Margins by martinacaprin

MARGINS

INTRO

Margins itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a magazine about marginalized people and where they marginalize. It investigates the reasons why some people are outcast or even forgotten in the frenetic society which inhabits our cities and our countries. Margins is the analysis of human beings who live differently, rarely by choice, mostly because of some interrelated consequences and reasons which can be due to necessity, political reasons, or just because one was born in a specific place. The purpose of this deep reflection itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s simple: re-discover both the human and the geographical limits.

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42-59 ALONG

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Massimo Branca

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Massimo Branca is an anthropologist and photographer living in Italy. In 2009 he started with some friends Collettivo Fotosocial, an Italian association that uses visual storytelling to spread awareness of the human social condition to produce positive change. In 2013 he started a long-term research project about underground life in Bucharest. As part of the investigation he ended up living in extreme conditions: he had a chance to observe, experience and document the effects of marginalisation. His project â&#x20AC;&#x153;Under the Surfaceâ&#x20AC;? recently received a Magnum 30 Under 30 award for documentary photography.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;INSIDE OUTSIDE UNDER BUCHARESTâ&#x20AC;? When Massimo Branca and Igor Marchesan first visited the subterranean houses in Bucharest city centre, they never expected that over time they would become part of the family. Children, aged up to forty years, were the street tribe of Gara de Nord, one of the tunnels under Bucharest. The leading figure of the group, a charismatic and experienced man called Bruce Lee, spent the last few years trying to provide a safe house to stay

in. He was proud to show their struggle for self-sustenance, despite being neglected by the rest of the world. As if they were natives of the street, they sought survival through the resources that were available to them. But spring 2014 brought overwhelming exposure to the Gara de Nord story: it repeatedly appeared in local and international media with reports focusing mainly on drugs abuse. One of the results being the arrest of Bruce

Lee and many others in July 2015. Accused of organized crime and drug trafficking, they were sentenced to 10-20 years in prison. For two years they lived on the streets of Bucharest with one of the most marginalised communities in Europe. During this prolonged stay, their own identity became increasingly blurred. The boundaries between us gradually disintegrated, paving the way for a new and clearer understanding.

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BUCHAREST

Hot, humid, and cramped, the tunnels were part of former Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu’s plan to centrally heat the city. This tunnels are now home to multiple generations of street children and adults who access them via small craters in the ground. When Ceausescu fell there were tens of thousands of children in orphanages and in state “care” in Romania. But in 1990 a series of reports revealed what a nightmarish misnomer that was. Scenes of neglect and cruelty reminiscent of the concentration camps. They fled underground in 1989 when the Communist regime was overthrown and Romanian orphanages were closed, releasing thousands of kids onto the streets. Many took refuge in the sewer tunnels, heated by steam pipes. They are lost boys and girls who have now grown into adults.

“We’re the scum of the society, aren’t we? The lowest of the low. I try to organise them. To become self-sufficient, a family to show people that they are wrong. That we are people as well.”

LIFE IS WARM UNDER 14

BUCHAREST

LIFE IS WARM UNDER

UNDER Inside the tunnel, Bruce Lee (“king” of the tunnels) uses cement to cover the hot pipes of the underground tele-heating system, in order to limit their scalding power.

Papa Bruce Lee (even known as the “king of the tunnels”). Is the leader of the community, you only get to go down by his invitation. Lee has lived underground for the past 30 years. He organises everything, he takes care of every single person of the community as a brother or a father would do it.

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WHAT MAKES US FEEL PART OF A COMMUNITY?

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ALONE, NOT ALONE. At the core, “being in community” is an emotional experience: I feel that I belong, I feel safe, I feel at home, I feel trusted, I feel I can trust you, I feel supported, I feel I can trust people I have never met before in my life. That feeling is hard to find, especially if you’re alone and rejected by the others. But when you find people with just the same background of yours, then all become easier. You don’t feel lonely anymore. You finally find someone wich can understand you and accept you for what you are and what you represent. Community is having things in common and don’t be judged about them. 17

POOR PEOPLE CAN’T AFFORD TO LIVE IN A SAFE PLACE. POOR PEOPLE CAN’T AFFORD TO LIVE IN A SAFE PLACE. POOR PEOPLE CAN’T AFFORD TO LIVE IN A SAFE PLACE

POOR PEOPLE CAN’T AFFORD TO LIVE IN A SAFE PLACE. POOR PEOPLE CAN’T AFFORD TO LIVE IN A SAFE PLACE. POOR PEOPLE CAN’T AFFORD TO LIVE IN A SAFE PLACE.

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DOES THE DRUG ABUSE MAKE YOU AN OUTCAST OR VICE VERSA? The answer is: both. Substance abuse is both a cause and a result of homelessness, often arising after people lose their housing or run away from home during the adolescence. A common stereotype of the homeless population is that they are all alcoholics or drug abusers. The truth is

that a high percentage of homeless people do struggle with substance abuse, but addictions should be viewed as illnesses and require a great deal of treatment, counseling, and support to overcome. But usually people look at them with contempt, as they’re just problems to hide. According to Branca, most of the tunnel residents suffer from tuberculosis, hepatitis, or HIV, and are addicted to drugs including heroin, mephedrone, and Aurolac—a silver paint they inhale from plastic bags. He says most of the people end up in the tunnels because of a lack of a stable home life—many are former orphans, people exiled from their families after contracting HIV, or folks who ran away from poverty or abuse.

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“I would have liked a childhood likeother children who have their parents, their toys… It has been different for me: street people are my family now.” — (Bruce Lee, king of the tunnels)

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When creating a shelter becomes a necessity, nothing can stop the human being to create his own damn shelter.

If you find yorself without a home, a place to sleep in at night, it’s probably also because you don’t know anyone to rely on, or that can host you and surely you don’t have enough money to buy a house. If your a little orphan and the govenmernt can’t mantain you anymore is even worse because as a children you’re supposed to be mantained, to have a childhood. But in 1989 when the USSR collapsed it happened that way. Romania was poor and those little orphans that had no place to go found home underground. On the pictures the interiors of the tunnels seem just the one of normal houses with a very low ceiling. If we think about the fact that they had to renovate every gallery without having any knowledge or right material to do that it’s incredible. It’s not only an act by necessity but also an act of solidarity for those who are in your same disadvantaged situation. Humans have biological plasticity, or an ability to adapt biologically to our environment. They went down to the sewers and create a shared nest for all those that live on the street. They had to be completely self-taught in amost everything. They know how to use a circular sa, how to meld metal, how to plaster on the wall, how to build assemble a second- hand kitchen without reading instructions. Here is where their true strength lies. To be self-sufficient, but most important, to create the conditions in order to become self-sufficient. In this sense their an emblematic example of how the human being can be capble of find solutions to every kind of obstacle, which can also be a spatial obstacle. There’s no thing a man wouldn’t do to find its way to survive, no matter how harsh and unfair the world can be, no matter where you come from.

A MATTER OF ADAPTATION

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Argus Paul is a biracial Korean-American photographer who works in both South Korea and the USA. Frequent travel between these two countries has provided him a unique perspective of Korean identity and its relationship to both global and regional communities. As an artist, he’s interested in creating work that gives voice to others and He often volunteers his efforts to marginalized communities. His work has been awarded by the Magnum Photography Awards, Sony World Photography Awards, LensCulture, IPA, MIFA, TIFA, as well as exhibited at the Aperture Summer Open: On Freedom.He has also been twice selected as a Critical Mass Top 50 artist by Photolucida and a three-time recipient of PDN’s Annual Exposure Award. Additionally, He’s an alumnus of the prestigious Eddie Adams Workshop and named the 2017 Dorothy Liskey Wampler Eminent Professor in the School of Art, Design & Art History at James Madison University.

Argus Paul Estabrook

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“HOW TO DRAW A LINE” “How to Draw a Line” explores the border towns directly south of the DMZ(Korean Demilitarized Zone). Argus Paul Estabrook as a biracial Korean-American and as someone who has lived in one of these towns in the past, felt a personal connection to this space caught between two worlds — where military camps, secluded villages, and tourist attractions all coexist while separating the North and South. The memories of the photographer guide and motivated him to revisit the area. During the Fall of 2019, He trekked multiple times between the northeast and northwest coasts of South Korea, two countries still officially at war. While the routes can be drawn as literal lines on a map, the images draw a conceptual “photographic line” that traces the overall journey. Throughout these travels, I witnessed a liminal existence: subdued yet expressive, in spaces simultaneously active and still. The camera captures the subtle surreality of these isolated areas, offering an unexpected yet often overlooked view into Korean life.

LIFE BETWEEN THE TWO

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KOREAS

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Photobooth in Sanyang-ri, Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do, SK, 2019

Photo Stand-In at Yeonpyeong Island in Ongjin-gun, Incheon, SK, 2019

The Demilitarized zone (DMZ), region on the Korean peninsula that demarcates North Korea from South Korea. A no-man’s land about 30 miles north of Seoul that was established in the 1953 Korean War Armistice Agreement. It divides the peninsula like a scar, the 250-km-long treaty zone isn’t just a strategic political meeting place, it’s also a tourist magnet. It may be one of the world’s most heavily militarized borders, but the DMZ welcomes more than 1.2 million travelers each year, according to the Korea Tourism Organization.

A line dividing two countries at war. A no-man’s land of quiet villages sorrounded by military bases.

WHAT IS THE

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DMZ?

It is necessary as it is a buffer zone between North and South Korea. The line which it traces was the original boundary between the United States and Soviet brief administration areas of Korea at the end of World War II. Today it’s a very touristic place, sorrounded by the military camps. You can find some villages, where people lead normal life being aware that one they or another North Korea could attack South Korea invading the DMZ. The border between North and South Korea is closed,there’s no way one can cross the line from South to North and vice versa.

It is a place where nothing really happens, and something destructive could happen at any moment.

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A RAREFIED TRANQUILLITY

DMZ is a big contraddiction: is a place where you can have family trips, a “normal” childhoood, a good icecream in a park, but at the same time it is sorrounded by a deep dark aura of uncertainty. The buffer area became one of the world’s most heavily fortified frontiers, dotted with minefields and sealed off wit barbed-wire fences, tank traps and legions of battle-ready troops on both sides. The pressure hit not only the few villages inside the DMZ but also the neighbouring towns. Where the photographer Argus Paul Estabrook has worked for two years. He’s purpose is the one of immortalize villagers in their normal routine to show that even if the worldwide idea of the DMZ it is the one of an extremely dangerous place. The inhabitants lead normal lives just like the others

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Have you ever asked youself whether the place you live influences the path you chose to follow?

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Living as a military between the two Koreas.

A recently published study by Shigehiro Oishi and colleagues at the University of Virginia showed a striking relationship between geography and personality. In a series of five studies, Oishiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s group built the case that introverts are happier in mountainous settings than they are on beaches. In laboratory studies, more introverted student participants reported that they preferred scenes of mountains to scenes of beaches. In a wider-ranging experiment looking at the personality structure of residents on a state-by-state basis, the researchers found that residents of mountainous states like Washington, Idaho, and Montana showed higher tendencies to introversion than states with flatter terrain like Iowa, Ohio, and Michigan. The researchers tried to address this question in a final experiment in which they took individuals to two different types of settingsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a secluded, wooded setting or a flat, open areaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and engaged them in small group discussions. If the setting influenced variables related to introversion-extraversion, then one would predict that the wooded setting would change the nature of the group conversation. To measure this, the researchers simply recorded the number of times each participant in the group spoke during the conersation.

Following the conversation, participants completed a questionnaire that was meant to probe their immediate self-perceptions of introversion or extraversion. This fascinating finding suggests that the kind of terrain in which we live, and the affordances it provides for social interaction or solitude can influence how we feel, but it leaves open an important causal question: Do environments that are conducive to quiet reflection actually change the personalities of their residents, or do more introspective types gravitate to such environments because they feed deep needs for the kinds of situations that are most adaptive for those individuals? The final study showed little evidence for a causal effect of environment either on the talkativeness of participants or their self-perceptions. Although the results of the experiment were largely negative, the authors point out that this study was of small scope. Additionally, it might not be reasonable to suppose that a brief, single exposure to a particular type of setting would have a significant effect on the measurement of personality variables, which are presumably built over a lifetime of experiences and events, not to mention the genetic heritage that we also know influences personality.

CALM, BUT

VERY TENSE

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The dream of a different life itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s has always been a costant in the human life. Mostly because people compares their lives to the others and strive to a different role on the society,a different place to live in, and so on. But when it comes to inhabit a place where the only place you can go are all guarded by military then itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard to imagine a different way to live. Happiness is subjective for various reasons. To begin with, we are all biologically different. Some of us have a genetic tendency to be happier than others. Genes affect happiness just as they influence most other stable individual differences. A happier temperament thus affects our experiences at all ages and in all places. Apart from genetic tendencies, early childhood experiences can affect how happy we are as adults. This phenomenon is a basic aspect of development in all mammals. For instance, rat pups that are favored by their mothers grow up to be less nervous in novel circumstances. For humans, withdrawal of parental affection can crimp happiness also. Abusive parenting alters the brain in ways that undermine happiness in later life such as by increasing vulnerability to stress. Other personal experiences, such as being violently attacked, going to war, or losing a spouse have depressing effects on most people who experience them. These effects last for years, and in some cases for life. Conversely, winning the lottery can boost happiness for several years.The DMZ inhabitants are really happy about the place they live? Some people might affirm that it would strange to live in such a fake place wher you are shaded by the millitars if you go further then some meters. It is surprising anyway how the most of inhabitants of the DMZ are really fine with the presence of the military and since theyare used to live there few of them really want to change place to live. But there are some who dream for a different house in a different place.

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Many people claim their not happy with the life they lead and with the place they inhabit.

THE LIFE WE DESIRE TO LIVE: REALITY OR DREAMS?

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HOW CAN YOU PERCEIVE THE OUTSIDE IF YOU HAVE ALWAYS BEEN BEHIND THE BORDER WHICH SEPARES YOU AND THE REST OF THE SOCIETY? The study of borders has undergone a renaissance during the past decade. This is reflected in an impressive list of conferences, workshops and scholarly publications. This renaissance has been partly due to the emergence of a counternarrative to the borderless and deterritorialized world discourse which has accompanied much of globalization theory. The study of borders has moved beyond the limited confines of the political geography discourse, crossing its own disciplinary boundaries, to include sociologists, political

scientists, historians, international lawyers and scholars of international relations. But this meeting of disciplines has not yet been successful in creating a common language or glossary of terms which is relevant to all scholars of borders. Central to the contemporary study of borders are notions such as `borders are institutions’, the process of `bordering’ as a dynamic in its own right, and the border terminologies which focus on the binary distinctions between the ùs’ and `them’, the ìncluded’ and the èxcluded’. Borders should be studied not only from a top-down perspective, but also from the bottom up, with a focus on the individual border experiences, reflecting the ways in which borders impact upon the daily life practices of people living in and around the borderland and transboundary transition zones. Livining only in your own mind is a border when it comes to escape to the real world.

N O G

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its

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R E H T G V N I O L A R E H T G ALON 46

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RIVERS

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LEFT ALONE. Places succumbing to wild nature, vanishing in a dense fog made of humidity and neglect. At first sight we can imagine that nobody would like to live there.Truth is that there’s still someone who prefers to live in the shadow, and to work sorrounded by nature rather than people. The 24% of Italians made that choice. This percentage it’s low, and it’s even lower if we think about how agriculture and an healthy lifestyle are important and rooted in the Italian culture. But since just these few people live in huge open spaces, nobody really cares to do mantinance. So it’s clear to everybody that these are uninhabited places, or that it may live someone in there, but if it does, then this “someone” it’s completely left alone by the rest of the society. Marginalized.

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Italy runs the risk of losing a million students in the next ten years, going from 9 to 8 million in total.

SCHOOL DROPOUTS

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IN RURAL AREAS IS AN

UNDERESTIMATED PRO

drive for miles to take their children to school, since in the center and south parts of Italy the means of transport are not enough widespread. Another reason underrated factor that leads all this young generations to quit school earlier is the education of the parents as well, it’s very important to be stimulated by culture and knowledge of all kinds in order to encourage curiososity even at an early age. School dropout is a complex phenomenon resulting in economic and social losses involved in the individual, family and local community the person belongs. If the school dropout is spread in a country or a development region then the consequences of this are most harmful in terms of economic competitiveness and social environmental degradation. At least of these reasons, in a country in economic difficulty concrete steps should be taken leading to the reduction and prevention of school dropout.

BLEM

UNDERESTIMATED PRO

Nearly the 15% of young Italians (14-20 y.o.) abandon school before finishing their studies. Italy is still well above the Europe 2020 surveys, keeping one of the highest percentage for school dropout But there’s also a significant gender difference: more boys than girls are abandoning school. A student’s background is also central to dropout rates, confirming the lack of social mobility in the country. In many cases this is due to also the considerable fall in the birth rate, which in the villages leads to small classes with just 10 or even less students, in some instances it doesn’t even start the course for lacking of students. When this is the case, parents has to

IN RURAL AREAS IS AN

SCHOOL DROPOUTS

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Just few families decided to remain in the countryside along Italian rivers.

STUCK TO THE ROOTS

As the photographer Alessandro Iovino said, the zones nearby riverers were once the most populated, now they’re just rare fragments of a life that doesn’t seem to appeal anymore. A calm life made of hard work. That’s why all along the big Italian rivers it’s plenty of places which look still and which don’t seem to change over time. Many people moved in big cities to make a fortune, losing the roots and the values they had before. Generation after generation there’s no more clue about what living in the countryside feels like. Facing declining birthrates and rural depopulation, hundreds of “marginal villages” could vanish in a few decades. Even though, there are still people attached to the life one’s live in countryside. Mostly because they were born there and now even though the young people seems to aspire for a different life, the older generations are stuck to the place they were born.

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RELIGION: AN OLD WAY TO FEEL IN A COMMUNITY At first sight religion and geography have little in common with one another. So why are them so connected? The main reason is that some of the many interesting questions about how religion develops, spreads and impacts on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives are rooted in both graphical and sociological factors. Religion leaves an imprint on landscape, through culture and lifestyle. As a matter of fact people living in wide areas in the countryside, have less opportunities to meet people with different cultures and backgrounds, so theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re mostly stuck to their values and consider religious structures as a place to meet relatives, friends, basically the whole community. Furthermore religious observance - church attendance, and so on - affect the time management, spatial movements and behaviour of believers.

ALONG LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME ESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES

ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES

JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS LOVES ME JESUS

FOTGOTTEN PEOPLE

LIVING IN FORGOTTEN SPACES.

LIVING IN FORGOTTEN PLACES. FORGOTTEN PEOPLE ALONG

A CULTURE LED TO THE END.

keeps on living there is mostly made of old simple men. Those people live like outsider in places where the time follows the the rise and fall of the sun and things has remained still for the last fifty years,or even more. It seems the end of an era. The decline not only of the rural culture, but also of a mentality, of a work, which are on the brink of extinction.

Just like the flow of a river, the old values are transportated from the time, like debris to the mouth of the river, and then directly to the immensity of the sea. Just like the flow of a river, the old values are transportated from the time, like debris to the mouth of the river, and then directly to the immensity of the sea.Everything is fading away year after year. The whole history of the human being has been built on riversâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; banks. The same riversâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; banks that are now abandoned to live in the cities. The community of people who still

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Cover image Alessandro Iovino

Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Faculty of Design and Art Bachelor in Design and Art â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Major in Design WUP 20/21 | 1st-semester foundation course Project Modul: Editorial Design Design by: Martina Caprin Magazine | Margins Supervision: Project leader: Prof. Antonino Benincasa Project assistants: Andreas Trenker, Emilio Grazzi Photography: Massimo Branca (12, 13, 15, 16, 18,19, 20, 21, 23) Argus Paul Estabrook (28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40) Aessandro Iovino (46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 59) Cover Image: Alessandro Iovino

Format: 230 x 265 mm Fonts | Font Sizes & Leading: Body Text Avenir 9/13 pt Caption Text Avenir 6/8,65 pt Title Text Avenir 24/25 pt

Chapter Title Text Gill Sans 85/102 pt

Subtitle Text Gill Sans 14/16 pt

Layout Grid: 12 Column Grid Module proportion: 1.152 : 1 CPL | Character per line - Body Text: 63 characters including spaces Printed: Bozen-Bolzano, January 2021 Digital Printing

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