Rehabilitate the
Post-Traumatic Community
Michael A. Louison
Rehabilitate the Post-Traumatic Community Thesis Document
Michael A. Louison Professor: Susan Frosten Advisor: Kihong Ku
ARCH-591 Architecture Thesis & Research 2011 Philadelphia University
Abstract When uprooted from place as a result of disaster or trauma the victim is introduced to the flux of migration and inherits the role of the refugee. This displacement elicits many psychological issues as well as the dispersal of populace due to the absence of a stable built environment. Architecture can only sanction the process of recovery. Furthermore, intervention of the architect can articulate the recovery process in a route towards an improved, rebuilt environment. Additionally, the involvement of the architecture is expected to address the latest physical and social issues triggered by the destruction. A course towards a more energy-healthy built environment will be tested through the establishment of a self-supported program implemented with the exploration of energy efficient technologies, social conditions and environmental context.
Contents
Position Paper
2
Case Studies
11
Site & Context
23
Program Study
25
Visual Outline
27
Objectives
28
Works Cited & Consulted
29
Appendix
31
1
Position Paper Introduction Natural Disasters are often one of the most unexpected occurrences as well as the most destructive to a society’s people. There have been many in the past that have wiped out buildings, towns and cities. The main focus of research is the Tohoku Earthquake in March of 2011 that was followed by a tsunami and nuclear crisis at the Fukushima Power Plant. The challenge with any disaster, both natural and unnatural, is that of affectively rebuilding and rejuvenating the impacted area. Each disaster has its unique effects on a society and the rebuilding strategies that are implemented vary depending on the society’s goals and conditions. Most efforts to restore life to an effected society are similar in trying to spark economic regrowth and reconnect a fractured community. In order to rebuild a physical and psychological community in Northern Japan economy needs to regenerate through establishment of industry and the nuclear stigma must be confronted by engaging people through education surrounding energy consumption and production. The events following a natural disaster that has destroyed the built environment of an area include the migration of refugees. The refugee is a migrant body moving in the network of other refugees in search of the most appropriate and convenient place where they can find relief. The disaster event 2
sparks a collective displacement of people who are to journey away from their home to find another place of refuge. While this is a collective event, “Refugees continue to be viewed as individuals out of place and in crisis.”1 The paths of refugees will vary and will heavily depend on many factors including location in relation to relatives and friends nearby, working state of transportation methods in the area, the nearest crisis-modified shelter in the affected area, and where and how relief support is being provided. The location in which they find themselves settling is now serving as a temporary shelter under the category of immediate responses, not a long-term resolution. This sudden shift in population starts to cause the problem of dwelling densities and the infrastructure begs to be rebalanced. The condition of community is dispersed and physically disconnected. At the same time, groups of people are brought together in different concentrated locations, creating a sort of temporary micro-community. There are two realms of community that exist in any society, the physical components of a community and the psychological aspects of a community. The first is a bit simpler and above the surface. The physical components of a community are all the tangible parts that make up the built and unbuilt environment of an area. These include homes, shops, hospitals, schools, municipal buildings, recreational facilities, restaurants and infrastructure like
1
Malkki, L. (1995) ‘Refugees and Exile: from refugee studies to national order of things’, Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 495-523. 3
trains, roads, etc. In a post-traumatic society these sort of things need to be rebuilt so that a community can function again within it. It takes some economic rebuilding and rejuvenation of industries to really spark this development. The other realm is that of the psychological condition of a community. This is a bit harder to describe or quantify, as it manifests itself in the everyday lives of the people. One way to discuss this might be the relationship you have with your neighbors, your favorite place to hang out after school, what house you grew up in, where you worked growing up, where you worked as you were getting older, or the place you always used to eat at for dinner each week. There is a deep origin of ones idea of place that is heavily based on relationships with others and one’s surroundings. Over time a sort of memory force maintains an attachment to places and make them sentimental. This attachment is part of one’s psychological investment in a developed community. When separated from ones community due to a natural or unnatural cause there is a significant impact on psychological stability. Time and place are interrupted and one’s path is shifted toward a place of exile. One’s ultimate goal when taken away from home is to return to it. According to Paul White in his literature from Writing Across Worlds, “The experience of return never effects a simple recovery of origins. Rather, the experience of exile not only calls into question cultural authenticity, but also disrupts linear narratives of time and place, since each and every place, time and event is reconstituted in 4
a relation in which none is given ontological priority.”2 Part one’s psychological agenda of returning home after having to leave it is to surround oneself with those intangible attachments and memories of place and time but one of the struggles is that the collection of those things is no longer their, so there is no community to return to. The psychological aspect of community must be rebuilt piece by piece. On March 11th 2011 an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 shook the earth, centered in the Pacific Ocean just East of Sendai, Japan. This caused tsunamis to ravage the eastern coasts of Northern Japan and in turn cause the nuclear crisis that Northern Japan still finds itself in today. Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant suffered from multiple explosions causing meltdowns and release of nuclear radiation into the environment. The Japanese government recommended evacuating the areas falling within the range of 19 miles from the nuclear plant, while the U.S. government recommended a 50-mile evacuation zone. From Fukushima Prefecture alone, over 60,000 residents evacuated.3 The victims of 3/11 are now refugees staying either in temporary shelters and housing or with friends and family waiting to return to their hometowns. Many of them don’t have a physical house to go back to but feel a longing
2
White, P. (1995) ‘Geography, Literature and Migration’, n R. King, J. Connell and P White (eds) Writing Across Worlds: literature and migration, London: Routledge, pp. 1-19. 3 “Voices of Fukushima’s Evacuees - Graphic - NYTimes.com.” The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 14 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nytimes. com/interactive/2011/12/06/world/asia/Voices-of-Fukushima-Evacuees.html?ref=asia>. 5
to return to their community and live their again. In many cases, for those whose homes remained standing, an elderly family member still resides so there is a need to stay in that location for them. For one case, a man named Dai Saito reveals that only he and hi two children evacuated after the crisis while his wife stayed home to nurse his mother in Minamisouma. Eventually his whole family made it to Tokyo where they now live. He states that most of his friends had not left his hometown, the two biggest factors being job and family.4 Another psychological stigma that becomes apparent with many victims including Dai Saito is the now skewed view on the government and the changed perspective on the use of nuclear energy and its risk.5
It appears
that the whole nuclear crisis sparked a large anti nuclear debate, with no surprise. People all over the world are questioning why we don’t reduce our nuclear energy production and live safer lives. Helen Caldicott in her article, After Fukushima: Enough is Enough, from The New York Times even suggests, “Millions of jobs can be created by replacing nuclear power with nationally integrated, renewable energy systems.”6 This brings up a relevant discussion
4 “BBC News - Japan Quake Evacuees: Starting Again.” BBC - Homepage. Web. 14 Dec.
2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14802398>.
5 “BBC News - Japan Quake Evacuees: Starting Again.” BBC - Homepage. Web. 14 Dec.
2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14802398>.
6 Caldicott, Helen. “After Fukushima: Enough Is Enough.” The New York Times. 2 Dec. 2011.
Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/02/opinion/magazine-global-agendaenough-is-enough.html?pagewanted=1&sq=anti%20nuclear%20debate&st=cse&scp=8>. 6
as to how much renewable energy Japan is taking advantage of. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Japan consumed a total of 3 percent hydroelectric power and about 1 percent other renewable sources in the year 2008.7 On top of that Japan has a pretty low level of energy security and domestic production. According the World Nuclear Association, Japan must import 84 percent of its energy requirements.8 It is clear that Japan is in need of a new energy plan. Originally the Japanese government wanted to increase the country’s reliance on nuclear energy in order to reduce its green house gas emissions according to the Kyoto Protocol in March 2002. A 10-year plan was submitted to the Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI) to increase nuclear power generation by 30 percent that was later endorsed by the cabinet.9 This idea has been viewed in a new light since the nuclear crisis from 3/11. The people want to see alternative plans that do not rely on nuclear energy. This power, when unable to be controlled, was the very reason why thousands of people cannot return to their own homes even if they are still intact. If Japan can head in a new direction in terms of energy, the people will be in favor. 7 “Japan - Analysis.” U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Web. 15 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=JA>.
8 “Nuclear Power in Japan | Japanese Nuclear Energy.” World Nuclear Association | Nuclear
Power - a Sustainable Energy Resource. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.world-nuclear.org/ info/default.aspx?id=344>. 9 “Nuclear Power in Japan | Japanese Nuclear Energy.” World Nuclear Association | Nuclear Power - a Sustainable Energy Resource. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.world-nuclear.org/ info/default.aspx?id=344>. 7
A policy that the Japanese people seem to be in favor of is the 3E’s, Japan’s energy policy. Japan plans to increase their use of renewables from less than 10 percent usage in 2010 to more than 20 percent usage by the year 2030.10 This is only part of this energy policy. The 3E’s essentially include three basic ideas, Energy Security and Independence, Economic Development, and Environment. According to the American Solar Energy Society, Japan imports nearly 95 percent of its primary energy.11 The first of three E’s in this policy essentially places Japan’s emphasis on transitioning to more stable and more domestic energy sources. The second section outlines that Reliable, stable and cheap energy is at the heart of a vibrant industrialized economy and that the energy technology is ideally developed domestically and can also be profitably exported. Environment is the third portion of this policy, giving it more consideration and, under obligation by the Kyoto Protocol, reducing Japan’s CO2 emissions.12 From this policy, it is clear that Japan is beginning to head in a better direction when it comes to energy. The question is how this new energy
10 “American Solar Energy Society.” American Solar Energy Society: The Solar Nonprofit Ad-
vancing Education, Research, Advocacy, News and Insight Since 1954. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ases.org/index.php?option=com_content>. 11 “American Solar Energy Society.” American Solar Energy Society: The Solar Nonprofit Advancing Education, Research, Advocacy, News and Insight Since 1954. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ases.org/index.php?option=com_content>. 12 “American Solar Energy Society.” American Solar Energy Society: The Solar Nonprofit Advancing Education, Research, Advocacy, News and Insight Since 1954. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ases.org/index.php?option=com_content>. 8
outlook will find its way into the post-traumatic lives of the 3/11 refugees. The integration of this policy into post-crisis rebuild is going to heavily impact the psychological mindset of people moving forward. The nuclear energy crisis was one of the largest parts of the 3/11 disasters that will continue to affect thousands of people for years to come. Therefore it is the integration of new energy technology that will lift northern Japan while education about energy awareness is key to incorporating this new movement into everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives. The physical components of the post-3/11 will be rebuilt while economy grows and relief efforts are put into effect. The psychological conditions of the community affect by the crisis will linger on and continue to feel the disasterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impact. From this disaster however, comes a new perspective on energy. The integration of new energy technologies and development into the post-3/11 communities will improve the psychological drive of the victims. The actions taken now in the efforts to rebuild can drastically improve the lives of the victims. By establishing an industry of energy science technology development and engaging the people in the research and educating them, the nuclear stigma can be confronted and the physical and psychological components of the impacted community may be rebuilt.
9
10
11
Case Studies
Tohoku Earthquake & Tsunami Rebuilding Architecture for Humanity
- Working with local design & construction professionals - Providing technical expertise to help rebuild - Both short & long term projects - Urban Acupuncture (short term) - The “financial lifelines” that were devastated by the tsunami “are the engine that allows communities to become self-reliant.” - Helping local shops and businesses “recover, open, create jobs, and collectively provide a financial future for the affected communities as each acupuncture needle influence overall health of a body.” COMPLETED PROJECTS: Hikado Marketplace (Urban Acupuncture) Ooya Green Sports Park e5star Wetsuits Workshop (Urban Acupuncture) PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPEMENT: Shizugawa Judo Juku Shizugawa Fisherman’s Workplace “Banya” Matty’s Surf Shop Maeami Village Reconstruction School Repair and Reconstruction Temporary Housing Program Archi+Aid network
12
Hikado Marketplace
Architecture for Humanity
Urban Acupuncture
Motoyoshi, Kesennuma-shi, Miyagi Prefecture Scope: Provides mobile ramen noodle shop, snackery and community marketplace People moved into temporary housing enjoy ramen for lunch and cold beer after work Status: June 2011 Covered wooden deck made of salvaged timber complete (+3 months) July 2011 Opening Celebration August 2011 Summer Festival w/ 3 neighborhoods
13
Case Studies Ooya Green Sports Park
Architecture for Humanity
Motoyoshi, Kesennuma-shi, Miyagi Prefecture Scope:Partnership with Nike Japan + donated land from local farmer. Replaces lost school yards, allows kids to play safely Status: Novemeber 2011
Projected Completion
14
e5star Wetsuit Workshop
Architecture for Humanity
Ishinomaki-shi, Miyagi Prefecture Scope: Miyagi Coast = Popular Surfing Area of Japan. Post-Earthquake decrease in surfers. Wetsuit factory will provide jobs and rejuvinate economy. Status: Working with local designer and local wetsuit company owner to reconstruct his workshop. Japan Design Fellow - San Fransisco: Hiromi Tabei e5star Wetsuit Workshop owner: Yutaka Nakamura-san Project Designer: Satoshi Suzuki (surfer) Dialogue: Do not design Workshop larger than previous one, Cutom made suits are preferred. New Workshop --> Functional + Funky Japanese Tradition on Interior + Exterior Current Effort: Remove moldy ceiling + dirty floor ties Make attractive enough to surfers for when water is safe to surf in once again.
15
Case Studies Shizugawa Judo Juku
Architecture for Humanity (Under Developement)
Shizugawa, Minami-sanriku-cho, Miyagi Prefecture Scope: Providing elementary school students, junior high student and high school students a place to all train together. Houses 2 current prefectural champions! Due to losses + Displacement, dojo is less than 1/3 normal size ‘Competition’ uniforms lost in tsunami. Cannot compete with current ‘practice’ uniforms Old school washed away, only foundation remains Currently: Students practice in a partioned part of a fishing warehouse (student’s family-owned) [no insulation and missing windows] Immediate! : winterize warehouse and add a door
16
Shizugawa Fisherman’s Workplace “Banya”
Architecture for Humanity Under Developement)
Shiaugawa, Minami-sanriku-cho, Miyagi Prefecture Scope: 15 fisherman lost everything - rebuild their workplace + Workhosue as new base for town’s fishing industry. (key industry of area) Formerly individual fisherman Now: bring together unique ideas for collective aquafarming business Banya
17
--> Town Rebuild + adjacent Market/Oyster Bar
Case Studies MOVE: Sites of Trauma
[ Pamphlet Architecture #23 ] Johanna Saleh Dickson
“Christian Movement for Life” --> “The Movement” --> “MOVE” led by Vincent Leaphart [ or John Africa - 1970< ] Criticiized the “system of American Society” Ate raw foods Used no soap or electricty Did not practice birth control “We believe in Natural Law, the government of self” 309 N 33rd St. 1974-1978 6221 Osage Ave 1978-1985 May 13th Bomb dropped in an attempt to evict MOVE Caught fire for too long and spread: 61 homes destroyed 100 homes wrecked 250 people left homeless
18
19
Case Studies Transform / Sustain
Johanna S. Dickson
Collage: Fluid to Hardened (around 1984) 3D Hybridization of Party Wall, Porch, Backyard, Bunker, Water Transformed Party Walls Memorial: Excavated Space A place to sit Party Wall Water
20
Prosthesis
Mark Gardner | Henry S. Hsu | Brian Slocum
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Prosthetic bridges the gap between a physical trauma and the everydayâ&#x20AC;? Prosthetic = =
Signifier of the Trauma Rehabilitation of the Trauma
Collage: New Insertions Absence of a home: Profound acknowledgement of the deaths + access for future developement Phantom MOVE house = Reminder of lives lost. Address the original Traum + Suggest future use
21
Case Studies Narrative of 3/11 Victim: Dai Saito Dai Saito used to live with his wife and two children in Haramachi-ku in Minamisouma, which lies inside the 20-30km “stay indoors” zone around the damaged Fukushima nuclear plant. He worked as a children’s football coach. But he and his family have now left the area and do not know when they will go back. Six months after the disaster, he tells the BBC about his life now. We live in Koto, Tokyo, in a flat for civil servants that the local government made available to evacuees. We are on the 29th floor with a night view over Tokyo, which we couldn’t have imagined back home. The Red Cross supplied us with appliances like a fridge and a television. But I think it is a shame we have to pay our electricity bills to Tepco [the operator of the Fukushima nuclear plant]. After the earthquake, I didn’t have a job for about four months but I am now working as a manager and main coach to the infant class at a futsal [indoor football] centre. To tell the truth, I had given up on getting a job where I could use my experience. But just when I thought I had to get any job to support my family, my wife brought home a flyer about this opening which she found at the station in July. It was so lucky. Also, I am now a writer at a futsal magazine called “Pivo!”. While it is hard to learn everything I need to know, I am very glad to be working. There is a big supermarket near our flat. Best of all, there is Tokyo Disneyland close by, which is a nice location for my Disney fan family! We can have this life because the local authorities are supporting us. It will be difficult to live like this after they take back the flat next July, considering the cost of living compared to our income. Our new baby is due on 11 November and there are two months to go. There is a big gap between the cost of maternity care in the big city and in the countryside, which is a worry but at least we don’t need to worry about radioactivity. As for my children, some of their fellow students are evacuees, and my kids play with them and others. I don’t know too well how they are coping in their new school because I work from afternoon to late night so I don’t have a lot of time to see them. However, I’m doing my best to talk with them whenever we have time.
Stay or go Back? My mother stayed behind in Minamisouma. I am not in constant contact with her but she is fine. I went back home for one day at the end of July and I saw the traditional ‘Nomaoi’ Shinto folk rituals. It is usually a grand three-day festival but it was reduced because of the situation. I heard it would not run at first but it is an important historic cultural asset and they opened to pray for the revival of the disaster area. I was surprised that the scene hadn’t changed much in Haramachi-ku, the area in Minamisouma where I used to live. Maybe I didn’t see the change because I only stayed a short time. I did notice that rubble was piled up in one place and that petrol was available at a fair price again. It seems like more people have gone back because I noticed more cars. All of my futsal team-mates stayed behind - I don’t think many of my friends left Minamisouma. The factors seem to be family and job. My friends who have children left and friends who don’t have children or have a job in Minamisouma stayed behind. It probably happened like that all over the area. When I think about the present situation and the fact that they have not solved the nuclear power plant problems, I think we shouldn’t return to our home. I don’t want to compromise - I’ll go back when it is resolved. It is impossible to estimate the effect of 11 March on my life. I never imagined one single day could suddenly change my job, environment, home town, my whole life. My children feel these changes even more strongly than us adults. The friends they used to play with, the playground they liked to play in - they disappeared so suddenly. I still can’t ask them how they understand or accept these things. Health-wise, we have no particular problems. We can have a test to measure internal radiation exposure and my daughter, who is eight years old, returned to Minamisouma the other day to have it. It is hard to understand why we have to go close to the nuclear plant to check our internal exposure. We haven’t had her results yet. I believe I was exposed to more radiation than my family because I stayed behind, whereas they evacuated quickly. I saw on the news that tests found radioactive materials on local council workers. I went outside a lot to help neighbours and distribute goods before I left. I haven’t been checked yet but I believe I have been exposed.
Moving Forward My image of the government has changed a lot, though I didn’t have a good impression of them to start with. The biggest reason is their repeated cover-ups. Shouldn’t the first priority of government representatives be the safety of people when we are in a crisis situation? They should give correct information so we can act appropriately. I was disappointed with their lack of interaction, scrambling to hide the facts. I believe they still haven’t given us all the facts yet. When I look at people in Tokyo, it seems as if there was no earthquake on 11 March. This is because we can’t find news about the nuclear situation in the mainstream media in Tokyo. Even though it is still unresolved, it looks like people aren’t worried about it. Of course, some people are working hard towards reconstruction but unfortunately there are a lot of people who are indifferent, and counting the first kind is much faster than the second. Is it OK? Are they happy they don’t know all the facts? The future that I expected before the earthquake was destroyed completely by this disaster and the nuclear power incident. It is very sad to begin my life again from scratch. However, I draw lots of motivation from the people who I have met through this experience. The power this gives me encourages me to create a new future. I think I will be a victim for the rest of my life, I will not be able to return home but I have to move on with this situation. I appreciate being able to talk about this and I gain the courage to step forward. Thank you so much.
Ideas Extracted from Narrative:
LESS TRUST IN GOVERNMENT LACK OF CARE FUTURE IS SCORNED STRENGTHENED RELATIONSHIPS
ABSENCE IN MAINSTREAM MEDIA
UNCERTAINTY OF SAFETY
TIES TO FAMILY
ATTACHMENT TO HOME
COMMITMENT TO JOB
SHAME OF PAYING TEPCO FOR ENERGY
LIVING IN TOKYO FLAT TEMPORARY SENSE OF COMFORT TEMPORARY SUPPORT
FINANCIAL WORRIES HOW ARE CHILDREN COPING?
22
3/11 March 11 2011
Earthquake : occurred east of Sendai, magnitude 9.0 Tsunami : impacted along the east coast Sendai
Nuclear Explosions/Meltdowns : Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant released magnitudes of radiation
Minamisoma
Fukushima
Tokyo
UPROOTED ness
drif
ve
ary por tem
ting
migration
mo
3/11
nt
me
ace
l disp
s ship tionrces a l e r sou r re helte s
refuge
mo
ving
mo
ved ins tab ilit y
80km (50mi) U.S. Recommended Evacuation Zone 20km (12mi) Evacuation Zone (Japanese Government)
23 3 Relief Shelters Google
Site & Context Pre-3/11 Population Source: IAEA
70,975
20,695 6,936 41,428
Site: Fukushima: -Industrial Power (30% of Tohoku Region Manufactured goods) METI
Minamisoma: -High displaced population -Close proximity to Nuclear area
24 Source: http://wwwcms.pref.fukushima.jp | World| Bank, Indicators Source: http://wwwcms.pref.fukushima.jp World World Bank,Development World Development
Program Study Research Center_ Development of Energy Technology _focused on development of energy technologies and the science of energy generation and consumption
Manufacturing & Testing Facility_ Rebuild Economy _charged with producing these technologies that are researched and explored in the Research Center and developing the design of these products and equipment.
Educational Establishments_ Community Engagement _tasked with educating the public about energy technology and sciences. The exhibitions and installations will also raise awareness on the consumption of energy and how it is produced.
Program size Small Educational Stations may be strategically established throughout Northern Japan. The scale can be comparable to that of the traditional Japanese Koban (or Police Box). These small establishments are iconic, recognizable stations that house a small police force. They are strategically placed throughout Japan to cover a small area. 25
Process over Time
Siting These educational establishments can be stationed where it is safe to build. As the nuclear radiation starts to deplete, the stations can cover more ground closer to the nuclear power plant area.
To
support
these
establishments a research & manufacturing headquarters will be sited in an appropriate location to be able to serve all sub-stations.
26
ZĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ + Earthquake + Tsunami
t en cem pla dis
ŝŶŐ
Ō
Ěƌŝ
tem
ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ
UPROOTED ness
ry
refuge mo ved
mo vin g
mo ve
ra po
ins tab ilit y
problems
ϯ ͬ ϭϭ
ƉƐ ƐŚŝ ŽŶ s ĂƟ rce ƌĞeů souter r hel s
Short Term
Buildings destroyed, Infrastructure fractured, Economy damaged
Long Term
dŚĞ EƵĐůĞĂƌ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ areas that is delaying the process of return
WƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͗ Female WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ
59%
77%
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ Θ ŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͕ ŶĞƌŐLJ ĸĐĞŝŶƚ ĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ,ŽŵĞƐ͕ ^ĐŚŽŽůƐ͕ ^ƚŽƌĞƐ͕ ĞƚĐ͘
Research
35%
17%
Renewable Energy Equipment & Products for ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƐ Θ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘
Manufacturing
ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů Θ /ŶƚĞƌĂĐƟǀĞ ŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ͕ džƉĞƌŝĞŶƟĂů ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ /ŶĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ
COMMUNITY
ZĞƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ
Manufacture systems and implement into ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ
+
INDUSTRY
Rethink Energy Usage džƉůŽƌĞ ZĞŶĞǁĂďůĞ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ĸĐŝĞŶƚ ŶĞƌŐLJ Sources through research
+
SERVICES
Male WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ
Engagement
Rebuild Community
GOALS
ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ :ĂƉĂŶ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ͗
Site:
Ύ &ƵŬƵƐƐŚŝŵĂ WƌĞĨĞĐƚƵƌĞ͗ Industrial Power Ύ DŝŶĂŵ ŵŝƐŽŵĂ͗ ,ŝŐŚ ŝƐƉůĂĐĞĚ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ Close Proximity to Nuclear area &ƵŬƵƐŚŝŵĂ WƌĞĨĞĞĐƚƵƌĞ͗ 30% of Industry = Electronics Manufacturing
27
STRATEGY
* The Research Center can test and apply ƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ while the Manufacturing Facility produces the equipment & products and ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶƚŽ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ĚĞŵŽŶƐƩƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ĂƚĂ ĨƌŽŵ͗ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁĐŵƐ͘ƉƌĞĨ͘ĨƵŬƵƐŚŝŵĂ͘ũƉ World Bank, World Development Indicators
Objectives The purpose of this exploration is to foster an appropriate rebuild of Northern Japan and restoration of infrastructure. The necessary direction of Northern Japan is towards a decreased dependence on nuclear forms of energy to live. The built manifestation as a result of my study will serve as a precedent for other development in the region. The scope of this test cannot reach as far as replacing nuclear sources of power but may act as a demonstration against such heavy usage. I will display healthy energy consumption and rely on less harmful and dangerous forms of energy production. The implementation of a manufacturing scheme for renewable and efficient energy research and production addresses the social and political issues of the nuclear controversy and engages the effected population. The idea that the citizens from the effected area will participate in this systematic process of manufacturing and rebuilding both validates the redevelopment of community and supports economic regrowth. The end goal of this project is to establish educational elements into society. Siting an appropriate location for a research and manufacturing facility for renewable energy technologies allows that facility to produce and support small scale educational outlets in the form of small recognizable stations that people can interact with and learn from. This project can raise awareness in society by providing learning experiences in areas where they are placed. They have a psychological impact on the people of the community they exist in that can be adapted based on the identity of the area.
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Works Cited “American Solar Energy Society.” American Solar Energy Society: The Solar Nonprofit Advancing Education, Research, Advocacy, News and Insight Since 1954. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ases.org/ index.php?option=com_content>. “BBC News - Japan Quake Evacuees: Starting Again.” BBC - Homep age. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asiapacific-14802398>. Caldicott, Helen. “After Fukushima: Enough Is Enough.” The New York Times. 2 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nytimes. com/2011/12/02/opinion/magazine-global-agenda-enough-isenough.html?pagewanted=1&sq=anti%20nuclear%20 debate&st=cse&scp=8>. “Japan - Analysis.” U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=JA>. Malkki, L. (1995) ‘Refugees and Exile: from refugee studies to national order of things’, Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 495-523. “Nuclear Power in Japan | Japanese Nuclear Energy.” World Nuclear As sociation | Nuclear Power - a Sustainable Energy Resource. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=344>. “Voices of Fukushima’s Evacuees - Graphic - NYTimes.com.” The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 14 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/interac tive/2011/12/06/world/asia/Voices-of-Fukushima-Evacuees. html?ref=asia>. White, P. (1995) ‘Geography, Literature and Migration’, n R. King, J. `Connell and P White (eds) Writing Across Worlds: literature and migration, London: Routledge, pp. 1-19.
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Works Consulted Asensio, Paco, and Belén Garcia. Earthquake Architecture: New Construction Techniques for Earthquake Prevention. New York, NY: LOFT and HBI, 2000. Cairns, Stephen. Drifting: Architecture and Migrancy. London: Routledge, 2004. Charleson, Andrew W. Seismic Design for Architects: Outwitting the Quake. Amsterdam: Elsevier Architectural, 2008. Coaldrake, William Howard. Architecture and Authority in Japan. London: Routledge, 1996. Harries, Karsten. The Ethical Function of Architecture. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1998. Markus, Thomas A., and Deborah Cameron. The Words between the Spaces: Buildings and Language. London: Routledge, 2002. Mitchell, William J. Placing Words: Symbols, Space, and the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2005. Seidensticker, Edward. Tokyo Rising: the City since the Great Earthquake. New York: Knopf, 1990. Vesely, Dalibor. Architecture in the Age of Divided Representation: the Question of Creativity in the Shadow of Production. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2004. Wigley, Mark. The Architecture of Deconstruction: Derrida’s Haunt. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1993. Xing, Rihan, ed. Dream Architecture Today’s Designs for Tomorrow. Stuttgart: Ed. Menges, 2010.
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Appendix
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MIND [RE]MAP
36
core literature
disaster | cause moved architecture-formigrants
IMMEDIATELY
uprooted moved on
GRADUALLY
structure/ building
Shigeru_Ban Seismic_Design_or_Architects Coupling
Architecture_In_The_Age_of_Divided_Representation
translation
The_Words_Between_the_Spaces Placing_Words
ethnopolis
culture
migrating
architecture-bymigrants expat-town
Architecture_and_Authority_in_Japan
FORCED
Drifting:_Architecture_and_Migrancy
VOLUNTARY
drifting
Pamphlet_Architecture_23-Move: Forced_Migration_and_Mental_Health: Refugees_and_Exile:
Streets_for_People The_Ethical_Function_of_Architecture
belonging stability
placed
community protection settlement
TEMPORARILY
PERMINENTLY
place/space
The_Architecture_of_Deconstruction Building_Community: Refugee_Resettlement:_Models_in_Action Spaces_and_Events
Methods for Re-establishing a sense of place for uprooted refugees includes cultural identity and collaborative community design.
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3 / 11
Visual Outline 10.4.11
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ resources shelter
ZĂĚŝŽĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ + Earthquake + Tsunami
t en cem a l p dis
ŝŶŐ
Ɖ ƚĞŵ
Ō Ěƌŝ
ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ
UPROOTED ness
ƌLJ
refuge
ŵŽ ǀŝŶ Ő
ŵŽ ǀĞ
ŽƌĂ
ŵŽ ǀĞĚ
ĞǀĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ Rebuild
EĂƌƌĂƟǀĞ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
structure
urban acupuncture place
Architecture for ,ƵŵĂŶŝƚLJ
ĚĞǀĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ
+
ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ
infrastructure
+
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ
culture
ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ
+
ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ
ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ
social cohesion
Program Considerations
Regional Welfare Support Child Care Services Elderly Assistance Disability Services/Support
Local Industry Manufacturing Commerce
INDUSTRY + SERVICES
Mission: Using methods of economics & psychological support, community can be rejuvenated and quality of life may be restored.
Problem: How does the Japanese Society address the return to the Fukushima region against the economic devestation stigma of the Radiation in the atmosphere? Employment: (2008) Japan: Female Male Population Population 59%
77%
35%
17%
Fukushima Prefecture: 30% of Industry = Electronics Manufacturing Electronics Manufacturing Facility Technology - Communication - Transparency - History
Data from: http://wwwcms.pref.fukushima.jp World Bank, World Development Indicators
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Strategy: A combined proposal of an electronic manufacturing plant and support center will restore Economy and Trust in the displaced victims of 3/11
ƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
regrowth
rebuilding
Research
Thesis Timeline Research
Draft 2
Draft 1
Draft 3
Site
Site Selection
Program
Site Analysis
Site Re-evaluation
Program Selection
Program Development
Revisit/Establish Objectives
Thesis Documentation Final
Midterm 8.24
8.31
9.07
9.14
9.21
9.28
10.05
10.12
10.19
10.26
11.01
11.09
11.16
11.23
11.30
Research
Thesis Timeline Research
Research
Draft 2
Draft 1
Draft 3
Site
Site Selection
Program
Site Analysis
Site Re-evaluation
Site Re-evaluation
Program Selection
Program Evaluation
Program Development
Program Redevelopment?
Thesis
Revisit/Establish Objectives
Thesis Reform
Thesis Documentation Final
Midterm 8.24
8.31
9.07
9.14
9.21
9.28
10.05
10.12
10.19
10.26
Thesis Prep & Research
11.01
11.09
11.16
11.23
Midterm
11.30
Final 5.??
Thesis Design Studio
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44
45
46
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Energy Source
Annual Generation
Annual Generation per Acre
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant _ nuclear
29,891 GW-h 29,891,000,000 KW-h
[865 acres] 34.7 GW-h per acre
25 GW-h 25,000,000 KW-h
[140 acres] .17 GW-h per acre
Nellis Solar Plant _
solar
Wind Farms | Turbines _ wind
10-25 GW-h 10,000,00025,000,000 KW-h
2008 Japan’s Energy Consumption (EIA):
Oil – 46%
Looking Ahead_
American Solar Energy Association: ‘Solar Today’
While renewable energy sources are not capable of replacing nuclear energy
increase the usage of renewable energy from the current less than 10% to more than 20% by year 2020
Coal - 21%
sources, Japan still aims to
Natural Gas - 17% Nuclear - 11% Hydro - 3% Other Renewable - 1% 48
Drink Vending Machines
Solar Panel Integration Largest impact is public awareness of energy usage 6 million vending machines in Japan, 1 machine per 20 people
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