TIME
Music:
Film:
The biggest movie series of all time: Star Wars
The career of the Piano Man and his influence.
Politics:
Fashion:
The crazy United States presidential election of 1972.
All about the most gender-neutral clothing era
70s Edition
Table of Contents 1. Education 2. Fashion 3. Film 4. Food 5. Culture 6. Sports 7. Music 8. Way of Life 9. Politics 10. Law and Justice 11. Foreign Affairs 12. Domestic Affairs 13. Celebrity Gossip 14. Jonathan Livingston Seagull Book Review 15. Word Search
Education The 1970’s was a big decade in the world of education. Schools were beginning to desegregate after the Civil Rights Movement ended, the number of women enrolled in college skyrocketed, and life in the classroom was different. Before and during the Civil Rights movement, black and white children were put into different schools. After the Movement ended in 1968, schools slowly began to desegregate which lasted several years into the 1970’s. A lot of schools had a difficult time adjusting to the new environment in schools, but it was able to be done. Besides black and white schools conjoining, hispanics were also put in the same schools as black and white children. Today, most schools are extremely diverse.
Life in the classroom was also extremely different than it is today. Teachers were allowed to spank and hit their students when they were misbehaving. Today, this would be considered child abuse. These methods were used as punishment to kids who disrespect teachers and/or misbehaved in class. It was considered extremely popular for a teacher to hit a child on the wrist with a ruler as punishment. Curriculum in 1970’s was based on teaching children about the core classes, but also life skills. Children were taught important skills they would need to apply in the real world and they were taught how to organize and prioritize their work. During the decade, children were assigned a significantly less amount of homework and had more free time during the week and weekend. It is because of this, there was a lower amount of suicides in teens and signs of depression and anxiety in a tenager in the 1970’s.
Fashion of the Fashion in the early 1970’s made it a fun era. This is one of the most gender neutral eras in clothing in history. Polyester was the material of choice, used to make “hippie-style” clothes. Women’s clothing was very flamboyant and filled with bright, happy colors. Long, flaring pants and skirts were always worn in the winter. While short shorts and tight shirts were worn in the summer. Tracksuits and leisure suits were utilized by both men and woman. These suits could be used for any occasion, but Americans were not allowed to wear them to work. Men’s fashion included tight pants and shirts, loose fitting business shirts, and the most popular styles reflected the leisure suit worn by John travolta in “Saturday Night Fever”. However, there were different kinds of fashion groups that a man could belong to. There were the Hippies and the Peacock Revolution. Men that were part of the hippie subculture wore bell-bottoms, tie-dye tops, headbands, and flowered scarves. Men part of this movement supported peace in all cultures and did not believe in war. On the other hand, men part of the Peacock Revolution wore bright colors, satin shirts, ruffles, tunics, turtlenecks, cuban heeled boots, bell bottoms, and braided belts.
Film of the 70s Star Wars: A New Hope is the first movie of the biggest Sci-Fi movie series of all time. This is a film about the adventures of a boy named Luke Skywalker who lives in space on a planet called Tatooine and goes through many challenges to attempt to demolish a giant planet-killing device: the Death Star. This first movie is the second highest grossing film of all time (behind which grossed in today’s money: $1,485,517,400 (behind Gone with the Wind). This movie along with the rest of the Star Wars series has been looked upon as one of the greatest films ever made since its premiere in 1977.
Food Food during the 1970’s was a mix of appealing, healthy, unhealthy, organic and more. Sweet, sugary snacks were targeted for little kids, and organic vegetables were targeted towards adults. The meal “brunch” was created in the 70’s which made a huge impact on American families. The face of culinary world was drastically changed when the second volume to Julia Child’s cookbook was published. Popular kids’ food were Hostess Ding Dong cakes, Jello, Mcdonald’s Onion Nuggets, Pop Rocks, and Pop Tarts. In addition, Twix, Jelly Belly, Reese’s Pieces, Gobstoppers, and Ring Pops were all famous candies consumed in excess amounts during this decade.
In 1978, Reese’s Pieces, a smaller version of the Reese’s Peanut Butter was invented. These tiny candies helped further expand the range of Hershey’s. For the past 4 decades, theses candies haven been enjoyed thanks to a curious businessman wanting to have an M&M and Reese's Peanut Butter Cup at the same time. These tiny candies have brought in close to a billion dollars to the Hershey’s company in the past 5 years.
Culture Any adult today, who was a kid/teen in the 70’s can tell you about the Bee Gees and the Rolling Stones and the artist Bob Marley. These were just the most popular, meaning there were other artists and bands that prospered during the 70s. In addition, The culture of the 1970s was all about peace and equality. For instance, after the 60s, hippies were all around, practically everywhere. A hippie was a member of an ideological system that believed in unconventional ethics and took drugs. Unfortunately, the increase of hippies meant that many people smoked marijuana, took LSD, and even injected heroin to “explore different states of consciousness”. Not every hippie did this, but the majority did. Typically, a hippie had long hair and listened to psychedelic music. They often wore tie-dye and bead necklaces. Most hippies were college students. Most Hippie’s diets included vegetarian meals and non-processed foods, such as tomatoes and bananas. They also advocated peace and the environment. This growth of environmentalism led to the birth of Earth Day on April 22, 1970. After the Energy Crisis of 1974, people began to truly realize the finite amount of resources in the world. To summarize the hippies in the 70s were true believers and in there world they “lived live to the fullest”.
Sports Marshall Football Plane Crash On November 14, 1970, a plane carrying 37 football players and 8 staff members crashed. The entire Marshall football team, and other people died. There was a total of 75 casualties that day, and it devastated dozens of families. On the flip side, the next season the team was rebuilt and was able to win several games. The Munich Massacre One day, during the olympic, , Eight Palestinian terrorists from the group Black September kidnapped 11 Israeli Olympic team members before demanding the release of 234 prisoners being kept in Israeli jails. Two were killed initially, leaving nine hostages. In a failed rescue attempt, all nine were killed along with five of the terrorists. MIami Dolphins Football Success In 1972, the Miami Dolphins won the Superbowl, completing their undefeated season. In the years of 1974 and 1975, the Pittsburgh Steelers won consecutive Super Bowl titles and also won Super Bowl titles in two consecutive seasons of 1978 and 1979.
Billy Joel
The “Piano Man” Lots of musical artists in the 70s shaped the music of today. Billy Joel (the man seen on this page), is one of those artists and released most of his popular songs during the 1970s. Such as “Piano Man”, “Scenes From an Italian Restaurant”, “Only the Good Die Young”, and It’s Still Rock Rock and Roll to Me”. When visiting any piano bar, you are sure to hear one of his classic tunes because of the lasting impact they have on musicians everywhere. Billy Joel really helped pioneer the new wave of rock during the mid to late 70s. We were all in the mood for a melody, and along with some other artists in the 70s, he’s got us feeling alright.
Way We Lived The 1970s were a time of improved technologies, where home and everyday life became more comfortable and convenient through many new inventions. In 1971, Email was invented which made communication easier, which people started using to communicate with others at long distances, instead of just communicating by phone call or actual mail, and it was used greatly in businesses and the work environment. The 70s were also known as the Golden Era of Vinyl Records because this was a common and affordable method of listening to music, and almost everyone owned one in their household. Also, with the invention of the Kodak digital camera in 1975, picture taking became more common and advanced in quality while still being affordable to the public, and it became a common activity and hobby in everyday life. These inventions really affected the society, as today, we mainly use laptops to study and use mobile phones on a daily. A popular puzzle game that was invented in the 1970s was the Rubix Cube.Also, due to the invention of the Atari video game console in 1977, and many arcade games such as Space Invaders grew in popularity because this was a whole new type of game that was never seen before and had the perfect appeal to young people, which is still one of the most popular forms of recreation today.
Election of 1972 The election of 1972 was a very interesting presidential election because of the insane amount of votes that the president won by. This election took place on November 7, 1972. The candidates who ran in this election were Republican Richard M. Nixon and Democrat George McGovern. McGovern announced that he was running for president in January of 1971. His biggest competition within the Democratic Party for that election was Hubert Humphrey, who he beat in the democratic convention by about 5% of the popular vote. Richard M. Nixon had been president since 1968 and started to pull out of the Vietnam War during his time in office, which a lot of people liked. He ran for reelection because of his high level of popularity throughout the nation. During the final election campaign, Nixon got some help from former President Lyndon B. Johnson because Johnson really didn’t want McGovern in the White House. Nixon ended up winning 49 states with McGovern winning one state and Washington D.C. Nixon got 520 electoral votes and about 47 million popular votes. McGovern got 17 electoral votes and around 29 million popular votes. This election was obviously won in a landslide for Nixon because he won over 30 times the amount of electoral votes that McGovern won.
Law and Justice During the Early 1970s, an unmarried and pregnant Texas resident, Jane Roe, filed a suit against the Dallas District Attorney, Henry Wade. Although, this was not Roe’s first pregnancy, she decided she did not want the baby. Due to laws preventing a woman from terminating the life of a baby during pregnancy, she was not allowed to abort her baby. A mother was only granted permission to abort her baby if her life was at risk, which isn’t the case. While making her case, Roe stated that these laws violated the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments as an American citizen. Roe also argued that these laws violated personal liberty and the right to individual privacy. On January 22, 1973, the supreme court reinstated the legality of having an abortion in the United States with a 7-2 vote. This case raised the issue of morality all between American citizens. There were those who believed that every child has a right to life or those who believed it was the woman’s choice to abort her baby. This case sparked huge controversy between the Catholic church and the average American citizen. Some people would go around threatening those who did or were considering having and abortion because it is considered murder. With the surprising decision made in this case, millions of people wither celebrated their new right or were extremely saddened for a mother to now have the right to kill her own baby just because she doesn't want it.
Foreign Affairs Foreign affairs in America during the 70s included the Vietnam war, which lasted from 1955 to 1975. The United States, France, China, the Soviet Union, Cambodia, Laos were all involved in the war somehow. The Vietnam war officially started with the Gulf of Tonkin incident. On August 2, 1964 in the Gulf of Tonkin Three Vietnamese torpedo boats shot at the USS Maddox. The Maddox was able to sink all three ships with the help of air support. This led to Johnson being able to retaliate. At the end of the war, the U.S. suffered over 47,000 killed in action, another 11,000 non combat deaths and over 150,000 were wounded, as well as 10,000 missing. MIllions of other people died in total, which was completely devastating.
Foreign Affairs (Continued) The two major Communist rivals were the Soviet Union and China. During the Vietnam War, President Nixon used the foreign policy of Vietnamization, which was a foreign policy made by president him which involved a gradual withdrawal of American troops. The reason behind this was that Americans understood that the Vietnam War could not be won and the American soldiers should return home. After the American troops retreated, it somewhat cooled the air for the time being. The SALT treaty was made by both the United States and the Soviet Union. In this treaty, both countries would agree to limit the number of weapons each country had, which marked the end of the Cold War. The end of the Cold War had both pros and cons. Diplomatic relations were made between the United States and China after the U.S. Congress passed the Taiwan act, which commits the United States to helping maintain Japan’s self defense to come to Japan’s defense if it was to be attacked by mainland China. These two nations have now cooperated together in working for peace with Korea.
Domestic Affairs Anti-War Protests
Real United States involvement in the Vietnam War began in 1964 when Lyndon B. Johnson sent troops to South Vietnam to fight against North Vietnam and its communist ideas. In 1965, lots of people started to object the idea of the US being in that war, so they started to protest. In 1968, when the Tet offensive (a strategy used in the Vietnam War by the North Vietnamese) succeeded, people really started to object the war because they realized that the US couldn’t win the war. College students were a large portion of the people who were called “doves” because they were against the war and wanted peace. Because of this, lots of protests were held on college campuses, including the Kent State protest in 1970. During this protest, 4 students were shot and killed by police officers who had to come to the campus because of how big the protest was getting.
Domestic Affairs (cont.) The Watergate Scandal
The Watergate Scandal was a scandal that took place between 1972 and 1974 which started with a robbery and ended with an impeachment. The Watergate break-in was a robbery that occurred in May of 1972 at the Democratic National Committee Watergate building. Nixon was running for re-election at the time and some members of Nixon’s Committee to Re-Elect the President broke into the Watergate building to take secret information and to bug the phones to be able to wiretap the calls. On June 17, 1972, five men went back to the building to break in again because the wiretapping wasn’t working. However, those men got arrested before they could get inside the building. President Richard Nixon claimed on multiple occasions that the White House and his presidential administration had nothing to do with the break-in. Most people believed him and it showed when he won the 1972 election by a landslide.
Domestic Affairs (cont.) The Watergate Scandal (cont.)
After some time, because of lots of conspiracies, theories and reports on the Watergate Scandal, it became widely believed that President Nixon had something to do with it. What made him even more suspicious was the fact that he would not release tapes that were found out to be recorded by Nixon during meetings in the oval office. An independent special prosecutor named Archibald Cox wanted to get these tapes so he could release them and prove the president’s guilt. He kept demanding the tapes from the president and eventually, Nixon released some of them. In early 1974, the Supreme Court ruled for the president to release all of the tapes, and he did. The House of Representatives then voted to impeach President Nixon for many crimes he committed like obstruction of justice, criminal cover-up, abuse of cover, and other crimes while in office. He was never charged with a crime, however, because his successor Gerald Ford pardoned him unconditionally for any and all crimes he committed while in office. He explains that this was because the scandal was "a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must." (Gerald Ford, 1974).
Learn How to Fly High like Jonathan himself Book Review.
Jonathan Livingston Seagull was written by Richard Bach in 1970. This interesting novella is a fable about a seagull learning how to life to its fullest. Does Jonathan want to fly low and pick up scraps like everyone else? Or does Jonathan want to fly high, soar, and find his own happiness? After becoming bored of his own life, Jonathan decides he wants to push himself to be able to fly high, becoming an outcast in the process. After finding Heaven and mastering how to fly high, he decides to pass his legacy on to younger seagulls that were outcasted from the flock that want to be just like him. After reading this book, one will truly reflect on the way they live their life and if they are truly happy enough. One may find that doing the risky and unorthodox thing may be the best thing they’ve ever done. This book is a must read!
Celebrity Gossip
HOW THE BEATLES ALMOST REUNITED In 1976, on Saturday Night Live, The Beatles were offered $3,000 to go on SNL to perform. The people on SNL said that on air as a joke because they knew the Beatles wouldn’t come for just $3,000 because of the many financial problems between the members, and because of how much they had made in the years of them being together. Paul McCartney and John Lennon were actually together in the same house about 1 mile away from the SNL studio at the time and almost went to the studio just because they thought it would be funny. They decided they were too tired and chose not to go.
Word Search
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