MASSIMO MARRAZZO -
BIODOMOTICA速
Transparent & flexible electronics
Nanotechnology Update January
2012
Transparent & Flexible Electronics
Index Transparent electronics Touch-screen display Stretchable electronics Transparent batteries Printed electronics Electronic paper / E-paper Plastic Electronics
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Links Show/Convention/Exposition
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2012 Update
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Transparent Electronics - http://ewandoo.com/samsung-electronics-produced-22-inch-transparent-lcd/
Samsung Electronics Produced 22-inch transparent LCD SEOUL, South Korea–(BUSINESS WIRE) Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. announced today that it began mass production of a 22-inch transparent LCD panel in March this year. “Transparent displays will have a wide range of use in all industry areas as an efficient tool for delivering information and communication. With the world’s first mass production of the transparent LCD panel, Samsung Electronics plans to lead the global transparent LCD market by developing various applications.” The panels come in two types, the black-and-white type and the color type, and they have a contrast ratio of 500:1 with WSXGA+ (1680*1050) resolution. Compared with the conventional LCD panels that use back light unit (BLU) and have 5% transparency, Samsung’s transparent LCD panel boasts the world’s best transparency rate of over 20% for the black-andwhite type and over 15% for the color type. The transparent LCD panel has a high transparency rate, which enables a person to look right through the panel like glass, and it consumes 90% less electricity compared with a conventional LCD panel using back light unit. It’s because a transparent LCD panel utilizes ambient light such as sun light, which consequently reduces the dependency on electricity for generating power. Also, Samsung’s transparent LCD panel maximizes convenience for not only manufacturers but also consumers by incorporating the High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and the Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. Transparent display panels have endless possibilities as an advertising tool, which can be applied to show windows and outdoor billboards or used in showcase events. Corporations and schools can also adopt the panel as an interactive communication device, which enables information to be displayed more effectively. Younghwan Park, a senior vice president of Samsung Electronics LCD Business, said, “Transparent displays will have a wide range of use in all industry areas as an efficient tool for delivering information and communication. With the world’s first mass production of the transparent LCD panel, Samsung Electronics plans to lead the global transparent LCD market by developing various applications.”
Video: http://gizmodo.com/5876441/samsung-turns-any-window-into-an-amazing-computer
Transparent & Flexible Electronics
- http://www.lotsoloot.com/post/Is-Samsunge28099s-Transparent-Smart-Window-the-Window-of-the-Future.aspx
The Consumer Electronics Show (CES) wrapped up last week, and one of the cooler gadgets featured at the three-day event was Samsung’s Transparent Smart Window. The slick device, which won a 2012 CES Innovation Award, is basically a transparent LCD panel (though visible only from the inside) which acts as a large computer. Users can check their Twitter account, read email, watch TV, or look up the weather, among other things. The device even boasts a virtual blinds feature! How very Minority Report!
Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=m5rlTrdF5Cs
- http://nextbigfuture.com/2010/12/ucla-engineers-create-new-transparent.html
UCLA Engineers create new transparent electrodes for highly flexible electronics By Wileen Wong Kromhout December 17, 2010
FINDINGS: The development of new electronic applications like thin-film solar panels, wearable displays and non-invasive biomedical devices, which require significant deformation to copy body movements, has heightened the need for transparent, highly flexible electrodes. Currently, indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) technology is used for electrodes in LCD displays, solar cells, iPad and smart-phone touch screens, and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays for televisions and computer monitors. But ITO can be fragile and toxic, and it is becoming increasingly more expensive to produce. Researchers at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science have now developed a new transparent electrode based on silver nanowires (AgNW) that could replace ITO. The new electrode uses low-cost, non-toxic and stable materials and is easy to fabricate. It is produced on a cross-linked, transparent polyacylate substrate, which is cheaper than glass and can be stiff and rigid or flexible and stretchable. IMPACT: The resulting AgNW/polymer electrodes have high transparency, low sheet resistance comparable to ITO, and low surface roughness. They are substantially more compliant than ITO and would be suitable for the fabrication of high-performance and stretchable OLEDs and solar cells. The shape-memory property of the polymer substrate could lead to electronic devices that can be deformed to various stable shapes. The deformation is reversible, causes minimal damage to the devices and can be repeated for many cycles. AUTHORS: Authors of the research are Zhibin Yu, Qingwu Zhang, Lu Li, Qi Chen, Xiaofan Niu, Jun Liu and Qibing Pei. The invention of the new transparent electrode was led by Qibing Pei, who is a professor of materials science and engineering at UCLA Engineering. 4 Massimo Marrazzo - biodomotica.com
FUNDING: The research was partially supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Solid-State Lighting program and by the National Science Foundation. JOURNAL: This research was recently published in the peer-reviewed journal Advanced Materials and is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201003398/abstract.
Source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201003398/abstract
Shape-memory polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) using a new silver nanowire/polymer electrode are reported. The electrode can be stretched by up to 16% with only a small increase in sheet resistance. Large deformation shape change and recovery of the PLEDs to various bistable curvatures result in minimal loss of electroluminescence performance.
Transparent & Flexible Electronics
Touch-screen displays - http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=16008
Dream screens from graphene Technology developed at Rice could revolutionize touch-screen displays BY MIKE WILLIAMS Rice News staff - 8/2/2011
A hybrid material that combines a fine aluminum mesh with a single-atom-thick layer of graphene outperforms materials common to current touch screens and solar cells. The transparent, flexible electrodes were developed in the lab of Rice University chemist James Tour. Flexible, transparent electronics are closer to reality with the creation of graphene-based electrodes at Rice University. The lab of Rice chemist James Tour lab has created thin films that could revolutionize touch-screen displays, solar panels and LED lighting. The research was reported in the online edition of ACS Nano. Flexible, see-through video screens may be the "killer app" that finally puts graphene -- the highly touted single-atom-thick form of carbon -- into the commercial spotlight once and for all, Tour said. Combined with other flexible, transparent electronic components being developed at Rice and elsewhere, the breakthrough could lead to computers that wrap around the wrist and solar cells that wrap around just about anything. The lab's hybrid graphene film is a strong candidate to replace indium tin oxide (ITO), a commercial product widely used as a transparent, conductive coating. It's the essential element in virtually all flat-panel displays, including touch screens on smart phones and iPads, and is part of organic light-emitting diodes and solar cells. ITO works well in all of these applications, but has several disadvantages. The element indium is increasingly rare and expensive. It's also brittle, which heightens the risk of a screen cracking when a smart phone is dropped and further rules ITO out as the basis for flexible displays. The Tour Lab's thin film combines a single-layer sheet of highly conductive graphene with a fine grid of metal nanowire. The researchers claim the material easily outperforms ITO and other competing materials, with better transparency and lower resistance to electric current. “Many people are working on ITO replacements, especially as it relates to flexible substrates," said Tour, Rice's T.T. and W.F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science. "Other labs have looked at using pure graphene. It might work theoretically, but when you put it on a substrate, it doesn't have high enough conductivity at a high enough transparency. It has to be assisted in some way." Conversely, said postdoctoral researcher Yu Zhu, lead author of the new paper, fine metal meshes show good conductivity, but gaps in the nanowires to keep them transparent make them unsuitable as stand-alone components in conductive electrodes. But combining the materials works superbly, Zhu said. The metal grid strengthens the graphene, and the graphene fills all the empty spaces between the grid. The researchers found a grid of five-micron nanowires made of inexpensive, lightweight aluminum did not detract from the material's transparency. "Five-micron grid lines are about a 10th the size of a human hair, and a human hair is hard to see," Tour said. 6 Massimo Marrazzo - biodomotica.com
Tour said metal grids could be easily produced on a flexible substrate via standard techniques, including rollto-roll and ink-jet printing. Techniques for making large sheets of graphene are also improving rapidly, he said; commercial labs have already developed a roll-to-roll graphene production technique. "This material is ready to scale right now," he said. The flexibility is almost a bonus, Zhu said, due to the potential savings of using carbon and aluminum instead of expensive ITO. "Right now, ITO is the only commercial electrode we have, but it's brittle," he said. "Our transparent electrode has better conductivity than ITO and it's flexible. I think flexible electronics will benefit a lot." In tests, he found the hybrid film's conductivity decreases by 20 to 30 percent with the initial 50 bends, but after that, the material stabilizes. "There were no significant variations up to 500 bending cycles," Zhu said. More rigorous bending test will be left to commercial users, he said. “I don't know how many times a person would roll up a computer," Tour added. "Maybe 1,000 times? Ten thousand times? It's hard to see how it would wear out in the lifetime you would normally keep a device." The film also proved environmentally stable. When the research paper was submitted in late 2010, test films had been exposed to the environment in the lab for six months without deterioration. After a year, they remain so. "Now that we know it works fine on flexible substrates, this brings the efficacy of graphene a step up to its potential utility," Tour said. Rice graduate students Zhengzong Sun and Zheng Yan and former postdoctoral researcher Zhong Jin are coauthors of the paper.
An electron microscope image of a hybrid electrode developed at Rice University shows solid connections after 500 bends. The transparent material combines single-atom-thick sheets of graphene and a fine mesh of aluminum nanowire on a flexible substrate.
Transparent & Flexible Electronics
Stretchable Electronics - http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-10-stretchable-graphene-transistors-limitations-materials.html
Stretchable graphene transistors overcome limitations of other materials October 26, 2011 by Lisa Zyga
(PhysOrg.com) -- When it comes to fabricating stretchable, transparent electronics, finding a material to make transistors from has been a significant challenge for researchers. They've explored a variety of conventional semiconductor materials, including molecules, polymers, and metals, but these materials tend to have intrinsically poor optical and mechanical properties. These drawbacks make it difficult to realize a transistor that can maintain its optical and electrical performance under a high strain. In a new study, researchers have fabricated a stretchable, transparent graphene-based transistor and found that, due to graphene’s excellent optical, mechanical, and electrical properties, the transistor overcomes some of the problems faced by transistors made of conventional semiconductor materials.
(Left) Graphene-based transistor patterned on a PDMS substrate. (Center) Microscope images of the transistor undergoing stretching up to 5%. (Right) The transistor patterned on a balloon. Image credit: Lee, et al. Š2011 American Chemical Society
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http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/newsroom/more-news/archive/2011/ucla-engineers-create-polymer-light-emitting-devices-that-can-bestretched-like-rubber
UCLA engineers create polymer light-emitting devices that can be stretched like rubber by Wileen Wong Kromhout - 28 July 2011
FINDINGS: Stretchable electronics, an emerging class of modern electronic materials that can bend and stretch, have the potential to be used in a wide range of applications, including wearable electronics, "smart skins" and minimally invasive biomedical devices that can move with the body. Today's conventional inorganic electronic devices are brittle, and while they have a certain flexibility achieved using ultrathin layers of inorganic materials, these devices are either flexible, meaning they can be bent, or they are stretchable, containing a discrete LED chip interconnected with stretchable electrodes. But they lack "intrinsic stretchabilty," in which every part of the device is stretchable. Now, researchers at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science have demonstrated for the first time an intrinsically stretchable polymer light-emitting device. They developed a simple process to fabricate the transparent devices using single-walled carbon nanotube polymer composite electrodes. The 8 Massimo Marrazzo - biodomotica.com
interpenetrating networks of nanotubes and the polymer matrix in the surface layer of the composites lead to low sheet resistance, high transparency, high compliance and low surface roughness. The metal-free devices can be linearly stretched up to 45 percent and the composite electrodes can be reversibly stretched by up to 50 percent with little change in sheet resistance. IMPACT: Because the devices are fabricated by roll lamination of two composite electrodes that sandwich an emissive polymer layer, they uniquely combine mechanical robustness and the ability for large-strain deformation, due to the shape-memory property of the composite electrodes. This development will provide a new direction for the field of stretchable electronics. AUTHORS: UCLA postdoctoral fellow Zhibin Yu, UCLA professor of materials science and engineering Qibing Pei, Xiaofan Niu and Zhitian Liu FUNDING: The research was supported by the National Science Foundation. JOURNAL: This research was recently published in the peer-reviewed journal Advanced Materials and is available online at http://bit.ly/ngbZ5w.
Polymer LED before stretching, stretched to 20 percent and 45 percent uniaxial strain
Transparent & Flexible Electronics
Transparent Batteries - http://www.innovationnewsdaily.com/454-transparent-batteries.html
Transparent Batteries Help Mobile Devices Go See-Through Charles Choi, InnovationNewsDaily Contributor -25 July 2011
Photo of the transparent, flexible battery, with a microscope image of the grid of trenches making up the battery's electrodes. Credit: the Cui Group, Stanford University Scientists have now invented clear, flexible batteries that, when sandwiched together with similarly transparent video displays, touch screens, microchips and solar cells, might help lead to entirely see-through mobile devices . For instance, one might imagine tablet computers with clear bodies that can superimpose images onto whatever you see through them for augmented reality applications . The new invention is a novel type of lithium-ion battery, the kind now popular in consumer electronics because of how much power it can store. To key to making such a battery appear transparent involved miniaturizing its opaque parts until they are too small to be seen with the naked eye and then spreading them apart so they only cover a small portion of a see-through backing. Researchers first created a flexible silicone rubber membrane with a grid of trenches each 35 microns or millionths of a meter wide patterned onto it. In comparison, the human eye can only make out details 50 to 100 microns in size. The scientists then filled the trenches with a water-based slurry containing lithium-ion battery materials. Electric current moves from trenches of lithium titanate spinel, which form the negative electrode, across a gel to trenches of lithium manganese oxide, which make up the positive electrode. A gold film deposited onto this silicone rubber helps collect this electric current to power electronics. "The transparent batteries here open up exciting opportunities for transparent electronics — for transparent cellphones, laptops, iPads," researcher Yi Cui, a materials scientist at Stanford University in California, told InnovationNewsDaily. "Cool and beautiful." The more batteries there are stacked atop each other, the more energy they store collectively but the less transparent they are overall. Still, in theory, the researchers suggest they could make a flexible transparent lithium-ion battery that is 60 percent transparent with energy storage comparable with commercial lead acid and nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries. So far, the researchers have made batteries of varying transparency that fall short of the theoretical maximum. By further tinkering with the battery's structure — for instance, making the silicone rubber layer thinner and the trenches deeper — the researchers suggest they can bump up the energy storage capacity. The scientists detailed their findings online July 25 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/july/transparent-litiumion-battery-072511.html
Stanford transparent batteries: seeing straight through to the future? Stanford Report, July 25, 2011
Stanford researchers have invented a transparent lithium-ion battery that is also highly flexible. It is comparable in cost to regular batteries on the market today, with great potential for applications in consumer electronics.
The electrode is packaged with other transparent components to create a transparent battery. (credit: Steve Fyffe) By Stephanie Liou
It sounds like something out of a cheesy science fiction movie, but thanks to new research by several Stanford scientists, transparent cell phones are one step closer to becoming a reality. Several companies have successfully created partially transparent gadgets such as digital photo frames and cell phones with see-through keyboards. However, fully transparent e-book readers or cell phones have remained largely in the realm of conceptual art due to one last missing puzzle piece. "If you want to make everything transparent, what about the battery?" said Yi Cui, an associate professor of materials science and engineering and of photon science at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, renowned for his work with batteries. With graduate student Yuan Yang, who is the first author of the paper "Transparent lithium-ion batteries" in the July 25 edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Cui set out to create a clear battery suitable for use in consumer electronics. "I can make the battery more powerful, but I also want to make the battery look fancier," said Cui, who praised Yang for coming up with this unusual research idea. Since key active materials in batteries cannot yet be made transparent or replaced with transparent alternatives, Yang and Cui realized that they had to find a way to construct a battery such that its nontransparent components were too small to be seen by the naked eye. "If something is smaller than 50 microns, your eyes will feel like it is transparent," said Yang, because the maximum resolving power of the human eye is somewhere between 50 to 100 microns. Yang and Cui devised a mesh-like framework for the battery electrodes, with each "line" in the grid being approximately 35 microns wide. Light passes through the transparent gaps between the gridlines; because the individual lines are so thin, the entire meshwork area appears transparent.
This was easier said than done. The pair finally came up with an ingenious three-step process that utilized low-cost, commonly available substances. First, since regular materials such as copper or aluminum were out of the question, a transparent alternative had to be found. Yang and Cui settled upon a transparent, slightly rubbery compound known as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). "PDMS is pretty cheap, and already being used in plastic surgery and contact lenses," said Yang. "But it is not conductive, so we had to deposit metals onto it to make it conductive." To do so, PDMS was poured into silicon molds to create grid-patterned trenches. A metal film was evaporated over the trenches, creating a conductive layer. The researchers then dropped a liquid slurry solution containing minuscule, nano-sized active electrode materials into the trenches.
Transparent & Flexible Electronics Next, Yang developed a special transparent substance to be sandwiched between electrodes. He modified an existing gel electrolyte to make it serve double-duty as both an electrolyte and a separator. Since all of the materials used to make separators in regular batteries are nontransparent, this was a vital step. By precisely placing an electrolyte layer between two electrodes, one functional battery is created. Multiple layers can be added in order to create a larger and more powerful battery. As long as the gridlines are matched accurately, transparency is maintained. Yang and Cui's light transmittance tests showed a 62 percent transparency in visible light, and approximately 60 percent transparency even with three full cells stacked on top of each other. The entire battery is also highly flexible. Perhaps best of all, the transparent battery is less expensive than one might expect. "Its cost could be similar to those of regular batteries," said Cui. "Especially if we use low cost metals as current collectors, there is no reason this cannot be cheap." The only current limitation is that the transparent battery is only about half as powerful as comparably sized lithium-ion counterparts. "The energy density is currently lower than lithium batteries," said Yang. "It is comparable to nickel-cadmium batteries right now." Most laptops and cell phones are powered by lithium-ion batteries, while nickel-cadmium batteries are often found in cameras and other less energy-intensive devices. Yang and Cui are optimistic that advancements in materials science will enable the improvement of the energy density of the transparent battery. The manufacturing process is definitely scalable, and there is potential for commercial application, said Cui, who has filed a patent for the battery. But wait, one might ask – what is the reason to have a transparent device, or even a transparent battery? "It's very exciting for doing fundamental scientific research," said Cui. "You can study what is happening inside batteries since they are transparent now." Grand contributions to science aside, though, there was definitely a bigger motivating force behind Yang and Cui's research. "It just looks cool," said Cui. "I want to talk to Steve Jobs about this. I want a transparent iPhone!" Yang's work is supported by the Stanford Graduate Fellowships Program in Science and Engineering. Funding for this research was provided by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Sangmoo Jeong, Liangbing Hu, Hui Wu and Seok Woo Lee, all of Stanford, also contributed to this research. Stephanie Liou is an intern at the Stanford News Service. Media Contact Yi Cui: yicui@stanford.edu Yuan Yang: yangyuan1985@gmail.com, (650) 384-5387 Louis Bergeron, Stanford News Service: (650) 725-1944, louisb3@stanford.edu
Yuan Yang, a graduate student in Materials Science, holds one of the transparent batteries he developed with Professor Yi Cui. Source: L.A. Cicero
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http://www.extremetech.com/computing/90964-transparent-lithium-ion-batteries-make-sci-fi-gadgets-a-reality
Transparent lithium-ion batteries make sci-fi gadgets a reality By Sebastian Anthony on July 26, 2011
Using silicon lithography, liquid silicone, and electrodes that are fashioned into patterns that are invisible to the naked eye, researchers at Stanford University have finally created the seminal sci-fi component that we’ve all been waiting for: transparent batteries. The batteries are created by first etching very narrow channels, in a grid pattern, into a silicon wafer using standard lithographic processes. Liquid PDMS (a transparent silicone polymer) is then poured over the silicon wafer mold and cured. The electrode chemicals are dripped into the molded narrow channels and capillary action draws the chemicals into long, thin ridges. One piece of polymer is covered in positive electrodes and the other is covered in negative electrodes, and they’re perfectly aligned so that light passes through the gaps in the grids. The package is then filled with a clear gel electrolyte, wires are attached, and voila: a transparent battery!
The transparent battery powering an LED The batteries don’t store a lot of power yet — about 20 watt-hours per liter of electrolyte, the same as a nickelcadmium battery — but chief researcher Yi Cui says that the batteries should, in theory, be able to store about half as much power as a standard, opaque lithium-ion battery. A denser electrode pattern would produce more electricity, but sacrifice transparency — or you could simply line up a few transparent cells in the same way that most batteries use a series of cells to produce more power. The applications for transparent batteries are numerous and far-reaching. A transparent iPhone 6 would obviously be rather fun, but hardly life-changing. Transparent, flexible OLED displays are a much more exciting prospect — and perhaps see-through laptops are the key to passing ever-tightening airport security measures. Ultimately, see-through batteries could usher in a complete range of transparent gadgets, from wrist watches to LED torches, to tablets, smartphones, and e-readers that let you keep an eye on the ground while you walk. Next-generation laptops or Nintendo and Sony portables could even use a clear body that allows daylight to illuminate the display…
Transparent & Flexible Electronics
Printed Electronics - http://electronicsbus.com/ink-jet-printable-transparent-electronics-graphene-ink/
Ink-Jet Printable Transparent Electronics using Graphene Ink Posted by Karthikeya in Technology News
Cambridge University researchers demonstrated ink-jet printing as a viable method for large area fabrication of graphene devices. They produce a graphene-based ink by liquid phase exfoliation of graphite in N-Methylpyrrolidone. They used 2 −1 −1 this graphene-based ink to print thin-film transistors, with mobilities up to 95cm V s , as well as transparent and conductive patterns, with up to 80% transmittance and 30 kilohms sheet resistance. This paves the way to all-printed, flexible and transparent graphene devices on arbitrary substrates. Liquid phase exfoliated graphene is an ideal and low cost material for the fabrication of transparent conductive inks. This demonstrates the viability of graphene-inks for flexible and transparent electronics.
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http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/27368/
First Demonstration of Inkjet-Printed Graphene Electronics 11/24/2011
Inkjet technology has been a revolution. First, there is digital image printing, which has become faster and more flexible than anybody imagined (although not necessarily cheaper). Then came 3D printing in which one layer of material is printed on top of another to build up a three dimensional objects. That's become a standard way to make complex prototypes while others are using it to 'print' different kinds of chocolates, creams and icings. Then there are the groups who have added conducting polymers to the inks and used them to print circuits onto flexible substrates. These are being used to make everything from digital paper to disposable RFID tags. And they can be printed onto sheets of essentially any size, unlike conventional high performance circuitry which must be forged in exotic conditions inside multibillion dollar fabrication plants . There is a problem however. Inkjet printed electronics underperform conventional integrated circuitry by a significant margin--printed thin film transistors are simply bigger and slower than silicon-based models. So the race is on to improve their performance. Today, Andrea Ferrari and buddies at the University of Cambridge in the UK show off a significant step forward. These guys have found a way to replace or augment the conducting polymers in these inks with graphene, the wonder-material of the moment. It's not hard to see why. The electronic properties of graphene are hard to match and make it idea for nanoelectronics. But the difficulty is combining it into an ink that readily forms small droplets--something that is obviously essential for inkjet printing. This is essentially the breakthrough that Ferrari and co have achieved. They've found a way to readily produced graphene by chemically chipping flakes off a block of graphite and filtering them to remove any that might clog the printer heads. They then add the flakes to a solvent called N-Methylpyrrolidone, or NMP, which minimises problems such as the coffee ring effect that can occur when some solvents evaporate. 14 Massimo Marrazzo - biodomotica.com
Finally they've put this stuff in their printers and printed out a few circuits and thin film transisters. The results are promising. The graphene-based inks match or beat the performance of most other inks available today. That's pretty good for a first attempt since improvements will certainly follow. "This paves the way to all-printed, flexible and transparent graphene devices on arbitrary substrates.," say Ferrari and co in concluding their paper. Which means we can expect to see much more on this in the coming months and years. Ref: arxiv.org/abs/1111.4970: Ink-Jet Printed Graphene Electronics Ink-Jet Printed Graphene Electronics F. Torrisi, T. Hasan, W. Wu, Z. Sun, A. Lombardo, T. Kulmala, G. W. Hshieh, S. J. Jung, F. Bonaccorso, P. J. Paul, D. P. Chu, A. C. Ferrari
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http://www.kurzweilai.net/graphene-based-inkjet-printing-allows-for-faster-flexible-electronics
Graphene-based inkjet printing allows for faster flexible electronics November 28, 2011 by Editor
SEM micrograph of graphene-ink-printed pattern (credit: F. Torrisi et al.) University of Cambridge engineers have created inkjet printer inks based on graphene, allowing for highperformance flexible, transparent electronics devices. Printing on flexible substrates allows electronics devices to be placed on curved surfaces, but current materials used in printer inks have low mobility (how quickly an electron or hole can move), so their performance is limited. Graphene is superior in terms of mobility, purity, defects, and optoelectronics properties, but large scale production approaches are needed for widespread use, the engineers say. So they developed a new technique to create flakes less than a micron (millionth of a meter) across to prevent clogging print heads, using by liquid phase exfoliation of graphite in N-Methylpyrrolidone. They then added the graphene material to a printing ink, and printed transparent, conductive patterns on glass, creating highmobility, graphene-based thin-film transistors. This paves the way to all-printed, flexible, and transparent graphene devices on arbitrary substrates, the engineers concluded. Ref.: F. Torrisi et al., Ink-Jet Printed Graphene Electronics, arXiv, arxiv.org/abs/1111.4970
- http://www.3ders.org/articles/20111128-first-printed-graphene-electronics.html
First Printed Graphene Electronics Nov.28, 2011
Downloading and printing new electronics has now become possible. Without a gram of metal - thanks to a breakthrough at the Cambridge university in UK. 3D printing is becoming increasingly popular. No wonder. A 3D printer can print an object layer by layer. It is ideal for making prototypes. Many industrial designers are using 3D printing technology, but you can also make other alterations, for example 3D printing with chocolate. Electronics can also be printed with special electrically conductive ink. One of them is conductive polymers, a type of plastic.
Transparent & Flexible Electronics There's only one problem. Printed electronics is far not as good as silicon-based electronics, because the material is less conductive. That is, until now, Andrea Ferrari and his colleagues at Cambridge have for the first time succeeded in graphene to replace conducting polymers. Graphene, which is a sort of chicken wire made of carbon atoms in graphite, conducts as good as metals. In short, it is an ideal material for printable electronics. Unfortunately it is very difficult to make a form by a printer head because of the graphene flakes. Graphene is an irregular mixture of small and large flakes. Large flakes clog the printer head and even bigger problem can occur - it prevents the small, regular droplets to be formed. Small droplets are fundamental for inkjet printing. Recently, Andrea Ferrari and peers at the University of Cambridge in the UK have managed to solve this problem and demonstrated a giant leap forward. By using a modified Epson Stylus 1500 Ink-jet printer and some customised cartridges, they have printed out onto a Silicon based substrate. They peel graphene layers off with ultrasound (in jargon: sonication) from a graphite block and filter them so that the largest pieces are no longer clogging the printer head. Then they solve the flakes in the solvent Nmethylpyrrolidone, or NMP, which counteracts the infamous coffee ring effect(In physics, a coffee ring is a pattern left by a puddle of particle-laden liquid after it evaporates). The ink is accumulated on the edge by this coffee ring effect. Another nice feature is that NMP is not very toxic. The last step was to place the NMP with dissolved grafeenvlokken in a printhead. The researchers printed a number of circuits and thin film transistors. The breakthrough shows the graphene ink scoring slightly better than existing ink. Note: this is not a mature product, so expect that it will be even better. "This paves the way to all-printed, flexible and transparent graphene devices on arbitrary substrates.," say Ferrari and co in concluding their paper. If this technology is combined with 3D printing technology, soon you will be in a printing service shop asking for printing a 3D objects with internal electronics.
- http://news.illinois.edu/news/11/0628silver_pen_JenniferLewis.html
Silver pen has the write stuff for flexible electronics
Silver ink pen draws circuits and interconnects (credit: Bok Yeop Ahn)
Photo by Bok Yeop Ahn
University of Illinois engineers have developed a silver-inked rollerball pen capable of writing electrical circuits and interconnects on paper, wood and other surfaces. The pen is writing whole new chapters in low-cost, flexible and disposable electronics. 16 Massimo Marrazzo - biodomotica.com
Led by Jennifer Lewis, the Hans Thurnauer professor of materials science and engineering at the U. of I., and Jennifer Bernhard, a professor of electrical and computer engineering, the team published its work in the journal Advanced Materials. “Pen-based printing allows one to construct electronic devices ‘on-the-fly,’ ” said Lewis, the director of the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory at the U. of I. “This is an important step toward enabling desktop manufacturing (or personal fabrication) using very low cost, ubiquitous printing tools.” While it looks like a typical silver-colored rollerball pen, this pen’s ink is a solution of real silver. After writing, the liquid in the ink dries to leave conductive silver pathways – in essence, paper-mounted wires. The ink maintains its conductivity through multiple bends and folds of the paper, enabling devices with great flexibility and conformability. Metallic inks have been used in approaches using inkjet printers to fabricate electronic devices, but the pen offers freedom and flexibility to apply ink directly to paper or other rough surfaces instantly, at low cost and without programming. “The key advantage of the pen is that the costly printers and printheads typically required for inkjet or other printing approaches are replaced with an inexpensive, hand-held writing tool,” said Lewis, who is also affiliated with the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. The ability to create freestyle conductive pathways enables new possibilities in art, disposable electronics and folded three-dimensional devices. For example, the researchers used the silver pen to sketch a copy of the painting “Sae-Han-Do” by Jung Hee Kim, which portrays a house, trees and Chinese text. The ink serves as wiring for an LED mounted on the roof of the house, powered by a five-volt battery connected to the edge of the painting. The researchers also have demonstrated a flexible LED display on paper, conductive text and three-dimensional radio-frequency antennas.
A sketch of the painting “Sae-Han-Do” by Jung Hee Kim, drawn in conductive silver ink that powers an LED mounted on the paper. Photo by Bok Yeop Ahn Next, the researchers plan to expand the palette of inks to enable pen-on-paper writing of other electronic and ionically conductive materials. The U.S. Department of Energy supported this work. Co-authors were graduate student Analisa Russo and postdoctoral researchers Bok Yeop Ahn, Jacob Adams and Eric Duoss. Editor's note: To contact Jennifer Lewis, call 217-244-4973; email jalewis@illinois.edu. The paper, “Pen-on-Paper Flexible Electronics,” is available online. (Registered Users)
Transparent & Flexible Electronics
e-Paper - http://www.netbooknews.com/32821/colourful-flexible-rewritable-epaper-prototype-demo/
Colourful Flexible Rewritable ePaper Prototype Demo By Nicole Scott 15 Aug, 2011
ePaper is going to have to evolve if its going to remain competitve, so seeing this new protype at Taiwan’s Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) was refreshing. The ePaper uses a thermal printer, the same kind as that used in fax machines the result is when the message is no longer needed, the paper can be erased with the flip of a switch. The epaper currently has a lifespan of 260 times uses and they believe it is idea for the replacement for the paper signs and posters that are now produced by the millions around the world. What makes the “i2R e-paper” stand out is its coating — a plastic film covered with cholestric liquid crystal, a type of liquid crystal structured similarly to cholesterol molecules. The compound does not require a backlight to print, and can produce different colors. It does not require patterned electrodes — it is very light, soft and rewritable. From this perspective, this is a true e-paper. If you wanted to erase the paper, all you have to is connect it to electricity so what’s printed on the paper can be erased. There is also a modified printer that erases the paper by rolling it backwards. An A4 sized piece of the e-paper, which is already in production, costs roughly $60 Taiwan dollars, or about $2. Developers hope it will be available to consumers within two years.
- http://www.itri.org.tw/eng/econtent/news/news01_01.aspx?sid=11 Future new paper: Rewritable electronic paper i2R e-Paper This year ITRI was again honored with the R&D 100 Awards for its rewritable electronic paper i2R e-Paper. This is a special green energy conserving display technology. The rewritable e-paper only requires heat to store or transmit images on the flexible cholesteric liquid crystal panel. This e-paper can achieve 300dpi high resolution with memory function. It does not consume electricity. To change any content, you can simply put the paper into a thermal writing device to complete at once image removing and writing step. It is both eco-friendly and rewritable for multiple times. At the same time, since the thermal writing head is small in size and consumes minimal electricity, it is unnecessary to carry out the image removing step. Production cost is low and easy to carry out mass production. Recently, the technology has completed industry science and technology program with 4 material manufacturers and 5 equipment operators, and also transferred technology to Changchun Chemical Engineering for trial mass production. In the future, the technology may be used for producing digital books and pictorials without restriction on length, electronic bulletin board, situational wall paper, large size digital bulletin board and other innovative applications. Predictably, it will create new business opportunities for advertising, architecture and the cultural creative industry. 18 Massimo Marrazzo - biodomotica.com
- http://www.plusplasticelectronics.com/publishingmedia/itri-unveils-rewritable-e-paper-36686.aspx
ITRI unveils rewritable e-paper Sara Ver-Bruggen - 08 Aug 2011
Taiwan's Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) has been promoting its flexible e-paper technology with video footage demonstrating the display's erasable and rewritable characteristics.
The ITRI says its e-paper film is the ideal replacement for paper signs and posters, produced by the millions around the world. The i2R e-paper is written to by a thermal printer head (THP), usually used in fax machines, and as this Reuters video shows, can be erased at the press of a switch, up to 260 times. In applications such as tickets, ID badges, even point-of-sale displays, it will save organisations from printing the same thing 259 times. While the e-paper can be driven electrically, just like other types, developing the e-paper to be used with a THP makes the display technology closer to how conventional paper is used. An electrical current wipes the display clean, but ITRI has also developed a modified printer that rolls the e-paper in reverse to erase it. An A4 sheet costs approximately $2 (â‚Ź1.40) to produce. Within two years the product, produced on roll-to-roll machinery, should be able to compete with other conventional office paper printing systems. i2R does not require patterned electrodes, making it soft, light and highly flexible, very similar characteristics to real paper.
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http://www.cyberaspa.org/board/sub01_v.php?id=338&no=&cid=1&code=noticeeng
Future new paper: Rewritable electronic paper i2R e-Paper 2011-06-30
The rewritable e-paper only requires heat to store or transmit images on the flexible cholesteric liquid crystal panel. This e-paper can achieve 300dpi high resolution with memory function. It does not consume electricity. To change any content, you can simply put the paper into a thermal writing device to complete at once image removing and writing step.
Transparent & Flexible Electronics - http://www.hml.queensu.ca/paperphone
Revolutionary new paper computer shows flexible future for smartphones and tablets Queen’s University’s Roel Vertegaal says thinfilm phone will make current smartphone obsolete in 5 to 10 years. May 5, 2011
KINGSTON, ONTARIO – The world’s first interactive paper computer is set to revolutionize the world of interactive computing.
The PaperPhone simulates a flexible phone (credit: Queen’s University Human Media Lab) “This is the future. Everything is going to look and feel like this within five years,” says creator Roel Vertegaal, the director of Queen’s University Human Media Lab,. “This computer looks, feels and operates like a small sheet of interactive paper. You interact with it by bending it into a cell phone, flipping the corner to turn pages, or writing on it with a pen.” The smartphone prototype, called PaperPhone is best described as a flexible iPhone – it does everything a smartphone does, like store books, play music or make phone calls. But its display consists of a 9.5 cm diagonal thin film flexible E Ink display. The flexible form of the display makes it much more portable that any current mobile computer: it will shape with your pocket. Being able to store and interact with documents on larger versions of these light, flexible computers means offices will no longer require paper or printers. “The paperless office is here. Everything can be stored digitally and you can place these computers on top of each other just like a stack of paper, or throw them around the desk” says Dr. Vertegaal. The invention heralds a new generation of computers that are super lightweight, thin-film and flexible. They use no power when nobody is interacting with them. When users are reading, they don’t feel like they’re holding a sheet of glass or metal. Dr. Vertegaal will unveil his paper computer on May 10 at 2 pm at the Association of Computing Machinery’s CHI 2011 (Computer Human Interaction) conference in Vancouver — the premier international conference of Human-Computer Interaction. An article on a study of interactive use of bending with flexible thinfilm computers is to be published at this conference, where the group is also demonstrating a thinfilm wristband computer called Snaplet. 20 Massimo Marrazzo - biodomotica.com
The development team included researchers Byron Lahey and Win Burleson of the Motivational Environments Research Group at Arizona State University (ASU), Audrey Girouard and Aneesh Tarun from the Human Media Lab at Queen’s University, Jann Kaminski and Nick Colaneri, director of ASU’s Flexible Display Center, and Seth Bishop and Michael McCreary, the VP R&D of E Ink Corporation. Video – PaperPhone demonstration Video – Snaplet wristband computer Articles and High Resolution Photos – See attachments. To arrange an interview or for a copy of the papers, please contact Michael Onesi at (613)533-6000 ext 77513 michael.onesi@queensu.ca, News and Media Services, Queen’s University. Attachment PaperPhone ACM CHI 2011 Scientific Article Snaplet ACM CHI 2011 Scientific Article PaperPhone Hi-Res Image (JPG) Snaplet Hi-Res Image 1 (JPG) Snaplet Hi-Res Image 2 (JPG) PaperPhone Hi-Res Video (mp4) Snaplet Hi-Res Video (mp4)
Size 5.19 MB 1.85 MB 1.15 MB 1.51 MB 2.93 MB 27.68 MB 6.24 MB
Transparent & Flexible Electronics
Plastic Electronics
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http://www.plusplasticelectronics.com/what-are-plastic-electronics.aspx
What are plastic electronics? Plastic electronics encompasses a number of technologies and terms, some of which can be confusing. However, when you know what individual terms mean, the entire market starts to make more sense. AMOLED - stands for Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode, and is a form of display on televisions, smartphones and tablets. A number of companies have launched products using AMOLED screens over the course of the last 12 months. Backplane - the portion of a display that controls the pixels located in the frontplane. Barrier film - a flexible transparent film to cover materials involved in organic electronics, protecting them from exposure to oxygen and water vapour, allowing them to remain non-rigid and extending their life span considerably. Developments in barrier film technology are making it more instrumental for plastic electronics products Building-integrated photovoltaics - solar cells integrated into a building design, with the intention of supplying power. Quite often these are made up of thin-film or transparent solar cells that cover a large area. Areas exploited for solar cell integration include windows, glass facades and roofs; and some solar cells are being developed for indoor use. Carbon nanotubes - molecular-scale tubes of graphite carbon, with strong electronic properties. They can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure, making some more conductive than copper, and others react similar to silicone. This could lead to nanoscale electronic devices. Carbon nanotubes have been developed to replace indium tin oxide, a standard material in touchscreens for consumer electronics devices. Colour rendering index - the index by which a light source is measured on how accurately it can reproduce all frequencies of the colour spectrum. The lower the CRI, the less accurate its colours are. Conductive ink - ink that is able to conduct electricity: it can be printed on a number of materials including paper and fabrics. It allows for more scope than etching out conventional circuit boards. Recently, companies have invested in the production of graphene based conductive inks, which can be used in retail packaging. Dye-sensitised solar cell - a form of thin-film solar cell. Rather than thick silicon plates, a molecular dye, which absorbs sunlight, is places on a thin film beneath a transparent electrode, used to capture the energy produced. The technology, which mimics the photosynthesis process in plants, can absorb much lower levels of light than conventional solar cell technology, making it suitable for indoor light or cloudy conditions. Electrochromic - substances that change colour or transparency when an electrical charge is applied, such as LCD displays. Electronic shelf label - a thin display used by retailers to advertise the prices of products on shelves. Thin enough to sit in front of the products, they allow quick price amendments without the waste of paper. Electronic shelf labels have been designed in both LCD and e-paper formats. Electrowetting - the process whereby the surface tension of a liquid on a solid surface can be modified by applying a voltage. The technology opens the possibility of low-power, colour and video-rate displays, according to developers like Liquavista and Gamma Dynamics. E-paper - a display which mimics the effects of paper, reflecting light rather than being backlit, and is able to hold images without electronic stimulation until required. Applications include e-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle, electronic shelf labels and other signage. E-reader - a portable device mainly used for reading books or documents, using e-paper technology. Notable e-reader products include the Amazon Kindle and Flexible electronics - the mounting of electronics onto flexible materials, such as plastics or conductive polyester. They are often printed, and are usually low cost, easier to produce and much thinner than conventional circuits, allowing for a wider range of applications. Frontplane - The display of an electronic device, which can be made up of various elements. Graphene - A thin yet strong material with excellent conductive properties. Formed from carbon atoms, graphene is more conductive than copper, and mixed into plastics, can turn them into strong semiconductors. Countries such as the UK are investing in graphene as its importance in plastic electronics increases. Heterojunction - A junction between two semiconductors, they are often used in organic photovoltaics to transfer energy. Hybrid electronics - a device or circuit that incorporates both organic and inorganic elements 22 Massimo Marrazzo - biodomotica.com
Indium tin oxide - a transparent conducting coating used for many displays, such as flat screen televisions and OLED applications, and solar cells. It is not flexible, and is used in mainly rigid products. Concerns over supply and cost mean a number of companies are developing alternatives to ITO, such as PEDOT and carbon nanotube layers. Inkjet - a printer which places droplets of ink onto a subject. It can be used with conductive ink to produce printed electronics, and is more precise in doing so. Integrated smart systems - A series of sensors and other electronics which are integrated into systems allowing them to function independently. One example may be a house, which is able to sense temperature and alter sunlight levels or control air conditioning. Large-area electronics - Often manufactured using roll-to-roll techniques, large-area electronics are plastic electronics products printed on large substrates with the ability to cover more area, such as organic photovoltaics. Funding competitions have recently been announced to encourage collaboration on the development of large-area electronics. Lumens per watt - The measurement of light output per electricity used, measured in watts. The higher the Lumens, and lower the wattage, the more efficient the product. Nanoink - ink, formed of nanoparticles, which is able to conduct electricity. As an ink, it can be printed onto thin film, or paper, allowing it to conduct current. Nanoparticles - particles with the dimensions of 100nm or less, extremely small, and able to be used with thin electronic circuits. OLED display - a display made up of organic light emitting diodes, which emit light under electrical response. As they do not need a backlight, products using this display can be made thinner, and more flexible. OLED displays are already used in smartphones and are expected to increase in popularity with use in televisions during 2012 OLED light - a thin or flexible light panel, made of a single-colour OLED display. Organic semiconductor - a carbon-based semiconductor, where the flow of electrons is regulated by the properties of the material used. Organic solar cell - a solar cell, which can absorb light and produce electricity, printed using organic material, such as polymer substrates. PEDOT - a polymer-based material used in the production of printed organic electronics, especially organic solar cells. The conductive layer material is considered a potential replacement for indium tin oxide. It could open a new avenue for nanoelectronic devices. Photonics - the transmission, signal processing, amplification, detection and sensing of light. Comprising technologies such as LEDs, wireless sensor networks and solar cells, it is becoming increasingly convergent with organic electronics PMOLED - Passive Matrix OLEDs are smaller than other OLEDs, are controlled in rows and columns, rather than by each individual pixel. Printed battery - An energy storage device which is printed onto a flexible substrate, printed batteries are used to make a flexible electronic product remain so, with no rigid parts. They are often printed on paper. Printed diagnostic devices / biosensor - electronic devices used in the detecting or sensing of medical conditions. Using printed electronic concepts, developers are working on cheap, disposable versions of these devices. Printed electronics - an electronic circuit or device that is printed onto a substrate, rather than etched. They can be flexible, and thin, to aid the design of the products using them. QLED - a quantum dot LED, which is thinner than OLEDs, and is able to emit a brighter range of colours. This allows for thinner, more visible and more flexible displays. Quantum dots - a small particle of semiconductor material, which is able to be tuned to emit light of differing colours. They can also be used to capture light and convert it to energy in organic photovoltaics. RFID - Radio Frequency ID is a method of transmitting data to a reader via radio frequencies. It can allow for products to be given unique ID codes, which can be easily scanned for information to appear. They do not need to be visible to be read. RFID technology has a number of potential uses, including healthcare. Roll-to-roll - the process of creating flexible electronics, often meaning being printed on a roll of film, or plastic. Smart packaging - product packaging with integrated electronics that is able to give a range of information, from transmitting ID codes, to informing doctors when a patient takes their pills. Animated logos and sensors for brand protection are also being designed. A number of companies are already pushing forward with pilot products. Smart textiles and fabrics - a material with integrated electronic properties. This could be printed on to be used in electronic devices, like fibres, or actual clothing with sensors embedded to allow monitoring of various conditions. Smart textiles are also becoming increasingly common in fashion. Spin coating - a process used to apply thin-film coating to substrates, where an excess layer of fluid is applied, and then the substrate is spun at high speed to spread the fluid thinly over the surface. Spray coating - a process to apply flexible electronics to substrates, using a spray on technique which can be done at room temperature.
Transparent & Flexible Electronics Thin-film - a layer of film, often around a nanometre thick. Used in roll-to-roll processes for electronic semiconductor production due to its cost. Thin-film transistor - a transformer used in high-matrix LCD displays to control the individual sub-pixels. Vacuum deposition - the process of depositing thin layers onto a substrate, such as a thin film. It is usually done in a vacuum. Wearable electronics - electronic devices that are woven into fabrics, clothing and other material products. These could be monitors to measure various athletic or medical traits, such as heartbeat, perspiration or muscle control. They can also be used for novalty items or to act as chargers for mobile devices.
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Links http://www.plusplasticelectronics.com/ Independent Analysis for Organic and Printable Electronics Plusplasticelectronics.com provides timely news and analysis, researched and written by business and technology editors and supported by independent experts, to help companies plan their strategies in this emerging, dynamic marketplace.
http://nextbigfuture.com/ Coverage of Science and Technology having high potential for disruption & Analysis of plans, policies and technology to enable radical improvements.
http://www.physorg.com/nanotech-news/ PhysOrg.com™ is a leading web-based science, research and technology news service which covers a full range of topics. These include physics, earth science, medicine, nanotechnology, electronics, space, biology, chemistry, computer sciences, engineering, mathematics and other sciences and technologies
http://www.innovationnewsdaily.com/ InnovationNewsDaily reports on futuristic technologies, innovations, disruptive ideas and cool gadgets that will shape the future, and explain why it all matters and how it will affect your life.
http://www.extremetech.com/ We’re a thriving community of users and experts seeking to answer the unanswerable questions of technology. We dig deep into the subterranean depths of technological knowledge, digging up the most vital, behind-the-scenes tidbits that make any technocrats drool soda on his chips
http://electronicsbus.com/ ELECTRONICSBUS Magazine is an International Media, provides an interactive platform for every electronics engineer, from beginners to experts. This magazine provides information, education, inspiration and entertainment. News & Views from Electronics manufacturers and research organizations.
http://www.technologyreview.com/ Technology Review is an independent media company owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Technology Review identifies emerging technologies and analyzes their impact for technology and business leaders—the senior executives, entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, engineers, developers, and researchers who create and fund the innovations that drive the global economy.
http://www.kurzweilai.net/ KurzweilAI explores the forecasts and insights on accelerating change articulated in Ray Kurzweil’s landmark books — notably The Age of Spiritual Machines and The Singularity Is Near — and updates these books with key breakthroughs in science and technology.
http://www.3ders.org/index.html 3ders.org focus on 3D printing field and brings "entertaining but useful news in 3D printing".
http://www.cyberaspa.org/ ASPA is an international nongovernmental organization established in Japan in 1997 for the purpose of accomplishing the joint development in the fields of scientific technology, industry and economy in the Asian region.
Transparent & Flexible Electronics
Show/Convention/Exposition OLEDs, Smart Fabrics, OPVs, Nanomaterials conference and events 2012 – +Plastic Electronics http://www.plusplasticelectronics.com/EventDiary2012.aspx
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Transparent & Flexible Electronics
BIODOMOTICA
Massimo Marrazzo www.biodomotica.com info@biodomotica.com
Disclaimer No one can sell or ask money for this e-book. Every info in this document is available free on Internet, like this e-book. I don’t receive money or any other benefits by the companies cited. I’m not responsible for errors, damages, mistakes o any fraud by websites listed in this e-book. If you don’t want be mentioned here just write me an email to (info@biodomotica.com) and I’ll delete any reference of you from this e-book.
Copyright © 2012 Massimo Marrazzo - Biodomotica This document may be used and distributed provided that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any derivative work contains the original copyright notice. If you want reproduce, distribute, print articles mentioned in this e-book you must contact owners of copyright, not me. Any of the trademarks, service marks, collective marks, design rights or similar rights that are mentioned, used or cited in “A foldable World” are the property of their respective owners.
See also Nanotechnology vol.1 Transparent & Flexible electronics www.biodomotica.com/public/foldable_world.pdf
See also: Nanotechnology vol.2 Technology for E-books Readers (B/W & colors display) www.biodomotica.com/public/e-paper_e-book.pdf 28 Massimo Marrazzo - biodomotica.com