Facial Recognition Technology

(12 July 2022).

4 Cam Wilson, ‘Pubs are buying facial recognition technology to track and record you’, Crikey (10 August 2022).

5 Josh Taylor, ‘Woolworths Expands Self-Checkout AI’, Guardian (19 February 2023).

6 OAIC opens investigations into Bunnings and Kmart’, Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (Media Release, 13 July 2022).

7 Human Technology Institute (UTS), Facial recognition technology: Towards a model law (Report, September 2022) 15-16.

8 Ibid 15-16.

9 Henry Kronk, ‘Facial Recognition Technology in the Workplace’, Corporate Compliance Insights (3 March 2021). Also Sarah Basford, ‘Australian Schools Have Been Trialling Facial Recognition Technology, Despite Serious Concerns About Children’s Data’, Gizmodo (10 March 2020).

10 Meilan Solly, ‘New AI Camera Helps Conservationists Spot Elephant Poachers’, Smithsonian (7 January 2019).

11 Joanna Prendergast and Lucinda Rose, ‘Cameras, tracking collars, facial-recognition technology help identify feral pigs, wild dogs’, ABC Rural (29 July 2021).

12 ‘Mobile Phone Detection Cameras’, Transport for NSW - Centre for Road Safety.

13 See Jake Goldenfein, ‘The Profiling Potential of Computer Vision and the Challenge of Computational Empiricism’ [2019] FAT* ’19: Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency 110.

14 Ed Santow, ‘Can artificial intelligence be trusted with our human rights?’ (2020) 91 Australian Quarterly 10, 17.

15 See R(Bridges) v The Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2020] EWCA Civ 1058, [9].

16 ‘Clearview AI’, Clearview AI (Web Page) <https:// www.clearview.ai/>.

17 ‘Clearview AI Breached Australians’ Privacy’, Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (Media Release, 3 November 2021) <https://www.oaic.gov. au/updates/news-and-media/clearview-ai-breachedaustralians-privacy>

18 Towards a model law (n 9) 28.

19 Ian Sample, ‘What is facial recognition and how sinister is it?’, The Guardian (29 July 2019).

20 Australian Human Rights Commission, Human Rights and Technology (Final Report, 1 March 2021) 111.

21 South Wales Police (n 17) [193].

22 ‘Clearview AI breached Australians’ Privacy’ (n 18).

23 Syed Taha Anzar, ‘Cambridge report finds UK police used of facial recognition technology may breach ethical and legal obligations’, Jurist (online, 29 October 2022).

24 South Wales Police (n 16).

25 South Wales Police (n 16) [91].

26 Ibid [201].

27 Towards a Model Law (n 9) 37.

28 Office of the Australian Information Commissioner <https://www.oaic.gov.au/privacy/the-privacy-act>.

29 Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) s 6(1) (‘Privacy Act’).

30 Commissioner initiated investigation into Clearview AI Inc [2021] AICmr 54, [141].

31 ‘What is Personal Information?’, Office of the Australian Information Commissioner.

32 Commissioner initiated investigation into 7-Eleven Stores Pty Ltd [2021] AICmr 50, [28]. [38].

33 Ibid.

34 Privacy Act (n 31) s 6(1).

35 See further: ‘Australian Privacy Principles quick reference’, Office of the Australian Information Commissioner.. Also 7-Eleven Stores (Privacy) (n 34) [47], [82]; South Wales Police (n 16) [22].

36 Privacy Act (n 31) s 6(1).

37 Damian Clifford and Jeannie Paterson, ‘Consumer Privacy and Consent: Reform in the Light of Contract and Consumer Protection Law’ (2020) 94 Australian Law Journal 741.

38 Damian Clifford and Jeannie Paterson, ‘Data Rights and Contract Law: Formation, Incorporation and Vitiating Factors’ in Data Rights and Private Law (Hart Publishing, 2023) (forthcoming).

39 Andrew Robertson and Jeannie Paterson, Principles of Contract Law (Thomson Reuters, 6th ed, 2020) ch 3, 85 [3.115].

40 Competition and Consumer (Consumer Data Right) Rules 2020 (Cth) rr 4.10, 4.11.

41 Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L 119/1, art 4(11).

42 ‘Chapter B: Key Concepts’, Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (22 July 2019).

43 ‘OAIC and ICO conclude joint investigation into Clearview AI’, Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (Media Release, 3 November 2021).

44 Clearview AI Inc (n 32).

45 Ibid [157].

46 Ibid [190].

47 Ibid [151] - [157].

48 7-Eleven Stores (n 34) [6].

49 Ibid [91].

50 Ibid [90].

51 Ibid [103].

52 Ibid.

53 Ibid [93].

54 Ibid [94].

55 Ibid [93].

56 Ibid.

57 Ibid.

58 Josh Taylor, ‘Bunnings and Kmart halt use of facial recognition technology’, The Guardian (25 July 2022).

59 J Spurling Ltd v Bradshaw [1956] EWCA Civ 3; Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1970] EWCA Civ 2, [1971] 2 QB 163.

60 Cf eBay International AG v Creative Festival

Entertainment Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 1768; (2006) 170 FCR

450

61 Attorney-General’s Department, Privacy Act Review Report (2022) 3.

62 Ibid.

63 Ibid.

64 Ibid, proposal 11.1.

65 Ibid 43.

66 Proposal For A Regulation Of The European Parliament And Of The Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules On Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) And Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts COM(2021) 206.

67 Towards a Model Law (n 9).

68 Phillip Catania and Claire Allen, ‘Australia: Facial recognition technology: a model law’, Mondaq (Blog Post, 6 October 2022)