Biodiversity and Integrated Pest Management 2013 Conference Booklet by Melissa Smith

BIODIVERSITY AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: Working Together for a Sustainable Future

4â&#x20AC;&#x201C;7 July 2013 Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia Sintesa Peninsula Hotel Hosted by Sam Ratulangi University (UNSRAT).

Contents At a glance schedule........................................................................................................................................ 3 Conference information................................................................................................................................... 4 Practical information........................................................................................................................................ 5 Welcome letters

Rector of Sam Ratulangi University...................................................................................................... 6

Vice President of Outreach and International Affairs at Virginia Tech........................................................................................................................... 7

Conference organizers........................................................................................................................... 8

Detailed schedule of events............................................................................................................................ 9 Abstracts (listed alphabetically by first author last name)............................................................................ 15 Index ................................................................................................................................................................ 47

Virginia Tech www.vt.edu

Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab

www.oired.vt.edu/ipmcrsp

International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences

U. S. Agency for International Development www.usaid.gov

Sam Ratulangi University (UNSRAT) www.unsrat.ac.id

www.plantprotection.org

www.oired.vt.edu/ipmcrsp/biodivipm2013

Clemson University www.clemson.edu

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

At a glance schedule THURSDAY, 4 JULY

FRIDAY, 5 JULY

SATURDAY, 6 JULY

SUNDAY, 7 JULY

08:00–09:00

08:00–17:00

09:00–10:30

08:30–10:00

Registration and field trip selection open LOBBY Conference inauguration BALLROOM

10:30–11:00 Coffee break FOYER

11:00–12:00

Keynote addresses BALLROOM

Registration and field trip selection open LOBBY Concurrent sessions 3A and 3B BALLROOM AND TULIP ROOM Coffee break FOYER

10:15–12:00

12:00–13:00

Lunch GARDENIA RESTAURANT

13:15–15:00

12:00–13:00

Session 1 BALLROOM

Lunch GARDENIA RESTAURANT

15:00–15:15

13:15–14:45

15:15–17:00 Session 2 BALLROOM

19:00–21:00

Dinner HOSTED BY THE GOVERNOR OF NORTH SULAWESI, GOVERNOR’S RESIDENCE

Field trips with lunch provided to: ▪▪Tangkoko Nature Reserve

10:00–10:15

Concurrent sessions 4A and 4B BALLROOM AND TULIP ROOM

Break FOYER

Field trips with lunch provided to: ▪▪Rurukan and Toure agricultural sites ▪▪Bunaken park and coral reef

Concurrent sessions 5A and 5B BALLROOM AND TULIP ROOM

14:45–15:00 Break FOYER

15:00–16:15 Session 6 BALLROOM

16:15–17:00

Video and conference wrap-up BALLROOM

19:00–21:00

Dinner HOSTED BY THE RECTOR OF SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Conference information CONFERENCE SITE Sintesa Peninsula Hotel Manado Jl. Jend. Sudirman Gunung Wenang Manado 95123 Indonesia Phone: (62-431) 855008 Fax: (62-431) 855101

Email: info@sintesapeninsulahotel.com

ABSTRACTS Full abstract text as submitted by the presenters is available in the back of this program. Abstracts are listed in alphabetical order according to the first author’s last name. A select number of presented abstracts will be published in a special edition of Crop Protection (Elsevier).

FIELD TRIPS During registration, you may sign up for field trips, which will be filled on a first-come, first-served basis. On Saturday, there will be options to visit the Rurukan and Toure agricultural sites or Bunaken park and coral reef; on Sunday, the field trip will be to the Tangkoko Nature Reserve. Snacks and a light lunch will be provided each day at no extra charge. Field trip groups will meet both days at 08:00 outside the lobby of the Sintesa Peninsula Hotel.

MEALS Lunch on both conference days will be provided in the Gardenia Restaurant of the Sintesa Peninsula Hotel. On each field trip day, a light lunch will be arranged for participants. The organizers have planned two special conference dinners. On 4 July, the Governor of North Sulawesi will host a dinner at his residence, and on 5 July, the Rector of Sam Ratulangi will host a dinner for conference attendees.

REGISTRATION ▪▪150 USD (overseas participants) ▪▪75 USD (overseas students, sponsors, Indonesian participants) 4

▪▪25 USD (Indonesian students) The registration cost includes snacks, lunch, two special dinners, transportation to/from the airport and field trips. If you will be accompanied to the conference for meals by a non-participant, we kindly ask that you register that person at the 75 USD rate. Registration and payment processing will be handled in-person at the conference site. The registration desk will be open in the foyer of the Sintesa Peninsula Hotel on 3 July from 13:00 to 17:00 and on 4–5 July from 08:00 to 09:00. The registration fee may be paid in cash either in USD or IDR.

SOCIAL MEDIA We encourage you to use the tag #biodivipm2013 when posting conference updates, photos and more to your social media accounts. Follow conference organizer IPM Innovation Lab (formerly the IPM CRSP) on Facebook and Twitter at @IPMCRSP for up-to-date conference information.

SPECIAL NEEDS If you have any special dietary or health needs, please inform Dantje Sembel or Wiske Rotinsulu as soon as possible. There will be a small medical clinic at the conference site in case you have any health-related questions during the conference and field trip days.

WI-FI Wi-Fi access will be available to participants throughout the hotel. More information will be provided at registration.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Practical information QUESTIONS BEFORE ARRIVAL OR WHILE IN MANADO? Contact Dantje Sembel or Wiske Rotinsulu, conference organizers and faculty at Sam Ratulangi University. Dantje Sembel: +62 8135609277, sembeltd@yahoo.co.id Wiske Rotinsulu: +62 81356717164 wiske_rotinsulu@yahoo.com

ABOUT INDONESIA AND NORTH SULAWESI Situated between two continents and two oceans, the Indian and Pacific, Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago, comprising some 17,508 islands that stretch across the equator for more than 5,000 miles. Straddling the Equator, Indonesia is distinctly tropical with two seasons: dry and rainy. With its geographical location in Southeast Asia, Indonesia is accessible for visitors regardless of their regions. Indonesia is also a melting pot of different communities, benefiting from centuries of peaceful coexistence. Indonesia is a great place to visit, as it offers superb natural beauty, cultural and artistic wealth, and warm hospitality. The diversity and authenticity of cultures and arts, as well as flora and fauna, are precious treasures that can be found throughout different parts of Indonesia. North Sulawesi is a land of magnificent coral reefs protecting beaches, mountains and active volcanoes, reminding the islanders and the world of the potential power of one of the earth’s most awesome forces. The population of the province is around 2.3 million people. The people of North Sulawesi can be classified into four groups: Minahasa, Bolaang Mongondow, Gorontalo and the Sangir-Talaud. North Sulawesi is also well-known as the land of smiling people. The Dutch have had the strongest influence on the development of the region. First contact with European traders came in the 16th century with the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese, and with them they brought Christianity. It wasn’t until the arrival of the Dutch that Christianity became the predominant religion of the area. The provincial capital of Manado is one of the international

gateways into Indonesia. This province is one of the safest in Indonesia, where people from different ethnicities and religions live in harmony.

AIRPORT DEPARTURE TAX AND VISAS An airport tax of 150,000 IDR (±10 USD) is imposed for travelers on international routes and 40,000 IDR for those on domestic routes. The airport tax is payable after check-in at the airport. A visa-on-arrival, valid for 30 days and 25 USD, may be obtained when you arrive at the Manado airport. For more information on visa requirements, visit the Indonesian Embassy’s website at www.embassyofindonesia.org.

CURRENCY The Indonesian currency is the Rupiah (IDR). The currency exchange is approximately USD 1 to IDR 9,800, but the currency exchange rate fluctuates regularly. Check your bank for the latest exchange rates. Most foreign currencies are easily changed at airports, banks, hotels or money changers. Banking hours are from 08:00 to 14:00 Monday to Friday and from 08:00 to 11:00 on Saturday. Banks in hotels usually stay open longer, while money changers are generally open until the evening. ATMs are available in many places, accepting VISA, MASTER, ALTO and more.

CLIMATE Manado enjoys warm, tropical weather all year. Temperatures average between 21°C to 33°C (68°to 93°F) year round. In the mountains, however, it can go as low as 5°C at night. Humidity varies between 60% and 100%. The dry season is normally from May to October, whereas the rainy season is normally from November to April, during which it can rain for several hours each day. There is comparatively little difference between the daytime and nighttime temperatures. All conference sessions will be held in air-conditioned venues.

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY The power used throughout Indonesia is 220 volts and 50 cycle. We recommend that you take adaptors for your appliances. In most hotels though, you may find two pin sockets for 110 and 220 volts each; a two pronged slim plug or a converter may be available through your hotel. 5

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Welcome to Manado A message from Donald A. Rumokoy, Rector of Sam Ratulangi University

t is a great pleasure for me to welcome participants from overseas and Indonesia to the International Conference on Biodiversity and Integrated Pest Management: Working Together for a Sustainable Future. This conference, jointly organized by Clemson University and Virginia Tech in the United States and Sam Ratulangi University in Indonesia, aims to bring proponents of integrated pest management and biodiversity together as partners to ensure the sustainability of food production and the conservation of biodiversity. North Sulawesi has long been known for its rich and unique biodiversity. This province is situated on the eastern part of the Wallace Line. The Wallace Line refers to a line which runs through the middle of the Malay Archipelago between Bali and Lombok, and between Borneo and Sulawesi. Alfred Russel Wallace, the famed 19th century British naturalist, spent considerable time in this region, collecting various kinds of insects and birds throughout the island of Sulawesi. He proposed this biogeographic line that identifies the dramatic changes in fauna which have occurred in the middle of the Malay Archipelago. The islands that lie just east of the Wallace line hold a unique mix of Australian and Asian flora and fauna. 2013 represents the 100th anniversary of Dr. Wallace’s death. As rector of Sam Ratulangi University, I am very pleased that this conference will serve as a platform for researchers on biodiversity and IPM from all over the world to discuss the sustainability of food production without compromising the survival of biodiversity. In fact, biodiversity can be utilized in agroecosystems to secure crop protection which in turn improves crop production. In line

with increased interest in internationalization in Indonesia and at Sam Ratulangi University, this is a great opportunity to explore possibilities for future collaboration in research and academic programs among participants from different institutions and countries. North Sulawesi offers a tremendous potential to researchers in biodiversity and IPM. I hope you take advantage of seeing our rich natural resources during the field trips. I hope that this conference brings us a step closer to a working relationship between proponents of biodiversity and practitioners of IPM for sustainable food production. I also hope that more joint research efforts among participating institutions will be developed throughout the conference. I would like to express my deepest thanks and appreciation to the organizing committee: from Clemson University, Merle Shepard; from Virginia Tech, Rangaswamy Muniappan, Miriam Rich and Melissa Smith; from the University of Nebraska, E. A. “Short” Heinrichs; and from Sam Ratulangi University, Dantje Sembel and Wiske Rotinsulu; as well as other organizers who have worked hard to make this conference happen.

About Sam Ratulangi University/ UNSRAT Sam Ratulangi University established in 1954, is one of the largest universities in the eastern part of Indonesia. The university was named in honor of Dr. Gerungan Saul Samuel Jacob Ratulangi, renowned throughout Indonesia but hailing from Manado, as a leader in the field of education. The main campus is located on 54 hectares around the coast of Manado Bay on the Sulawesi Sea in the city of Manado. Sam Ratulangi University currently enrolls approximately 23,000 students who come from all parts of Indonesia and are taught by around 1,800 lecturers. At the undergraduate level, the university offers a wide range of study programs under eleven faculties. At the graduate level, it offers twelve master’s level study programs, five doctoral programs, and a number of specializations in the field of medicine. The university’s vision is to energetically grow and expand its level of excellence, focusing on the learning process and research with a dedication to community development and related services.

Learn more: www.unsrat.ac.id (in Indonesian)

Finally, I wish you all a fruitful and enjoyable conference.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Welcome to Manado About Virginia Tech’s Office of Outreach and International Affairs As Virginia’s most comprehensive university and its leading research institution, Virginia Tech offers 215 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to more than 30,000 students and manages a research portfolio of more than $450 million. Virginia Tech’s Office of Outreach and International Affairs supports the university’s engagement mission by creating community partnerships and economic development projects, offering professional development programs and technical assistance, and building collaborations to enrich discovery and learning — all with the overarching goal of improving the quality of life for people within Virginia and throughout the world. Outreach and International Affairs leads Virginia Tech’s presence on five continents. Its regional research and development centers across the state of Virginia focus on graduate education and professional development. Blacksburgbased centers are dedicated to student engagement, language, policy, and governance.

Learn more:

www.outreach.vt.edu

A message from Guru Ghosh, Vice President of Outreach and International Affairs at Virginia Tech

he task that brings us together for the next four days is a daunting one. The challenge of reconciling the preservation of biodiversity with the imperative of feeding the world’s 7 billion people has never been greater. As more agricultural land is given over to buildings, and as climate change brings new pests and diseases to areas where they have not previously been, the tension between feeding the world’s billions and preserving our earth’s biodiversity escalates. If we are to survive as a species, food production is paramount. But the gradual destruction of forests, watersheds, and other natural habitats in order to produce that food could lead to the eventual demise of our natural resource wealth. Integrated Pest Management, an ecological approach to suppressing pest species, employs tactics that cause the least ecological disruption. We have seen that its implementation has been highly effective: with the creation of a highly productive onion-rice cropping system in the Philippines, with the use of cuelure to control the melonfly in Bangladesh, and with the introduction of parasitoids to control the papaya mealybug in India, Sri Lanka and Ghana.

systems of rice, cacao, tomato, tea, cassava, cabbage, cotton, eggplant, coconut, and oil palm — each one a critical crop in the locales where they are grown. Virginia Tech is proud to be a part of this gathering. And I know that the conference would not be possible without the help of many people. I especially want to thank Dr. Donald A. Rumokoy, rector of Sam Ratulangi University, Merle Shepard, Dantje Sembel, Wiske Rotinsulu, E. A. “Short” Heinrichs, Muni Muniappan, Miriam Rich, Melissa Smith, and members of the local organizing committee, all of whom worked tirelessly to put this together. A special thanks as well goes to Sintesa Peninsula Hotel for their beautiful accommodations and kind service. My hope is that we will all benefit from our time here, and that we will leave with concrete plans, new ideas, and a renewed hope that we can bring about positive change.

What we know is that IPM scientists and biodiversity experts each bring valuable pieces of the puzzle to the table, and there is a need and urgency for both groups to continue to work together. We hope this conference provides that opportunity. Topics include the integration of biodiversity and IPM into the cropping 7

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Welcome to Manado A note from the conference organizers

he organizing committee for this conference welcomes you! It is particularly fitting to hold this conference in 2013, as it is the 100th anniversary of the death of Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent time studying the flora and fauna of this area and, along with Charles Darwin, provided much to enhance our understanding of natural selection and evolution. The realization that biological diversity leads to stability in ecological systems is a founding principle of integrated pest management (IPM). Many involved in biodiversity studies attribute the loss of species richness and stability to agricultural production. IPM is an approach to try to bridge the gap between agricultural production and biodiversity preservation. As our understanding of both natural and agricultural systems expands, we will become better at developing and promoting the systems to provide food, clothing and shelter for humankind while minimizing the impact on the environment. Agricultural systems in developing countries, where farm sizes are relatively small, provide opportunities to reduce the impact of pests and diseases through promotion of more diversity in and around fields. This is particularly true for pollinating species (mostly insects) whose numbers are in serious decline worldwide. Flowering plants (both edible and nonedible) also provide refuge and a food source (nectar) for many naturally-occurring biological control agents, such as predators and parasitoids.

We hope that this conference will stimulate new ideas and approaches for promoting stability in agricultural production systems through the preservation of biodiversity. We also hope that participants will take the opportunity to network with others to find new ways to work toward the common goal of preserving the natural world and the ecosystem services it provides, while still providing the necessary resources to sustain the human population. -Short Heinrichs, Muni Muniappan, Dantje Sembel, and Merle Shepard

Short Heinrichs

Biodiversity and IPM conference organizers E. A. “Short” Heinrichs International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences; University of Nebraska eheinrichs2@unl.edu

Rangaswamy “Muni” Muniappan IPM Innovation Lab Virginia Tech rmuni@vt.edu

Wiske Rotinsulu Sam Ratulangi University wiske_rotinsulu@yahoo.com

Dantje Sembel Sam Ratulangi University (UNSRAT); IPM Innovation Lab Southeast Asia Regional Program in Indonesia sembeldt@yahoo.co.id

B. Merle Shepard Clemson University; IPM Innovation Lab Southeast Asia Regional Program mshprd@clemson.edu

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Thursday, 4 July: Opening events Registration

08:00–09:00 | LOBBY

Conference Inauguration 09:00–10:30 | BALLROOM

▪▪Opening remarks from the conference chairs: ◦◦B. Merle Shepard, Dantje Sembel and Rangaswamy Muniappan

▪▪Notes from special guests: ◦◦Guru Ghosh, Vice President for Outreach and International Affairs, Virginia Tech

◦◦John Bowman, Senior Agriculture Advisor, USAID

◦◦Donald Tambunan, USAID-Indonesia (Jakarta) ◦◦Donald A. Rumokoy, Rector, Sam Ratulangi University

Coffee Break

10:30–11:00 | FOYER

Keynote Addresses 11:00–12:00 | BALLROOM

▪▪The biological exploration of northern Sulawesi by Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) and other 19th century pioneers Jan van Tol, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands

▪▪Rice planthopper problems in Asia —

Consequences of ecosystem breakdown induced by insecticide misuse K. L. Heong, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines

▪▪A risk-minimizing argument for traditional crop

varietal diversity use to reduce pest and disease damage in agricultural ecosystem Carlo Fadda, Bioversity International, Italy

Lunch

12:00–13:00 | GARDENIA RESTAURANT

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Thursday, 4 July: Sessions 1 + 2 Session 1

Session 2

Chair: Larry Olsen, Michigan State University

Chair: Gary Thompson, Penn State University

13:15–15:00 | BALLROOM

15:15–17:00 | BALLROOM

▪▪13:15–13:30: The impact of global changes on

▪▪15:15–15:30: Biodiversity, biosecurity and inte-

▪▪13:30–13:45: Biodiversity and integrated pest

▪▪15:30–15:45: Impact of the invasive plant,

spider diversity. Matjaz Kuntner

management of biting flies: Taking a bite out of the conflict. Peter H. Adler

▪▪13:45–14:00: Some principle questions of

biocontrol and IPM in Indonesia. Johann F. R. Moltmann

▪▪14:00–14:15: Species richness of primary and

secondary forest vegetation of North Sulawesi. Martina Langi

▪▪14:15–14:30: Insect diversity and its ecological

services on a local ecosystem: A study case of the reclaimed forest of PT Newmont Minahasa Raya. Dantje Sembel, Jimmy Rimbing, Hard Napoleon Pollo, David Sompie, Jerry Kojansow, Ventje Memah

▪▪14:30–14:45: Institutionalizing IPM lessons and methods. Kevin D. Gallagher

▪▪14:45–15:00: Discussion

grated pest management. John Lovett, Suzy Perry parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) (Asteraceae) on the above ground vegetation and soil bank of a rangeland in Ethiopia. Wondi Mersie, Lisanework Nigatu, Tamado Tana, Shashie Ayele

▪▪15:45–16:00: Biodiversity, invasive species, IPM and economics. Rangaswamy Muniappan

▪▪16:00–16:15: Computer vision for paddy dis-

eases identification to support integrated pest management. Auzi Asfarian, Yeni Herdiyeni, Aunu Rauf

▪▪16:15–16:30: Information technology and data

management tools used in support of United States agricultural safeguarding and pest exclusion activities. Karl Suiter, Yulu Xia

▪▪16:30–16:45: Making optimal use of biodiver-

sity to slow the spread of cassava mealybugs: a call for action. Kris A.G. Wyckhuys

▪▪16:45–17:00: Discussion

15:00–15:15 Coffee Break

19:00–21:00 Dinner at the residence of Dr. Sinyo Harry Sarundajang, the Governor of North Sulawesi

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Friday, 5 July

Concurrent session 3, 08:30–10:00 Session 3A | BALLROOM

Sesssion 3B | TULIP ROOM

Chair: Joseph Culin, Clemson University

Chair: Michael Bertelsen, Virginia Tech

▪▪08:30–08:45: Non-persistent aphid-borne vi-

ruses in annual cropping systems: What defines their diversity, drives their epidemics, and mitigates their economic consequences. Michael E. Irwin

▪▪08:45–09:00: Begomovirus diversity, phylogeography, and population genetics in cultivated and uncultivated plant ecosystems in Pakistan. Judith K. Brown, H.-W. Herrmann, M. Zia-Ur-Rehman, U. Hameed, M. S. Haider

▪▪09:00–09:15: Diversity and management of

thrips–transmitted tospoviruses in developing countries. Naidu Rayapati

▪▪09:15–09:30: Mass production, formulation,

shelf life and application of Trichoderma for plant disease management. M. S. Nahar, M. A. Rahman, Md. Yousuf Mian, Sally Miller

▪▪09:30–09:45: Screening of indigenous rhizo-

bacterial isolates from tomato roots for control of bacterial leaf spot on tomato using in planta technique. Trimurti Habazar, Yulmira Yanti, Zurai Resti

▪▪08:30–08:45: The palms of Sulawesi: Spatial

distribution of the native palms of North Sulawesi. Wiske Rotinsulu

▪▪08:45–09:00: Performance of 23 tree acces-

sions (20 tree species) collected from dry areas in Indonesia under three dry-field locations. Rina Laksmi Hendrati

▪▪09:00–09:15: The potential usage of Orania sp. as natural preservatives. Endra Gunawan, Eko Agus Martanto, Mariana Rahmadhani, Susanti Tasik, Cicilia M.E. Susanti, Jimmy F. Wanma

▪▪09:15–09:30: Appropriate forage management in plantation crops ensuring biodiversity and sustaining livestock productions. David Kaligis, Selvie Anis

▪▪09:30–09:45: Sequencing of NADH dehydro-

genase subunit 2 gene of Gallirallus tarquatus celebensis for pylogenetic analysis. Daisy Tambajong, Marie Najoan, James Keintjem

▪▪09:45–10:00: Discussion

10:00–10:15 Coffee Break

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Friday, 5 July

Concurrent session 4, 10:15–12:00 Session 4A | BALLROOM

Sesssion 4B | TULIP ROOM

Chair: Aunu Rauf, Bogor Agricultural University

Chair: Bruce McPheron, The Ohio State University

▪▪10:15–10:30: Sustainable yield: The contribu-

tion of modern breeding and biotechnology in helping farmers increase yield and reduce environmental impacts. Harvey Glick

▪▪10:30–10:45: Interactions between rice varieties, crop management and natural enemies affect the regulation of planthopper populations. Ainara Peñalver Cruz, Andrew Wilby, Finbarr G. Horgan

▪▪10:45–11:00: Integrated biodiversity manage-

ment in Malaysian rice agro ecosystems: An ecological concept. Mashhor Mansor, Mohamad Fikri Samsudin

▪▪11:00–11:15: Establishment of the biologi-

cal control system by black ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and mealybug, Cataenococcus hispidus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) against the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in North Sumatera, Indonesia. Abu Hassan Ahmad, Ahmad Saleh, Che Salmah Md. Rawi

▪▪11:15–11:30: Soil biodiversity and incidence of cocoa pod borer and black pods: Integrated vs conventional production systems in Sulawesi. Sikstus Gusli, Isra M. Syamsuddin, David Syamjaya, Hikmah Ali, Daniel Useng Darmawan

▪▪11:30–11:45: Biodiversity of aphids and their

predators on different wheat genotypes. Anjum Suhail, Muhammad Arshad, Gogi M. Dildar, Arif M. Jalal, Shahzad Muhsan

▪▪11:45–12:00: Discussion

▪▪10:15– 10:30: The incidence of egg parasitism

on Lepidopteran pests of cruciferous crops in West Sumatera, Indonesia. Hidrayani Hidrayani, S. Gani

▪▪10:30–10:45: Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (He-

miptera: Aleyrodidae) parasitism by Encarsia hitam (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) in eggplant: Effects of nutrient supplements and pre–infestation treatments. Che Salmah Md. Rawi, Z. Mohd Rasdi, A. Abu Hassan, D. Hamady

▪▪10:45–11:00: Ovicidal and larvicidal effects of

goldtree, Tabebuia donnel-smithii (Schropholariales: Bignoniaceae) extracts on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Norielyn N. Abalos, Noel D. Roble

▪▪11:00–11:15: Integrated pest management in greenhouse cultured cymbidium. Myoung Rae Cho, Sung Wook Jeon, Hyung Hwan Kim, Taek Joon Kang, Seung Jun Ahn, Chang Yul Yang

▪▪11:15–11:30: Biodiversity of non–target insect

community associated with transgenic Bt and conventional Non-Bt cotton. Muhammad Arshad, Suhail Anjum, Arif M. Jalal, Gogi M. Dildar, M. Khan, Khan M. Rashad Rasool

▪▪11:30–11:45: Toxicity and sub-lethal effects of

chlorophacinone and bromadiolone on survival and nestling growth of barn owls. Hafidzi Mohd Noor, Hasber Salim, Noor Hisham Hamid, Dzolkifli Omar,Azhar Kasim

▪▪11:45–12:00: Discussion

12:00–13:00 Lunch

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Friday, 5 July

Concurrent session 5, 13:15–14:45 Session 5A | BALLROOM

Session 5B | TULIP ROOM

Chair: Guru Ghosh, Virginia Tech

Chair: Dantje Sembel, Sam Ratulangi University (UNSRAT)

▪▪13:15–13:30: Biodiversity and ecology of the natural enemies of tea pests in India. Azariah Babu, N. Muraleedharan

▪▪13:30–13:45: Development of IPM package for

summer tomato production. Md. Abdul Goffar, Md. Yousuf Mian, Nirmal Kumar Dutta, M. A. Rahman, Sally Miller, Edwin G. Rajotte

▪▪13:45–14:00: Success stories of biocontrol

products in Indonesia. Elianor Sembiring, Sulaiman Ginting

▪▪14:00–14:15: Challenges of implementing IPM at the farmer level in Java, Indonesia. Muhammad Muhsin, Sugiat, M. Khozin, Gatot Mujiono

▪▪14:15–14:30: Ecological management of the coconut stick insect pest in Fiji. Aradhana D. Deesh, Bal Narayan Swamy, Ravindra C. Joshi

▪▪14:30–14:45: Discussion

▪▪13:15–13:30: Duet call-based sampling to

estimate density of spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) in farming area. Saroyo Sumarto, Roni Koneri, Trina Tallei

▪▪13:30–13:45: Pesticidal activity of Origanum

vulgare essential oil against selected important agricultural field pest Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera and Achaea janata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Shanmugam Dhanasekaran, Krishnappa Kaliamurthy, Elumalai Kuppusamy

▪▪13:45–14:00: Pathogenic fungi causing leaf

blight disease bete (Colocasia esculenta) in the Maibrat District, West Papua. Yenni Yendri Salosa

▪▪14:00–14:15: Small rodent pests in oil palm

plantation Felda Sampadi Sarawak — Population distribution and its controlling issues. Cik Mohd Rizuan Zainal Abidin, Sukri Taib Ismail, Noor Hisham Hamid

▪▪14:15–14:30: Effect of pre-infested brinjal

plants, Solanum melongena on composition and interaction of key insect pest communities in multitophic systems. Mohd Rasdi Zaini, Che Salmah Md. Rawi

▪▪14:30–14:45: Discussion

14:45–15:00 Coffee Break

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Friday, 5 July

Session 6 + conference wrap-up, 15:00–17:00 Session 6

Conference Wrap-Up

15:00–16:15 | BALLROOM

16:15–17:00 | BALLROOM

Chair: Mike Hammig, Clemson University

▪▪15:00–15:15: Screening peanut accessions for

Ralstonia solanecearum resistance. Neni Rostini, Agung Karuniawan, Sesilia Anita Wanget

▪▪15:15–15:30: Termite baiting system for sus-

▪▪Video on reducing deforestation in Ecuador through grafting

▪▪Concluding remarks by the organizers: Merle Shepard, Dantje Sembel and Rangaswamy Muniappan

taining green environment. Shripat Kamble, Neil Spomer

▪▪15:30–15:45: Dorsal variation of Papuan frog

Platymantis papuensis and their taxonomy status. Elda Irma J. J. Kawulur, Achmad Farajallah, Hana O. Rohana

▪▪15:45–16:00: Biodiversity issues in Timor-Leste. Peter Pechacek.

▪▪16:00–16:15: Discussion

19:00–21:00 Dinner hosted by the Rector of Sam Ratulangi University

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Ovicidal and larvicidal effects of Goldtree, Tabebuia donnel-smithii Rose, 1982 (Schropholariales: Bignoniaceae) extracts on Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Small rodent pests in oil palm plantation Felda Sampadi Sarawak — Population distribution and its controlling issues

Norielyn N. Abalos, Noel D. Roble

Crop Protection Unit, Felda Agricultural Services Sdn. Bhd. (FASSB), Pusat Perkhidmatan Penyelidikan Tun Razak, Jengka Tun Razak, Pahang, Malaysia rizuan.z@feldaglobal.com

Session 4B, 10:45–11:00

Session 5B, 14:00–14:15

Insecticidal properties of fractioned extracts of Tabebuia donnel-smithii flowers, leaves, bark and roots against Plutella xylostella eggs and larvae were investigated in the laboratory. The study aims to determine the most effective concentration and the most active extract; evaluate the effects of the different extract concentrations on the treated eggs and larvae; and to characterize the phytochemical contents of the most effective extract fraction of T. donnel-smithii. Results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction is most effective against eggs (LC50 =35.81 ppm) and larvae (LC50 =2,019.08 ppm). Egg mortality was highest using 1,000 ppm ethyl acetate fraction (100%). Larval mortality was highest using 10,000 ppm ethyl acetate fraction (93.33%). The ethyl acetate fraction tested positive for saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and tannins while negative for reducing sugars, anthraquinones and steroids. Ethyl acetate fraction of T. donnel-smithii is an effective botanical insecticide exhibiting larvicidal, ovicidal and antifeedant properties against P. xylostella thus it can be alternative to synthetic insecticides. These properties can be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals in the extract namely: saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Further work is necessary to evaluate and characterize the active components of the extract fractions and its efficacy in the field.

The high damage on the newly replanting oil palm and fruit bunches in oil palm plantation of Felda Sampadi in Sarawak were caused by small rodent namely rats and plantain squirrels. The monitoring on the rat’s population by live trapping and baiting had found that Sundamys muelleri (71%) was the dominant species. Callosciurus notatus had also contributed on the losses of rat baits after the baiting campaign applied in the oil palm plantation. Preliminary and progressive trapping in matured area by using various types of baits showed that C. notatus was higher (89%) as compared to that of rats population (11%). The study on the rat bait acceptance in three days period showed that C. notatus daily consumption on rat bait was higher at 41% (bromadiolone, 0.005%), 49% (chlorophacinone, 0.005%) for daytime activity as compared to 6.8% and 6.7% for rat at nightlyactivity respectively. This study had answered on the issue raised by the planters about the critical damage on the newly planted palms and fruit bunches even the baiting campaign had been implemented. The synergistic activities on availability of foods and baits amongst C. notatus and rats population had flourished this oil palm environment. Thus progressive live trapping to reduce the plantain squirrel population is very essential prior before any rat baiting campaign to be done.

Biology Department, University of San Carlos, Talamban Campus, Nasipit, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines norie_enigma@yahoo.ca

Cik Mohd Rizuan Zainal Abidin, Sukri Taib Ismail, Noor Hisham Hamid

Full abstract text as submitted by the presenters is available in this section of the program. Abstracts are listed in alphabetical order according to the first author’s last name, although the presenting author may be different. The email address corresponds to the abstract submitter. A select number of abstracts will be published in a special edition of Crop Protection (Elsevier). If your abstract has been chosen to be published, you will be contacted by the editor, Short Heinrichs. Please note that published abstracts will be edited prior to publication in the journal.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Biodiversity and integrated pest management of biting flies: Taking a bite out of the conflict Peter H. Adler

School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 230 Parkway Drive, 113 Long Hall, Box 340310, Clemson, SC 29634-0310 USA padler@clemson.edu

Session 1, 13:30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;13:45

Conservation of biodiversity and management of biting fly pests and vectors of disease agents can be complementary or diametrically in opposition, setting up a spectrum of challenges involving ethical and technical dilemmas. At one end of the spectrum are cases in which recently invasive species of biting flies are restricted in time and space and can be eradicated by targeted efforts, without negative effects on biodiversity. At the other extreme are cases in which native species of biting flies are new to science, an ecological keystone species, or even conservators of biodiversity, yet are virulent pests or vectors of disease agents that drive farmers from their fields, inhibit livestock production, and negatively affect the economy and health of a region. As larvae, biting flies are valuable contributors to ecological functions, in some cases promoting agricultural productivity; yet, as adults, they can inflict a significant burden on agriculture and other societal sectors. The axes of technical and ethical challenges and their inherent complexities are examined by exploring several case studies. Reconciling successful management with biodiversity conservation requires a solid taxonomic foundation. The largest complexes of structurally uniform (cryptic) species of insects are found among the biting flies. Each species in a complex has a unique life history, genetic heritage, geographical distribution, and pest or vector status, with differential impacts on agriculture and health. New challenges involving old and new pests arise frequently and can be expected to increase in frequency with habitat alteration and climate change. Addressing biting fly problems while conserving biodiversity is perhaps the single greatest challenge facing sustainable agriculture. Novel approaches, based on fundamental research, will be required to optimize both.

Establishment of the biological control system by black ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and mealybug, Cataenococcus hispidus (Morrison) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) against the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in North Sumatera, Indonesia Abu Hassan Ahmad, Ahmad Saleh, Che Salmah Md. Rawi

School of Biological Sciences (USM), 1800 Peanag, Malaysia stegoculex@gmail.com

Session 4A, 11:00â&#x20AC;&#x201C;11:15

A study on the establishment of Dolichoderus thoracicus (black ant) and Cataenococcus hispidus (mealybug) to be used as biological agents for Conopomorpha cramerella, cocoa pod borer (CPB) was carried out in LONSUM cocoa estates in Bah Lias, North Sumatera. The population of black ants in nests made from dry cocoa leaves increased in the following months and the nests could be maintained for up to 14 months. For the stability of the ant population in an artificial nest, three months is needed for the nests to be hung on cocoa trees, before they could be transferred to new cocoa areas. The combination of dry cocoa leaves with synthetic material (polyester beg) prolonged the functional of the artificial nest for more than 4 years. Moreover, the population of black ant was 2.2 times higher in these nests when compared to the population found in artificial nests made from dry cocoa leaves. Seventy eight percent of mealybug populations on the slices of cocoa husk were nymphs and the remaining were adults (22 %). The nymphal stage showed greater dispersal ability (57 cm in 4.5 hours) while the adult only 10 cm in 4.5 hours. The presence of mealybugs on cocao flowers did not affect the formation of young pods. To establish black ant population in new cocoa areas, first, the area should be free of antagonistic ants. The suppression of antagonistic ants was accomplished through application of insecticides. Baiting is a common method used to control ants, however, when this method is used, consideration needs to be taken because the poison bait may be favored by the black ant. Second, a transfer of one pair of artificial nests occupied by black ants and two thin slices of cocoa husk with mealybugs to new areas was done. When 70 % of the harvested pods had mealybugs, it was an indication that population of mealybugs was sufficient to maintain a high population of black ant in cocoa plantations. The results of this study can be integrated for developing an efficient control method of Integrated Pest Management of CPB which emphasizes biological control.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Biodiversity of non-target insects community associated with transgenic Bt and conventional non-Bt Cotton Muhammad Arshad, Suhail Anjum, Arif M. Jalal, Gogi M. Dildar, Khan M. Rashad Rasool

nent of IPM, it is important that such varieties should be transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin genes, which also have other resistance traits against non-target insect pests to reduce the number of insecticide applications.

Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan arshaduaf@gmail.com

Session 4B, 11:15–11:30

Biodiversity is threatened by agriculture as a whole, and particularly also by traditional methods of agriculture. Transgenic crops may affect insect biodiversity through unintended impacts on non-target arthropod populations. On the other hand there may be positive impacts on the species biodiversity, if such crops provide targeted management of insect pests as compared to conventional agriculture with widespread use of broad-spectrum insecticides. Cotton crop hosts a rich diversity of insect predators and parasitoids, which have the significant role in regulating the pest population. Although Bt cotton is effective against target pests and has no direct influence on natural enemies there is the option that natural enemy populations may be indirectly influenced by the behavioral change of nontarget organisms or by the removal of their prey/hosts. Among the non-target insect’s community, sucking insect pests, cotton jassid, whitefly and thrips are very destructive pests during the seedling and vegetative phases of cotton. Little attention is given to these insect pests’s community in Bt cotton as most of the studies focus on major target lepidopterous pests. A field study was conducted to measure the diversity of non-target insect’s community associated with transgenic Bt and non-Bt cotton under field conditions. Different sampling techniques (plant inspection, sweep net, drop cloth and pitfall trap) were used to compare the non-target insect community. The results revealed that Bt cotton had no resistance against sucking pests. There were no significant differences in population density of major non-target sucking pests between Bt and non-Bt cotton and the populations were more or less uniform. The insecticide applications significantly reduced the abundance and species richness in sprayed plots of Bt and non-Bt cotton but no significant differences were found between unsprayed Bt and non-Bt cotton, which showed that Bt cotton has no adverse affects on the abundance and richness of non-target insect community and sub-communities. In addition, the reduced insecticide applications in sprayed Bt cotton plots, exerted a positive impact on the species abundance and richness, particularly beneficial sub-community as compared to sprayed non-Bt cotton plots. As Bt cotton has no adverse effects on the non-target insect community and can reduce the use of broad spectrum insecticides, it can become an important tool of the IPM program in cotton agro-ecosystem of Pakistan. But for the long term implementation of Bt cotton as a compo17

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Computer vision for paddy diseases identification to support integrated pest management

Biodiversity and ecology of the natural enemies of tea pests in India

Auzi Asfarian, Yeni Herdiyeni, Aunu Rauf

Tea Research Association, North Bengal Regional R & D Centre Nagrakata - 735 225, Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, India; Tocklai Experimental Station, Jorhat -785 008, Assam azariah.babu@gmail.com

Departemen Ilmu Komputer, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Jl. Meranti Wing 20 Level 5- 6, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680 Indonesia auzi.asfarian@gmail.com

Azariah Babu, N. Muraleedharan

Session 2, 16:00–16:15

Session 5A, 13:15–13:30

Rice is the main source of carbohydrates consumed by the Indonesian population. According to Badan Pusat Statisik, the average amount per capita rice consumption reached 113.49 kilograms in 2011. On the other hand, the population of Indonesia, which showed an increasing trend over the last decade, demands increased national rice production. In addition to quantity, the quality of rice, which is the most important factor in the consumption of rice, still have to be maintained. One way to achieve this is to prevent or cure the paddy diseases.

Tea plantations in India are spread over nearly 341,000 ha in Northeast India and 116000 ha along the slopes of Western Ghats, in South India. Tea plants prefer a warm humid climate, well distributed rainfall and long sunshine hours. Every part of the tea plant is subjected to the attack of an array insect and mite pests. Tea plants provide a stable, favorable microclimate and uninterrupted food supply besides providing suitable sites for the reproduction of pests. The major pests associated with the tea ecosystem include leaf eating caterpillars such as loopers (Buzura suppressaria, Hyposidra talaca H. infaxaria, Cleora sp. and Ascotis selenaria) Red Slug (Eterusia magnifica), Hairy caterpillar (Arctornis submarginata), Bunch Caterpillar (Andraca bipunctata), sucking pests like tea mosquito (Helopeltis theivora), red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae), thrips (Scirtothrips bispinosus and Scirtothrips dorsalis), plant hoppers (Empoasca flavescens), scale insects and termites. They cause considerable damage, resulting in substantial crop loss apart from escalating the cost of pest management. Natural enemies reduce the population build-up of pest populations. Parasitoids like Apanteles fabiae, Apanteles taprobanae, Sarcophaga sp. and Peribaea sp. have been recorded on caterpillar pests. Species like Euagorus plagiatus, Macracanthopsis nodipes and Eryhmelus helopeltidis have been reported as the natural enemies of tea mosquito. Predators like Neoseiulus longispinosus, Bdella sp Oligota pygmaea, Oligota flaviceps, Mallada boninensis, Chrysoperla carnea, Scolothrips rhagibianus, Scolothrips asura, Stethorus rani, and Stethorus aptus are the natural enemies of red spider mite. Aelothrips intermedius, Mymarothrips garuda, and Oruis sp. prey on tea thrips. The conservation of natural enemies is probably the most important biological control practice available to biocontrol specialists. They are adapted to different habitats in association with the pest species. These naturally occurring biological control agents are often susceptible to different synthetic chemicals being used for the management of pests. In order to prevent the accidental eradication of natural enemies from the ecosystem, conservation of natural enemies becomes imperative. An attempt has been made to highlight the biodiversity of natural enemies associated with the major pests of tea together with their bio-ecological parameters.

In Integrated Pest Management (IPM), the diseases must be identified quickly so that the treatments can be done as soon as possible. However, the experts may not be available in certain regions. Computer vision can help to solve this problem quickly by identifying the paddy diseases using image processing techniques. We proposed a new method of texture analysis to identify paddy diseases using fractal fourier. In the experiment we use the images of four paddy diseases: bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae), blast (Pyricularia orizae), brown spot (Helminthosporium), and tungro. Image of paddy leaf is converted to CIELab color space. The disease spots then segmented using Otsu’s threshold on ‘a’ component. The fractal descriptor of each spot is then estimated by using Fourier spectrum on ‘L’ component. The descriptor is then used to identify the disease using probabilistic neural network. This method is able to achieve 92.5% of accuracy. The experiment results show that the proposed method is promising to support IPM identifying paddy disease.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Begomovirus diversity, phylogeography, and population genetics in cultivated and uncultivated plant ecosystems in Pakistan Judith K. Brown1, H.-W. Herrmann1, M. Zia-Ur-Rehman2, U. Hameed2, M. S. Haider2

School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA; 2Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan jbrown@cals.arizona.edu 1

Session 3A, 08:45â&#x20AC;&#x201C;09:00

Recent biodiversity research suggests that biodiversity may control, rather than respond to, our planets biophysical processes and thus is directly related to ecosystem functioning. Biodiversity encompasses many different levels, ranging from taxonomic dimensions (species richness) to functional diversity (Naeem et al. 2012). To study these multiple dimensions is challenging and requires exploration of symbioses among organisms, and relationships with respect to complexity owing to multitrophic symbioses. Such approaches are necessary to make possible the extrapolation of these findings to predictions of ecosystem-wide consequences, at the interface of plant virus communities associated with endemic, genetically diverse, and more sparsely distributed plants, compared to agriculturally selected, genetically homogeneous, monoculture scenarios. To pursue this range of questions we are employing as the study system the plant virus genus, Begomovirus (Geminiviridae), a super-abundant group of viruses undergoing an as yet largely unknown extent of population expansion, and their whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) sibling species group, a (cryptic) complex of poorly studied genetic variants that exhibit a range of phenotypes and varying degrees of genetic isolation. Our goal is to identify dimensions of virus and/or begomoviral-associated satellite diversity/diversification and related ecosystem patterns (host, vector, spatial, time, etc.), ultimately to make possible the prediction of consequences around which mitigation efforts to promote biodiversity and thereby an increase overall biomass production, could be devised. Begomoviruses are ssDNA viruses are widely distributed in endemic/ ruderal plant species, and cause diseases in cultivated species in which they have emerged as pathogens during the past half century (with the expansion of monoculture crop production). The concomitant upsurgence and/or trans-continental introduction of agro-ecosystem adapted B. tabaci vector haplotypes with greater fitness (compared to most other haplotypes) have been shown to greatly influence virus diversification (Brown, 2007). Plant virus diversity has largely been studied at the species or family levels, on large geographical scales (Prasanna et al. 2010), or based on virus-satellite richness within diverse host plants (Briddon et al. 2012). Diversity studies of begomoviruses addressing within viral species genetic structure, and its relation to geographic distance or potential gene flow barriers, and/

or to the health of the larger community in relation to biomass production, remain largely unstudied. Here we evaluated begomoviral-satellite sequence diversity in crop and ruderal plant species, in proximity to a cottonvegetable agroecosystem. Viral genome-beta satellite datasets were obtained and analyzed with respect to phylogeography and demographic changes over time. Genetic diversity and gene flow analysis employs F statistics and Bayesian clustering. Additionally, results using RCA and PCR approaches have been compared with those revealed by the NGS platform Illumina HiSeq 2000 for the same sample sets to estimate diversityand analyzed with respect to phylogeography and demographic changes over time. Genetic diversity and gene flow analysis employs F statistics and Bayesian clustering. Additionally, results using RCA and PCR approaches have been compared with those revealed by the NGS platform Illumina HiSeq 2000 for the same sample sets to estimate diversity.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Integrated pest management in greenhouse cultured cymbidium Myoung Rae Cho, Sung Wook Jeon, Hyung Hwan Kim, Taek Joon Kang, Seung Jun Ahn, Chang Yul Yang

Horticultural & Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Suwon 441440, Korea mrchook@korea.kr

Session 4B, 11:00–11:15

Surveys and farmer interviews were done on insect pest occurrence and status of farmer’s pest management at 45 cymbidium farms from 10 major production areas in Korea. Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, was the most frequently found pest which was detected from 29 farms followed by scales(13), slugs (6), thrips(5), and aphids(2 farms). The insect pests collected from the farms were identified as; Tetranychus urticae Koch, Frankliniella intonsa Trybom, Pinaspis aspidistrae Lindinger, Incilaria confusa Cockarel, Halyomorpha brevis Walker, Myzus persicae Sulzer, and Aphis gossypii Glover. Total of 32 farmers were interviewed on the insect pests to be controlled and pest management system in cymbidium production for export. The interview result showed that the first key pest was T. urticae followed by slugs(13), thrips(7), and scales(5 farmers). To meet the quarantine condition for the cymbidium export, farmers are implementing year-round pest management program during 3-year cultivation period under greenhouse. The integrated pest management program was consisted of; hot water treatment of sphagnum before transplanting of tissue cultured seedlings, scheduled sprays to control Tetranychus urticae, regular pest checks by quarantine officers, and monitoring on the occurrence of insect pests.

Interactions between rice varieties, crop management and natural enemies affect the regulation of planthopper populations Ainara Peñalver Cruz, Andrew Wilby, Finbarr G. Horgan

International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines a.penalvercruz@irri.org

Session 4A, 10:30–10:45

Since the early 2000s, planthoppers have reemerged as major pests of rice in South East Asia. Egg parasitoids are effective regulators of planthopper populations; however the tiny egg parasitoids are extremely sensitive to crop management practices, particularly the inappropriate use of insecticides. Frequent insecticide applications reduce the diversity and abundance of egg parasitoids in rice fields creating favorable conditions for planthopper population growth. We monitored the efficiency of regulation in sprayed and unsprayed rice fields in the Philippines and also examined direct and indirect effects of pesticides on planthopper populations in a series of bioassays. Host-plant resistance is regarded as an efficient means of reducing planthopper populations. However, the effectiveness of the resistance may be compromised by inadequate use of fertilizers and insecticides. Based on our recent studies, nymphs of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens [Stål]) developed faster and gravid females laid more eggs as nitrogen levels increased in rice plants. Egg parasitoids may be also affected by the amount of fertilizer applied to rice fields by changing the composition of the honeydew excreted by planthoppers and leafhoppers. Honeydew is often the predominant sugar source in agroecosystems; however, the role of honeydew as a sugar source for parasitoids in rice fields has not been previously examined. Honeydew contains all the diet components of hoppers, suggesting that its composition is dependent on rice variety, plant age or soil nutrient levels. Factors affecting the quality of honeydew may have indirect effects on the performance of egg parasitoids and consequent regulation efficiency. We conducted a series of experiments in the field, greenhouse and laboratory to assess the role of planthopper and leafhopper diversity in determining egg parasitoid efficiency in regulating the brown planthopper. We suggest that a diversity of hoppers maintains regulator efficiency at low brown planthopper densities by providing sugar sources as food for adult parasitoids and alternative hosts for parasitoid larval stages.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Ecological management of the coconut stick insect pest in Fiji Aradhana D. Deesh, Bal Narayan Swamy, Ravindra C. Joshi

Ministry of Primary Industries, Department of Agriculture, Koronivia Research Station, P. O. Box 77, Nausori, Republic of Fiji rcjoshi4@gmail.com, ravindra.joshi23@yahoo.com

Session 5A, 14:15–14:30

The coconut stick insect, Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou) (Orthoptera: Phasmidae), known as “mimimata” in Fiji is a widespread economic pest of coconut palms in Fiji and throughout the Pacific Islands. Nymphs and adults are polyphagous, but prefer coconut palms. Outbreaks of this pest have occurred in coconut plantations in Fiji, especially in Taveuni Island, causing serious leaf defoliation. Farmers’ misuse and abuse of pesticides led to environmental problems. In order to address these problems, Fiji’s Ministry of Primary Industries, Department of Agriculture, Koronivia Research Station has initiated ecological studies to develop best management practices for farmers to maintain the coconut stick insect populations to non-damaging levels. These non-chemical approaches use two elasmid egg parasitoids, Paranastatus verticalis Eady and Paranastatus nigriscutellatus Eady, and cultural management practices. Studies of release of these two egg parasitoids have shown poor recovery, and the reasons towards this are still under investigation. Cultural practices help to reduce the damage to coconuts by reducing weed cover and exposing eggs, nymphs, and adults to natural mortality. Other cultural practices are inter-cropping with non-host plants like Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) or Taro (Colacasia esculenta), field sanitation, and grazing coconut plantations with cattle. In addition, about 15 nation-wide farmers’ education and awareness training programmes have been carried-out in the outbreak areas. These trainings helped farmers’ learn about the coconut stick insect’s life cycle, how to recognize its damage, and understand why cultural and biocontrol methods are preferred to the “shot-gun approach” to pesticides which is not sustainable. This presentation will highlight the progress made so far, and discusses needed research and training to enhance natural-mortality control mechanisms.

Pesticidal activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil against selected important agricultural field pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.), Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) and Achaea janata (Linn.) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) Shanmugam Dhanasekaran, Krishnappa Kaliamurthy, Elumalai Kuppusamy Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India drsekaran2003@yahoo.co.in

Session 5B, 13:30–13:45

Objective: To investigate the chemical composition of Origanum vulgare (O. vulgare) essential and pesticidal activity of essential oil tested against lepidopteran agricultural field pest Spodoptera litura (S. litura), Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera) and Achaea janata (A. janata). Methods: The active principles present in the essential oil of O. vulgare were analysed GC-MS Spectroscopic method. Essential oil and major chemical compounds were tested against 4 th instar larvae of S. litura, H. armigera and A. janata for 24 h and mortality were recorded at various concentrations. The LC50 and LC90 values were determined following probit analysis. Similarly, selected oil and chemical compounds were tested against pupae of selected pests at various concentrations and mortality of each pupa was recorded after 7days post treatments of exposure. Furthermore, selected oil and chemical compounds were tested against S. litura, H. armigera and A. janata eggs for 120 h post treatment and percentage of egg hatch ability recorded at various concentrations. Results: Nineteen compounds were identified in the oil of Origanum vulgare and the major components in aerial parts were o-cymene, α-terpineol, thymol, carvacrol and α-cadinol. Essential oil and isolated compounds of O. vulgare tested against selected lepidopteran pestes larvae. It has been observed that A. janata was more susceptible to the oil as well as the isolated compounds since its LC50 values were 60.01ppm with the oil, 22.97ppm with thymol; 26.84ppm with carvacrol; 30.89ppm with o-cymene; 33.83ppm with β-farnesene; 39.50ppm with α-terpineol and 41.81ppm with α-cadinol. The chi-square values are significant at p≤ 0.05 level. Similarly, selected lepidopteran pupae exposed to various concentrations of O. vulgare essential oil and compounds. It has been observed that A. janata was more susceptible to the oil as well as the isolated compounds since its pupicidal activity of essential oil tested at 120 and 240ppm were 24.66 (82.20%) and 27.46 (91.53%) respectively. Moreover, among the six compounds tested for pupicidal activity against selected field pests at 100ppm higher concentrations, the thymol was found to be most effective for pupicidal activity provided 29.14 (97.13%), 28.37 (94.56%) and

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts 29.67 (98.90%) against S. litura, H. armigera and A. janata, respectively. It has been noticed that the higher concentrations of O. vulgare oil possesses strong ovicidal activity at 140ppm concentration against S.litura, H. armigera and A. janata, no egg hatchability was recorded. In the same way, thymol compound showed maximum ovicidal activity followed by carvacrol, ocymene, β-farnesene, α-terpineol and α-cadinol against selected selected lepidopteran agricultural pests. Conclusions: Results of this study show that the aerial parts of O. vulgare essential oil and six major compounds may be a potent source of natural larvicidal, Pupicidal and ovicidal activities against selected important agricultural lepidopteran field pests.

Institutionalizing IPM lessons and methods Kevin D. Gallagher

FAO at NARC Premises, Park Roud, Chak Shazad, Islamabad, Pakistan kevin.gallagher@fao.org

Session 1, 14:30–14:45

Although IPM field training in many developing countries is carried out regularly for farmers under various projects with immediate and medium term impact, long term sustained changes in some countries face significant challenges from advertisements for non-IPM applications as well as lack of significant government support. Indeed, these institutions appear to ignore past successes in IPM management and revert to old ways of working. It is clear that programmes to support the development of IPM must include institutionalization support for internalizing IPM lessons and methods into policies, institutions and human resources responsible for pest management programmes. The same might be said for other emerging technologies that use ecosystem services and inherent biodiversity such as crop varieties, integrated farming systems, water management, soil health and pollinator management. The presentation includes examples and outlines strategies for institutionalization in research institutions, private sector, post-secondary education and farmer association levels.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Sustainable yield: The contribution of modern breeding and biotechnology in helping farmers increase yield and reduce environmental impacts Harvey Glick

Monsanto, 151 Lorong Chuan, #-06-08 New Tech Park, Singapore 556741 harvey.l.glick@monsanto.com

Session 4A, 10:15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10:30

Increasing food productivity is a primary societal challenge and technologies to increase yield remain of paramount importance. The yield gains from the Green Revolution of the previous century have plateaued and new yield technologies are urgently needed. Increasingly, there is a demand for these new yield technologies to contribute to a reduced environmental footprint for agriculture with focus on improving the efficiency of resource utilization (less water, energy, pesticides, fertilizers, etc). This additional constraint of sustainability is critically important but it increases the difficulty and cost of developing new yield technologies.

for food produced in a more sustainable production system. National policies and regulations have lagged behind these innovative scientific developments and the transfer of these new high yielding crops from the laboratory to the farmer has been slow in Asia. Local research and development of important, indigenous crops has been severely limited due the difficulty and cost in bringing these new crops to the market. This has significantly delayed efforts to address productivity shortfalls and reduce the footprint of agriculture and food security in many countries of Asia.

In addition to the discovery and development of new innovative sustainable yield technologies is the need for innovative government policies to facilitate the transfer of these technologies from lab to farm. Recent advances in modern breeding and biotechnology have delivered improved seeds with a variety of improved agronomic traits that have resulted in significant productivity increases. Herbicide tolerant crops and crops with protection against insect and virus pests are providing yield increases of 5-50% for farmers in both developed and developing countries. Crops with tolerance to drought, salinity, flooding, infertility and a range of abiotic stress are now becoming available to farmers which will help further protect and improve yields under suboptimal growing conditions that may be accelerated by increasingly variable climatic conditions. Equally important, over the past 15 years, new crops from advanced breeding have significantly reduced the amount of land, water, energy, and pesticides required to produce corn and soybeans. This has been demonstrated in both large, highly mechanized farms in North America and small farms in Philippines. In the Philippines, the significant productivity gains attributed to planting new high yielding hybrid corn from modern breeding has underscored the positive return on investment from national policies supporting research and development in these new technologies. These significant achievements have come from the integration of these new high yielding seeds from modern breeding with local best management production practices. These achievements contribute to improved farmer profitability, they contribute to a reduction in inputs and they help satisfy the growing societal demand 23

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Development of IPM package for summer tomato production

The potential usage of Orania sp. as natural preservatives

Md. Abdul Goffar, 2 Md. Yousuf Mian, 3 Nirmal Kumar Dutta, 4 M. A. Rahman, 5 Sally Miller and 6 Edwin G. Rajotte

Endra Gunawan, Eko Agus Martanto, Mariana Rahmadhani, Susanti Tasik, Cicilia M.E. Susanti, Jimmy F. Wanma

Senior Scientific Officer, Vegetable Division, HRC, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh, 2Coordinator, IPM CRSP, Bangladesh, 3 Senior Scientific Officer, Entomology Vegetable Division, Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh mgoffar@yahoo.com 1

Session 5A, 13:30–13:45

A study on IPM package development for summer tomato production was conducted at farmer’s field at Dhunat, Bogra, Bangladesh during the summer season of 2011-12 under Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM-CRSP), Virginia Tech, USA. The experiment was laid out in RCB design with three replications. There were three farmers included in this study. Each farmer was considered as one replication having three decimal of land (three tunnels-each tunnel covered one decimal of land). The crop was grown under IPM package with grafted and non-grafted tomato seedlings, while non-IPM production system consisted of farmer’s grown non-grafted tomato seedlings (Farmer’s practice). Therefore, there were three treatments and they were: i) T1-IPM package with grafted tomato seedlings; ii) T2-IPM package with non-grafted tomato seedlings; and iii) T3- Non-IPM production system with non grafted tomato seedling (Farmer’s practice). One decimal (one tunnel) of land has allotted for each treatment. In IPM package grafted and non-grafted (one tunnel for each seedling) tomato seedling of BARI hybrid tomato 4 (grafted on Solanum. sisymbriifolium), use of tricho-compost, spraying of neem seed extract (Indian lilac-Azadirachta indica), use of sticky yellow trap and pheromone trap. The results indicated that the highest tomato yield per tunnel (197kg) was obtained from the treatment T1 (IPM with grafted seedling), while 112.65kg tomato was harvested from the treatment T2 (IPM with non-grafted seedling). The incidence of wilt (6% at 90 DAS) was recorded in the treatment T1 and 20 % wilt infestation at 90 DAS was found in the treatment T2 (IPM with non grafted seedling) while 19% wilt infestation was recorded in Non-IPM practiced tunnel (T3). Magnitude of virus and nematode infestation were also varied between IPM and Non-IPM practices. In conclusion, considering the effect of IPM practice consists of grafted tomato seedling, use of tricho-compost, spraying of neem oil may be suggested for better yield and safe tomato production in the wilt prone areas of Bangladesh.

Forestry Faculty The State University of Papua,Jl. Gunung Salju, Amban, Manokwari, West Papua endro_hend@yahoo.com

Session 3B, 09:00–09:15

Orania sp. is one of palm species which occur in New Guinea, Madagascar, and Thailand. This palm also has wide range distribution from lowland up to 1800 m above sea level. Baker and Dransfield (2006) reported that Orania sp has poison compounds, especially in the shoot and fruit components. The shoot of Orania sp., has caused headaches when consumed by humans. This fact suggested that the shoot contains some toxic compounds for living organisms. Therefore, it can potentially be used as a preservative, especially for wood from bio-deterioration. The previous study was conducted to determine the toxicity of the crude extract by using termite of Neotermes sp. and by using fungal of white-root (Tyromyces palustris) and brown-root (Coriolus versicolor) in laboratory scale. The raw materials of the research are shoot and fruit of Orania sp. collected from the Pami area, Manokwari, West Papua. The shoot was taken from the healthy palm and the fruits were collected from the ripe fruit. The shoots and fruits were mashed into a small part using a hammer-mill with 20 – 80 mesh screen with the air-dried for about 15% of moisture content. Methanol extract from shoot and fruit of Orania sp. were used in antitermic and antifungal experiments. The antitermic bioassay test was done according to the procedure Japan Wood Preserving Association no. 11(1) 1992 reported by Ohmura et al. (1997) with several modifications. Antifungal test was set up on malt extract agar (MEA) medium. The observations of antifungal bioassay test againsts white-root (Coriolus versicolor) and brown-root (Tyromyces palustris) were conducted by measuring the diameter of the growth of mycelium in a petri-dish after incubation for seven days. The results showed that metanol crude extracts of shoots and fruits of Orania sp. with 2%, 4% and 6% concentration constrained the termites attacks. All of the paper discs were almost empty (loss weight almost 100%) after 14 days antitermic test. Methanol extract from the shoots and fruits of Orania sp. constrained the growth of white-root (Coriolus versicolor) better than brown-root (Tyromyces palustris). The concentration of methanol crude extract was affected and inhibits the growth of the two types of fungus. Based on these studies, the shoot of Orania sp. methanol extract at a concentration of 6% has a potential source as a natural wood preservatives compound

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts against white-root (Coriolus versicolor) and brown-root (Tyromyces palustris). Thus, this compound might be applicable as a natural preservative from pests for garden or padyfield (sawah).

Soil biodiversity and incidence of cocoa pod borer and black pods: Integrated vs. conventional production systems in Sulawesi Sikstus Gusli, Isra M. Syamsuddin, David Syamjaya, Hikmah Ali, Daniel Useng Darmawan

Puslitbang Sumberdaya Alam Universitas Hasanuddin, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan km 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia sikstusgusli@gmail.com

Session 4A, 11:15–11:30

Cocoa pod borer (CPB) and cocoa black pods (CBP) are the major pest and disease leading to low yield and quality of Sulawesi cocoa under conventional system. We investigated the significance of zero waste integrated cocoa-cow (ZWCC), compared to conventional production systems, to soil biodiversity and incidence of CPB and CBP in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study was conducted in two sites, 30 km apart. In each site we established a ZWCC farm, adjacent to a conventional cocoa farm. “Sulawesi 1” and “Sulawesi 2” were cocoa clones grown in both farms. In ZWCC farms we grew king grass between cocoa and shade trees, and bred three cows in a pen. The king grass, pod husks, and pruned materials from cocoa and shade trees were used to feed the cows, while cow’s manure was used to produce compost for the farms. Two years after ZWCC introduction, we measured soil biodiversity in a 1 m2 area by 0.10 m deep with four replicates along the diagonal transect lines. We observed and calculated incidence of CPB and CBP on randomly sampled trees. Compared with the conventional, the ZWCC farms had 1.5 to 2.5 times more mycorrhiza spores (79,600 to 96,500 compared with 39,250 to 50,475 spores per 100 gram soil), five times more nematodes (625 vs 125 nematodes per 100 gram soil), more trichoderma, fusarium, aspergillus, ants, worms, mites, diplura, symphyla, penicillium, gliocladium; but less arachanida, botrytis, pantoea, clostridium and bacillus. CPB infestation in ZWCC was much lower than that in conventional farms (0 vs 15 % in site 1, and 4 vs 13 % in site 2). Similarly, CBP incidence was considerably lower under ZWCC. In site 1, no phytophtora infestation was seen in ZWCC farm, compared with 54 % under conventional farm. In site 2, the figures were 11 and 17 % in ZWCC and conventional farms, respectively. It is believed, higher soil biodiversity suppresses CPB and CBP infestations.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Screening of indigenous rhizobacterial isolates from healthy tomato roots for control of bacterial leaf spot on tomato using in planta technique

Performance of 23 tree accessions (20 tree species) collected from dry areas in Indonesia under three dry-field locations

Trimurti Habazar, Yulmira Yanti, Zurai Resti

Centre for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement, Yogyakarta, Jl Palagan Tentara Pelajar km 15, Purwobinangun, Pakem Yogyakarta 55582 rina.l.hendrati@gmail.com

Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Andalas Kampus Limau Manih, Padang 25163, Indonesia trimurtihabazar@yahoo.com

Rina Laksmi Hendrati

Session 3A, 09:30–09:45

Session 3B, 08:45–09:00

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is a group of bacteria, that actively colonize plant roots, induce the resistance of plant to pathogen, increase plant growth and yield. Generally to characterize the biocontrol agents, it has been done primarily through isolation, characterization, and application of individual strains of microorganisms. It is time consuming and laborious. The aim of this study was to obtain rhizobacterial isolates, which have the ability to induce the resistance of tomato to bacterial leaf spot.

Global warming causing climatic changes has driven, living creatures, including plants, to sustain their existence by developing mechanism of adaptation. Tree species growing under dry marginal areas are expected to withstand more to dry situations due to their previous adaptation to their natural habitat. Some species however will lose their vigority and some others will be more vulnerable to pest and disease attack under extreme dry condition. This has emphasized the importance of biodiversity to anticipate global climatic changes causing drought in some areas.

This methode based on in planta selection of enhanced competitive root-colonizing bacteria from soil samples of healthy tomato’s root at production centre area in Lembah Gumanti District, Solok, West Sumatera. We characterize only the best rhizobacterial isolates which havethe ability to induce the resistance of tomato to bacterial leaf spot. This type of characterization provides the possibility to find new, easy and cheap biocontrol agents. The effect of rhizobacterial isolate on seed germination, seedling growth of tomato and disease severity were evaluated. We have found three selected rhizobacterial isolates from tomato’s rhizosphere (AGRZ2.1.1, TDRP1.2.1, AGE3.3.1), with the ability to induce the resistance of tomato to bacterial leaf spot.

In 2012, twenty three (23) accessions consisting of 20 tree species collected from dry areas throughout Indonesia (precipitation <1500 mm/year) were tested in 3 dry field locations in Bangkalan Madura, karst area in Pracimantoro Central Java and in in Gunung Kidul, DIY. A number of 25 plants per accession were grown in 3x3m distance with 3-5 replications totaling 17252875 plants/site. Evaluation after 10 months had shown different survival and growth responses. Dry conditions had influenced some species to have very low survival and growth, and some others experienced pest/disease attacks after going through 5-month dry season. Testing those 23 accessions under controlled drought situations is underway.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Rice planthopper problems in Asia – Consequences of ecosystem breakdown induced by insecticide misuse

The incidence of egg parasitism on Lepidopteran pests on Cruciferae in West Sumatera, Indonesia

K. L. Heong

Hidrayani Hidrayani, S. Gani

International Rice Research Institute, Philippines k.heong@irri.org

Keynote address

In Asia today the most serious pest problems are rice planthoppers. They have caused crop losses of more than 10 million ha. At the start of the Green Revolution in the 1970s and 1980s, planthoppers were major threats and today the same pests have returned causing even more destruction and misery. From 2008 Thailand’s rice bowl has suffered continuous outbreaks for 12 consecutive seasons. From 2010 rice production has been losing a million tons of paddy a year. Similarly Indonesia is suffering the same threats and had lost about a million tons in 2011. Smaller patches of outbreaks occur in Malaysia, India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Philippines and India while China continues to lose about 1 million tons a year. In 2012 the southern provinces of China suffered the worst planthopper outbreaks in the last 20 years. Besides economic loss, hundreds of farmers suffer crop failures, falling in debts and poverty, pesticide poisoning and even suicides. Planthoppers are secondary pests that are normally under natural control. Outbreaks are symptoms of unsustainable practices that destroy vital biodiversity and ecosystem services triggering exponential growth. Although abnormal weather like droughts and floods can also trigger outbreaks, the most consistent factor in Asia seems to be insecticide misuse.

Jalan Paus No 18 Ulak Karang, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia 25133 hidrayani@yahoo.com

Session 4B, 10:15–10:30

Egg parasitoids are major population regulators and form the cornerstone of biological in many integrated pest management programs and are particularly sensitive to pesticides. A study was conducted to determine the species composition of trichogrammatid egg parasitoids and the incidence of parasitism on eggs of the lepidopteran pests (Plutella xylostella and Crocidolomia pavonana) on crucifers in West Sumatera. Eggs were collected from cauliflowers, broccoli, cabbage, and caisim in three production districts and held in the laboratory for parasitoid emergence. Forty plant samples were taken from 400 m2 areas from each crop. Two species of parasitoids, Trichogrammatoidea armigera and Trichogramma chilotraeae, emerged from P. xylostella but only T chilotreae emerged from C. Parvonana. Parasitism levels ranged from 0 – 57%. Levels of parasitism varied with the hosts from which the lepidopteran eggs were collected. Eggs of C. pavonana were parasitized by T. chilotreae in cauliflower but not in broccoli. Highest parasitism levels (57%) occurred in P. xylostella in caisim in the Agam district. In general, parasitism of C. pavonana was low in all areas sampled.

Insecticide misuse in Asia is due to weak marketing regulations that permit pesticides to be sold as FMCGs (fast moving consumer goods), like tooth pastes. Retailers are uncertified and often adopt multi level marketing systems and provide incentives to promote sales. Insecticides are packaged in hundreds of trade names and mixed into cocktails further confusing farmers and the retailers often serve as local pest control advisors in the villages. When pesticides are marketed to encourage oversue it will be difficult to sustain attempts to implement IPM. The presentation describes the economic and social impacts of the outbreaks and looks at 3 ecological principles and the management strategies that contributed to them. It will discuss the need to take a broader view to consider social, marketing, structural and policy issues beyond the development technological fixes in order to prevent future outbreaks. It calls for policies to reform and “professionalize” plant protections services to play a more governance role rather than in distribution of information, advice and input products, rather like in the medical and pharmaceutical industries. 27

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Non-persistent aphid-borne viruses in annual cropping systems: What defines their diversity, drives their epidemics, and mitigates their economic consequences Michael E. Irwin

15634 E. Wandering Creek Place, Vail, Arizona, USA meirwin@illinois.edu

Session 3A, 08:30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;08:45

Plant viruses are a very serious threat to annual cropping systems in most parts of the world. Furthermore, once the virus is established, it is difficult to manage the ensuing epidemic. In this talk, I use soybean mosaic, an aphid-borne potyvirus, as a model pathosystem, to explore several aspects of biodiversity and how they drive epidemics: crop isolates, crop diversity, vector diversity, and virus stains. Vector sources and sinks, vector propensity, and vector intensity are concepts we will explore, weigh, and assess in light of flight timings and abundances of vector species individually and in the aggregate. These epidemics will be followed throughout a season, noting the course and magnitude of infection and how that ultimately contributes to yield reduction and reduced seed quality. Finally, we explore how to reduce and retard those negative qualities by manipulating aspects of biodiversity and the ecosystem.

A risk-minimizing argument for traditional crop varietal diversity use to reduce pest and disease damage in agricultural ecosystems Devra Jarvis, John Mulumba, Huaxian Peng, Pamela Paparu, Yang Yayun Yang, Lu Chunming, Wu Jie, JosĂŠ Ochoa, Carmen Suarez, Mustapha Arbaoui, Loubna Belqadi, Mohammed Sadiki, Rose Nankya, Keyu Bai, Paolo Colangelo, Paola De Santis, Tim Murray, Tony Brown, Carlo Fadda Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari, 472a, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy c.fadda@cgiar.org

Keynote address

Much of the worldsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; annual harvest loss to pests and diseases occurs as a consequence of crops grown in monocultures, or crop varieties with uniform resistance. This uniform resistance is met by the continuing evolution of new races of pests and pathogens that are able to overcome resistance genes introduced by modern breeding, creating the phenomenon of boom and bust cycles. Until recently, IPM methods have concentrated on using agronomic techniques to modify the environment around predominantly modern cultures to reduce the need for pesticides, making limited use of the opportunities offered by the effective deployment of the intra-specific diversity of local crop varieties themselves within IPM practices. One of the few assets available to small-scale farmers in developing countries to reduce pests and diseases damage is their local crop varietal diversity, together with the knowledge to manage and deploy this diversity appropriately. Through a research partnership over the past eight years among Bioversity International and over 30 national and local government and non-government organizations in China, Uganda, Ecuador, and Morocco, high levels of diversity were found within the traditional varieties of a globally agreed set of staple crops for the specific pest and disease systems in the four countries (maize: northern leaf blight, Stem borer; common bean: ALS, Anthracnose, aphids, bean fly; faba bean: aphids, botrytis, bruchids; banana and plantain: black sigatoka, fusarium wilt, nematodes, weevils; and rice: rice blast, and rice plant hopper). Resistance of traditional and modern varieties to the above pest and diseases was assessed from both participatory diagnostics of farmer knowledge and from cross-site on-farm and on-station trials. By performing cross-site on-farm experiments, it was possible to identify traditional varieties with higher resistance to pest and diseases when grown outside their home sites. Increased diversity of crop varieties, measured by number of varieties (richness) and their evenness of distribution corresponded to a decrease in the average damage levels across sites and to a reduction of variance of disease damage. In sites with higher disease incidence, households with

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts higher levels of diversity in their production systems had less damage to their standing crop in the field compared to sites with lower disease incidence. The results support what might be expected of a risk-minimizing strategy for use of diversity to reduce pest and disease damage.

Appropriate forage management in plantation crops (ensuring biodiversity and sustaining livestock productions) David Kaligis, Selvie Anis

Rektorat Building, Sam Ratulangi University (Kampus Unsrat) Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 95115 kaligis.david@yahoo.co.id

Session 3B, 09:15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;09:30

Utilization of forages grown underneath the plantation crops is widely practiced in the region of Southeast Asia and in the Pasific Island. In plantation areas such as coconut, rubber and oil palm, various forage species are grown naturally. In the rubber plantation, herbaceous legumes species function as scover crop, are needed as a source of nitrogen. However, since the plantation crops do not fully utilize all incoming radiation and nutrients, their competition with natural vegetation for nutrients is inevitable. Sheep grazing could be introduced to purify the legume cover crops since the sheep prefer to eat some weeds such as P. conjugatum and O. nodosa. The advantage of sheep grazing is to avoid the application of chemical herbicides. In the coconut plantation, native forages and natural vegetation cannot survive under heavy grazing due to lack of grazing management practiced by farmers. This will lead to the overgrazing and the changing of botanical composition due to invasive weeds, and the disappearrance of the planting forages species. Also, the soil will become compact and in some circumstances, this could triger erosion. Species disappearance is also probably due to other factors such as intolerance to the shaded environment. However, this is not always the case. Although shade tolerance species are planted, the pasture run-down still occurs. To overcome this problem there are three new approaches recommended. The first one is that defoliation should be based on biogeochemical process consideration. It is obvious that to ensure the continuation of forage production, one should not only focus on the defoliation management at above ground level, but also should pay attention on the rhizosphere environment to ensure the nutrients intake by forage, especially grasses are fulfilled. The second one is that defoliation should ensure the health of the grass subjected to cutting. The initial growth of grass leaves is determined by micro environment temperature on the canopy level and soil surface. With the climate change phenomenon, where the air CO2 is abundance and increasing air temperature, the time of defoliation or grazing should be focused on counting the accumulation of heat unit rather than focusing on forageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s age. The third approach is that the appropriate grazing system and stocking rate should take into account, the plants ability to recover after grazing. Based on the authorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; research results, it was concluded that the interaction of rotational grazing systems based on the growth stage of the grasses with 3.5 rd mature leaves,

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts and the stocking rate at 2.31 AU gave the best pasture performance which will ensure the continuation of production and nutrient content. Furthermore, the daily gain of cattle was significantly higher on the rotational grazing systems than the continual one.

Termite baiting system for sustaining green environment Shripat Kamble, Neil Spomer

210 Entomology Hall, Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA skamble1@unl.edu

Session 6, 15:15–15:30

Termite baiting systems are ecofriendly and minimize insecticide usage. The Sentricon® baiting system has been successfully used for several years. The bait contains 0.5% noviflumuron as an active ingredient. Our research determined the effect of temperature on bait consumption and mortality of the Eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Mortality resulting from transfer of noviflumuron AI from treated to untreated R. flavipes was also examined. No-choice feeding stations contained washed sand, a bait tube with either an untreated bait matrix or a 0.5% noviflumuron bait matrix, and 100 R. flavipes workers. Experiments were conducted at 15°, 19°, 23°, and 27°C and at monitoring intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk. At each monitoring interval, feeding stations were destructively sampled. Data indicated that R. flavipes had no feeding deterrence to 0.5% noviflumuron bait matrix at the 2 and 4 wk sampling intervals. Termite mortality was lower at 15°C compared to temperatures ≥19°C at 6 wk. Temperatures lower than 19°C resulted in significantly lower termite mortality rates within the same sampling intervals. Transfer of 0.5% noviflumuron from treated to untreated termites and resulting mortality was determined using a bioassay technique. Feeding stations were held at 25°C. One group of termites (Blue=”B”) was allowed to feed on 0.5% noviflumuron treated bait matrix stained with 0.05% Nile-Blue A for 3 days. A second group of termites (White=”W”) was starved for 24 hr. Treated and untreated termites were combined at ratios of 1B:1W, 1B:10W, 1B:20W. Destructive sampling occurred at 4 and 8 wk intervals. According to data a 5% foraging population of R. flavipes feeding on 0.5% noviflumuron bait matrix has the potential to cause a catastrophic population impact.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Dorsal variation of Papuan frog Platymantis papuensis and their taxonomy status

The impact of global changes on spider biodiversity

Elda Irma J. J. Kawulur, Achmad Farajallah, Hana O. Rohana

Matjaz Kuntner

Session 6, 15:30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15:45

Session 1, 13:15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;13:30

Most of Papuan frogs belong to endemic species. The study of frogs from Papua has not been clearly expose and most of them unidentified yet, however recently their population has declined because of habitat destruction and global warming. Platymantis papuensis is one of Papuan frogs. We found that the dorsal body of this species has a variety of colors and patterns, those were, no stripe, pale yellow or orange one stripe, pale yellow or orange two stripes, and pale yellow or orange three stripes . The most dominant dorsal variation of this species in Manokwari was a variation without the stripe. Although this frog included in Ranidae family, but based on gene 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA mitochondrial using the Minimum Evolution (ME) and Neighbor Joining (NJ), they are more likely to form a group of Rhacophoridae family.

With over 41,000 described species, spiders are among the seven most species-rich animal orders, but our understanding of spider diversity is very incomplete and predictions exist of true spider diversity to be well over 100,000. Here, I point towards the ecological importance of spiders as general predators in all terrestrial ecosystems, discuss the state of spider biodiversity research, and define priorities in the biological field of araneology in light of global changes. I argue that understanding clade biology, and phylogenetic history, helps predict clade future. Therefore, studies that integrate taxonomic, biodiversity, ecological and phylogenetic research with clade-specific modeling are needed to predict future trends. To make this point, I present such integrative studies on nephilids, a model clade in spider research. Specifically, I compare two sister species pairs of the genus Nephilengys, each clade containing one synanthropic species and one habitat specialist. One clade inhabits the Afrotropics and the other SE Asia and Australasia. Habitat suitability GIS models for 2000-2080 predict dramatic habitat reductions, however, predicted losses take different paths and tempos in the four species. Thus, I further investigated to what extent phylogenetic relatedness versus life history predicts species ecological preferences. While phylogeny was predictive of temperature preferences, life history partially explained species precipitation preferences. This means that even closely related species will cope with climatic changes differently. By understanding past evolutionary processes and contemporary ecological processes, we can now focus on models that predict the future of these organisms, a future that is bleak considering anthropogenic global changes.

Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Papua (UNIPA) Jalan Gunung Salju Amban Manokwari Papua Barat 98314 irmakawulur@yahoo.com

Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia kuntner@gmail.com

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Species richness of primary and secondary forest vegetation of North Sulawesi

Biodiversity, biosecurity and integrated pest management

Martina Langi

John Lovett, Suzy Perry

Session 1, 14:00â&#x20AC;&#x201C;14:15

Session 2, 15:15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15:30

Secondary forests are becoming dominant in many tropical rainforest areas. Yet we have an insufficient understanding of the value of these habitats for biodiversity conservation, and hence the functioning and interaction of intact ecological systems. We sampled two sites in each forest type in 2011. We compared species richness, species-abundance distributions, and community structure between the two forest types and identified the species that were characteristic and dominant of each forest type. Diversity analyses showed that the relatively primary forest showed more species than the secondary forest; although the difference was not striking. Significant numbers of species sampled in secondary forests are known to be wide-ranging habitat generalists. The data indicated that regenerating forests shared almost 70% of species sampled in primary forest and can, therefore, help mitigate some of the negative effects of deforestation for this tropical rainforests. However, these regrowth forests may not provide a real substitute for primary forest in conserving those species most at risk from extinction.

Breaches of biosecurity, leading to incursions by invasive species, have the potential to cause substantial economic, social and environmental losses, including drastic reduction in biodiversity. It will be argued that improving biosecurity reduces risk to biodiversity, while maintaining stable ecosystems through biodiversity can be a safeguard against biosecurity breaches. The global costs of invasive alien species (IAS) have been estimated at around US$350 billion, while alien invertebrate and vertebrate pests and weeds are estimated to cost Australia at least $7 billion a year (CSIRO 2011). A striking, current, example is the incursion by Myrtle Rust (Uredo rangelli) an organism which can infect all members of the Myrtaceae, the most important family in the Australian flora. Myrtle rust was first detected on a property on the central coast of New South Wales in late April 2010. Two years later the disease has been detected in numerous locations in Queensland and New South Wales ranging from commercial plant nurseries and public amenities to large areas of bushland. This particular breach of biosecurity will, inevitably, diminish biodiversity of flora and fauna over large areas of the continent. Integrated pest management (IPM), an enrichment of diversity in managing invasive and other pest species, offers the best opportunity to address problems such as these. Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response to increasing biosecurity risk is comprehensive and includes national networking of scientists engaged in a complex program of biosecurity research and development, including studies of IPM. This network is being enhanced by the development of international linkages.

Forestry Study Program, Sam Ratulangi University, Kampus Bahu Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia martina_langi@yahoo.com

Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, PO Box 400, Hall, Act 2618, Australia lovettassociates@bigpond.com

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Integrated biodiversity management in Malaysian rice agro ecosystems: An ecological concept Mashhor Mansor, Mohamad Fikri Samsudin

School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia mashhor@usm.my

Session 4A, 10:45â&#x20AC;&#x201C;11:00

The idea of using ecological concept in overcoming pest problems in Malaysian wet rice agro ecosystems was initiated by a Japanese scientist about 20 years ago. Although it is fairly clean cultural practices without using any chemicals in rice fields, however apparently it is not that practical and some resulted in decreasing of rice yields. Therefore this method was not popular and casted aside. Perhaps proper procedures and techniques should be abided closely. Therefore it is recommended to follow certain criteria. Cultural techniques using deep water systems should be imposed. In addition, traditional rice cultivars which thrive well in deep water should be reintroduced. With this system, niches in wet rice fields are utilized and filled. The wetland fish communities can be obtained their food sources from primary producers such as algae, invertebrates and other aquatic organisms. Ducks can be reared in order to control unwanted snails. Wet rice agro ecosystems are suitable habitats for migratory birds. In addition, the water qualities in the rice fields are relatively good. Instead of using harmful pesticides which could contaminate the whole agro ecosystems, this technique can overcome the negative effect. To date, with the use of modern rice cultivars, the rice yields increase tremendously. However, new rice cultivars require high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides. With the new cultivars, new noxious weeds such as Eichinochloa crus-galli and Leptochloa chinensis emerged. To manage and control these noxious weeds are relatively difficult. Some of these weeds develop resistance very fast. New biotypes are created due to heavy usage of herbicides. Ecological concept based on food webs linkage should be recommended, to overcome this issue.

Impact of the invasive plant, parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) (Asteraceae) on the above ground vegetation and soil seed bank of a rangeland in Ethiopia Wondi Mersie1, Lisanework Nigatu2, Tamado Tana2, Shashie Ayele2, Steve W. Adkins3

1 Agricultural Research Station, P.O. Box 9061, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA | 2 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia | 3 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia wmersie@vsu.edu

Session 2, 15:30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15:45

Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), a native plant of tropical and sub-tropical South and North America adversely affects food security, biodiversity, and human health as well as livestock health in eastern and southern Africa. A project supported by USAID-IPMCRSP examined the effects of parthenium infestation on the composition of the above-ground flora and soil seed bank of a rangeland at Jijiga, southeastern Ethiopia. The effect of parthenium on the above ground vegetation was determined in 20 sites by assessing plant species abundance and by measuring dry biomass in 10 randomly placed quadrates (1 m by 1 m) per site. For the seed bank measurement, soil samples were taken from the 20 sites using three quadrates per site at three depths. Germination of seeds were determined in a glasshouse after soil samples were placed in trays and watered as necessary. The above-ground vegetation consisted of 56 taxa belonging to 17 plant families with the most frequent families being Poaceae (20) and Asteraceae (9). The grass cover percentage was 62.7% and 16.6% in no parthenium and parthenium infested plots, respectively. The grass biomass also declined from 428.1 g m-2 to 30.0 g m-2 from no to high parthenium weed infested sites. Out of the 56 taxa recorded on the above-ground vegetation, 38 taxa were present in the seed bank. Number of seedlings that emerged from the soil samples varied from 300.8 m-2 at very low to 1878.6 m-2 at high parthenium infestation. Parthenium in the seed bank accounted for 0.1% under no to 84.2% under its high infestation while that of grasses was decreased from 81.7% to 6.1%. This study showed that parthenium infestation has decreased the composition and diversity of both the aboveground vegetation and the soil seed bank of herbaceous species. The decline of grass species in particular adversely affects livestock that are the main sources of livelihood for the pastoral community.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Some principle questions of biocontrol and IPM in Indonesia Johann F. R. Moltmann

Bio-agro Input Association Indonesia (ABI) ABI-Secretariat, Kompleks Perkantoran Royal Sunter, Blok E No. 5, Jl. Danau Sunter Selatan, Jakarta Utara 14350, Indonesia johann.moltmann@cimonline.de

Session 5A, 14:00–14:15

The definition of Integrated Pest Management is by no means unambiguous and ranges from practically organic production (though not necessarily certified) to the mere substitution of synthetic chemical pesticides with derivates of botanicals. Nevertheless, if the focus is put on the relation of IPM and biodiversity, then the question of a little more or less biological control gets marginal in the view of the task of a transformation of agriculture in total to a more sustainable production. It is probably not the decrease of pest and beneficial species in the agro-ecosystem by the use of crop protection products which is a threat for biodiversity on the whole, but rather the extension of arable land (thus reducing natural habitats), contamination of soils and water, mechanisation of agricultural production etc. However, the shift from chemical control to biocontrol of pests in crop production is promoted by the government in Indonesia as part of the strategy to boost agriculture for better food security. This includes a better food safety, i.e. the reduction of chemical residues in food and less contamination of the environment. There are several obstacles for the broad adoption of biocontrol techniques for pest, weed and disease control in Indonesia, many of which are common to other developing country agricultures too. The main problem is related to the availability of biocontrol products for all pest problems, being them major or niche problems. Due to the completely different mode-of-action for most biocontrol agents, except for those bio-molecules which mimic synthetic chemicals, a simultaneous application of both types is not possible. Simple example: knockdown chemicals disrupt the augmentation of beneficial insects (predators). This already shows that the application of biocontrol products is usually more complex than a simple hit and run. Intensive training of farmers is necessary and this needs support from public institutions, because the biocontrol industry is not so strong yet. But for the farmer, the main question is that of costs and benefit. The direct benefits of biocontrol – less environmental hazard, less residues – are not of priority for the farmer, except of course for his better health safety, when using less or non-toxic products. Up to now, the farmer is not held liable for environmental damages or consumer health problems. On the other side, the environmental and health benefit of sustain-

able agriculture including biocontrol is turned into money by the consumer, who is willing to pay more for sustainably produced food. FAO stated: “For (the farmers) to benefit, higher food prices would need to be transmitted through the entire value chain all the way to the small producer.” It is urgently necessary to develop methods for the internalisation of environmental costs and benefits. Aside from these economic considerations, it is a major difficulty to bring innovative technology to rural areas which suffer from depopulation and obsolescence, insecure land ownership, lack of market access, postharvest losses and other obstacles, which cannot be solved with technicalities only.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Some fervent efforts in implementing IPM at the farmer level found in Java, Indonesia

Biodiversity, invasive species, IPM and economics

Muhammad Muhsin, Sugiat, M. Khozin, Gatot Mujiono

Rangaswamy Muniappan

Indonesian Centre for Food crops Research and development, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan, Jalan Merdeka No. 147 Bogor 16111, Indonesia muhsinkdh@yahoo.com

Session 5A, 14:15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;14:30

In Java during 2012 and early 2013 the BPH attacks have started to decrease compared to the previous years, but we know very little about the factors influencing the evidence, especially the state of the rice agro-ecosystem and the food web leading to reduced populations of BPH. In some villages located far from rice production centers we met farmers and farmer groups who have succeeded in rice cultivation without input of chemical fertilizers and pesticides made in factories, but by utilizing crop residues and manure that are available on location which is then processed into organic materials ready for wetland. The farmers who have done this kind of rice cultivation over three seasons have been harvesting satisfactory yields, 6-7 tonnes rough rice/ha. They have created a cleaner environment, paddy fields free from harmful chemical contaminants, and better agroecology so the biological balance can be achieved. There is evidence of no significant pest attack, for example no tungro virus disease was found after implementing the cultivationtechnique. There are some notes that encourage farmers to understand and eventually implement this kind of rice cultivation.

Virginia Tech, 526 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A rmuni@vt.edu

Session 2, 15:45â&#x20AC;&#x201C;16:00

In recent years several invasive species have invaded IL - IPM (CRSP) host countries. IPM CRSP has been very responsive to these invasions by starting with a biological control and other appropriate programs for their management. It has identified invasion of parthenium in Ethiopia, papaya mealybug in Asia and Africa, cassava mealybug in Southeast Asia, giant whitefly and cycad aulacaspis scale in Indonesia, banana leaf roller in Nepal and several others. IL-IPM (CRSP) has established a quarantine laboratory in Ethiopia, imported and host specificity tested the natural enemy Zygogramma bicolorata, prepared Environmental Assessment and obtained permits to field release from the Ethiopian government and USAID for biological control of the invasive weed, parthenium. It is expected that this natural enemy will be field released by the middle of 2013. Invasion of papaya mealybug was controlled in India and Sri Lanka by the introduction of its parasitoids. Cassava mealybug is a recent introduction to Southeast Asia and Thailand has already introduced a parasitoid from Benin (originally from South America) to control this pest. Steps are being taken for introduction of this parasitoid to Indonesia. Giant whitefly has been under control in Indonesia through a fortuitously introduced parasitoid. The accidental introduction of the cycad scale in to Indonesia is a serious concern as it will wipe out the endemic cycads unless timely interventions are implemented. In February 2013, banana leaf roller was identified in Nepal. Surveys need to be taken up to identify local natural enemies recruited by this pest in Nepal and to decide on additional interventions. Economic and environmental consequences of the invasion of exotic species are enormous. IL-IPM (CRSP) has been active in timely identification of these invasive species and to recommend and implement necessary interventions, as deemed appropriate.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Mass production, formulation, shelf life and application of Trichoderma for plant disease management

Diversity and management of thripstransmitted tospoviruses in developing countries

M. S. Nahar, M. A. Rahman, Md. Yousuf Mian, Sally Miller

Naidu Rayapati

Plant Pathology Section, Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701 nahar321@yahoo.com

Session 3A, 09:15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;09:30

Trichoderma, a bio-control agent has gained maximum attention due to its effectiveness to control a large number of soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium, Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium and Phytophthora) and root-knot nematodes without adversely affecting beneficial microbes. There are two major methods of inoculum (spore) production of Trichoderma spp. viz., solid state form and liquid state form. In solid form, the fungus is grown on various barley grain, maize bran, grass pea bran, rice husk and sawdust. The solid state productions are used mainly for direct soil application in nurseries or greenhouses (small scale production) to suppress the soil-borne diseases. In liquid form, Trichoderma is grown large scale in yeast enriched Richards solution or yeast enriched potato dextrose broth. Biomass (spore and mycelium) from the liquid form can be directly used for decomposing organic materials in a composting house, where the final product is considered as bio-fertilizer (Tricho-compost) or preserved then by making different formulations such as talc base. Shelf life of talc base Trichoderma can be six months to one year depending on temperature and moisture contained in formulated products. Tricho-compost can effectively control soil-borne diseases of vegetables and some field crops. However, as Tricho-compost is heavily volumetric in nature, it is expensive and laborious to take long distance. On the other hand, talc base Trichoderma is easy to handle and carry long distance. Talc base Trichoderma may be used for production of Trichocompost or for spraying on foliage to control air borne diseases or drenching in root zone to control soil borne diseases. After seven months the spore of Trichoderma was found alive in talc formulation. However, apart from the counts of live spore, bio-efficacy will also be examined to ensure effectiveness of the products.

Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350, USA naidu.rayapati@wsu.edu

Session 3A, 09:00â&#x20AC;&#x201C;09:15

In recent years, diseases caused by thrips-transmitted tospoviruses (genus: Tospovirus, family: Bunyaviridae) have received worldwide attention because they cause serious damage to several agronomic crops, ornamentals, vegetables, and fruits. About 24 approved and emerging tospovirus genotypes transmitted by at least 14 thrips species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) have been documented in different countries around the globe. The pleomorphic particles of tospoviruses contain three genomic RNA segments (designated as L-, M-, and SRNA) and encode in a negative or ambisense strategy three structural and three non-structural proteins. The three genomic RNAs are individually packaged by many copies of the nucleocapsid protein and surrounded by a host-derived lipid envelope membrane in which the two viral-encoded glycoproteins are integrated. The glycoproteins are seen as spike-like projections covering the surface of the virus particle. Thrips-mediated transmission of tospoviruses is unique among plant viruses because the transmission process is closely linked to the developmental stage of thrips vectors on plants. It is now well established that successful transmission by adult thrips occurs only when the virus is acquired at the first-instar larval stage of the thrips life cycle. In addition, tospoviruses are among the few plant viruses that multiply in both plants and thrips vectors. Although many tospoviruses show geographic structuring in their current distribution, the risk of indigenous tospoviruses spreading to new geographic areas or countries, perhaps due to changes in agricultural practices and shifting cropping patterns, and introduction of exotic tospoviruses and their thrips vectors via international trade and commerce, is of great concern especially to sustainable vegetable production. Efforts to manage diseases caused by tospoviruses through chemical control have been mostly unsuccessful due to the cryptic behavior of thrips and their ability to develop resistance against pesticides. Additionally, misdiagnosis of thrips and indiscriminate and untimely application of pesticides are exacerbating these disease problems with no tangible economic benefits. Moreover, several disadvantages associated with pesticides, including harmful effects on human health and the environment, toxic effects due to pesticide residues on vegetables, destruction of biological control agents, and the loss of biodiversity, makes chemical control less appealing. This is further compounded by the lack of sources of host plant resistance to many emerging tospoviruses,

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts making it difficult to develop durable resistance in vegetable crops. Thus, a single tactic may not be effective to reduce yield losses and in many cases a combination of control measures are required to achieve the desired results. The IL-CRP IPM (formerly IPM CRSP) of the USAID is pursuing environmentally benign IPM strategies as an alternative to pesticide-based tactics for mitigating negative impacts of tospoviruses in vegetable production. For example, raising clean tomato seedlings and roguing of symptomatic seedlings during and soon after transplanting were found beneficial in reducing incidence of peanut bud necrosis tospovirus in tomato in India. Farmer participatory IPM packages were found to reduce virus incidence and offer economic benefits to resource poor farmers without incurring extra costs for spraying pesticides to control thrips vectors.

Toxicity and sub-lethal effects of chlorophacinone and bromadiolone on survival and nestling growth of barn owls Hafidzi Mohd Noor, Hasber Salim, Noor Hisham Hamid, Dzolkifli Omar, Azhar Kasim Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia hafidzi.mohdnoor@gmail.com

Session 4B, 11:30–11:45

Numerous anticoagulant residue data from wildlife has been derived from opportunistic sampling of tissues, particularly liver, from dead predatory birds in the fields. However, the information on lethal and sub-lethal effects of anticoagulant rodenticides on survival and growth of nestlings of barn owl in the field are largely unexplored. If the adults succumbed from rodenticide poisoning the risk to the nestlings would be definitely greater. Besides the lethal effects, the exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides can lead to sub-lethal effects such as poor growth performance of nestlings and even can kill the young birds. A total of 42 nestlings were selected from rodenticide free, chlorophacinone and bromadiolone treated plots. Growth rates of nestlings were measured by taking body weight and three morphological parameters namely culmen length, tarsus length and wing length on a periodic basis. Dead nestlings were collected during daily observations. Autopsies were carried out to determine cause of mortality and internal organ (livers) were harvested for analysis of residue by using HPLC. Rodenticide free plot scored the highest fledging success i.e. 71.4% (n = 14) at 52 days after hatching. In chlorophacinonen treated plot, six out of 14 nestlings or 35.7% successfully grew to fledging age of 52 days. In bromadiolone treated plot, only five or 28.6% (n = 14) of nestlings survived to fledging age. Three out of nine nestling carcasses found in bromadiolone treated area were collected for the analysis. Of these two were detected with bromadiolone residue each measuring 0.33 µg/mg and 0.41 µg/mg wet weight respectively. In chlorophacinone treated plot three out of eight carcasees were collected for analysis. The residue of chlorophacinone detected ranged from 0.18 µg/g to 0.21 µg/g. Nestlings that survived in the rodenticidefree area showed higher measurements for body mass, tarsus, culmen and wing length compared to bromadiolone and chlorophacinone treated plots. Nestlings in rodenticides treated plots were not only exposed to direct risk of secondary poisoning but also to indirect risk of food shortages due to the high efficacy of both rodenticdes against rats in the field. High mortality rate of nestlings in rodenticides areas with evidence of the residue in liver of carcasses suggested greater exposure to rodenticides to nestlings in such areas. Hence, application of such rodenticides in the field should be

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts carried out during off breeding season (April to June) of barn owl to reduce the effects of secondary poisoning and control the rat population. Application of rodenticides should not be carried out during breeding season to prevent mortality of owlets.

Parasitism of Encarsia hitam (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) on whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): Effects of nutrient supplements and pre-infestation treatment on eggplant Che Salmah Md. Rawi, Z. Mohd Rasdi, A. Abu Hassan, D. Hamady School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia csalmah@usm.my

Session 4B, 10:30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10:45

This study investigated parasitism activity on whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Insecta: Aleyrodidae) by a pupal parasitoid, Encarsia hitam (Insecta: Hymenoptera) (Chalcididae: Coccophaginae) on whitefly pupae infesting pests pre-infested eggplant (with whitefly and aphid infested at 2-week old) that were fertilized with varying levels of nutrient concentrations (50 ppm, 150 ppm, 300 ppm). Two week old non pre-infested (control) and pest pre-infested plants (early infestation) were planted in polyethylene bags (30 cm x 30 cm) filled with burnt rice husks and placed under an exposed rain shelter (without walls) thus free for subsequent infestations by several eggplant pests the plants were growing to maturity (bearing fruits). Our results showed that Encarsia hitam began to parasitized whitefly pupae as early as four weeks after transplanting (WAT). Parasitizations were very low on whiteflies infesting control eggplant fertilized with 50 ppm and 300 ppm nutrient concentrations (N1TC and N3TC), whitefly pre-infested plants receiving 300 ppm nutrient (N3TW) and aphid pre-infested plants applied with 150 ppm nutrient concentration (N2TA). Whitefly and aphid pre-infested eggplant plants did not significantly increase parasitism on whiteflies on the plants but varying levels of nutrient and variations in plant growth showed significant effects on parasitism activity. Parasitism on whiteflies decreased in the presence of aphids on eggplant leaves which apparently served as better hosts for Encarsia hitam. Interactions of whitefly-parasitoid in a multitrophic system generated vital information useful in enhancing effective managements of eggplant pests and their natural enemy.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Insect diversity and its ecological services on a local ecosystem: A study case of the reclaimed forest of PT Newmont Minahasa Raya Dantje Sembel, Jimmy Rimbing, Hard Napoleon Pollo, David Sompie, Jerry Kojansow, Ventje Memah Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Kampus Unsrat, Kleak, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 95115 sembelt@yahoo.co.id, hnpollo@telkom.net

Session 1, 14:15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;14:30

Describing ecosystem health related to insect infestations is important to understanding global ecosystem complexity. On a local scale, insects play important roles in ecological services. While insects provide continuing ecological services to the ecosystem, the ecosystem itself regulates the dynamics of insect population. From 1997 to 2010, PT Newmont Minahasa Raya (PTNMR) has reclaimed 215 ha bare land of ex-mining area. As the forest ecosystem growth, insect and other organisms come to reoccupy the newly revegetated area. The aim of this study was to estimate insect diversity and its ecological service roles on the local ecosystem. The study observed insect composition and structure on immature and adult life stages. Study activities in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 (reffered to as study period I to IV, respectively) were carried out on area reclaimed on 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2002, 2003. Nigth catching on lamps surrounding Mesel village area and natural forest untouched by mined activities (reffered to as secondary forest) close to the reclaimed areas were studied as control. Insect sampling methods were direct catching of insects visiting lamp, net sweeping, malaise trap and for decomposer insects using organic materials and pitfall trap. The results showed that the insects comprise of 16 orders, 210 families, 348 species and 4,703 individuals. Insect diversity by Shannon Index was between 2.2 to 3.9. There were 11 types of insect ecological services and the forest controlled three important pests and nine potential agricultural pests. The services are pollinating insects 25 species, decomposing and nutrient cycling insects 10 species, predators eight species, parasitoids 13 species. There were other ecological services identified in this study including disease agent or vector as biological control one family, plant seed dispersal agent one family, medicine one family, commercial product one family, food for wildlife (insectivores), media for basic research, media for ecological monitoring 46 species, and as aesthetics mainly Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. It can be concluded that the reclaimed ecosystem has gradually functioned to keep the health of its surrounding ecosystem.

Screening peanut accessions for Ralstonia solanacearum resistance Neni Rostini 1), Agung Karuniawan2), Sesilia Anita Wanget3)

Agriculture Faculty of Padjadjaran University, Bandung. nenithamrin@yahoo.com; 2) Agriculture Faculty of Padjadjaran University, Bandung; 3) Agriculture Faculty of Sam Ratulangi University, Manado nenithamrin@yahoo.com 1)

Session 6, 15:00â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15:15

Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of bacterial wilt disease, is one of the most devastating pathogenes affecting growth and yield of peanuts in tripical environments. Screening for resistance was conducted using 70 peanut accessions, 40 of which are local accessions from several regions in Indonesia, at the Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University fields in Ciparanje, Sumedang, from October 2010 to March 2012. Experiments were conducted using a randomized block design replicated twice. The diseased plants were pulled out in the first season. In the second and third seasons, the diseased plants were allowed to grow in fields until harvest. Twenty nine of 70 accessions in the study were consistently exposed to bacterial wilt in the first, second and third seasons. The number of diseased plants were (10.2 %) fewer in the second and third seasons than the first season. Seed weight per plot was higher (10% -15 %) in the second and third seasons than the first season. Leaving out the plants infected by Ralstonia solanacearum triggered the pathogens to spread and find new places to survive.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts The palms of Sulawesi: Spatial distribution of the native palms of North Sulawesi Wiske Rotinsulu

Pathogenic fungi causing leaf blight disease Bete (Colocasia esculenta) from District Maibrat West Papua

Session 3B, 08:30–08:45

jl. Nusantara IV Wosi Kabupaten, Manokwari, Propinsi Papua Barat, Indonesia 98312 yensa_papua@yahoo.co.id

Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia wiske_rotinsulu@yahoo.com

The palm flora of Indonesia is one of the richest in the world. Sulawesi, a major island in Indonesia, harbours 90 palm species: 19 introduced and 71 native species (Mogea, 2000). Knowledge of the species taxonomy, distribution, and conservation status of Sulawesi palm flora is limited (Dransfield, 2000), although some baseline studies on palm have been undertaken in this island in recent years (e.g. Mogea, 2002; Rotinsulu, 2005). It is important to point that the palm family plays important roles in the functioning of tropical forest ecosystems and in providing a wide array of useful products such as food, fibre, medicines and construction materials for humans. Amidst the rapid environmental changes in this region, some species may become extinct before they are even discovered and identified. This is very disappointing considering the distinctive geographical features of Sulawesi Island. This island holds a mix of Australian and Asian flora and fauna as it lies on the major transition zone east of the Wallace line (Whitmore, 1981). The paucity of species data has been recognised as a major problem in the conservation of biodiversity particularly in the tropical regions because of their complexity, extent and inaccessibility coupled with the lack of adequate funding for research (e.g. inventory). Considering these conditions, there is an urgent need to reduce threats to the survival of palms and promote conservation in this region. This can be partly addressed by improving knowledge of the geographical distribution, biology and preferred habitats of the palms. This paper will discuss the ecological and economic importance of the palm family in the tropical environment; the palm and the Wallace Line; and the potential of predictive modelling in simulating the spatial distribution of five selected native palms of Sulawesi.

Yenni Yendri Salosa

Session 5B, 13:45–14:00

Bete (Colocassias esculenta) is a type of taro which are carbohydrate source foods to Maibrat’s people’s. The presence of Bete (Colocassias esculenta) is becoming hard to find through alternative sources of carbohydrates such as rice, instant noodles, and is also increasingly threatened by the presence of late blight disease which is founded in the indeginous maibrat people’s garden. The existence of the leaf blight disease threatens the sustainability of life Bete (Colocassias esculenta) in it’s quality and quantity. Identification of pathogenic fungi is an important first step in the development of control strategies. The research objective was to determine which types of fungi cause leaf blight disease Bete (Colocassias esculenta). The study was from January to March 2011, by taking Bete leaf samples (Colocassias esculenta) from Marumana Forest District Ayamaru. Sample was isolated and identificated of fungus in the Microbiology laboratory of the State University of Papua. The method used in this research had Bete sick leaves isolated, purified, then implemented and the results differentiated.The result of pathogenicity tests showed that Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. esculenta is a type of pathogenic fungi causing leaf blight disease in plants Bete (Colocassias esculenta) in Marumana Ayamaru. Fusarium oxysporum f sp. esculenta can lead to all kinds of epidemic diseases in the district tuber and surrounding Maibrat if not immediately addressed.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Success stories of biocontrol products in Indonesia Elianor Sembiring, Sulaiman Ginting

Bio-agro Input Association Indonesia ABI and the GIZ-ASEAN Biocontrol Project elianorst@yahoo.co.id

flow from the consumer reaches back to the primary producer of food items. However, this is already deep in the context of food price regulation, poverty alleviation, rural and urban development.

Session 5A, 13:45â&#x20AC;&#x201C;14:00

Biocontrol products have a long history in Indonesia, in particular if you look at indigenous methods used by farmers that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have access or cannot afford synthetic chemical pesticides. An overview of biocontrol products available in Indonesia shows a broad range of products: microbials, microbial toxins, entomopathogenic fungi, macrobials, beneficial insects, attractants, pheromones, botanicals in combination with several mechanical devices (e.g. traps) and cultural practices. Many of these products rely on local strains which are more effective than foreign ones. Consequently, local production of biocontrol agents has flourished in Indonesia, but is up to now mainly in the hand of small and medium sized enterprises, organised in the Bio-Agro Input Association of Indonesia (ABI). The commercialisation of biocontrol agents faces several obstacles in Indonesia starting from a limited range of research and development in Indonesia. On the other side, the transfer of existing technology from abroad, in particular from Europe and the USA, generally results in products too expensive for the Indonesian market. Next, products for the biocontrol of pests, weeds and diseases (as well as public or household pests) have to undergo authorisation like any other synthetic chemical crop protection product. However, the current environmental and health risk assessment schemes are designed for toxic molecules and in most cases are not applicable for biocontrol agents, in particular if they are living micro-organisms or beneficial insects. While the adaptation and harmonisation of safety data requirements is on-going in ASEAN, the current registration procedure is still too slow and too costly. Finally, while biocontrol products generally are not designed to substitute synthetic chemical pesticides, because they are integrated in an overall sustainable crop management strategy, they currently do compete on the agricultural inputs market. A decade long propagation of synthetic chemical pesticides under the strategy of maximising yields has led to attitudes and habits of farmers, which are difficult to break up. Nevertheless, biocontrol products have proven to be effective, economically viable and accepted by farmers, which dare the step to move from yield maximisation to income increase by extending their outreach along the value chain of food production. The benefits of biocontrol products for environmental sustainability (including biodiversity) and human health (no toxic residues) only become effective, if the cash 41

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Biodiversity of aphids and their predators on different wheat genotypes Anjum Suhail, Muhammad Arshad, Gogi M. Dildar, Arif M. Jalal, Shahzad Muhsan Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan dranjumsuhailuaf@gmail.com

Session 4A, 11:30–11:45

Wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.) is a major crop and plays an important role in establishing the economy of Pakistan. The insect pests play a significant role in the yield reduction. The aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) commonly called plant lice is an essential sucking insect pest which attacks severely on wheat crop and ultimately reduces the yield. There are the several biotic and abiotic factors which have a direct impact on the incidence of insect pest and their natural enemies. The study was conducted to find the comparative response of different wheat genotypes against aphids and their natural predators’ population; coccinellid, chrysoperla and syrphid fly. Eight wheat genotypes viz., AARI, Lasani-08, Faisalabad-08, Miraj-08, Sehar-06, Manthar, Fareed and Bakkhar-2000 were sown in the experimental area of Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad. The experiment was sown under the RCBD replicated thrice during 2011-2012. The population of aphids per tiller and the populations of coccinellid adult, coccinellid larvae, chrysoperla adult and chrysoperla larvae per plant, were recorded at weekly intervals whereas syrphid fly population was recorded through net sweep. The role of abiotic factors on the aphids population and predators population fluctuating was also determined by processing the data for simple correlation. The results showed that the genotypes Lasani-08 and Faisalabad-08 were found resistance comparatively with others with minimum aphids population (2.08 and 2.19/tiller respectively) whereas Manthar appeared as susceptible comparatively with others with maximum aphids population (10.39/tiller).The third week of March proved to be very satisfactory for the growth of population of aphids. The response of wheat genotypes for Chrysoperla adult, Chrysoperla larvae and Syrphid fly was established to be insignificant. The middle of March was found to be the utmost appropriate period for the growth of the population of coccinellid larvae.

Information technology and data management tools used in support of United States agricultural safeguarding and pest exclusion activities Karl Suiter, Yulu Xia

NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management, 1730 Varsity Drive, Venture IV - Suite 110, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA Karl_Suiter@cipm.info

Session 2, 16:15–16:30

The United States Department of Agriculture is tasked with safeguarding US agricultural interests in order to maintain a safe food supply. Prevention, one of the three major tenets of integrated pest management (as defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency) plays a major role in the USDA’s pest prevention, exclusion and safeguarding activities. The proactive identification of emergent pest species, the timely dissemination of this information and the creation of recovery and response guidelines for targeted invasive species is a powerful toolset that is used to prevent new pest incursions, protect food production and preserve biodiversity and natural habitats. The NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management at North Carolina State University has worked closely with the USDA’s Center for Plant Health, Science and Technology (CPHST) to create a number of tools used to manage PPQ’s pest exclusion and prevention activities. An overview of some of these databases and information systems, more specifically the Global Pest and Disease Database (GPDD), the Exotic Plant Pest Monitoring System (PestLens), and New Pest Response Guidelines (NPRG) is presented. We discuss how these systems, used to promote pest exclusion, dovetails nicely with the symposium goals of using IPM to manage species biodiversity.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Duet call-based sampling to estimate density of spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) in farming area

Sequencing of NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 gene of Gallirallus torquatus celebensis for Phylogenetic Analysis

Saroyo Sumarto, Roni Koneri, Trina Tallei

Daisy Tambajong, Marie Najoan, James Keintjem

Session 5B, 13:15–13:30

Session 3B, 09:30–09:45

Spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) is one of endemic primate species in Sulawesi Island. Tarsiers are very small in size and nocturnal in their habits. In North Sulawesi, they are found in several habitat types, for example: primary and secondary tropical forests, mangrove, scrub, montain habitat, and farming areas. They are mainly insectivorous animals, so they can play a role in pest control in farming areas. They are considered as beneficial to farmers because of their present. In a conservation perspective, estimation of their density outside of forests is important to analyse. Therefore, easy and fast sampling techniques are necessary. Duet call is a vocalization released by a pair of adult male and female at every early morning and this behavior can be utilized as the sign for group location for density determination of this species. The technique used was vocalization as group representation and square plots within 100 m in radius. Every early morning, an investigator stays at the center of one plot and counts the total of duet call locations. The average group size was 4.01 ± 1.83 individuals per plot. The formula for counting the the density was Tarsier Density = (Total Duet Call x 4.01) Individual/3.14 Ha.

The genomic DNA extracted from dried blood of Gallirallus torquatus celebensis when amplified by using primer pairs of DTF1 and DTR1 produced a single DNA fragment of 1,041 bp as expected. Sequencing of this fragment confirmed that the fragment was a fragment of mitochondrial DNA of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2). Total size of ND2 gene of G. torquatus celebensis is 1,041 bp with no insertions or deletions (indels) in the sequence and the translated proteins are 346 amino acids long. Nucleotide sequence of ND2 gene of G. torquatus celebensis was aligned with 12 ND2 genes (Rallidae, Phasianidae and Anatidae) deposited in GenBank to contruct phylogenetic tree. The genetic analysis showed two main clusters, one cluster comprised species on family of Rallidae and another cluster comprised family of Phasianidae. Both clustering seen in the dendrogram is highly consistent between Rallidae family and Phasianidae with an outgroup of Aythya americana is clearly separated. The sequence similarity (Identity) between G. torquatus celebensis and G. okinawae was determined to be 96.9 % or 33 nucleotides differentiation in 1,041 bp and clustered in specific group.

Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado Indonesia 95115 trinatallei@yahoo.com

Animal Husbandry Faculty, Sam Ratulangi University, Jl. Kampus Unsrat Kleak Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia dtambajong@yahoo.de

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts The biological exploration of northern Sulawesi by Alfred Russel Wallace (1823– 1913) and other 19th century pioneers Jan van Tol

Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands | jan.vantol@naturalis.nl

Keynote address

When Wallace started the exploration of Sulawesi in August 1856, the flora and fauna this island was largely unknown. He first worked from Makassar, and only arrived in northern Sulawesi on his return from Gilolo (Halmahera) to Singapore on 10 June 1859. He stayed until 23 September. Wallace collected some vertebrates, but mainly insects. The significance of his discoveries will be discussed. The first scientific explorations of northern Sulawesi started in the first decades of the 19th century. Specimens collected during those years are partly preserved in the Leiden Museum. More collectors became active in northern Sulawesi from the 1850s onwards. Significant collections were made by C.B.H. von Rosenberg, who was an employee of the Dutch government in the Gorontalo around 1863. P.J.M. Lorquin stayed between 1860 to 1865 in Celebes, while he also travelled to the Moluccas, Aru and New Guinea during these years. However, among the explorers of Indonesia, A.R. Wallace takes a very special position. He was not only interested in the enormous diversity of plants and animals, but also in the theoretical basis of distribution patterns and even in the process that can be considered the driver of diversity: evolution. In many ways, according to Stephen J. Gould, Wallace should be considered an ‘unlucky man’. He lost the huge collections he made during his work in South America due to shipwreck, and he is only the second man who understood that evolution of life is driven by natural selection. The first man is, of course, Darwin, who formulated his theory already many years before, but never published his manuscript. Only when Wallace sent Darwin the letter in which he explained his ideas on natural selection in the so-called ‘Ternate paper’, Darwin was forced to publish his concept as well. And as usual, the first man in history gets all honour. Apart from this well-known episode in the history of biology, Wallace will also be remembered for his contributions to our understanding of biogeography, or ‘the geographical distribution of animals’, as Wallace named it. He analysed the patterns of distribution of many species of birds and mammals in Indonesia, resulting in the famous ‘Wallace line’ dividing the Oriental and Papuan regions. The special position of Sulawesi, in biogeography known as Wallacea, will be discussed in detail. The discoveries of the early explorers will be compared

with the developments in our understanding of the biodiversity of Sulawesi during the 20th century.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Making optimal use of biodiversity to slow the spread of cassava mealybugs: a call for action Kris A.G. Wyckhuys

International Center for Tropical Agriculture CIAT, c/o Agricultural Genetics Institute, Pham Van Dong Road, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam k.wyckhuys@cgiar.org

Session 2, 16:30–16:45

During the past decade, South East Asia’s cassava sector has steadily come under pressure through an unfortunate coincidence of pest invasions, deficient quarantine tactics and far-reaching intensification and simplification of cassava agro-ecosystems. While Asian cassava has long remained free of major pest and disease problems, this situation has now abruptly and dramatically changed. In 2009, one of the most destructive pests of cassava, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudoccidae), was recorded from Thailand. In little time, P. manihoti had substantial impact on local cassava production and readily spread to neighboring Cambodia, Vietnam and Indonesia. In the meantime, other (polyphagous) invasive mealybugs such as Paracoccus marginatus, Phenacoccus madeirensis and Ferrisia virgata, are being increasingly reported from commercial cassava crops throughout the SE Asia region.

manipulation can boost the abundance and efficacy of generalist predators and parasitoids, and several other tactics wait to be assessed to keep cassava crops, regions and countries free of some of these destructive pests. In conclusion, arthropod pests have come to severely impact SE Asia’s cassava production and collaborative research is needed to secure the long-term sustainability and profitability of this important crop. In the management of several of these invasive pests, an in-depth assessment and meticulous manipulation of on-farm biodiversity undoubtedly will play a central role.

Through a well-coordinated initiative in late 2009, the parasitic wasp Anagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was brought from West Africa into Thailand for P. manihoti control. Although initial results are promising, follow-up research is needed to carefully document A. lopezi spread and performance in cassava crops under a broad range of (climatic, biophysical) settings. Also, ecological research waits to be conducted to assess eventual interference with or facilitation by local biodiversity. Lastly, a toolbox of tactics is being readied to boost efficacy and abundance of this wasp, particularly in biodiversity-poor cassava monocultures. For other invasive mealybugs, such as P. marginatus, fortuitously-introduced parasitoids such as Acerophagus papayae appear to provide certain level of control. Nevertheless, focused research is needed to carefully assess the potential of (importation) biological control of each of these pests and investigate which, if any, natural enemies should be introduced. For some invasive mealybugs, endemic natural enemies could very well provide sufficient pest control services, but essential food, host or shelter opportunities may be lacking in simplified cassava crop ecosystems. In countries where P. manihoti is not yet reported, such as India, China and the Philippines, research is urgently needed to build resilience of cassava cropping systems. Work from other crops shows that on-farm biodiversity could be wielded to turn local cassava crops far less susceptible to colonization by invasives. Habitat

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Abstracts Effect of pre-infested brinjal plants, Solamun melongema on composition and interaction of key insect-pest communities in multitrophic systems Mohd Rasdi Zaini, Che Salmah Md. Rawi

Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Jalan Lintasan Semarak, Bandar Tun Razak, Jengka, 26400, Pahang School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia dddpim@pahang.uitm.edu.my

Session 5B, 14:15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;14:30

This study investigated trends of interaction between whitefly and other insect acarine and among insect-acarine on brinjalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leaves that were regulated by several factors including pre-infested host plants (brinjal) supplied with varying levels of nutrient concentrations in two cropping periods. Five pest species were identified namely whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), aphids, thrips, spider mite and predator mite. Whitefly population was significantly dominated compared to aphid (competitor) and respond to plants supplied varying nutrient levels in first cropping but some pest species were not affected by treatments imposed on the plants. Whitefly competitor pest such as aphid dominated the pest communities in the second cropping periods, caused other pests made up less composition (<10%) all of the treatments with whitefly and thrips as competitors werebabu negatively correlated as they were competing among them in space and time. It can be concluded that instead of treatments effect (nutrient and pre-infestation) on brinjal plants, the population of whitefly evidently had disrupted due to the interactions of a major pest species via competitor pest species as they occupied the same host plants which naturally occurred in agricultural ecology. Change on nutrients concentration to the plants and composition of competitor pests on brinjal plants that commonly influenced plant performance and plant respond which scientifically known triggered chemical defence earlier, had significantly influenced the abundance of whitefly, aphid, thrips, spider mite and predator mite.

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Index A Abalos, Norielyn N. 12, 15 Abidin, Cik Mohd Ridzuan Zainal 13, 15 Achmad, Farajallah 14 Adkins, Steve W. 33 Adler, Peter H. 10, 16 Ahmad, Abu Hassan 12, 16 Ahn, Seung Jun 12, 20 Ali, Hikmah 12, 25 Anis, Selvie 11, 29 Anjum, Suhail 12, 17 Arbaoui, Mustapha 28 Arshad, Muhammad 12, 17, 42 Asfarian, Auzi 10, 18 Ayele, Shashie 10, 33

B Babu, Azariah 13, 18 Bai, Keyu 28 Belqadi, Loubna 28 Bertelsen, Michael 11 Bowman, John 9 Brown, Judith K. 11, 19 Brown, Tony 28

Goffar, Md. Abdul 13, 24 Gunawan, Endra 11, 24 Gusli, Sikstus 12, 25

H Habazar, Trimurti 11, 26 Haider, M. S. 11, 19 Hamady, D. 12, 38 Hameed, U. 11, 19 Hamid, Noor Hisham 12, 13, 15, 37 Hammig, Mike 14 Hana, Rohana 14 Hassan, A. Abu 12, 38 Heinrichs, Short 8 Hendrati, Rina Laksmi 11, 26 Heong, K. L. 9, 27 Herdiyeni, Yeni 10, 18 Herrmann, H.-W. 11, 19 Hidrayani, Hidrayani 12, 27 Horgan, Finbarr G. 12, 20

I Irwin, Michael E. 11, 28 Ismail, Sukri Taib 13, 15

Cho, Myoung Rae 12, 20 Chunming, Lu 28 Colangelo, Paolo 28 Cruz, Ainara Pe単alver 12, 20 Culin, Joseph 11

Jalal, Arif M. 12, 17, 42 Jarvis, Devra 28 Jeon, Sung Wook 12, 20 Jie, Wu 28 Joshi, Ravindra C. 13, 21

Darmawan, Daniel Useng 12, 25 Deesh, Aradhana D. 13, 21 Dhanasekaran, Shanmugam 13, 21 Dildar, Gogi M. 12, 17, 42 Dutta, Nirmal Kumar 13, 24

Kaliamurthy, Krishnappa 13, 21 Kaligis, David 11, 29 Kamble, Shripat 14, 30 Kang, Taek Joon 12, 20 Karuniawan, Agung 14, 39 Kasim, Azhar 12, 37 Kawulur, Elda Irma J. J. 14, 31 Keintjem, James 11, 43 Khan, M. 12 Khozin, M. 13, 35 Kim, Hyung Hwan 12, 20 Kojansow, Jerry 10, 39 Koneri, Roni 13, 43 Kuntner, Matjaz 10, 31 Kuppusamy, Elumalai 13, 21

F Fadda, Carlo 9, 28 Farajallah, Achmad 31

G Gallagher, Kevin D. 10, 22 Gani, S. 12, 27 Ghosh, Guru 7, 9, 13 Ginting, Sulaiman 13, 41 Glick, Harvey 12, 23

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Index L Langi, Martina 10, 32 Lovett, John 10, 32

M Mansor, Mashhor 12, 33 Martanto, Eko Agus 11, 24 McPheron, Bruce 12 Memah, Ventje 10, 39 Mersie, Wondi 10, 33 Mian, Md. Yousuf 11, 13, 24, 36 Miller, Sally 11, 13, 24, 36 Moltmann, Johann F. R. 10, 34 Muhsan, Shahzad 12, 42 Muhsin, Muhammad 13, 35 Mujiono, Gatot 13, 35 Mulumba, John 28 Muniappan, Rangaswamy 8, 9, 10, 35 Muraleedharan, N. 13, 18 Murray, Tim 28

Resti, Zurai 11, 26 Rimbing, Jimmy 10, 39 Roble, Noel D. 12, 15 Rohana, Hana O. 31 Rostini, Neni 14, 39 Rotinsulu, Wiske 8, 11, 40 Rumokoy, Donald A. 6, 9

Nahar, M. S. 11, 36 Najoan, Marie 11, 43 Nankya, Rose 28 Nigatu, Lisanework 10, 33 Noor, Hafidzi Mohd 12, 37

Sadiki, Mohammed 28 Saleh, Ahmad 12, 16 Salim, Hasber 12, 37 Salosa, Yenni Yendri 13, 40 Samsudin, Mohamad Fikri 12, 33 Santis, Paola De 28 Sembel, Dantje 8, 9, 10, 13, 39 Sembiring, Elianor 13, 41 Shepard, B. Merle 8, 9 Sompie, David 10, 39 Spomer, Neil 14, 30 Suarez, Carmen 28 Sugiat 13, 35 Suhail, Anjum 12, 42 Suiter, Karl 10, 42 Sumarto, Saroyo 13, 43 Susanti, Cicilia M.E. 11, 24 Swamy, Bal Narayan 13, 21 Syamjaya, David 12, 25 Syamsuddin, Isra M. 12, 25

Ochoa, JosĂŠ 28 Olsen, Larry 10 Omar, Dzolkifli 12, 37

Tallei, Trina 13, 43 Tambajong, Daisy 11, 43 Tambunan, Donald 9 Tana, Tamado 10, 33 Tasik, Susanti 11, 24 Thompson, Gary 10 Tol, Jan van 9, 44

P Paparu, Pamela 28 Pechacek, Peter 14 Peng, Huaxian 28 Perry, Suzy 10, 32 Pollo, Hard Napoleon 10, 39

R Rahmadhani, Mariana 11, 24 Rahman, M. A. 11, 13, 24, 36 Rajotte, Edwin G. 13, 24 Rasdi, Z. Mohd 12, 38 Rasool, Khan M. Rashad 12, 17 Rauf, Aunu 10, 12, 18 Rawi, Che Salmah Md. 12, 13, 16, 38, 46 Rayapati, Naidu 11, 36 48

W Wanget, Sesilia Anita 14, 39 Wanma, Jimmy F. 11, 24 Wilby, Andrew 12, 20 Wyckhuys, Kris A.G. 10, 45

X Xia, Yulu 10, 42

PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Index Y Yang, Chang Yul 12, 20 Yang, Yang Yayun 28 Yanti, Yulmira 11, 26

Z Zaini, Mohd Rasdi 13, 46 Zia-Ur-Rehman, M. 11, 19