
12 minute read
Daniel Enkaoua: Mokum
February 2023
Catalogue editors: Orit Ephrat-Moscovitz and Hadas Glazer
Design: Moria Bachar
Texts: Ulrika Carlsson, Hadas Glazer
Translation and editing: Maya Shimony
Photography: Gasull Fotografia, Barcelona
Measurements are given in centimeters, height x length
Media: oil on canvas
Printed by: Hodfos Rahav
Safe Place
Hadas Glazer
Mokum (โsafe placeโ in Yiddish) is Daniel Enkaouaโs second solo exhibition at Litvak Contemporary. Throughout his career, the painter demonstrates the meaning of persistence through the lengthy observation of his subjects, sometimes over years. At the heart of this perseverance stands the aspiration to arrive at the essence held in the subject of his painting. The paintingsโ blurriness, so it seems, is a response to these attempts to reach absolute closeness, as though we are looking through a glazed screen or clear water but never directly at the thing itself. Like in his previous paintings, here too the figures are painted on an infinite background that sets them beyond any specific context, time, or place.
The figures and objects were all created in the studio, which is the indistinct background from which they come forth. The studio is a microcosm of the artist who is disconnected from the world, and at the same time the place where the experiences of the world undergo processing through which they are reflected back outside. The subjects of the paintings are carefully set in different areas of the studio, drawing sub-distinctions between different corners of the room, between the east-facing wall and the west-facing wall. The relationship between the figure and its specific placement is embodied in its position and lighting, as a reflection of an internal state of mind. At times the subject almost completely blends into the background, and other time it is distinct, appearing in all of its glory against the empty backdrop. With that, Enkaoua echoes Godโs question to the first man (Genesis 3): โWhere art thou?โ, which according to some commentators refers to Adamโs inner, spiritual state, rather than to his physical place in the world.
Enkaouaโs painting does not wish to answer this question, but rather to reverberate the enigma held in it, as an attempt to come closer alongside a masterful ability to capture the picture as a whole. The back-and-forth motion, like a painterly โdolly shot,โ unravels the relationship between inside and outside โ the external view is the internal view, the mood of the painting is not the figureโs but rather stems from the relationship between the painter, the figure, and the studio.
Enkaoua usually includes landscape paintings in his exhibitions. He paints the landscapes over several years, returning to the site of the painting year after year, season after season, to capture the precise light, so that the painting becomes a representation not only of the place but of the passage of time. His landscape paintings are horizontal, sublime, and offer a sense of the infinite. In this exhibition, the external landscape is absent, and in its place there is a small and dense painting of the studio titled Mur, โWallโ in French. This is indeed a painting of the studioโs wall and the encounter between the wall and the floor, and metaphorically, the meeting point between spirit and matter.
In 1855, Gustav Courbet painted his famous The Painterโs Studio: a rich, figurative and allegorical painting full of symbols and meanings. Some 170 years later, Enkaoua presents in Mokum the studio in a small scale, deep and dense painting, which seems abstract when viewed up close, but is concrete and real when viewed from a distance. Enkaouaโs studio is depicted bare, without perspective or vanishing point that can help the observing eye. The view has been replaced by a wall, yet the meeting of heaven and earth โ embodied in the horizon line, remains. The equivalence between the infinite landscape and the bare studio wall echoes the sublime qualities that permeate the space, held in the encounter between heaven and earth, spirit and matter, man and world. The studio is the Mokum, the safe place.
A Place to Stand Ulrika Carlsson
A painter, it has been said, is someone who knows where to stand. It is a device that applies most obviously to pleinair painting, whose subject is given and immobile. The artist must seek it out, come to it in its own place, and then determine the angle and distance from which to capture it.
For the portrait or still-life painter, this task of choosing a point of view is transformed into the task of where to place his subject. He composes the fruit or jugs on the table (or, seeking authenticity, lets them be in their chance arrangement); he directs his subject to take up a certain pose (or to just โbe natural,โ to pose without posing).
But the question where to stand faces not only the artist: it faces us all insofar as we seek knowledge through sight. Sight is unique among the senses in that it presupposes distance. Sounds and smells become more distinct and accurate the closer we get to their sources; touch and taste even require direct contact. But put something right before our eyes and it blinds us with darkness. And whereas hearing and smell only increase in clarity the closer we get, the distance in the case of sight affects the content of our perception. Look closely at an object and all you see is color. Stepping back you make out a shape, then an object. If we remove ourselves further still, we will be able to observe the object in its relation to other things, and that will change how we see it. In this way, distance determines not just the intensity and clarity of our perception but how we come to understand its object.
In the work of Daniel Enkaoua, the question of where to stand is passed on to the viewer. The coarse-grained brushwork and soft outlines deny us the kind of focus our eyes crave in order to sink into restful contemplation. We have the reflex to move closer as though there was a problem with our own distance to the painting, and yet โas when you zoom in too far on a digital image โ that only increases the blurriness. Is the artist telling us that this is how we usually see things, in real life: hazily, in patches? It is a troubling thought, particularly in the case of the portraits.
Yet when we step back again and let the paintings speak to us on their own terms, it becomes apparent that Enkaoua is not out to make a skeptical comment about our inability to truly see others. Even as the brushstrokes on Natanโs face are visible (Natan et la capuche), reminding us that we are looking at an image rather than an actual human being, the boyโs state of mind is unmistakable. Similarly, although we cannot see Lielโs eyes clearly (Portrait Liel, 2017), we know that he is looking far into the distance, absorbed in reflection. It is all there for the viewer to feel, as long as he keeps his distance. In order to really see a person, you have to give him space. And if his aim is to paint the soul, it seems Enkaoua has found exactly the right place to stand.
When we use the metaphor of seeing โthe big picture,โ we imply that in order to recognize things for what they truly are, we must know their connections to other things. But that is not necessarily so. It is a matter for discussion in each individual case to what extent something or someoneโs identity is determined by their context. Part of the painterโs decision where to stand is, as I noted, a decision about how much context to include in the depiction of the subject. Most of Enkaouaโs portraits appear obviously to have been painted in the studio. He has pulled his subjects of their context โ their furnished house, their busy day โ and placed them in a bare, neutral space, without any objects or backdrops that might provide supplementary meaning to the person. Like the vegetables and leafy greens lying serenely on the table in the still-lifes, all they have to do is exist and appear.
In Aure en rouge, this is particularly poignant given the large empty space Enkaoua has chosen to include around the girlโs figure. It is a choice that seems to reflect an entire ethical theory. There is no โbig pictureโ when it comes to persons; you donโt need to know where they come from in order to grasp an individualโs identity. Enkaoua trusts that Aure can hold her own in that empty space, and indeed she does. She may be young and fragile, but her figure has gravitas; her soul projects itself toward the viewer.
Rather than determine the meaning of the subjects, the surroundings accommodate and respond to them. It is as if these persons โ and even the still life โ exerted a gravitational force. In Liel recroquevillรฉ vu de prรจs, we see this as the cyclonic trajectory of the brushstrokes. Even the pumpkin (Citrouille courbรฉ) seems to be embraced by its own shadow.
This force is particularly striking given that the subjects are not imposing themselves on the physical world in any concrete way. In Liel accoudรฉ en bleu, the boy is anything but animated. His posture shows him retreating into himself so that the figure points inward. And it is this inwardness that draws the room closer and concentrates the image. Physics tells us that an infinite universe can have no center; and indeed, an empty room that bears no marks of human life often feels not like a place but like an arbitrarily sectionedoff portion of an endless, indifferent space. It is only when a person enters that a space becomes a place.





Liel allongรฉ regardant vers le ciel, 2020-21 81 x 100
Les deux choux violets, 2022
16.2 x 33.1













ืชืืืืืชื ืชืืืืืกื ,ืชืืืืืื ืืฉ ืืชืืขืืฉื ืชื ืืืชืืื ืืืงืื
ืขืืื ืืืืคืื ,ืืืจืืืฆืื ืืืฉื ืืืฉ ืืืื .ืืืืื ืชืืืืืื
ืืืืืื ืื ื .ืืืฆืข ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืืก ืืืจืฆืื ,ืืืืื
ืืืฉ Liel recroquevillรฉ vu de prรจs ึพื ืชืื ืชืืืจื
ืืืืคื .ืชืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืงืืฆ ืชืคืืก ืืืขื ืชืืจืฆืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืฉื
ืืฆื ืืคืืืขื ืืงืืืื ืชืืืื )Citrouille courbรฉ ( ืชืขืืื
.ืืืืื ืืืืฉ
ืชืืคืื ืื ืืืื ืชืืืืืืืฉ ืืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื
ืกื ืืชืื ืืืื ืชืืื ืช ,ืืฉืื ืื .ืืืืคื ืืืืขื ืืข ืืืฆืข ืชื
,ืืืื ืค ืืขืืืฆื ืืื ,Liel accoudรฉ en bleu ึพื ืืืฆืข ืืืชื
ืชืืืจืืื ืจืชืื ืืืจืง ืจืืื ืชื ืชืืฉืืืฉ ืืื ืื ืชืืกื ืืชื ืจืฉืื
ืื ืืคืืกื ืื ืืืงืืืฉ ืื ืชืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืคื ืืงืื .ืืืืืื ืชื
ืืืงื ืืฉ ืืฉืืืช ืจืฆืื ืืืืฉื ืจืชืื ,ืืืื ;ืืืจื ืชืืืื ืืืื
ืชืืืืื ืืข ืืืขืื ืจืื ืื ืืืืฉ ,ืืืืืืื ืงืืจ ืจืื ,ืืืจืงื ืืง
ืขืืงืื ืจืืืืืฉ ืืฉืืจื ืชื ืจืจืืขื ืชืืืืจืง ืืืชืืขื ,ืชืืฉืื ื
ืืืื ืจืฉืื ืงืจ .ืชืืืืื ืจืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืืชื ืืชืืจืืจืฉ
.ืืืงืื ืืคืื ืืืจืื ,ืืืืชื ืกื ืื
ืื ืืืชื ืชื ืชืืืจืโ ืืจืืคืืืื ืืืฉืืชืฉื ืื ื ืจืฉืื
,ืืืจืื ืืฉ ืื ืงื ืง ืืข ืืืืขื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืื ื ,โืืืืืื
ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืกืืื ืชื ืจืืืื ,ืืจืฉืงื ืชื ืชืขืื ืื ืืืข
ืืฉ ืืชืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืฉื .ืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืื ืืื .ืืืจืื
ืืจืงื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืฆ ืจืฉืงืื ืืื ืืข ืชืขืืงื ,ืจืื ืื ,ืืื
ืืคื ,ืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืื ืจืืืฆื ืชืขืจืื ืืฉ ืืืืืืื ืืื .ืืคืืื
.ืจืืืฆื ืืืืื ืจืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ,ืืชืจืืืืฉ
.ืืืืืืกื ืืจืืืฆ ืืืืื ืจืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืงื ื ืืฉ ืชืืื ืงืืืื ืืืจ
,ืืืืจืื ืืชืืื โ ืืจืฉืงืื ืืืฉ ืจืืืฆื ืืืฉืื ืชื ืฃืืฉ ืืื
,ืืืจืืข ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืฆืื โ ืืืืฉ ืืกืืืขื ืืืื ืชืจืืฉื
ืชืืขืืฉื ืชืงืฆื ืืืืืืืฉ ืขืงืจ ืื ืืืืงืืืืื ืืื ,ืืืืจืืื
ืืข ืืืืืฉื ืืืื ืฉ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืชืืงืจืื ืืื .ืชืืืื ืชืคืกืื
ืืืืงืชืื ืืื ืชืืฉืขื ืืืืืขืฉ ืื ,ืืืื ืขืื ืจืืืฆื ืืืืืฉื .ืช ืื ืจ ื ืื
ืจืื ืืืฉ ,Aure en rouge ืจืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืื
ืืจืืืืฉ ืืืื .ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืืก ืืืื ืงืืจ ืืื ืจืืชื ืืืืงื ื
ืืืฉ ืืื ,ืืื ืื ืื ืจืืืืืฉื .ืืืืฉ ืชืืชื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืคืงืฉื ืื
ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืคืืื ืชืขืื ืืืจืฆ ืื ;โืืืืื ืื ืืืชโ
ืชื โืงืืืืืโ ืืืืื ืจืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืงื ื .ืืื ืื ืชืขืื
ืืจืืขืฆ ืืืื ืืื .ืืจืืง ืื ืืืฉ ืืคื ,ืืืฆืข ืชืืืืื ืงืืจื ืืืื
ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืฉื ื .ืืืืืก ืืงืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืืื ืืื ,ืชืืจืืจืืฉื
.ืืคืืฆื ืจืืข ืื ืชืืฆืืื ืื ืื ืชื ืจืืง
ืืืืืชื ืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืืคืชื ืชืืืื ืชืืฆืืข ืชื ืงืจ ืื
.ืกืคืชื ื ืจืืื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืจืืฉ
ืชืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ,ืืืืงื ื ืืืื ื ืืฉ ืืชืืืืขื
ืืืขื ืื ืืืืจื ืจืืชืื ืืืืงื ืชืืืขื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืฉื .ืืคืืฆื
ืืืืชืฉ ืชื ื ืืข ,ืืืื ืชืืจืืข ืืืขืืฉ ืชืืืื ืชื ืื ืชืืื
ืืื ,ืืจืงืชืื ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืฃืืื .ืืืืืฉ ืืืฆืืคืืื ืืงื ืืืืฆื
ืืืืื โ ืืืืื ,ืจืืืฆื ืื ืื ืืฉ ืงืืจืื ืืฆืืขื ืืืขืื ืืชืืื
ืืืืฆืขื ืงืจ ืชืืืจืงืชืื โ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉ ืชืืืืื ืืืืืื
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืฉ ืื ื ืจืืื ืืืื ืืื .ืฉืืืฉืื ืชื
ืชืืจืื ืืืฉืื ืื ?ืืืงืืึพืืืงืื ,ืืืืคืจืืขื :ืชืืืืฆืื ืืืจืื
ืืขืฆ ืืงืื ืื ืืืื .ืชืืื ืงืืืื ืจืืืื ืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ,ืืืื ื
ืจืจืืชื ,ืืืืฉ ืืืื ืชื ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืจืืืฆื ืืชืื ื ืจืืืื ืฃืกืื
ืจืกืื ืชืืืื ืืข ืชืืชืจืืงืื ืืจืขื ืื ืื ืคื ืืืฆื ืื ืืืืงื ืืฉ
ืืืืืื ืชืืืืฉื ืื ืื .ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืชืืืจื ืื ืืฉ ืชืืืืื
)Natan et la capuche ( ืืชื ืืฉ ืืื ืคื ืชืืืืื ึพืืื
,ืืื ืจืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืชื ืื ืื ืืฉ ืื ื ืชืืจืืืื
ืชืืจืื ,ืืืื ืืคืืื .ืืืื ืืฉ ืืืจื ืืืื ืชืืขืื ืจืฉืคื ืื
Portrait ( ืจืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืข ืชื ืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืฉ
ืขืืงืฉ ,ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืขืืื ืื ืื ื ,)Liel , 2017
ืืืคืงื ืืื ืืืข ืื ,ืื ืื ืชื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืคืืฆื .ืืืคืขืจืฉื
ืื ืชืชื ืืืจืฆ ,ืชืืื ืืืื ืชื ืชืืืจื ืืื .ืงืืจื ืืข ืจืืืฉื
ืืืจื ,ืฉืคื ื ืชื ืจืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืงื ื ืืฉ ืืชืจืื ืืื .ืืืจื
.ืื ืืืืขื ืืืื ื ืืืงืื ืชื ืืฆื ืืืืฉ
ืืืกืืจื ืืงืืจืืื
,
ืืฉ ืชืืขืืฉืื .ืืืืขื ืืคืื ืขืืืืฉ ืื ืืื ,ืืืจืืื ืฉื ,ืจืืืฆ en plein ( ืฃืื ื ืจืืืฆื ืจืืืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืจืืจื ืื ืืขืจืื
,ืืืจืื ืจืืชื ืืืื ืืืื .ืืืืงื ืืข ืจืชืื ื ืขืืืง ืืืฉืืืฉ ,)air
ืจืืชื ืื ืืืฉ ืงืืจืืื ืชืืืืื ืชื ืจืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืข ืขืืืื
ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ,ืืืื ืขืื ืื ืชืืื ืงืืื ืจืืืฆ ืจืืืข .ืืชืื
ืชื ืืืจืื ืืื .ืจืืืฆื ืืฉืื ืชื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืชืืคืื
ืฉืงืื ืืื ืื ,ืื( ืืืืืฉื ืืข ืืืจืืื ืชื ืื ืชืืจืืคื
ืืื ;)ืืืจืงืื ืืจืืืืกื ืืชืื ืจืืชืื ,ืชืืื ืชืื ืืืฆืืืืคืืืง
,โืืขืื ืืื ืชืืโ ืื( ืชืืืืกื ืืืื ืช ืฅืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืื ื .)ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื
ืืืืฉ :ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืคืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื
.ืืืืืจื ืืจื ืชืขืื ืืืฉืงืื ืื ื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืื ืื ืคื ืชืืฆืื ืื
ืงืืืืจ ืชืขืืืช ืืื ืืืฉ ,ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืคืืื ืชืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจ
ืจืชืื ืืืงืืืืื ืืืจืืจื ืืืืคืื ืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืฆ .ืืฆืื ืชืืืงื ื
ืืืืืจืฆื ืืืืคื ืืขืื ืขืื ;ืืจืืงืื ืืืืจืงืชื ืื ืื ืืฉ ืืื
ืืชืืจืง ,ืื ืื ืืข ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืืืฆื ืื ืืืื .ืจืืฉื ืขืื
ืฉืืื ืืขืืืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืขืื .ืชืจืืืขื ืืืืคืื ืื ืชืื ืืืืฉืช
ืืจืงืื ,ืจืืงืื ืืืืจืงืชื ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืจื
ืื .ืื ืืฉ ืืกืืคืชื ืืืืช ืืข ืขืืคืฉื ืงืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉ
ืืขืฆ ืืงืื ืื .ืขืืฆ ืืืื ืืืจื ืฉ ืื ,ืืืจืงื ืืงืืืืืื ืื ืืืชื
ืืืฉืื ืื .ืืงืืืืืื ืืื ืจืืืื ,ืืจืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื
,ืืืื ,ืืืจืื ืืืจืืื ืกืืื ืืงืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ,ืงืืจืชืื
ืจืืืื ,ืื ืื ,ืงืืจื .ืืชืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืชื ืื ืฉื ,ืืจืืชื
ืืงื ืืืืืื โ ืฅืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืื ,ืจืืงื ืฃืืืื ืฃืื ื
ืจืืงื ืืืื ืืคืืกื ืืื ืฃืื ื ืืื ืืืืงืื .ืื ืืขื ืจืชืื โ ืงืคืืื
ืชืืจืืฉื ืชืืืืฉื ื ืชืืืืืืื ืชื ืชืืืืื ืืืืืืกื ืืฉ ืฃืืฉืื
,ืจืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ,ืฅืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืชืื ืืืื ,ืืืืชืื ืืื โ ืืืงื ืงืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืืืกื ,ืืืืงื ื ืืฆื .ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืื .โืืืืื ืืืงืืโ ,ื ืืง ืืื ืืื
ืืืื ืืืงื ืจืืื ืกืื
,โ?ื ื ื ืโ ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉืช ืงืื ืขืื ืฉืงืื ืื ืื ืืืืงื ื ืืฉ ืจืืืฆื
ืืจืงืชืื ืืืืกืื ื ,ืื ืื ืืืื ืชืืืชืืืื ืชื ืืืืื ืืื .ืืชืืืืื ืื ืืืชื ืชื ืกืืคืชื ืชืืืืืืืจืื ืชืืืืื ืืืืงืื
ืืื ืืืกืืื ืชื ืชืืจืืค ,ืืจืืืฆ โืื ืืโ ืืืขื ,ืชืื ืืืืึพืืื ืืขืื ืชื
ืืืจื ืืื ,ืืืื ืคื ืฃืื ื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืฃืื ื โ ืฅืืื ืืื ืคื
ืืื ืืืกืืื ืชืืืจืขืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืชืืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืื ืื ืจืืืฆื .ืืืืืืกืื ืชืืืื ,ืจืืืฆื
ืืื ืฃืื ื ืืจืืืฆ ืชื .ืฃืื ืจืืืฆ ืืืชืืืืจืขืชื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืงื ื
ืจืื ืื ืฉ ืจืืืฆื ืจืชืื ืจืืื ืืืืฉื ,ืืื ืฉ ืจืคืกื ืืฉืื ืจืืืฆื
ืจืืืฆื ืืื ,ืงืืืืื ืจืืื ืชื ืืืืื ืืื ,ืื ืืข ืจืื ืื ืืข ,ืื ืฉ
.ืืืฆืข ืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉ ืืื ,ืืืงืื ืืฉ ืงืจ ืื ืืืฆืื ืชืืืื ืืคืื .ืฃืืกื ืื ืชืฉืืืช ืืืจืฆืืื ืืืืืฉื ,ืืืืงืคืื ืืืฉ ืฃืื ื ืืจืืืฆ
ืืืง ืจืืืฆ ืกืคืืช ืืืืงื ืชืื ,ืจืืขื ืื ืืฆืืื ืฃืื ื ืืื ืืืืจืขืชื ,ืืื ,ืืื .โืจืืงโ :ืชืืชืคืจืฆื ,Mur ืืชืจืชืืืฉ ,ืืืืืืกื ืืฉ ืกืืืื ,ืืคืฆืจื ืจืืงื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืชืืืงื ืืฉื ืืืืืืกื ืจืืง ืืฉ ืจืืืฆ .ืจืืืื ืชื ืชืฉืืืค ืืืจื ืืืฉ ืืืงืื โ ืืืืืก ืืืืืื
ืืืืืืก ืืกืจืืคืื ืืจืืืฆ ืชื ืืืจืืง ืืืกืื ืจืืืฆ 1855 ืชื ืฉื
ืื ืฉ 170 ึพื .ืชืืืืขืืฉืื ืืืืืกื ืจืืฉืข ,ืืจืืืื ืจืืืฆ : ืืืื
ืืืง ืจืืืฆื ืืืืืืกื ืชื ืืืงื ื ืืืฆื ืืืืงื ื ,ืืื ืจืืื
ืืฉืื ืื ,ืืืจืงื ืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืฉืคืื ,ืกืืืื ืงืืืข ,ืืืืื ,ืืืืืจืขืื ืขืืคืื ืืืืงื ื ืืฉ ืืืืืืกื .ืงืืืจื ืืืขื ืืชืืืื .ืชื ื ืืืชืื ืืืขื ืขืืืกืชืฉ ืืืื ืชืืืงื ืื ืืืืืงืคืกืจืค ืืื
ืืืจืืื ืืืืงื ื ืืืื ื ืืฉ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืชืืืจืขืช ืืื ืืืงื
ืชื ืืืืงื ื ืืืืื ,ืืืฉ ืืจืืืจืงื ืืจืืื .ืืจืจืืคืืื ืืง ืงืืืื
ืชืืฉืืื ืชืื ื ืืืชืื ืจืกืืชื ืืืืฉื ,ืชืืืืงืข ืืฉ ืืชืืขืืฉื
ืื ืืืืชื ืืื .ืืื ืฉ ืืจืืื ืืืชืืขื ,ืืืฉ ืจืืืฆื ืืืฉืืื
.ืจืืืฆื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืชืืืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืชืืฆืื
ืชืื ืืืกืื ื ืืืืฉืช ืืืขื ืืื ,ืืืื ืื ,ืืืจืืืฆื ืืฉ ืฉืืืฉืื
ืืกืื ืืขืื ืืื ื ืืืชื ืื ื ืืืืื ,ืชืืืืื ืืืจืงื ืขืืืื ืืืื
ืืื .ืืืฆืข ืจืืื ืชืืจืืฉื ืื ืืืืขื ืื ,ืืืืืืฆ ืืื ืื ืืืืื ,ืืคืืกื ืื ืขืงืจ ืืข ืชืืจืืืฆื ืชืืืืืื ืืื ืื ,ืืืืืืงื ืืืจืืืฆื
.ืืืืืืกื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืื ,ืจืฉืงืื ืจืืขื ืืชืื ืืืฆืืฉ
ืืืืขื ืขืงืจื ืืืื ,ืืืืืืกื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืชืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉ ืกืืืกืืงืืจืงืืื ืืื ืืืืืืกื .ืืืืืชื ืื ืืืืชืืฉ ืชืืจืืืข ืืืืขื ืชืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืื ืชืขื ืืื ,ืืืืขืื ืงืชืื ืื
ืืืฆืืืฉื ืจืืืฆื ืืืฉืื .ืืฆืืื ืืจืื ืชืืคืงืชืฉื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืื ืืืึพืชืช ืชืจืฆืื ืืื ,ืืืืืืกื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืื .ืืืจืขื ืจืืงื ืืืจืื ืจืืง ืืื ,ืื ืืคื ืื ืืค ืืื
ืืื ืืืฉ ืืคืืืื ืืชืืื ืชื ืืืืืืชื ืืืฉ ืืคืืฆืคืกื ืืืงืืื
ืืฉืื ื ืขืืื ืืืชืืขื .ืืืื ืค ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉ ืฃืืงืืฉื ,ืชืจืืื
ืืืืื ืืืืชื ,ืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืื ,ืืืืืืื ืืขืื ืขืงืจื
ืืชืืืฉื ืืืืงื ื ืจืืื ืืื .ืืืืฉื ืขืงืจื ืื ืค ืืข ืืชืจืืคืช
ืงืืืฉ ,โ?ื ื ื ืโ :)โื ืชืืฉืืจื( ืืืข ืื ืจืืคืืกื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉ
,ืื ืืืจื ,ืืืื ืคื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืงื ืชื ืืืจืฉืืง ืืื ืฉืจืคื
.ืืืืขื ืืืืคื ืืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืืื