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Pharmacy Practice News • November 2009
Educational review
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29. Spital A. Diuretic-induced hyponatremia. Am J Nephrol. 1999;19(4):447-452. 30. Liamis G, Milionis H, Elisaf M. A review of drug-induced hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(1):144-153. 31. Vaprisol [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Astellas Pharma US, Inc.; 2008. 32. Samsca [package insert]. Tokyo, Japan: Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; 2009.
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Dr. Stachnik is part of The University of Illinois at Chicago Drug Information Group, a fully integrated medical communication group situated within an academic medical center. The Group focuses primarily on the provision of drug information services, medical writing, and implementation of educational programs, and is staffed by highly trained clinical pharmacists with expertise in these areas.
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13. Zilberberg M, Exuzides A, Spalding J, et al. Hyponatremia and hospital outcomes among patients with pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2008 Aug 18;8:16. 14. Kim W, Biggins S, Kremers W, et al. Hyponatremia mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(10):1018-1026. 15. Boscoe A, Paramore C, Verbalis J. Cost of illness of hyponatremia in the United States. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 May 31;4:10. 16. Morgan GE Jr, Mikhail MS, Murray MJ. Management of patients with fluid & electrolyte disturbances. In: Morgan GE Jr, Mikhail MS, Murray MJ, eds. Clinical Anesthesiology. 4th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill; 2006:662-688. 17. Verbalis J, Goldsmith S, Greenberg A, Schrier R, Sterns R. Hyponatremia treatment guidelines 2007: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2007;120(11A):S1-S21. 18. Schrier R, Bansal S. Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia in acute illness. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008;14(6):627-634.
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19. Ishikawa S, Schrier R. Pathophysiological roles of arginine vasopressin and aquaporin-2 in impaired water excretion. Clin Endocrinol. 2003;58(1):1-17. 20. Rosner M. Hyponatremia in heart failure: the role of arginine vasopressin and diuretics. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2009;23(4):307-315.
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21. Ghali J. Mechanisms, risks, and new treatment options for hyponatremia. Cardiology. 2008;111(3):147-157.
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22. Douglas I. Hyponatremia: why it matters, how it presents, and how we can manage it. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(suppl 3):S4-S12. 23. Adler S, Verbalis J. Disorders of body water homeostasis in critical illness. Endocrinol
repetition of similar errors. Dr. Viscusi recommended doublechecking programming by two nurses, standard PCA concentrations of equipotent opioids, minimizing the use of custom PCA solutions and considering the use of smart pumps. “Still,” he added, “we may be at the limit of the technology.”
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—Michael Vlessides