Goodbye Slumbai : Re-imagination of Slums in Mumbai by Mahima Aswani by mahima.aswani17

GOODBYE SLUMBAI RE-IMAGINATION OF SLUMS IN MUMBAI By Mahima Aswani

A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the department of Architecture. School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai In Partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2020

Approval of the Thesis Book for Final Architectural Project Department of Architecture School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai

GOODBYE SLUMBAI By Mahima Aswani

Student Signature : ____________________ Date : ________________ Professor Name : Takeshi Maruyama Professor Signature : ____________________ Date : ________________

THESIS ABSTRACT Slums have always been a solution to the housing problems of low-income groups of society. They are affordable and manage to provide a basic level of shelter to the dwellers. However, the dwellers do not lead to a good quality of life. They do not have access to basic facilities and the spaces are not designed according to human needs. During the pandemic, it was extremely hard for the dwellers to practice social distancing. As a response to these concerns, this thesis aims to reinterpret, re-imagine, and redevelop slums by providing more public spaces and residences that meet human needs.

“I don’t think that architecture is only about shelter, is only about a very simple enclosure. It should be able to excite you, to calm you, to make you think.” - Zaha Hadid

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my parents and my sisters, Disha and Kanishka, for always supporting me. I would also like to thank my friends Shea, Munira, Hiba, Divya, Aparajita, and Payal for always believing in me. I also want to thank my professor Takeshi Maruyama, for helping me on this journey.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Slums

1.1 Global Low-Income Housing 1.1.1 Slum Neighborhoods 1.1.2 Shanty Towns 1.1.3 Pavement Dwellers 1.1.4 Environment 1.2 Low-Income Housing in India 1.3 Low-Income Housing in Mumbai

2.1 Other Low-Income Housing Types 2.2 What are Slums? 2.3 The origin of Slums 2.4 Global Statistical Analysis of Slums 2.5 Slums in India 2.6 Slums in Mumbai

Chapter 3: Problems in Low Income Housing Types 36 3.1 Space starved spaces 3.2 Infectious diseases 3.3 Child Mal-nourishment 3.4 Unemployment and Violence 3.5 Environmental threats

Chapter 4: Characteristics of Slums

Chapter 5: Countermeasures by Government

Chapter 6: Proposals by Architects

4.1 Location 4.2 Informal land tenure 4.3 Poor infrastructure and overcrowding

5.1 Slum Removal 5.2 Slum Resettlement 5.3 Slum Restoration 5.4 Policies, Acts and Organizational Approaches

6.1 Completed Projects 6.2 Proposed Projects

Chapter 7: Design Approach

100

Chapter 8: Case Studies

140

Chapter 9: Spatial Organization

176

Chapter 10: Site Selection

184

Chapter 11: Initial Concepts

244

Bibliography

269

List of Figures

272

7.1 Inclusive Architecture 7.1.1 What is Inclusive Architecture? 7.1.2 Importance of Inclusive Architecture 7.1.3 Examples of Inclusive Architecture 7.2 Color Psychology and Color Perception 7.2.1 What is Color Psychology and Color Perception? 7.2.2 Color Psychology in Design and Architecture 7.2.3 Examples of Color Psychology used in Slums 7.3 Three Tier Process 7.3.1 Connection with the City 7.3.2 Provision of basic amenities 7.3.3 Infrastructure and Accessibility

8.1 Case Study 1 : Expandable House Part 02 8.2 Case Study 2 : Centre Village 8.3 Case Study 3 : SOS Children’s Village 8.4 Case Study 4 : JA Arquitectura’s proposal for Affordable Housing 8.5 Case Study 5 : Izola Social Housing 8.6 Case Study 6 : Low Cost House

MY PROPOSAL Mumbai, also known as the “The Dream City” in India houses several slum dwellers. People from other cities in the country come here in the hope of fulfilling their dreams. Yet, daily wage laborers and workers live in slums to meet their ends meet. It is due to rapid mitigation and high-density developments. It further resulted in the formation of slums in Mumbai. Slums have always been the only solution for low-income families to obtain affordable housing. Other causes of the development of slums include economic crisis, unemployment, and poor planning. For so many decades, slums have been providing shelter to families having less income or no income at all. However, slums pose adverse risks to the environment and deprive the dwellers of receiving a good quality of life. The people living in slums face many problems. They do not have access to basic needs- clean water, sufficient space, adequate electricity, and proper sanitation facilities, to mention a few. They also keep shifting from one slum area to another as their employment is not certain. Especially during Covid -19, the situation had worsened as the slum dwellers could not maintain social distancing. In one of the slums in Mumbai, Covid-19 has spread to a massive rate as they have limited space and could not practice quarantine properly. According to Indian industrialist Ratan Tata, slums are not designed well to cope up with the pandemic. This is due to the lack of fresh air and sufficient open spaces. He also mentions that affordable housing and slum elimination are two surprisingly conflicts. There is a call for designing slums in a much different way, making basic needs available to them. My proposal is to design slums in Mumbai, solving the problems of slum dwellers while ensuring that they get necessities. I will be researching the living conditions of slums and their influence on the health and well-being of the dwellers. I want to re-imagine slums and make structures that do not make the slum dwellers move from one place to another. I aim to include open spaces and outdoor areas for the dwellers as they add to the space’s comfort level. Community spaces and home gardens will be a cornerstone feature of the proposal as well. There will also be workshops where people can learn skills helping them to be financially prepared and independent. Social distancing will also be a part of the redevelopment of slums. Using the existing mass, I will propose some changes in the look and feel of the space. Recycling materials will be the key. Abandoned and leftover materials will also be used along with building the space by the dwellers. With some modifications, these slums can be proposed for other locations as well. The re-imagined slums will behave as a neighborhood with some added features. A place where the dwellers can feel related to while offering some better facilities and opportunities.

Figure 1 : Sketch of Winnipeg’s Centre Village

UNIVERSAL APPROACH My proposal revolves around following a universal approach to tackle the problems in slums across the world. Through the case of the Dharavi slum, Mumbai, India, I will be presenting an example with solutions that can be used for improving other slums globally as a reference. The proposal will incorporate the principles of universal design: Equitable Flexibility Simple and intuitive Perception of information Tolerance for error Low physical effort Size and space

Figure 2 : Global distribution of slum population across the world 2014 and Slum population estimates 2015 Source : Global Urban Observatory and United Nations Database

Figure 3 : Global distribution of slum dwellers (in millions), 2001

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Global Low-Income Housing “Everyone, rich or poor, deserves a shelter for the soul, architects should lead in procuring social and environmental change.” - Samuel Mockbee According to the United Nation (UN)’s figures, about roughly 13% of the world’s cities have sufficient models of affordable housing. This scarcity causes adverse problems for families with low or no income at all. As a result, these people live in informal settlements that provide them with a mere shelter. These settlements include slums, shanty towns, and pavement dwellings. These examples give shelter to its dwellers but also pose a greater risk to their health and environment.

1.1.1 Slum Neighborhoods The dwellers are often living in congested spaces with limited or no outdoor spaces at all. These spaces also deprive the dwellers of enjoying living in a good space that is healthy for your mind and body. Moreover, these space-starved spaces cause mental and psychological problems in the minds of the dwellers. The dwellers are often frustrated with their lifestyle, feeling hopeless and depressed, and believe that they cannot enjoy living in a comfortable home. The sanitation facilities are not adequate, and only public washrooms are available in such settlements. Poor sanitation facilities and water quality further spread diseases and epidemics in such spaces. Infectious diseases are primarily spread very easily in slums due to overcrowding. Child malnourishment is also very common due to consuming non-nutritious foods and unhealthy eating patterns. According to a research done by UN in 2006, about 40% of children in slums of Ethiopia and Niger are malnourished. Since most dwellers are daily wage workers, they do not earn very well and are prone to unemployment. The workers also do not work all the days of a year. This makes their survival difficult during the non-working months. This uncertainty sometimes takes an ugly turn when some of them involve themselves in violence and criminal activities. Some of them are also involved in drug trafficking and gambling. On a general note, people living in slums are more prone to natural and human-made hazards than others.

Figure 4 : Dharavi Slum, Mumbai, India

Figure 5 : Aerial view of Dharavi Slum, Mumbai, India

1.1.2 Shanty Towns Shanty towns are spaces that are made by its dwellers using temporary materials. There are several similarities between shanty towns and slums. Both lack the provision of adequate facilities, sanitation facilities, electricity, and water supply. However, there is a major difference between the two. Shanty towns are built on a temporary basis, unlike slums which are based on a permanent structure. The former one is constructed using materials like scraps and mud while the latter is made using bricks and stone. Shanty towns are often located in undesirable locations. These include non-flat terrains, areas close to water bodies, and abandoned spaces. The settlers make it possible to live in such areas that have not been inhabited before and are referred to as ‘early settlers.

Figure 6 : Shanty town in Medellin , Colombia

1.1.3 Pavement Dwellers The pavement dwellers are on the worse side compared to slum dwellers. The former ones are often shifting from one place to another. This movement creates a sense of belief in them, i.e., they do not belong anywhere. Some of them use a cloth or any other material to make a canopy-like structure. While others just rely on the ground/pavement and call it home. The dwellers usually have limited access to food and sanitation facilities. In addition to this, there is one more fear in their lives – fear of police and other officials. Since their settlement is not very formal, they tend not to feel safe in their shelter. Some of them even try to hide their identity to avoid getting involved in complications. In addition to this, their financial needs are met by doing small jobs that are sufficient for their basic minimum requirement. Some of them resort to begging just barely to survive. The dwellers are usually trapped in a cycle that has trapped them. They do not have a proper home nor employment suiting to their needs.

Figure 7 : Pavement dwellings in Kolkata, India

1.1.4 Environment The lifestyle of such dwellers also poses a huge negative impact on the environment. Very often, wastes are not disposed of properly, which causes a rise in infectious diseases. The dwellers often act as carriers and spread these diseases to people living in other areas. Several examples prove that waste dump yards are often present close to informal settlements. These waste grounds pollute the land and increase the span of using it for other purposes. One such an example is Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. This informal settlement is the largest slums in the world. It was formed after the apartheid movement and houses about 400,000 people. This slum produces a massive amount of waste and dumps it into the rivers. Several measures have been introduced to improve the waste management process of the settlement.

Figure 8 : Khayelitsha, South Africa on a map

Figure 9 : River in Khayelitsha, South Africa filled with garbage

Another example would be that of Dharavi in Mumbai, India. It is the third-largest slums in the world. The first and the second-largest slum in Africa and Kenya, respectively. Dharavi also has a separate area where wastes are disposed of. In addition to this, it also has a recycling zone that recycles several materials like plastic. The inhabitants recycle all types of wastes, including dangerous medical wastes. This is done without the use of protective clothing and proper methods or technologies. This recycling process is surely keeping the environment’s quality in control. However, it also exposes the inhabitants to hazardous wastes affecting their health adversely.

Figure 10 : Dharavi , Mumbai, India on a map

Figure 11 : Products collected for recycling in Dharavi

1.2 Low-Income Housing in India According to statistics, there was a shortage of 27 million affordable housing units in India during 2012-2013. Due to this limitation, educated middle-class people along with minimum wage workers, live in informal settlements. Slums are one of the most common examples of such settlements. Several Indian states face this problem, but Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal are the top prominent ones. These three states provide shelter to millions of people who live in slums, or on pavements.

Figure 12 : Statistic showing highest slum populations Source : Housing & Urban Affairs Ministry , Rajya Sabha ( Council of States - India) Lakh is a unit in Indian numbering system 1 lakh = 100 thousand

Several policies, programs, and acts have been introduced to solve the increase in informal settlements. One example is the Slum Rehabilitation Scheme by Slum Redevelopment Authority. Under this scheme, free housing is provided to dwellers who can prove their residence before 1995. The buildings built under this scheme are of poor infrastructure and have limited access to jobs. Due to this, these structures are often left abandoned by its inhabitants. These structures are built to provide compensation for the dwellers, as their houses are demolished by legal authorities. The dwellers are often shifted to high rise towers in case their shelter is demolished. Due to a large number of unoccupied high rises, this shift is possible.

Figure 13 : High rise towers in Maharashtra Nagar, Mankhurd

1.3 Low-Income Housing in Mumbai Mumbai, being the financial capital of the country, attracts people from all the other Indian cities. It offers a variety of opportunities to its inhabitants and dreams do come true in this city. This results in rapid rural-urban migration from other Indian cities to Mumbai. Land use is one of the issues that this migration influenced as more people means building more homes. Building more homes affects the land use statistic of the city and results in a reduction of farmlands. Due to rapid urbanization, deforestation is one of the environmental threats adversely affecting Mumbai’s land use.

Figure 14 : Land use of Mumbai, India

Mumbai’s 2020 population is around 20 million, and about 9 million people live in slums. This means that less than half of Mumbai’s total population is living in informal settlements. The geographical area that sums up the slums area constitutes only 9% of Mumbai’s geographical area. Lack of affordable housing in Mumbai is the cause of the heavily populated informal settlements in the city. The major reason for this insufficiency because is the value of land contributes to the housing cost. Since the land in Mumbai is very scarce, the value of the land is expensive. People from middle and low-income backgrounds choose slums and other self-built housing models to meet their basic needs. The government and other legal bodies are majorly dependent on private sectors to facilitate the country’s development. This dependency does not help the middle and low-income families of the country. Governmental schemes like Slum Rehabilitation Scheme involves the private builders building shelters for the slum dwellers on a small plot. The larger portion of the plot is used to build high rise apartments for the upper class of the society. This neglect towards slums and slum dwellers deprives them of living a good quality life. The city needs to focus more on social welfare projects and build sufficient affordable and social housing models.

CHAPTER 2 SLUMS

2.1 Other Low-Income Housing Types Due to rapid rural-urban migration and scarcity of land, several informal settlements have emerged over the years. There are different types of low-income housing types in Mumbai – chawls, zopadpattis, pavement dwellings, and slums. Chawls are residential buildings constructed by landowners for migrant workers and their families. There are private spaces for the dwellers and some common spaces that are shared by all. During the monsoon season, the structure of chawls gets adversely affected due to the poor choice of materials. Patra Chawls is a type of chawl that made of semi-permanent structures and is authorized or unauthorized by the legal bodies.

Figure 15 : BBD Chawl in Mumbai, India BBD - Bombay (former name of Mumbai) Development Directorate

Zopadpattis are also known as squatter housing. They originated in India before it got its independence. Most of the squatting occurs on private lands followed by municipal lands. A squatter occupies a piece of land without having any legal rights to owning it. They are quite similar to slums and emerged way before the latter.

Figure 16 : Zopadpattis in Mumbai, India

Pavement dwellings are huts on footpaths that provide shelter to mostly male migrant workers. The workers mostly settle on footpaths are near their workplace. The dwellers are often subjected to exploitation and demolition. Their living conditions are worse than those of the other informal settlements. Sometimes, they even have to pay rent to the landowners that own the footpaths informally. Apart from adults, even street children live in pavement dwellings.

Figure 17 : Pavement dwellings in Kolkata, India

1 Slums are the most common and popular type of informal settlement in the city. Their popularity is majorly due to its affordability. However, though the dwellers do not pay much for their shelter, they do pay a huge amount to acquire basic amenities. Several slums are present in Mumbai. Some of them are of mixed-use; one such example is Dharavi. Dharavi slum in Mumbai offers both workspaces and living spaces to its dwellers. Most of the families living in slums belong to the low-income group, and the minority of them belong to the middle-class group. The dwellers are often called illegal settlers or encroachers. The living conditions of slum dwellers are quite inadequate, which affects their health, wealth, and well-being adversely.

Figure 18 : Dharavi Slum, Mumbai, India

2.2 What are Slums? Slums can be defined as residential areas that unsuitable for its inhabitants due to their improper infrastructure and lack of basic facilities. The informal settlements are usually present in urban or suburban areas of a country. They deprive their inhabitants of basic amenities – supply of clean water, proper sanitation facilities, and sufficient electricity, to name a few. Moreover, slums are not legally recognized, and their legal status is quite ambiguous. Slums are often densely populated, and there are inadequate or no outdoor spaces at all. Statistics show diverse results of the outdoor area allotted per person in different parts of the world. According to international standards, about 11 sqm of open space should be allotted to one individual. However, in Tokyo and in Mumbai, the area allotted per person is 3.96 sqm and 1.1 sqm respectively. The area is quite less when compared to the required standard due to rapid urbanization and lack of public and community spaces.

Figure 19 : Statistic shows open space (m2) allotted per person in different cities

2.3 The origin of slums Slums originated in Britain around 1800 during the capitalist – industrialist era. Due to several reasons, land distribution was not practiced in a fair method. Poor people were deprived of their lands and were struggling to end their means. This resulted in a reduction of the rural population and gave birth to the “working class”. Overcrowding of cities was another significant result of the movement. The farmers and other rural workers now started working in factories, contributing to the growth of industrialization. Slums provided the workers with a shelter but could not provide them with basic necessities. Young children would use water from sewers for drinking and bathing. While adults use to take turns to sleep on beds as there were a limited of them available. It was a time of hard work, struggle, and frustration for the poor class of London. Some studies show that slums primarily emerged in Rome before their existence in Britain. During the 3rd Century A.D., structures called insulae accommodated the poor. The word “insulae”, came from the word “insula”, which means “island”. The significance behind their meaning was that both islands and these buildings were isolated from the main city. These apartment blocks were made of cheap materials and accommodated a large group of people in one apartment. Slums are being formed due to various reasons in different parts of the world. One of the major causes is that of rapid migration from rural to urban areas. Some of the other causes include poor planning, unemployment, pollical and social conflicts, and economic instability.

Figure 20 : Slums in London

2.4 Global Statistical Analysis of Slums According to a study in 2016, about 25-50% of the world’s population lives in informal settlements like slums. Several studies have shown that living conditions of slums have an adverse negative impact on both the physical and mental aspects of health. The growth of slums is majorly influenced by its location and the availability of land. Typically, slum dwellers settle in dumping grounds, sloped areas, or areas that are near water. They choose such areas as they cannot afford land in the main central locations of the city like the high-income groups. Slums in South America are often located on steep slopes. This can be observed in Lima in Peru and in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The location is quite unsafe for its dwellers as it is more prone to natural hazards like landslides. According to a study in 2018, the size of slums is determined using remote sensing followed by the classification, area calculation, and analysis. Cities that have different political, economic, and cultural backgrounds were analyzed. The data was quite diverse in nature. From Cape Town (3.7 million in 2011) and Caracas (4.1 million in 2017) to Rio de Janeiro (7.5 million in 2015) and Mumbai (12.4 million in 2011). Moreover, the location of slums is quite diverse in different parts of the world. It can be found on the outskirts of a city or is interconnected within the city. The physical characteristics of slums are quite interesting and socio-economic factors play an important role in its growth.

Figure 21 : Size distribution of slums belonging to different cities

2.5 Slums in India Slums in India have been categorized into three types – notified slums, recognized slums, and identified slums. Notified slums are slums in a town or a city that have been declared as “slums” by the state and the government. Recognized slums are areas that are recognized by the state and the government but are not declared as “slums” under any act. Identified slums are congested areas that have no proper infrastructure and lack the provision of basic facilities. In India, a large percentage of slums come under the identified type, followed by notified slums and recognized slums. In India, the following states have higher slum population – Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal.

Figure 22 : Distribution of slums in India

2.6 Slums in Mumbai Mumbai is the city that houses most of the slum dwellers in India due to rapid urbanization. About less than half of Mumbai’s population lives in slums, which is about 9% of the total population of India. Since land is scarce in Mumbai, only about 1.1 sqm of open space is allotted per person. This is only one-tenth of the space allotted by international standards. Dharavi, the biggest slum in Mumbai, is the third-largest slum in the world. The first and second-largest slum is in South Africa, and Kenya respectively. Dharavi houses about 1 million people in self-built congested structures. The dwellers live in spaces that prevent them from living a good quality of life. The situation had worsened during the covid pandemic. A massive number of people were infected with the virus due to the lack of maintaining proper social distancing.

Figure 23 : Distribution of slums in Mumbai, India

CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS IN LOW INCOME HOUSING TYPES

3.1 Space-Starved Spaces Congested spaces are one of the characteristics of slums. A family of about seven to eight members lives in a single room. There are almost insignificant or no outdoor spaces at all in the community. To save up space, community toilets are present in slums instead of private toilets. An insufficient number of toilets results in long waiting queues and dwellers have to multiple trips to collect water. According to a report by Safe Water Network, that analyzed aspects related to water supply in New Delhi, about half of the slums in India depend on shared standpipe for their water supply. Dwellers have to rely on shared sources and community toilets that are not well maintained.

Figure 24 : Interior of a recycling unit in Dharavi, Mumbai

3.2 Infectious Diseases This informal settlement provides poor sanitation facilities to its inhabitants. This adversely affects the health of its inhabitants. Due to improper sanitation facilities, infectious diseases and epidemics are quite common in slums. The issue of poor sanitation is not being resolved in slums due to the lack of awareness of its ill effects amongst the inhabitants. Also, a wide range of slums is located near dumping grounds that further spreads diseases. One such example is Sanjay Nagar, Govandi, Mumbai. This slum is separated from its neighboring garbage ground by just a single wall. Infectious diseases are spread from these grounds as well due to improper disposal of wastes. Moreover, the drains in the slums are often not covered and have poor drainage systems. Very often, the water from the drain’s overflows into the homes of the dwellers. Along with the dirty water, insects and rodents enter into the interior spaces of homes and spread diseases.

Figure 25 : Medical tests in Dharavi, Mumbai during the pandemic

Dharavi during COVID - 19 The pandemic had affected the dwellers of Dharavi in several ways. A large number of people lost their jobs and could not support themselves and their families - as they were daily wage laborers. In addition to this, social distancing was not properly practiced due to the congested space-starved spaces. This resulted in the spreading of the virus at a larger and faster scale. The dwellers were also dependent on community toilets as there were only a few private toilets built in Dharavi. Since cases were rapidly increasing in India, hospitals and healthcare units were full and could not accommodate the dwellers. As a result, the municipal corporation decided to convert marriage halls, playgrounds, and sports complexes in Dharavi to healthcare centers with high-quality equipment. Moreover, health officials were also carrying out free tests to encourage the dwellers to take the COVID test. The result was positive as the cases started to decline in Dharavi while those cases were still increasing in India.

Figure 26 : Cases started to decline in Dharavi Source : World Bank and World Economic Forum for population estimates Johns Hopkins University and Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai for case counts

Figure 27 : Health worker screens slum dwellers in Dharavi

Figure 28 : Health worker involved in checking patients

Dharavi during COVID -19 A series of weekly reports were carried out by urbz , analyzing the problems of the dwellers in Dharavi during COVID - 19 and how are they tackling the same. Urbz is a research unit that focuses on planning and design. The first weekly report was based on the interviews through phone calls of various migrant laborers, factory owners to mention a few. About 30 people were interviewed in the first week. The second weekly report based on the interviews of 58 people comprising of migrant workers and families and community leaders.

Results of the report The journey of the different dwellers Most of the dwellers were traveling back to their villages this week.

Figure 29 :The journey of the interviewees

Basic information about the interviewees

Figure 30 :The age groups of the interviewees

Figure 31 :The length of residence of the interviewees in Dharavi

Figure 32 :The number of people the interviewees share their dwelling with

Figure 33 :The availability of water

Figure 34 :The length of residence of the interviewees in Dharavi

Figure 35 :The ventilation sources present in the interviewees’ dwellings

Figure 36 :The news sources that the interviewees use

Figure 37 :The biggest fears amongst the interviewees

3.3 Child Malnourishment Child malnourishment can be observed more in slum areas than in non-slum areas. Several factors contribute to this pattern – income of the family, unhealthy food patterns, parents’ knowledge about healthy eating habits. Mothers often neglect their children in slums due to their work. They also are not very aware of the nutritious foods that should be fed to their children. Working mothers often feed instant foods to their children to cope up with their different responsibilities. In Indian states like Mumbai and Delhi, about half of the total population of slum children is characterized by stunted growth and underweight. The children very often have deficiencies and disorders due to the lack of consuming a well-balanced meal.

Figure 38 : Children in Dharavi, Mumbai

3.4 Unemployment and Violence Dwellers often do not possess the latest skills and knowledge. This makes them unsuitable for the competitive job markets. Due to this, they often face unemployment and take up odd jobs to barely survive. Some of the dwellers work and live in the slum while others do in places close to their homes. Since slum households produce a massive amount of waste, a lot of dwellers are involved in the recycling business. The recycling business in slums is a well-developed business that provides livelihood to a large number of people. Due to unemployment and poor living conditions, dwellers often get frustrated and get involved in criminal activities. Activities like gambling and drug trade are quite common amongst the settlers. Violence is another common issue in slum households. Domestic violence against both males and females and child abuse are massively increasing in slums over the years.

Figure 39 : Several dwellers in Dharavi, Mumbai face unemployement regularly

3.5 Environmental Threats Slums pose an adverse effect on the environment. In Mumbai, the municipal body is responsible for the proper collection and disposal of wastes. However, in slums, there is no proper system of waste collection and disposal. Often, slum dwellers throw solid wastes in an open place, including alleyways and railway tracks. An insufficient number of garbage bins and a lack of awareness amongst the dwellers about the adverse effects of improper dumping contributes to this dimension. Moreover, most of the slums in Mumbai do not have a proper drainage system. Due to this, some drains get blocked due to garbage dumping. Others do not function at all. Since slums are often located in low-lying areas, flooding is a common problem in monsoon season. Flooding spreads infectious diseases and spillage of wastes. Since the recycling business is so popular in slums, the dwellers recycle a wide range of wastes and materials. Recycling medical wastes in slums are also quite common. This is done without the use of proper clothing and/or technology. The dwellers come in close contact with such hazardous materials that can pose a threat to their health. These hazardous materials are often not disposed of properly and are dumped in open grounds affecting the environment.

Figure 40 : Plastic bottles collected for recycling in Dharavi

CHAPTER 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS

4.1 Location Location plays an important role in influencing the growth of slums. It is also influenced by physical, socio-cultural, and economic factors. Slums usually emerge on the outskirts of a city and gradually get integrated into the city due to the expansion of the city. The land on which slums are built has other typologies of buildings – high rise towers, retail, and industrial areas. Due to the mixed-use nature of the area, several opportunities are created for low-income groups. Slums are often formed in unusual locations – near dumping grounds or railway tracks, on steeply sloped areas, and low-lying areas near water bodies. Such locations provide security to its dwellers from demolition by the legal bodies. In a way, these settlements are hidden from the government bodies during its early stages. Over time, when the slums start growing, temporary materials are switched with permanent ones. Also, the expansion takes place vertically as horizontal expansion is not possible due to the layout of the city. Gradually, slums get formed in areas that close to other programs of spaces that can provide jobs to the poor. Since the legal aspects of slums are quite ambiguous, some slums gain political support by using the names of popular figures. According to a study by Shelter Associates in 2018, slum dwellers in Pune chose slums according to costs, access to goods and services, and the community’s composition. The standard of housing also played a crucial role in the selection of slums by the dwellers. People also preferred to move into slums that were familiar to them and were close to their previous homes.

Figure 41 : Typology of slums in different locations Source : Streets as tools for urban transformation in slums : A Street-Led Approach to Citywide Slum Upgrading

4.2 Informal land tenure The land tenure of slums is quite uncertain in nature. Slums are usually formed in unusual areas or on land not owned by an individual or community. In some countries, the government provides land to people, which will be converted into slums. However, the dwellers will not acquire the rights of the property. Sometimes, when a slum houses a large number of dwellers, the old residents charge a rental fee from the new residents. The fee also determines how the new homes will be incorporated into the slum. Since the new residents pay a fee, they tend to believe that they hold rights over their property. But many slums are not recognized by the government as they do not follow building codes and land ownership guidelines properly. Informal land tenure prevents dwellers from upgrading their housing conditions as they do not have their legal ownership. The slums are often in poor conditions and are quite prone to natural calamities. The ambivalent nature of the ownership also restrains dwellers from applying for a mortgage loan. This further affects their financial status. This status of ownership can also cause complications for the legal bodies to upgrade slums which are further connected to the infrastructure of the city. Most of the slums in India do not have tenure security as they are not notified as “slums” by the government. Though, the slums that come under the Slum Redevelopment Scheme has semi-formal or formal land tenure. Apart from this, the government introduced another scheme to accommodate slum dwellers in permanent residential buildings. However, this scheme was not remarkably effective as the construction took time, rents were high, and apartments were sold off to high-income groups.

Figure 42 : Housing tensure (1998) Source : The Challenge of Slums Global Report on Human Settlements 2003

4.3 Poor infrastructure and overcrowding One of the key characteristics of slums are inadequate infrastructure. Homes are built without proper design and structural considerations. Cheap materials are used that are not suitable to resist natural and human-made hazards. Basic amenities are not readily available to the slum dwellers. Apart from the congested homes, the alleys and streets are very narrow and do not have a proper address. This prevents the entry of emergency vehicles and garbage collection vehicles. This further contributes to the lack of facilities provided in this form of informal settlement. Providing affordable housing models becomes a challenge as well. Since a large percentage of slums is not formally recognized by the State and/or by the government, slums do not generate sufficient tax revenue. The income of slum households and the informal nature of its economy garners less attention from governments to upgrade slums. Overcrowding is another aspect of slums. Most of the dwellings have only one room that accommodates around 5-7 people. Sometimes, the unit is shared by multiple families. The room functions as a kitchen, living room, and bedroom. Since there are no washrooms in the place, community washrooms are built outside the place. Overcrowding is more common in shared spaces than in dwellings. Due to poor sanitation of shared spaces, a room for infectious diseases is created. According to statistics, a slum in Kolkata, India homes about 8-10 people in a room of 45 sqm.

Figure 43 : Rusted metal surfaces used as facades in Dharavi

Figure 44 : Children smiling in Dharavi

CHAPTER 5 COUNTERMEASURES BY GOVERNMENT

5.1 Slum Removal Slum removal is one of the countermeasures taken by the government to tackle the rapid growth of slums. This approach is supported by the evidence that slums are not legally accepted and are constructed on a third party’s land. However, this strategy does not end the root cause to which slums are caused. It is just a method to solve the issue temporarily. In a way, it is also neglecting the basic needs and rights of the slum dwellers. Stringent measures have to be taken to solve the issue, and low-income groups should be provided with adequate housing facilities.

5.2 Slum Resettlement This approach involves the clearance of slums and relocating them to another area, usually towards the outskirts of the city. While doing so, all aspects of slums are not taken into consideration. Slum-dwellers usually prefer to live in slums that are close to their workplace. Often, while choosing an alternative location for slums, its connectivity with the inhabitant’s workplace is neglected. The result is that the dwellers are not satisfied with the new location and they feel vulnerable to various kinds of hazards.

Figure 45 : Stages of Slum Redevelopment Plan of Dharavi Source : Theory of Settlements - 2016

Figure 46 : Slum Rehabilitation Scheme by Maharashtra government

Figure 47 : Slum Rehabilitation Scheme

Figure 48 : Interior of a rehabilitation unit

Figure 49 : Residents complaining about the poor quality of rehabilitation units to SRA officials SRA - Slum Rehabilitation Authority

Figure 50 : Dwellers protesting outside Slum Rehabilitation Authority Office

Figure 51 : Low-cost building by Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) in Kurla, Mumbai

Figure 52 : Workers involved in building low-cost building by Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) in Kurla, Mumbai

Figure 53 : Rehabilitation block under SRA opened in 2002

Figure 54 : SRA alternatives fail to provide good quality rehabilitation units to the dwellers

Most of the Slum Rehabilitation Schemes fail due to their neglect of providing the dwellers with good quality physical and social infrastructure. In addition to this, the projects under SRS are usually not well connected to the networked infrastructure of the city. Such schemes should also provide recreational areas like playgrounds and gardens for, especially children.

Figure 55 : Connections to networked infrastructure (1998) Source : The Challenge of Slums Global Report on Human Settlements 2003

Sample Survey 75 households living in the units of five rehabilitation slums in Mumbai were surveyed. The survey was conducted as a part of the III International Conference on Construction, Real estate, Infrastructure, and Project Management. The conference was lead at NICMAR, Pune. The five projects of slum rehabilitation scheme (SRS) are : 1) Ganeshwadi, Andheri (East) , Mumbai 2) Sai Sidhdhi, Kurla (West) , Mumbai 3) Saiwadi, Andheri (East) , Mumbai 4) Shriram Samarth, Goregaon (West) , Mumbai 5) Tiranga, Goregaon (West) , Mumbai

Response of the survey The results of the survey were based on a set of parameters. The different parameters were : 1) Physical Infrastructure 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Water Supply Sanitation Solid Waste Management Public Health Protection Power Supply Transportation

2) Social Infrastructure 2.1 Education services 2.2 Healthcare services 2.3 Recreation services 3) Income, Living conditions and Quality of Life 3.1 Income 3.2 Living Conditions 3.3 Quality of Life The results are divided into three categories: Improvements, More or less the same, and Deterioration.

Physical Infrastructure There was an improvement in physical infrastructure of the SRS projects

Figure 56 Water Supply About 87% of dwellings had sufficient water supply

Figure 57

Sanitation Sufficient number of toilets were constructed in each dwelling

Figure 58 Solid Waste Management After the redevelopment, garbage pickers were hired to collect wastes from each dwelling

Figure 59

Public Health Protection After the redevelopment, there was not a prominent improvement in this parameter

Figure 60

Power Supply Prior to the redevelopment, all dwellings had access to electricity

Figure 61

Transportation Facilities Since the dwellers were relocated in the same area, there was not a big difference in transportation facilities

Figure 62

Social infrastructure Due to the lack of recreational areas in the SRS project, there was a decline in social infrastructure

Figure 63 Educational Facilities There was no significant improvement in educational facilities after the redevelopment as there were no schools built

Figure 64

Healthcare Facilities There was no significant improvement in healthcare facilities after the redevelopment, as there were no hospitals or clinics, built

Figure 65 Recreational Facilities There was a decline in recreational facilities in the SRS project as these facilities were not available to the dwellers

Figure 66

Changes in income level There was a mixed response, most of the dwellers stated that there was no the difference in their income while some stated there was an improvement

Figure 67 Living Conditions All the dwellers stated that their living conditions had improved after the redevelopment

Figure 68

Quality of Life All the dwellers stated that their quality of life had improved after the redevelopment

Figure 69

Conclusion The projects under the Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) showed some improvements in certain areas and a degree of deterioration in others. There was a lot of focus on physical infrastructure that led to the neglecting of the social infrastructure. In the physical infrastructure dimension, there was an improvement in water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, and health facilities. While there was no improvement in power supply and there was a decline in transportation facilities. In the social infrastructure dimension, educational and healthcare facilities were the same and recreational facilities deteriorated. In the living conditions dimension, the quality of life and the level of living conditions improved. While the level of income remained the same for most of the dwellers and increased and declined for some of them. Overall, the slum dwellers stated that their life did improve in certain aspects.

5.3 Slum Restoration Slum restoration or upgrade is a better approach than slum clearance and relocation. The strategy aims to provide dwellers with better facilities and adequate infrastructure. Some legal bodies tend to believe, slums can be recognized by the state and/or government. Also, the needs of the dwellers will be met by providing them with a formal system of tenure. One of the challenges of this strategy is to upgrade slums at a faster rate with minimum costs. Since this scheme is usually funded by the government, there are several aspects involved – political, social, and economic. Another challenge is to create a healthy balance between normalizing slums and maintaining the influence of legal bodies and officials.

Figure 70 : Slum Upgrading

Figure 71 : Slum Upgrading on a multi-year scale

5.4 Policies, Acts and Organizational Approaches There are a number of policies and programs introduced to improve the living conditions in the slums of Mumbai. They were organized by the governments and other legal bodies. 1) The Maharashtra Vacant Lands Act 1975 According to the act, the lands occupied by the people living in informal settlements will be considered to be vacant. The structures can be demolished, and the dwellers should be provided with accommodation. The dwellers are sometimes involved in unauthorized activities and/or job opportunities. They use the land for the same purpose and must pay a fee as compensation to the government. The act resulted in several demolitions across the country. There was opposition from the landlords regarding the government’s right to collect rents from the dwellers. The Mumbai Court passed the judgment in favor of the landlords and the act was to be re-evaluated. 2) The Slum Areas Act This act comes under the Maharashtra Slum Areas Act 1971. According to this act, an area is identified as a slum on the basic two guidelines: - the area that offers inadequate facilities to its dwellers and pose a danger to the neighborhood - the buildings in the area, are unfit for human housing due to overcrowding and/or poor infrastructure and adversely affects the health and safety of dwellers The act improved slums that were on government lands. Due to this, the landowners of the private lands that had slums located on it took advantage. They started evicting dwellers from their lands. To protect the slum dwellers, the government decided to include private lands as well. This resulted in opposition from the landowners and the act was sent for further modifications. 3) Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums This scheme is funded by central bodies and aims to introduce improvements in slums. The Maharashtra Slum Improvement Board, along with Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority in 1977, worked towards improving the living conditions of slums. It covered slums that were built on private and government lands. It provided a sufficient number of water taps, community toilets, streetlights, and built high quality drains in slums. The implementation of the act was difficult as only slums that were located on lands owned by the legal bodies were improved. The ones situated on private lands were not. Moreover, the act also did not improve the environment and instead, the dwellers were attracted to the modified slums. They further result in fee collection from the dwellers to maintain the slums. This collection system did not succeed which resulted in the act being changed. The act was sent for further modifications.

Figure 72 : Integration of social , economic and physical aspects while improving the conditions of slums

CHAPTER 6 PROPOSALS BY ARCHITECTS

6.1 Completed Projects Modular Shelter by mHS City Lab This project was designed by mHS (Modular Housing Systems) City Lab in 2010. Two temporary shelters were constructed in Delhi, India for migrant workers. The aim of the project was to provide a non-permanent shelter for daily wage laborers. This was quite beneficial for slum dwellers as they are quite prone to hazards like flooding during the monsoon season. Modular Shelter provided the dwellers with a shelter that could resist extreme climatic conditions. It was built with easily available materials like bamboo and bricks and was in a dump yard near River Yamuna. The project had a double wall system, and the air gap creates sufficient insulation. To increase the insulation capacity, additional material can be used in the gap. The layers both external and internal can be changed according to seasons. This is done to release heat in summers and reserve it during winters. The height of the shelter is adequate for proper ventilation and can accommodate bunk beds to increase dweller capacity. Common spaces like the kitchen and washroom were added to the modules. This project provided an affordable and temporary shelter to slum dwellers.

Figure 73 : Modular Housing Systems in Delhi

Figure 74: Process of constructing Modular Housing Systems

Slum Redevelopment under the legal program This slum the redevelopment project was covered under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), a program taken by the government to tackle the issue of slums. This project is in Baroda, Gujarat, India. The program aimed to redevelop the slums that are located on private and government land. Each project will have two components. A component that is specific for the slum rehabilitation is providing adequate housing faculties to the dwellers. The second component is available for developers to sell land in the market to support the project financially. In addition to this, the slum dwellers will be given a slum rehabilitation grant of Rs. 1,00,000 per dwelling. Aspects like the height of the upper ceiling and the ownership or mortgageable rights of the house will be decided by the legal bodies.

Figure 75 : Slum Redevelopment Project in Baroda, Gujarat, India

Figure 76 : Factors that make slums eligible for slum redevelopment Tenable Slums - Slums that are not situated in hazardous locations and the land does not offer utilities to the public. Untenable Slums - Slums that are situated in hazardous locations and the land is marked for public services. Viable Slums - Slums that are capable of offering basic facilities to its dwellers. Unviable Slums - Slums that are not capable of offering basic facilities to its dwellers and need renovation.

ekSHELTER by mHS City Lab This project was designed by mHS (Modular Housing Systems) City Lab in 2015. The project aimed to provide a temporary tent-like structure for pavement dwellers. Due to legal rules and regulations, the dwellers are often facing problems in setting up their shelter on pavements. This forces them to lie on pavements without any protection. ekSHELTER was constructed to solve the problem of dwellers in Delhi, India. It is made using local materials and simple fabrication methods. The shelter was suitable for both the summer and winter seasons. It was made up of a waterproof material that provided warmth in winters and had openings for ventilation in the summer season. During the conceptual stage, the designers interacted with homeless families to acquire feedback on various prototypes. The shelter is self-built and the dwellers can easily construct it. The shelter’s components can be easily repaired or replaced as well. The project was able to provide affordable and flexible shelters to the dwellers.

Figure 77 : ekShelter in Delhi

Figure 78 : Process of manufacturing ekShelter in Delhi

Figure 79 : Dwellers inside ekShelter in Delhi

6.2 Proposed Projects The Game is On by Felixx Landscape Architect & Planners & Studio OxL Architects This proposal was a slum redevelopment of the slum Dharavi, Mumbai. The proposal aimed to give ownership rights of the land to a community-based organization that is well-versed with the dwellers’ needs. The design approach will incorporate their needs and will upgrade the slums accordingly. The main approach of the design was a street design, which was divided into three stages – regeneration, water and sanitation, and infrastructure. The first stage revolves around the slum upgrade and the connectivity of the slum with the city. The second one focuses on adequate water supply and proper sanitation and drainage facility. The third one deals with improving accessibility within the area. The proposal also puts a strong emphasis on the addition of adequate open and public spaces into the area.

Figure 80 : The Game is On proposal includes public squares in Dharavi

Figure 81 : The Game is On proposal aims to add functions to Dharavi’s alleyways

Figure 82 : The Game is On proposal aims to prevent flooding by increasing the riverbed area of Mithi River

Grid Based Slum Proposal by University of Western Australia This proposal revolved around creating slums having a modular design. It was proposed by the University of Western Australia for the informal settlements in Mafalala, Mozambique. The clerics of the university named it ‘Mafalala communal pad’, which is based on vertical densification. This also reduces the footprint on the land and helps as Mafalala is one of Mozambique’s underdeveloped areas. Slums often lack proper system and order that prevents its dwellers from gaining access to basic facilities. The proposed dwelling follows a grid-based system and a passive design approach. This ensures that the dwelling follows certain guidelines and can provide good housing life to its dwellers. It can be built easily and is quite convenient. A major cornerstone of the proposal is that the placement of individual modules can be changed without making structural changes. The proposal is built using local materials like timber. In addition to this, natural treatments are given to the materials to reduce environmental damage. Along with this, they also help in increasing the life span of the dwelling. Home gardens, compost toilets, and outdoor kitchen spaces are some of the remarkable features of the proposal.

Figure 83 : Exterior view of the Grid Based Slum Proposal

Figure 84 : Perspective section of the Grid Based Slum Proposal

Figure 85 : Perspective of the Grid Based Slum Proposal

Shipping Container Skyscraper Proposal by Ganti + Associates (GA) Design The aim of the proposal was to provide temporary housing for the slum dwellers of Dharavi, Mumbai. The building type of that of a skyscraper that is composed of steel containers. The containers will be supported by steel girders placed at every 8 stories. Portal frames will be connected to the steel girders. The skyscraper will be having a steel skin which will be acting as a structural skin. This will also minimize the cost of additional columns and beams. Each apartment was of standard size and all of them were arranged around the core of the skyscraper. The proposal had several sustainable features – solar panels were embedded on the west and south façade and small wind turbines on the east façade. Moreover, the units were staggered horizontally to maximize natural sunlight. The proposal can be easily constructed and assembled due to simple bolt connections.

Figure 86 : Exterior view of Shipping Container Skyscraper Proposal

Figure 87 : Enlarged section of Shipping Container Skyscraper Proposal

Figure 88 : Interior view of Shipping Container Skyscraper Proposal

Figure 89 : Floor Plan of Odd Floor Levels

Figure 90 : Floor Plan of Even Floor Levels

Area Analysis

Outdoor Spaces ( 34.5 sqm )

Indoor Spaces ( 407.61 sqm )

Outdoor Spaces ( 20.75 sqm )

Indoor Spaces ( 392.90 sqm )

CHAPTER 7 DESIGN APPROACH

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7.1 Inclusive Architecture Inclusive Architecture will be one of the design approaches to tackle the housing problems of slums. Apart from low-income groups, slums also house people belonging to middle-income groups. Hence, their needs are quite different. The housing types offered by slums is that of one-size-fits-all. This does not meet the needs and requirements of a diverse range of dwellers. Also, the spaces are not flexible and cannot be customized by the dwellers. It follows a set of housing types to which families must adjust. Inclusive Architecture can be an approach to provide spaces for people belonging to different realms of life.

7.1.1 What is Inclusive Architecture? Inclusive Architecture revolves around designing spaces for each one of us. The aim is to withdraw various barriers and embrace the diverse needs of the community. This means that it does not follow a single fixed approach but is quite flexible. There are a lot of factors that shape the design and experience associated with inclusive architecture. Some of the factors are age, gender, household income, cultural background, education, and several health aspects. This approach is quite common in educational institutions, hospitals and clinics, and civic buildings.

Figure 91 : Factors that influence inclusive design

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Figure 92 : Inclusive Design

Figure 93 : Inclusive Design

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7.1.2 Importance of Inclusive Architecture There are several factors that enhance the significance of inclusive architecture: - It puts a lot of focus on user experience and creates a user interactive environment. - It celebrates and embraces diversity. The design of the space also considers people with determination and meets their needs. - The design approach is realistic, flexible, and responsive. - It is by the users, for the users.

Figure 94 : Inclusive Design Dimensions

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Figure 95 :“Inclusion is about creating a better world for everyone.” By Diane Richler, Former President of Inclusion International Organization

Figure 96 : Inclusive Design

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7.1.3 Examples of Inclusive Architecture House in Kashiwa The project was designed by Yamazaki Kentaro Design Workshop in Kashiwa, Japan. The aim of the project was to design a house that is flexible and can adapt to its inhabitant’s needs. The project included four boxes, each of them had two levels. The space between the boxes functioned as a gathering space for the interaction between the inhabitants. The lower level included the kitchen, bedroom, washrooms, and workspaces. The upper level was not given a function, it was up to the users to use the space for their own needs. It could be a space to enhance their hobbies or could be used as the children’s room. The designers felt that children should design their rooms. Each room of the project does not function as a room but as a space with a function. The windows were positioned in a way, that framed views of trees and nature instead of neighboring houses. Moreover, the kitchen and its adjacent spaces have a clear view of each other thereby creating a strong connection. The project aims to spread happiness amongst its inhabitants and strengthen family relationships. The project is a good example of inclusive design and shows its principles - flexible design approach and interconnectedness between the user and space.

Figure 97 : Exterior view of House in Kashiwa

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Figure 98 : Interior views of House in Kashiwa

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Figure 99 : First Floor Plan of House in Kashiwa Floor Area ( First Floor) - 76.6 sqm

Figure 100 : Second Floor Plan of House in Kashiwa Floor Area ( Second Floor) : 42.35 sqm Atrium : 34.25 sqm

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Figure 101 : Section AA’ of House in Kashiwa

Figure 102 : Interior view of House in Kashiwa

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The Friendship Park This public park is designed by Marcelo Roux and Gastón Cuñaes in Montevideo, Uruguay. It includes six zones, each one of them offering a wide range of inclusive activities. The park follows universal design principles and has spaces for people with different capabilities. Another cornerstone feature of the park is to enhance the experience by incorporating all the senses. Textured surfaces, the use of sounds, and smells have been incorporated into the features of the park.

Figure 103 : Friendship Park in Uruguay

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Figure 104 : Sensory experience in Friendship Park

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Figure 105 : Floor Plan of Friendship Park in Uruguay

Figure 106 : Diagram of Friendship Park in Uruguay

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Figure 107 : Section AA’ of Friendship Park in Uruguay

Figure 108 : Section BB’ of Friendship Park in Uruguay

Figure 109 : Section CC’ of Friendship Park in Uruguay

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7.2 Color Psychology and Color Perception Color significantly influences our emotions and behaviors. Bright colors make one feel more energetic and cheerful while subdued colors have an opposite effect. Slums throughout the world have subdued colors that do not bring about positive emotions within its dwellers. By using bright colors in my proposal, I aim to improve the well-being of the dwellers while providing basic amenities.

7.2.1 What is Color Psychology and Color Perception? “The impact architecture has on a person’s mood is huge. Arguably these are the fundamentals of architecture: not how it looks, but how we feel it, through the way it allows us to act, behave, think and reflect,” – Dr. Melanie Dodd, Central St Martins Art School. Color Psychology is the study of the relationship between colors and their influence on human thinking and behavior. Color is a universal language that is understood by all. To truly understand the relationships between color and human, one must understand the concepts behind it. Color vision is based on three conditions: presence of light, the user can see colors, and the user’s brain can process colors. The process of color perception is divided into a few stages: the user registers the color; chemical messages are produced, and messages are sent to the brain. The retina in our eye has photo-receptor cells. These cells include rods and cones. Rods allow one to see black and white in dim light. While cones allow us to see different hues in bright lighting.

Figure 110 : Prism Color Spectrum

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Sir Issac Newton had discovered the extraordinary phenomenon of the spectrum of light. When a ray of white light passes through a prism, the white light splits into its seven constituent colors. It results in the formation of VIBGYOR – Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red. These colors will not be split further into more colors. Moreover, combining all the colors will create the parent white light. This phenomenon is known as an additive.

Figure 111 : Newton’s visible spectrum

Figure 112 : Color Psychology

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An experiment done in 1666 shows that different colors influence a human’s mind differently. For example, blue is associated with calmness while the color red is linked with passion and energy. However, this is quite subjective and can change according to individual preferences. There are several studies done on color perception. One such study was done by Faber Birren, who had researched the response of people towards colors. In 1936, he said, “The study of color is essentially a mental and psychological science, for the term color itself refers to sensation. “ Color influences each one of our lives in various ways. This further affects our experience within a particular space or environment. There are different levels of our experiences with color. Biological Reaction to a Color Stimulus The physiological response is one of the crucial responses of humans towards colors. Different colors produce different light waves. Each light wave has a different energy. For example, if a human is exposed to red color, his/her pulse rate will increase. In the case of cool colors like blue, the pulse rate will decrease. Subconsciousness Our liking or disliking of a color can also be influenced by one’s past experiences. Our reaction is majorly influenced by our memory. For example, one would dislike a particular color as it takes them back to one of their bad personal experience.

Figure 113 : Colored Fumes

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Conscious Symbolism Association Each color has been associated with a particular meaning. This kind of symbolism is also based on one’s personal experiences. Most of them are universal associations and relations. For example, green is associated with trees and vegetation, blue with water and sky. Cultural Influence There are several cultural associations with various colors. For example, the color white is associated with new beginnings like marriage in some cultures. On the other hand, some cultures wear white at mourning ceremonies. Fashion Trends Throughout the year, there are several color trends in fashion. Usually, these trends are quite short-lived. These trends also influence our associations with a particular color. Personal Relations Each person forms personal relationships with different colors. These relationships are based on the age, gender, and behavior of the user. For example, extroverts prefer bright colors and introverts prefer neutral and subdued colors. This is also the case in children and adults.

Figure 114 : Color Preferences

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Color Psychology of some colors RED Effect: Excitement & Passion

Figure 115 : Innovation Lab by AIM Architecture

ORANGE Effect: Cheerful & Positivity

Figure 116 : Riverview Park Visitor Service Building by De Leon & Primmer Architecture Workshop

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YELLOW Effect: Optimism & Joy

Figure 117 : The Tetrisception by Renesa Architecture Design Interiors Studio

GREEN Effect: Calmness & Serenity

Figure 118 : Antas Educative Center by AVA Architects

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BLUE Effect: Hope & Faith

Figure 119 : Channel 7 BBTV by Apostrophy’s + Airbase Architects

PURPLE Effect: Royalty & Subtle

Figure 120 : The Winton Gallery by Zaha Hadid Architects

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PINK Effect: Calm & Lively

Figure 121 : Normann Copenhagen Showroom by Normann Copenhagen

BROWN Effect: Warmth & Stable

Figure 122 : Private House Kensington by David Chipperfield Architects

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WHITE Effect: Peace & Purity

Figure 123 : House-T by Tsukano Architect Office

GRAY Effect: Neutral

Figure 124 : The West Bund by Archi-Union Architects

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BLACK Effect: Control & Ominous

Figure 125 : Mr Sun Sushi Bar by Atelier Branco Arquitetura

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7.2.2 Color Psychology in Design and Architecture “The importance of architecture as a trigger to physical, physiological, and psychological wellbeing is nowadays becoming a topic of significant relevance.” – Dr. Sergio Altomonte, Professor at Nottingham University. Designers and Architects always consider ergonomics while designing a product, building, or city. Ergonomics revolves around the study of human interaction with different environments. Color ergonomics is also a crucial part of this study. There are several parts of color ergonomics: visual ergonomics, neuropsychological aspects, psychological effects, and psychosomatic effects. Color is a sensory perception that has effects that are emotional, symbolic, and associative. They are much more than just a decoration to space. Colors surely have some effect on our mood, behavior, and perceptions regarding space. It also majorly influences how a user feels and interacts within the space. It influences the physiological and psychological aspects of human health. Due to this, the responsibility of color designers increases as they need to create environments that protect the health aspects of users. This is extremely important in healthcare spaces, as patients should be able to recover in such spaces. Designers must choose colors carefully, as they need to complement the function of an environment or space. The designer also needs to study the visual stimulation caused by different colors and the responses of users towards them.

Figure 126 : Prestwood Infant School Dining Hall

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Color and Appearances Color is perceived by humans through a somatic sense. It is associative physiological and psychological factors of human health. Humans interpret it through the various cognitive activities taking place in the mind. Our perception of color also depends on factors like age, gender, memory, and sight. The colors that one can see is simply reflected light that is a part of the spectrum. Textures and light conditions major control of how we perceive colors.

Figure 127 : Metal Rainbow-Zhongshu Bookstore in Suzhou by Wutopia Lab

Color and Texture Both colors and textures bring about emotions that enhance the perception of the spectator. The texture of an object or a surface distinguishes it from that of others. The value and property of color are intricately linked to the texture of an object.

Figure 128 : School in Alto de Pinheiros by Base Urbana + Pessoa Arquitetos

Color and Light Colors are majorly influenced by the different effects of light. Warm light highlights warm colors and weakens cool hues. On the other hand, cool light emphasizes cool colors and weakens warm hues.

Figure 129 : High Trestle Trail Bridge by RDG Planning & Design

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7.2.3 Examples of Color Psychology used in Slums Colors play an important role in influencing one’s moods and feelings. It also affects the human body and its response to different stimuli. The colors that are used in a space also reflects on the inhabitant’s spiritual health. Oftentimes, in slums, a lot of dull colors are used. They further lead the dwellers to feel frustrated, lonely, and rejected. To solve this issue, several organizations organize community projects to raise awareness about slums. Community art projects is one of the approaches used by the organization to spread optimism in slums. By painting slums with bright colors, the dwellers feel better and motivated. Color psychology indeed has a massive impact on the mental health of the dwellers. Such projects have additional benefits apart from positively influencing the dwellers’ mood. It provides dwellers with temporary job opportunities. Since they get involved in work, the crime rate in the area reduces. Such projects also raise awareness about the conditions of the community. Through this, individuals and organizations come forward and help the slum communities. Moreover, these projects create a strong sense of community identity and bring dwellers closer to each other. The dwellers come together, learn something from each other, and give it back to their community. In one of Delhi’s slums, dwellers use colored powders to paint various patterns on the walls. In Raghubir Nagar, colorful murals have enhanced the atmosphere of the slum. Through this, the dwellers could express themselves and could give a personal touch to their own home. Such community art projects often provide dwellers with a ray of hope and optimism.

Figure 130 : Raghubir Nagar Slum in New Delhi, India

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Asalpha slum in Mumbai was painted by the organization Chal Rang De. The organization aimed to enhance the look and feel of the slum and to brighten up the dweller’s mood. This scheme also made sure that the walls will be maintained well as the dwellers had to follow the No-Spitting policy. This was done to promote the cleanliness of the homes and the surroundings in the area. Colorful bins were also installed throughout the slum area.

Figure 131 : Asalpha Slum in Mumbai, India

Favela Painting is one of Rio de Janeiro’s slums is an example of community art projects. Two artists from Holland, Jeroen Koolhaas, and Dre Urhahn, took the project forward to give a new identity to the slum. Their main aim was to raise awareness and funds for the dwellers. By painting the dwellings, a strong connection was created between each dwelling. It also brought people closer and motivated social interaction.

Figure 132 : Favela Painting in Rio de Janeiro’s slum

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7.3 Three Tier Process A three-tier process is an integrated approach towards the betterment of slums. The process is divided into three phases: connection with the city, provision of basic amenities and proper infrastructure and accessibility.

7.3.1 Connection with the City Slums are often separated from the city and are not well connected to the city center. The streets and alleyways in slums are very narrow and are poorly maintained. Usually, this lack of connection takes place due to the look and feel of slums. By renovating them, they can be a part of the city in a better way. Using recyclable materials and construction techniques it can be a sustainable form of renovation.

Figure 133 : Game is On proposal by Felixx Architects to improve Dharavi slum’s connection to the city

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Self-Built Concrete System Juan Manuel Reyes and architect Jorge Capistrán have developed a construction system that 50% faster than that of the traditional type. It consists of a single modular block that does not need a binder. It also does not require labor. The blocks were created to solve the housing problems in Mexico for low-income groups. The system consists of six parts that support each other. Each part locks with the other like the mechanism of a puzzle. Around 80 centimeters, a metal rod is inserted between the parts. This creates a structure that is not dependent on a special type of foundation. Pipe installation and wiring works can be done easily. This makes it a simple and fast method of construction. Due to its easy application, workers do need to acquire extensive training.

Figure 134 : Self-Built Concrete System

Figure 135 : A wall made from Self-Built Concrete System

129

Tete in L’air Architect (s): KOZ Architectes Location: Paris, France Project Year: 2013 The project was located on a narrow plot in Paris. The condition of the project was unsatisfactory, and it must be renovated majorly. Wood was the main material used in the project. The architects decided to include an outdoor garden in the project. It would function as a transition space between the apartments and the street. Moreover, it would also connect the inhabitants to nature and to their neighbors. The apartments were also refurbished into more comfortable spaces. Double height porch was one of the cornerstones of the project. It also contributed to making beautiful, framed views of nature and the garden.

Figure 136 : Before and After renovation of the project

Figure 137 : Interior view after renovation

130

Figure 138 : Site Plan

Figure 139 : Ground Floor Plan

Figure 140 : Second Floor Plan

131

7.3.2 Provision of basic amenities Slums often lack the provision of basic facilities that prevent its dwellers from enjoying a good life. Amenities like electricity, water supply, a proper drainage system, and street lighting are absent or poorly maintained. It is very common to see drainage systems openly running along the alleyways. Since they are not covered, this attracts pests and insects and spreads diseases. Kibera Public Space Project Kibera Public Space Project improved the condition of Kibera Slum, Nairobi, Kenya. The project was developed by Kounkuey Design Initiative (KDI). It is a design firm that designs sustainable public spaces in informal settlements like slums. The firm created Productive Public Spaces (PPS), which uses vacant spaces to solve problems like poor sanitation, environmental hazards, etc. in communities. The project revolved around the transformation of a dumping ground in Nairobi. The site was located on the polluted Ngong River. Several strategies were taken to make the project sustainable. Plant and animal wastes were used as compost for farming. Rainwater-fed water taps were installed on the site as well. The site also had a public garden, playground, and watershed. The second PPS included a sanitation station that replaced the poorly maintained toilets. The third space was on a steep slope, that functioned as a waste drain. The site also had a proper drainage system that resisted the problem of flooding. Moreover, the site also included daycare spaces, meeting spaces, and a clinic.

Figure 141 : Sketch of Kibera Public Space Project

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Figure 142 : Kibera Public Space Project

133

7.3.3 Infrastructure and Accessibility Informal settlements often lack proper infrastructure. Slums do not have a well-established system of accessibility and mobility. In a way, they are excluded from the city and function independently as a microcity. By improving their infrastructure and making these slum areas more accessible, they can be included within the city. Modular design, Self-help housing methods, and Adaptable Structures can be ways to improve infrastructure. These solutions can also reduce the ambiguous status that slums possess. Chika Houses in Ethiopia Chika Houses were built by a non-profit international organization, Habitat for Humanity. It has built around 300,000 houses for low-income groups using the self-help housing method. Several designers work with the organization and are involved in voluntary tasks. Habitat for Humanity in Ethiopia (HFHE) emerged in 1993 in Ethiopia. Most of the low-income families were involved in the construction of their homes. This also reduced the need for external construction labor. Most of the houses constructed in Ethiopia were of ‘Chika’ style. It is a traditional style that uses materials like mud, stick, and thatch walls that are not strong building materials. The inhabitants do not have access to proper ventilation and sanitation in their houses. About 90% of the population does not have access to proper sanitation facilities. HFHE renovated the houses using the same style but with different materials. They replaced the traditional materials with wood, fired bricks, and stabilized earth blocks. The construction method was simple, easy to assemble, and required less time. This self-help housing method was helpful for low-income groups living in rural and suburban areas. The dwellers were also given housing loans and assistance during the construction process. This made it an especially useful solution.

Figure 143 : Chika Houses inspired by local construction technique

134

Figure 144 : Chika Houses inspired by local construction technique

135

Blocks House Blocks House is a housing system that follows the modular design and prefabricated elements. It is a housing type for people living in slums and other informal settlements. Designer Altamash Jiwani came up with this design to tackle the housing problems in India. The construction system involves plastic panels that are joined with bolts to build houses. The panels are made from recycled plastic - polyethylene and polypropylene. This makes the panels lightweight and cost-friendly. Materials like straw and cardboard can be used for insulation. Since the method uses recycled materials and a modular design approach, it becomes a long-lasting method. This further makes the method more flexible – as the number of rooms can be increased. Apart from this, the size of the house can be varied meeting the needs of the dwellers. The manufacturing process of the panels requires a set of two to three molds that makes it easily accessible to the dwellers. Also, the blocks are not attached to a specific site and can be moved to any site. Due to the simple and easy assembly of parts, the parts can be easily disassembled and transported if required. However, there are some disadvantages to the method. The material is not suitable for higher temperatures as it is made of polymers. This could be tackled by using insulation materials like jute and cardboard or by making the panels more reflective. Another disadvantage is that the method is appropriate for a single floor design. It cannot be used for multi-story houses as the panels have less structural stability.

Figure 145 : Prefabricated plastic panels

136

Figure 146 : Blocks House using prefabricated plastic panels

137

Makoko Floating School Architect (s): NLE Location: Lagos, Nigeria Project Year: 2013 BUA : 220 sqm Makoko Floating School was built for the water community in Lagos, Nigeria. The main aim of the project was to build sustainable structures for people living in coastal regions of the Makoko slum. It could accommodate around 100 students. Nigerian architect Kunlè Adeyemi played a crucial role in transforming the Makoko water slum into a floating community. Architects collaborated with Heinrich Boell Foundation, Germany, designed the school. The project was sponsored by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The school also offered spaces for social events and performances thereby serving as a public space. The project’s construction was divided into three phases. The project uses local materials suiting the needs of the people and celebrating the culture of the region. Wood was the main material, and the triangular A-Frame section was used. The project had three levels. The lower level had the playground, the second and third levels included the classrooms. All the spaces were shaded using adjustable louvers. The structure of the project was sitting on a base of plastic barrels that was recyclable. This makes the structure to be floating. The barrels can also be used to store rainwater from the system. Some other features of the project were photovoltaic panels on the roof, a rainwater harvesting system, and natural ventilation. The second phase of the project included the construction of houses that will follow the design principles of the school. These structures will be connected to each other or will float separately. The last phase will revolve around the expansion of the floating community. The project is sustainable and tackles issues like climate change and flooding that are common in Makoko. It can also withstand wind due to the form of its structure. Moreover, the water disposal system of the project is developed and prevents the spread of water-borne diseases.

Figure 147 : Technological approach in Makoko Floating School

138

Figure 148 : Sustainable features of Makoko Floating School

Figure 149 : Construction process of Makoko Floating School

Figure 150 : Joinery Details of Makoko Floating School

139

CHAPTER 8 CASE STUDIES

141

8.1 Case Study 1 Expandable House Part 02 Architect (s): Urban Rural Systems Location: Nongsa, Indonesia Project Year: 2020 BUA : 108 m2 The aim of the project was to provide affordable and flexing housing options to the dwellers living in informal settlements. The project started in 2018 during which the first floor was completed. In 2020, the house expanded from 36m2 to 108m2 and had three levels. The project was divided into three phases – construction of the first level, expansion of the project and integration of technical systems, and community design. Moreover, the project had several features that make it sustainable. The use of the sandwich system and decentralized system made the design flexible and included systems like rainwater harvesting and passive design approach. Moreover, the design encouraged vertical densification that reduced the footprint on the land. Home gardens and the hybrid of traditional and modern design elements were other features of the project. The project was much more than just a dwelling and included workspaces for the dwellers. Through this, income could be generated thereby meeting the needs of the dwellers. The project’s aspects specifically helpful for my study is the flexible design approach, sustainable features, and the component of workspaces in the dwelling. The landscape and neighborhood design were well incorporated into the design of the dwelling.

Figure 151 : Exterior view of Expandable House

142

Figure 152 : Ground Floor Plan 1:100

Figure 153 : Axonometric view of Expandable House

143

Area Analysis

Primary Functions

Secondary Functions

144

Area Table

Function

Total Area (sqm)

Expandable House

51 sqm

Aquaponic Kitchen

22.6 sqm

Bamboo Nursery

3.9 sqm

Mosquito Trap

2 sqm

Expandable House Workshop Units

76.6 sqm

Primary Functions Expandable House Expandable House Workshop Units Aquaponic Kitchen

145

Figure 154 : Front elevation of Expandable House

Figure 155 : Section of Expandable House

146

Figure 156 : Interior view of terrace

Figure 157 : Interior view of kitchen

147

8.2 Case Study 2 Centre Village in Canada Architect (s): 5468796 Architecture + Cohlmeyer Architecture Limited Location: Winnipeg, Canada Project Year: 2010 BUA : 1393 sqm The project was done by two architecture firms in Winnipeg, Canada. The project revolved around creating a residential village of 25 townhouses. The aim was to provide affordable and flexible homes for low-income groups. The townhouses were divided into three blocks and the village had two main public spaces. The spaces in each townhouse are divided into two modules based on the function. 8-inch x 12-inch modules for compact spaces and 14-inch x 12-inch modules for larger spaces like the living room. The modules of each townhouse are divided into three levels that support the idea of vertical stacking. One of the main features of the village is the adequate number of public and community spaces. The outdoor staircases also facilitate the residents to interact with each other. The project also frames beautiful views for its inhabitants by incorporating openings on all sides of the block. This ensures cross ventilation and a better sense of security. The project’s aspects specifically helpful for my study is the modular design approach, sustainable features, and the adequate number of public spaces in the village. The public and community spaces help dwellers to enjoy a better public life.

Figure 158 : Exterior view of Centre Village

148

Figure 159 : Exterior view

Figure 160 : Interior view

149

Figure 161 : Site Plan

Figure 162 : First Floor Plan

150

Figure 163 : Second Floor Plan

Figure 164 : Third Floor Plan

151

8.3 Case Study 3 SOS Children’s Village Architect (s): Urko Sanchez Architects Location: Tadjoura, Djibouti Project Year: 2014 BUA : 3360 m2 This project was done by Urko Sanchez Architects in Djibouti, Africa. It is a residential community that consists of 15 houses. The design solutions took inspiration from the local architecture in Djibouti. Also, some of the solutions were taken to tackle the weaknesses of the project. Some of the features of the project include wide alleyways, adequate open, and green spaces. Also, there was a lot of emphasis on making space and environment safe for children. Local materials were used, and natural ventilation and shading were incorporated into the design. The houses were arranged in a way to provide maximum shade to the inhabitants. Another cornerstone of the project was the use of ventilation towers. The project’s aspects specifically helpful for my study is the layout of the houses, the use of colors, the wide alleyways, and adequate open spaces. The shaded outdoor spaces and the alleyways were well incorporated with the design. Another important feature of the project was to design it according to the needs of children.

Figure 165 : Interview view of terrace

152

Figure 166 : Exterior view of SOS Children’s Village

Figure 167 : Interior views

153

Figure 168 : Ground Floor Plan

Figure 169 : First Floor Plan

154

Figure 170 : Elevation

Figure 171 : Section

155

Area Analysis

Mass (BUA - 3360 sqm)

Void (Area - 424.3 sqm)

156

157

8.4 Case Study 4 Proposal for Affordable Housing in Spain Architect (s): JA Arquitectura Location: Ibiza, Spain Project Year: 2018 BUA : 2166 m2

This was a competition proposal submitted for a competition by the Spain-based firm. It includes a variety of housing typologies that are connected by community spaces. The design was inspired by the local architecture used in Ibiza, Spain. Some of the proposal features include outdoor terraces, stairs, and bridges, enhancing the accessibility between all parts of the project. The volumes are quite compact and give a feeling of them being stacked on top of each other. The project’s aspects specifically helpful for my study is the scale, spatial composition, and the materials used. The scale and spatial composition of the project are quite similar to that of slums.

Figure 172 : Exterior view of Affordable Housing in Spain

158

Figure 173 : Exterior views of Affordable Housing in Spain

159

Figure 174 : Site Plan

Figure 175 : Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:250

160

Figure 176 : First Floor Plan Scale 1:250

Figure 177 : Second Floor Plan Scale 1:250

161

Figure 178 : Third Floor Plan Scale 1:250

Figure 179 : Roof Floor Plan Scale 1:250

162

Figure 180 : Section Scale 1:250

Figure 181 : Section showing sustainable features Scale 1:250

163

8.4 Case Study 5 Izola Social Housing in Slovenia Architect (s): OFIS arhitekti Location: Izola, Slovenia Project Year: 2006 BUA : 5452 m2 This was a proposal submitted for a competition by OFIS arhitekti to provide affordable housing to low-income families. The proposal consists of two blocks and the layout of the apartments is very flexible. The project was later built. Due to the absence of structural elements, the interior spaces are open and flexible. Each apartment has its own shaded outdoor space that uses natural ventilation. The project had a reinforced concrete structural system. The project’s aspects specifically helpful for my study are the attractive façade, the use of colors, and the presence of outdoor spaces. The shaded outdoor spaces and the bright colors used to enhance the look of the façade. Incorporating bright colors in social housing is a good strategy for influencing the moods and feelings of the inhabitants.

Figure 182 : Exterior view

164

Figure 183 : Interior view

Figure 184: Exterior view

165

Figure 185 : Site Plan

Figure 186 : Ground Floor Plan 1:100

166

Figure 187 : First Floor Plan 1:100

Figure 188 : Second Floor Plan 1:100

167

Figure 189 : Northwest Facade Sacle 1:100

Figure 190 : Northeast Facade Sacle 1:100

168

Figure 191 : Exterior view

169

8.4 Case Study 6 Low Cost House Architect (s): JYA- RCHITECTS Location: Jangheung-gun, South Korea Project Year: 2013 BUA : 100 m2 This project was funded by Korea Child Fund to improve the housing environment for low-income families. This was the second project that was funded by the organization. This house was in a rural area of Jangheung town in South Korea. A family of seven, including five children, lived in this shabby house. The house was near an unused cow shed that attracted flies due to the remains of animal waste. The house was also occupied by rats and the toilet was not connected to the house. In fact, it was an open toilet with no proper walls. After examining the condition of the house, the organization decided to rebuild it and not go with renovation. Due to the tight budget, shipping containers were used as the building material. However, there were several concerns about using this material, inadequate insulation and floor noise were a few of them. To provide sufficient space for all the seven members of the family, three containers were to be used. The main strategy was to create a separation between two container houses and the central space could function as an open deck. This would be surrounded by another house, thereby creating a ‘house within a house’. This created three layers of insulation and spaces were created between the house in the center and the house in the periphery. The use of sliding doors and the skylight were also a part of the project. This further contributed to making the floor plan of an open type and created various spatial experiences for its dwellers. The project’s aspects specifically helpful for my study is the use of containers for the façade, the spaces created between the interior and the exterior of the project. Such intermediate spaces are surely enhancing the experience of the project. The strategy of creating a ‘house within a house’ is also remarkably interesting. The presence of rats and outdoor toilets are also common in slums. Solutions to tackle such issues in this project can be used as an inspiration.

170

Figure 192 : Exterior view

171

Figure 193 : First Floor Plan

Figure 194 : Second Floor Plan

172

Figure 195 : Roof Floor Plan

Figure 196 : Interior view

173

Figure 197 : Section AA’

Figure 198 : Section BB’

174

Figure 199 : Interior view

175

CHAPTER 9 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

177

Spatial Organization

I aim to design a community that accommodates and serves to about 350-700 people. Usually, about 5-7 open spaces. Table for 75 units (flexible layout, accommodates 3-8 people) Indoor Spaces Function

Indoor/ Outdoor

Public/ P

Access Points ( Shelter )

Access Area

Both

Semi Pub

Shelter

Shared Kitchen

Indoor

Private

Shared Bathroom

Indoor

Private

Shared Meeting Room

Indoor

Private

Shared Dining Room

Indoor

Private

Shared Bedroom (3 -4 people) SB - A

Indoor

Private

Shared Bedroom (3 -4 people) SB - B

Indoor

Private

Shared Bedroom (3 -4 people) SB - C

Indoor

Private

Work & Explore

Workshop and Studio Spaces WS - A WS - B WS - C

Both

Public

Access Points ( Learn )

Lobby / Reception

Indoor

Public

Storage

Indoor

Private

Equipment Room

Indoor

Private

Waste Room

Indoor

Private

Washrooms

Indoor

Private

Research Center / Lab

Both

Public

Classrooms

Indoor

Public

Workshop Spaces

Indoor

Public

Library

Indoor

Public

Access Points ( Enjoy )

Access Area

Both

Public

Enjoy

Cafe

Indoor

Public

Retail

Indoor

Public

Show your talent space

Indoor

Public

Learn

178

7 people live in one dwelling. Following that, I aim to have around 50-100 housing units and neighborhood

Private

Area

Unit

Total Area

blic

200 sqm

28 sqm

75 ( 1 per unit )

2100 sqm

5 sqm

75 ( 1 per unit )

375 sqm

30 sqm

75 ( 1 per unit )

2250 sqm

25 sqm

75 ( 1 per unit )

1875 sqm

19 sqm

475 sqm

23 sqm

575 sqm

27 sqm

675 sqm

130 sqm 65 sqm 35 sqm

10 10 10

1300 sqm 650 sqm 350 sqm

200 sqm

5 sqm

10 sqm

30 sqm

20 sqm

15 sqm

30 sqm

2000 sqm

30 sqm

180 sqm

25 sqm

75 sqm

300 sqm

200 sqm

350 sqm

700 sqm

25 sqm

50 sqm

450 sqm

1800 sqm

179

Function

Indoor/ Outdoor

Public/ P

Gathering Space

Both

Public

Horizontal and Vertical Circulation

Both

Public

Function

Indoor/ Outdoor

Public/ P

Shelter

Balcony / Outdoor Space

Outdoor

Private

Learn

Outdoor Space

Outdoor

Public

Connections

Open Amphitheatre

Outdoor

Public

Outdoor open areas for volunteering

Outdoor

Public

Playground

Outdoor

Public

Courtyards & Pocket/Farm Gardens

Outdoor

Public

Walk Total

Outdoor Spaces

Total

Indoor Spaces + Outdoor Spaces = 21138 sqm (including circulation) + 5560 sqm = 26698 sqm

180

Private

Area

Unit

Total Area

500 sqm

500 sqm 25 % 16920 sqm (without circulation) 21138 sqm (including circulation)

Area

Unit

Total Area

18 sqm

75 (1 per unit)

1350 sqm

100 sqm

200 sqm

1050 sqm

300 sqm

600 sqm

500 sqm

1860 sqm

Multiple

1860 sqm 5560 sqm

181

Program Bubble Diagram

Primary functions

Secondary functions

182

183

CHAPTER 10 SITE SELECTION

185

Why Mumbai ? Why Dharavi? Slums are commonly found in most of the countries in the world. India is one of them , with a large number of slums scattered along it. In India, Mumbai is known for its overcrowding and how it gives a shelter to a large number of slum dwellers. Dharavi is the biggest slum in Mumbai and provides a shelter to about one million people. It is also considered as a microcity in itself , due to the various industries and businesses that have emerged in it gradually.

Figure 200 : Dharavi , Mumbai , India

186

Dharavi represents the marked region

187

Dharavi Timeline 1737 :

Riwa Fort (Rehwa Fort ) , known as Kala Killa, built by order of Honorable Esq., President and Gov

1800 :

Settlement of the Kolis , a fishing community

1880 :

Mass evictions from island city

1812 :

Reclaiming of swamp in area known as Dharavi

1930 :

Kumbhars, a community of potters, resettled on allocated land in Dharavi

1940 - 60 : Mass evictions continue 1971 :

Maharashtra Slum Areas Improvement , Clearance & Redevelopment Act declares Dharavi a sl

1971 - 74 : Building of Sion-Mahim link road , 60 Feet Road and 90 Feet Road, sewer lines , water lines , trans 1981 :

Development Plan of city including Dharavi prepared

1985 :

The Prime Minister’s Grant Project allocates INR 100 cr (INR 1 billion) of which 1/3 rd is marked to

1995 :

Slum Redevelopment Scheme (SRD)

1997 :

Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) was declared as planning authority for Dharavi , resulting in c

2004 :

Government of Maharashtra proposes the Dharavi Redevelopment Plan (DRP)

2004 - 09 : Protests against the Dharavi Redevelopment Plan 2007 :

Development Control Regulations modified by SRA for Dharavi

2009 :

Committee of Experts (CoE) set up by state government to formulate an alternative path

2010 :

Re-Dharavi , an alternative plan , produced by SPARC (an NGO) and KRVIA ( an educational in

2012 :

Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority begins developing Sector 5

2016 :

Dharavi Redevelopment Project Authority invite bids for 4 out of 5 sectors of Dharavi

Timeline of Dharavi by Urban Design Research Institute, Mumbai

188

vernor of Bombay

lum , resulting in provision of basic amenities

sit camp to accomodate project affected people

improve housing and infrastructure provision for Dharavi

construction of 85 buildings in the area

nstitution) for Sector 4

189

Connectivity of the site

Rail Road Primary Roads Secondary Roads

190

Public transportation systems near the site

Sion Station

Mahim Station Matunga Station

Train Stations Bus Stations

191

Prominent Landmarks in Dharavi

1 2

4 3 7

6 5

8 15 16

9 10

18 11

13 12

1 - Mithi River 2 - Mithi Nadhi Mangrove 3 - Maharashtra Nature Park 4 - Naik Nagar 5 - Riwa Fort ( Kala Qila) 6 - Dharavi Bus Depot 7- Dharavi Fort 8 - Ganesh Temple 9 - Social Nagar ( Nagar : sublocality) 10 - New Transit Camp 11 - Kumbharwada (Potters area) 12 - Matunga Labor Camp 13 - Sahu Nagar ( Nagar : sublocality) 14 - 13th Compound (Recycling Zone)

192

15 - Poon wala chawl (Part of Slum Rehabilitation Act 1995) 16 - Badi Masjid (Big Mosque) 17 - Chambda Baazar 18 - RP Nagar ( Nagar : sublocality)

Different Areas in Dharavi

2 7 4 6

3 5

1 - Koliwada (Fishing village) 2 - Residential Area 3 - Transit Camp (Part of Prime Minister ‘s Grand Project) 4 - Hindu Crematorium 5 - Cemetery 6 - Kumbharwada (Potters area) 7- Tamilnadu (Leather tanners) 8 - Recycling Zone

193

Images of Dharavi

Figure 201 : The contrast between Dharavi and permanent structures

Figure 202 : The contrast between Dharavi and permanent structures

194

Figure 203 : The contrast between Dharavi and permanent structures

Figure 204 : The Mithi River separates the Dharavi slum from the well-developed area of Bandra Kurla

195

Images of Dharavi

Figure 205 : Aerial view of Dharavi

Figure 206 : Aerial view of Dharavi showing concrete structures

196

Figure 207 : The contrast between Dharavi and permanent structures

197

Images of Dharavi

Figure 208 : The Mithi River

Some parts of the river are highly polluted while others have a better condition

Figure 209 : Aerial view of Mithi River

198

Figure 210 : Maharashtra Nature Park

The site of the park was initially a garbage dump yard which was converted into a park

Figure 211 : Maharashtra Nature Park

199

People of Dharavi

Figure 212 : Children in Dharavi making crafts

Figure 213 : Women sell food items

200

Figure 214 : Workers in the textile industry of Dharavi

Figure 215 : Women involved in tailoring work

201

People of Dharavi

Figure 216 : Women involved in block painting on cloth

202

Figure 217 : Women involved in tailoring work

203

Prominent Industries in Dharavi

12 10

11 13

9 8

1 - Pottery Area 2 - Plywood Production Area 3 - Rubber Production 4 - Aluminium Production 5 - Glass Production 6 - Wood Production 7- Metal Production (iron and steel) 8 - Brick Production 9 - Newspaper Production 10 - Recycling Zone (plastic etc. ) 11 - Recycling Zone (cardboard boxes etc. ) 12 - Reused Tyres Area 13 - Cement Production 14 - Leather Business 15 - Laundry Area

204

Figure 218 : Pottery Industry in Dharavi

Figure 219 : Metal products produced in Dharavi

205

Figure 220 : Recycling oil cans in the recycling zone of Dharavi

Figure 221 : Plastic waste management in Dharavi

206

Figure 222 : Plastic sorting in Dharavi

Figure 223 : Plasfic shredding Unit in Dharavi

207

Figure 224 : Recycling plastic tins in the recycling zone of Dharavi

208

Figure 225 : Recycling zone of Dharavi

209

Vehicular and Pedestrian Path

Vehicular path (primary roads)

Vehicular path (secondary roads)

Pedestrian path (streets and alleyways)

210

Developed and Underdeveloped Areas

Underdeveloped areas to be developed under RGHP Underdeveloped areas to be developed under SRA

Previously Developed Areas

RGHP - Rajiv Gandhi Housing Project SRA - Slum Rehabilitation Act

211

Sun - Path

212

Wind Rose

213

Three Chosen Sites Three sites were chosen in Dharavi :

214

Site A Chambda Bazaar - Several industries present - Main center of Dharavi - Close proximity to Koliwada (fishermen community)

SIte B - Near Matunga Labor Camp - At the periphery connected by Metro stations – Mahim Station, Matunga Station, and Sion Station - Located near a two-way road (60 Feet Road)

Site C Koliwada - Comprises of the fisherman community - The fisherman community is polluting the Mithi river and the mangroves. The pollution affected the aquatic life that further affected the employment of the fishermen. - In close proximity to chawls (another type of informal settlements apart from slums). A part of that area was also used for slum redevelopment projects (New houses under the Rajiv Indira Project)

215

Images : Site 1

Figure 226 : Chambda Bazaar

Figure 227 : Leather tanning in Chambda Bazaar

216

Figure 228 : Alleyways in Chambda Bazaar

Figure 229 : Chambda Bazaar

217

Images : Site 1

Figure 230 : Retail shop in Bazaar

Figure 231 : Alleyways in Chambda Bazaar

218

Figure 232 : Facade elements in Chambda Bazaar

219

Images : Site 2

Figure 233 : Railway line in close promixity to Matunga Labor Camp

Figure 234 : Interior of a home in Dharavi

220

Figure 235 : Potter’s workshop in Dharavi

Figure 236 : Workshop in Dharavi

221

Images : Site 2

Figure 237 : Facade character in Dharavi

Figure 238 : Waste dumpyard in close to railway line in Dharavi

222

Figure 239 : Pottery shop in Dharavi

Figure 240: Section through a home of a potter On the ground floor, the living space lies between the shop front and the workshop area. On the first floor, there is an additional living space available.

223

Images : Site 3

Figure 241 : Dwellings in Koliwada

Figure 242 : Dwellings in close proximity to Mithi River

224

Figure 243 : Mithi River clogged with waste

225

Images : Site 3

Figure 244 : Open Sewage in Dharavi

226

227

Dimensions

Site A

228

Site B

229

Dimensions

Site C

230

231

Area Analysis

232

Site A

Site B

Area : 91167 sqm

Area : 71900 sqm

Site C

Area : 43984 sqm

233

Historical Context

234

Site A

Site B

Chambda Bazaar is one of the oldest neighborhoods that gave birth to Dharavi. It is one of the densely populated areas in Dharavi. It is about six times denser than Manhattan.

Kumbharwada is a communi named after the potters, also k migrated from the northwest re ry. It consists of several dwelling

ity of potters in Dharavi. It is known as Kumbhars, who had egion of India in the 19th centugs and workshop spaces.

Site C

Koliwada (a fishing village in Dharavi) along with Chambda Bazaar has significantly contributed to the development of Dharavi. It is considered as the earliest original neighborhood of Dharavi that gave shelter to the fishermen in the 17th century.

235

Formal and Informal Roads

Site A

Site B

Roads Informal Roads

236

Site C

237

Vehicular and Pedestrian Path

Site A

Site B

Vehicular path (primary roads)

Vehicular path (secondary roads)

Pedestrian path (streets and alleyways)

238

Site C

239

Vegetation

Site A

240

Site B

Site C

241

Site Selection Criteria 5 - Most Ideal 1 - Least Ideal

242

Site A

Site B

Site C

Close proximity to natural elements (water, mangrove, natural park)

Close to transportation systems

Houses several industries

Includes labor camps and housing settlements (slum re-development projects)

Includes pottery industry

Industrial center of Dharavi

Fishing community, presence of old houses and patios

Totals

Final Site : Koliwada ( Site C )

243

CHAPTER 11 INITIAL CONCEPTS

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Main Concept Dharavi slum in Mumbai, India is considered to be a microcity in itself. There are several industries and businesses that have originally emerged in Dharavi and have spread to the city and the other neighboring cities. Due to the lack of infrastructure, Dharavi is not connected to Mumbai and this further affects the living conditions of the dwellings in Dharavi. The dwellers also do not lead to a good quality of life. The main concept of this thesis to establish a strong connection between Dharavi and the city.

Mumbai Dharavi

From left to right: Dharavi is considered a microcity Dharavi is the home to several industries but it not connected to the city Dharavi needs to be connected to the city

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The three phases The project is divided into three phases : 1) Modification of the dwellings Phase 1 includes making modifications in the dwellings and trying to utilize some components of the same. 2) Provision of basic amenities Phase 2 includes providing the slum dwellers with basic amenities like electricity, water, and a proper drainage system. 3) Infrastructure and Accessibility Phase 3 includes improvements in the streets and alleyways of Dharavi and forming a better connection with the city.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

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Concept 1 : Elevated Forest This concept revolves around an elevated structure that can be adaptable even during floods. The main cornerstones of this concept are the green roofs and the various functions that will be embedded with the green roof. Keywords: Green Adaptable Durable Engaging

Sketch of Elevated Forest

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Images of Physical Model

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Concept 2 : Enclosure This concept is inspired by wrapped around ribbons and toolkit architecture. Toolkit architecture is commonly observed in Dharavi wherein, the buildings are a hybrid of the workshop and residential spaces. In this concept, the lower level is dedicated to the workshop and workspace and the upper level is dedicated to the living space. Keywords: Inspiration from the existing Local Durable Engaging

Sketches of Enclosure

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Images of Physical Model

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Concept 3 : Spiral Pathway In this concept, accessibility is given the utmost priority. In Spiral Pathway, residential units, public spaces, and landscaped areas will be wrapped around the pathway. This concept promotes walkability in the project. Keywords: Green Accessibility Engaging

Sketches of Spiral Pathway

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Concept 4 : Green Domes In this concept, the privacy of the dwellers is given the utmost priority. Due to this, the private spaces are placed in the center, moving towards semi-public and public spaces towards the periphery. Keywords: Green Privacy Engaging

Sketches of Green Domes

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Images of Physical Model

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Concept 5 : Mirrors In this concept, the public spaces are placed as the backbone and the private spaces emerge at its boundary. The bigger mirrors represent the public spaces and the smaller mirrors represent the private spaces. Keywords: Green Accessibility Connection

Sketches of Mirrors

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Concept 6 : Mirrors and Shells In this concept, the public spaces are placed as the backbone and the private spaces emerge at its boundary. The bigger mirrors represent the public spaces and the shells represent the pods that are the private spaces. Keywords: Green Accessibility Connection Engaging

Sketches of Mirrors and Shells

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Concept 7 : Fishing Village This concept is inspired by Kolivada, the fishing village of Dharavi. In this concept, the structural system will have the pattern of the fishing net. The grid will accommodate organic residential spaces with public spaces and green spaces. The rocks in the model represent organic residential spaces. Keywords: Inspiration from the existing Local Green Accessibility Connection

Sketches of Fishing Village

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Concept 8 : Track In this concept, the main cornerstone is the track that promotes dwellers to walk around. The track will alo have other functions that will be embedded in it. The track separates the public spaces at the bottom from the private spaces at the top. The rope in the model represents the track while the mirrors represent public spaces.

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Concept 9 : Stretch In this concept, both the public and the private spaces emerge from a central point towards the periphery. The private and public spaces are arranged in a row with green accessible sloped roofs being placed at the depression between two rows.

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Concept 10 : Ripple In this concept, the main cornerstone is the functional and accessible roof with some embedded functions. The ribbon represents the roof in the model, which separates the public spaces at the bottom from the private spaces at the top.

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List of Figures Figure 1 https://www.archdaily.com/385093/centre-village-5468796-architecture/51b3ae1eb3fc4b28070000a9-centre-village-5468796-architecture-photo Figure 2 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322675430_A_Critical_Review_of_High_and_ Very_High-Resolution_Remote_Sensing_Approaches_for_Detecting_and_Mapping_ Slums_Trends_Challenges_and_Emerging_Opportunities Figure 3 https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf Figure 4 https://www.daily-sun.com/post/496666/India-coronavirus:-More-than-half-of-Mumbaislumdwellers-had-Covid19 Figure 5 https://www.businessinsider.com/aerial-drone-photos-mumbai-extreme-wealthslums-2018-9 Figure 6 https://letthechildrenlive.org/street-children/the-shanty-towns/ Figure 7 https://www.flickr.com/photos/301202/15528187065/in/photostream/lightbox/ Figure 8 https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Khayelitsha/607321 Figure 9 https://www.groundup.org.za/article/informal-settlements-need-better-rubbish-collection/ Figure 10 https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fear-grips-slumdog-millionaire-ghetto-as-coronavirus-cases-grow-kxgfgvgxt Figure 11 https://wastenarratives.com/2015/10/27/glance-of-recycling-in-dharavi/ Figure 12 https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/6-5-crore-live-in-india-slums-over-1-croreeach-in-maharashtra-andhra-5577781/ Figure 13 https://sudhagee.com/2011/02/24/mumbai-lens-the-new-slums-of-mankhurd/ Figure 14 https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Tactics-strategies.pdf Figure 15 https://www.magzter.com/article/Lifestyle/Mans-World/Celebrating-Mumbais-Chawls

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Figure 16 https://chrisalice2014.wordpress.com/tag/india/ Figure 17 https://www.flickr.com/photos/301202/15528187065/in/photostream/lightbox/ Figure 18 https://www.daily-sun.com/post/496666/India-coronavirus:-More-than-half-of-Mumbaislumdwellers-had-Covid19 Figure 19 https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Tactics-strategies.pdf Figure 20 https://historycollection.com/women-on-the-right-and-very-wrong-side-of-world-warii/22/ Figure 21 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22797254.2019.1579617 Figure 22 https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/2/1/8/htm Figure 23 https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/2/1/8/htm Figure 24 https://www.sid-thewanderer.com/2017/05/dharavi-mumbai-travel-guide.html Figure 25 https://www.bloombergquint.com/coronavirus-outbreak/dharavi-records-30-new-cases-total-at-168-including-11-deaths Figure 26 – 28 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/how-a-packed-slum-in-mumbai-beat-back-the-coronavirus-as-indias-cases-continue-to-soar/2020/07/30/da859532d039-11ea-826b-cc394d824e35_story.html Figure 29 – 37 https://urbz.net/ Figure 38 https://www.thinglink.com/scene/458998078460919810 Figure 39 https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/a-billion-people-live-in-slums-can-they-survivethe-virus/ Figure 40 https://citymonitor.ai/fabric/mumbai-s-slumdog-recycling-works-surprisingly-well-unlessyou-re-one-its-workers-3096 Figure 41 https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/InformalSettlements/UNHABITAT_ StreetsasToolsforUrbanTransformationinSlums.pdf

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Figure 42 https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf Figure 43 https://theperfectslum.blogspot.com/ Figure 44 https://asha-india.org/what-we-do/ Figure 45 https://theoryofsettlementsyear4.wordpress.com/2016/11/05/dharavi-slum-redevelopment-by-anila-sabu-iman-bhattacharya-and-pooja-gangwar/ Figure 46 https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-government-offers-relief-to-14000-second-buyers-in-slum-rehabilitation-scheme-2620526 Figure 47 https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/210918/sra-houses-40-per-cent-illegal-tenants.html Figure 48 - 50 https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/building-slum-free-mumbai Figure 51 - 52 https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/affordable-homes-push-for-india-s-poor-is-slowly-delivering-results-1.979338 Figure 53 - 54 https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/investigating-the-redevelopment-of-indias-most-famous-informal-settlement-dharavi Figure 55 https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf Figure 56 – 69 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333209257_Planning_Slum_RehabilitationRedevelopment_Projects_Evaluation_and_Learning_from_Mumbai Figure 70 https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/InformalSettlements/UNHABITAT_ StreetsasToolsforUrbanTransformationinSlums.pdf Figure 71 https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/InformalSettlements/UNHABITAT_ StreetsasToolsforUrbanTransformationinSlums.pdf Figure 72 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/conceptual-model-for-integrating-social-and-physical-constructs-to-monitor-analyze-and_fig2_308417303 Figure 73 http://www.mhscitylab.org/projects/project-eta/

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Figure 74 http://www.mhscitylab.org/projects/project-eta/ Figure 75 http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/01_ISSR_leaflet_Two_fold_English%20(1). pdf Figure 76 https://penniur.upenn.edu/uploads/media/01_Contractor.pdf Figure 77 http://www.mhscitylab.org/projects/ekshelter/ Figure 78 http://www.mhscitylab.org/projects/ekshelter/ Figure 79 http://www.mhscitylab.org/projects/ekshelter/ Figure 80 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/18/best-ideas-redevelop-dharavi-slum-developers-india Figure 81 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/18/best-ideas-redevelop-dharavi-slum-developers-india Figure 82 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/18/best-ideas-redevelop-dharavi-slum-developers-india Figure 83 https://www.designboom.com/architecture/m-parsons-mafalala-communal-padgrid-based-building-slums-mozambique-11-20-2014/?utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=e-mail&utm_source=subscribers Figure 84 https://www.designboom.com/architecture/m-parsons-mafalala-communal-padgrid-based-building-slums-mozambique-11-20-2014/?utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=e-mail&utm_source=subscribers Figure 85 https://www.designboom.com/architecture/m-parsons-mafalala-communal-padgrid-based-building-slums-mozambique-11-20-2014/?utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=e-mail&utm_source=subscribers Figure 86 https://www.archdaily.com/772414/ga-designs-radical-shipping-container-skyscraper-for-mumbai-slum?ad_medium=gallery Figure 87 https://www.archdaily.com/772414/ga-designs-radical-shipping-container-skyscraper-for-mumbai-slum?ad_medium=gallery

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Figure 88 https://www.archdaily.com/772414/ga-designs-radical-shipping-container-skyscraper-for-mumbai-slum?ad_medium=gallery Figure 89 https://www.archdaily.com/772414/ga-designs-radical-shipping-container-skyscraper-for-mumbai-slum?ad_medium=gallery Figure 90 https://www.archdaily.com/772414/ga-designs-radical-shipping-container-skyscraper-for-mumbai-slum?ad_medium=gallery Figure 91 https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/behind-the-science/innovation/inclusive-design-making-our-differences-invisible/ Figure 92 https://goalseekitsolution.com/why-the-tech-world-needs-inclusive-design/ Figure 93 https://www.levelaccess.com/how-we-do-our-work-matters-accessibility-and-inclusive-design/ Figure 94 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Inclusive-Design-Dimensions-Source-http-idrcocaduca_fig8_333144674 Figure 95 https://blog.testlodge.com/inclusive-design/ Figure 96 https://willowtreeapps.com/ideas/inclusive-design-isnt-a-checklist Figure 97 https://www.archdaily.com/506426/house-in-kashiwa-yamazaki-kentaro-design Figure 98 https://www.archdaily.com/506426/house-in-kashiwa-yamazaki-kentaro-design Figure 99-102 https://www.archdaily.com/506426/house-in-kashiwa-yamazaki-kentaro-design Figure 103- 109 https://www.archdaily.com/770600/friendship-park-marcelo-roux-plus-gaston-cuna Figure 110 https://alsecco.co.uk/2017/11/how-can-colour-psychology-be-used-to-good-effect-indesign-and-architecture/ Figure 111 https://medium.com/studiotmd/the-perception-of-color-in-architecture-cf360676776c

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Figure 112 https://alsecco.co.uk/2017/11/how-can-colour-psychology-be-used-to-good-effect-indesign-and-architecture/ Figure 113 https://alsecco.co.uk/2017/11/how-can-colour-psychology-be-used-to-good-effect-indesign-and-architecture/ Figure 114 https://medium.com/studiotmd/the-perception-of-color-in-architecture-cf360676776c Figure 115-117 https://www.archdaily.com/930266/how-color-affects-architecture Figure 118 https://architizer.com/projects/riverview-park-visitor-service-building-i/ Figure 119 - 120 https://www.archdaily.com/930266/how-color-affects-architecture Figure 121 https://www.dezeen.com/2016/10/01/normann-copenhagen-flagship-store-denmark-completely-pink-room/ Figure 122 https://medium.com/studiotmd/the-perception-of-color-in-architecture-cf360676776c Figure 123 https://www.archdaily.com/930266/how-color-affects-architecture Figure 124 https://www.archdaily.com/776063/fab-union-space-on-the-west-bund-archi-union-architects?ad_medium=gallery Figure 125 https://www.archdaily.com/911260/mr-sun-sushi-bar-atelier-branco-arquitetura Figure 126 and 128 https://www.archdaily.com/930266/how-color-affects-architecture Figure 127 and 129 https://www.archdaily.com/930266/how-color-affects-architecture Figure 130 https://www.rediff.com/news/report/pix-colourful-murals-bring-a-smile-to-a-delhislum/20200113.htm Figure 131 https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/280518/changing-the-faceof-mumbai-slums-by-adding-colours.html Figure 132 https://www.thecultureist.com/2016/07/07/slum-paintings-adding-color-world/

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Figure 133 https://www.felixx.nl/projects/dharavi-mumbai.html Figure 134-135 https://www.archdaily.com/795653/this-self-build-system-reduces-construction-time-by50-percent?ad_medium=gallery Figure 136-140 https://www.archdaily.com/462947/tete-in-l-air-koz-architectes?ad_medium=gallery Figure 141 - 142 https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Tactics-strategies.pdf Figure 143 http://www.ethiopianhome.com/ethiopia-construction-8428-condo-houses-enterprise/ Figure 144 http://www.lorenasanchezvivas.com/nrhs-hattaa-kettaa/ Figure 145 – 146 https://inhabitat.com/portable-and-modular-prefabricated-slum-housing-concept/ Figure 147-150 http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-system/ Figure 151 – 157 https://www.archdaily.com/934398/expandable-house-part-02-urban-rural-systems?ad_medium=gallery Figure 158 – 164 https://www.archdaily.com/385093/centre-village-5468796-architecture Figure 165 – 171 https://www.archdaily.com/773319/sos-childrens-village-in-djibouti-urko-sanchez-architects Figure 172 -181 https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/epcep/ja-arquitectura-releases-its-competition-proposal-for-flexible-affordable-housing-in-ibiza.html Figure 182 -191 https://www.archdaily.com/3245/izola-social-housing-ofis-arhitekti Figure 192 -199 https://www.archdaily.com/440170/low-cost-house-jya-rchitects Figure 200 https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fear-grips-slumdog-millionaire-ghetto-as-coronavirus-cases-grow-kxgfgvgxt Figure 201 – 211 https://www.businessinsider.com/aerial-drone-photos-mumbai-extreme-wealthslums-2018-9

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Figure 212 – 225 http://www.dharavibiennale.com/gallery Figure 226 Google maps Figure 227 Google maps Figure 228 Google Maps Figure 229 Google Maps Figure 230 https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/dharavi-chamda-bazaar-1391208/ Figure 231 http://urbanistesdumonde.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/306799030-Rapport-Dharavi.pdf Figure 232 http://www.not-home.com/2012/03/inside-slums-of-mumbai.html Figure 233 Google Maps Figure 234-236 http://urbanistesdumonde.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/306799030-Rapport-Dharavi.pdf Figure 237 https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/building-slum-free-mumbai Figure 238 http://sisgeographyigcsewiki.mrbgeography.com/dharavi-case-study/ Figure 239 https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/building-slum-free-mumbai Figure 240 https://critmumbai.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/low_cost_green_housing_situation_ analysis.pdf Figure 241 https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/050219/hues-of-koliwada.html Figure 242 https://595informalsettlements.wordpress.com/2014/03/19/dharavi-and-its-effect-onmithi-river-and-mumbais-watershed/

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Figure 243 https://yourstory.com/2017/08/mumbai-floods Figure 244 http://urbanistesdumonde.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/306799030-Rapport-Dharavi.pdf

Goodbye Slumbai : Re-imagination of Slums in Mumbai by Mahima Aswani

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