL STATION
3.
3.
AMENITIES
3.
VOID ABOVE
3.
4. 2.
1. F&B TENANT 2. KITCHEN 3. BACK OF HOUSE 4. PLANT
LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
1M
5M
10M
78
ELIZABETH STREET
SWANSTON STREET
FLINDERS LANE
COLLINS STREET
OVERALL SITE GROUND PLAN 1:500
1M
5M
10M 1M
5M
10M
79
ELIZABETH STREET
SWANSTON STREET
FLINDERS LANE
COLLINS STREET
GROUND PLANE PEDESTRIAN POROSITY 1:500
1M
5M
10M 1M
5M
10M
80
PODIUM ENTRY 81
SWANSTON STREET
2. LOBBY/ PUBLIC REALM
VOID
LOBBY/ PUBLIC REALM
1.
1.
1. RETAIL
COLLINS STREET
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
2. F&B TENANT
1M
5M
10M
82
ECO BRIDGE
1. 1.
4.
2.
1. CITY CAMPUS & CO-WORKING
4.
3. TRADITIONAL TENANT
1.
1.
VOID VOID
VOID 1. 1.
1. CO - WORKING 2. STEM CLASSROOM 3. MEETING ROOM 4. WC
PODIUM FLOOR PLAN 1:200
1M
5M
10M
83
VOID 84
TO URBAN RETREAT
ECO BRIDGE 1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1. AMENITIES 2.
2.
CO-WORKING VOID
1.
1.
3.
4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
1. VOID
1.
1.
1. 1.
1. CO - WORKING PODS 2. WC 3. F&B TENANT 4. KITCHEN
TYPICAL AMENITIES FLOOR PLAN 1:200
1M
5M
10M
85
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1. 2. 1. 1.
1.
1.
1. CO-WORKING
1.
VOID 1.
1.
1. 1.
TRADITIONAL TENANT
1.
VOID
1.
1.
1. CO-WORKING PODS 2. WC
TYPICAL OFFICE FLOOR PLAN 1:200
1M
5M
10M
86
CO-WORKING 87
SECTION 1:500 88
GROUND LOWER GROUND
RL 0
RL 4.50
SWANSTON STREET
PODIUM
RL 45.00
LOW RISE
RL 76.50
MIDDLE RISE
RL 117.00
HIGH RISE
RL 189.00
REFERENCES Chi Sun Poon, Ann Tit Wan Yu, Siu Ching See, & Cheung, E. (2004). Minimizing demolition wastes in Hong Kong public housing projects. Construction Management & Economics, 22(8), 799–805. Esa, M. R., Halog, A., & Rigamonti, L. (2017). Strategies for minimizing construction and demolition wastes in Malaysia. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 120, 219.
Yuan, H., & Shen, L. (2011). Trend of the research on construction and demolition waste management. Waste Management, 31(4), 670–679. Wang, J., Li, Z., & Tam, V. W. Y. (2014). Critical factors in effective construction waste minimization at the design stage: A Shenzhen case study, China. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 82, 1.
Esin, T., Cosgun, N., 2007. A study conducted to reduce construction waste generation in Turkey. Building and Environment 42 (4), 1667–1674.
Zhang, Y., & Tan, W. (n.d.). Demolition waste recycling in China: New evidence from a demolition project for highway development. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH.
Gonzalez. M. (2018). Recycled Materials: 16 Notable Examples. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily. com/896930/how-to-make-a-facade-with-recycledmaterials-16-notable-examples
Zhao, Y., Yu, M., Xiang, Y., Kong, F., & Li, L. (2020). A sustainability comparison between green concretes and traditional concrete using an emergy ternary diagram. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256.
Green Star Construction & Demolition Waste Reporting Criteria. (n.d). Retrieved from https://www. gbca.org.au/uploads/237/34797/C-D_Waste_Reporting%20Criteria_FINAL_210613.pdf Lu, W., & Tam, V. W. Y. (2013). Construction waste management policies and their effectiveness in Hong Kong: A longitudinal review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 214–223. Ortiz, O., Pasqualino, J. C., & Castells, F. (2010). Environmental performance of construction waste: Comparing three scenarios from a case study in Catalonia, Spain. Waste Management, 30(4), 646–654. Peng, C.L., Scorpio, D.E., Kitbert, C.J., 1997. Strategies for successful construction and demolition waste recycling operations. Construction Management and Economics 15 (1), 49–58. Rosenbaum, S., Toledo, M., & Gonzalez, V. (n.d.). Improving Environmental and Production Performance in Construction Projects Using Value-Stream Mapping: Case Study. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT, 140(2). Ulubeyli, S., Kazaz, A., & Arslan, V. (2017). Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plants Revisited: Management Issues. Procedia Engineering, 172, 1190–1197.
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