Financing On-Site Sanitation
Annex C Maharashtra case study
TABLE C.5 – ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE TSC IN MAHARASHTRA AND STUDY DISTRICTS (JULY 2000 TO NOVEMBER 2008) Study Districts
Chandrapur
Kolhapur
Nashik
Maharashtra
Number of households without sanitation at start of TSC (2003)
196,874
326,521
437,740
8,896,992
BPL Households w/o Sanitation
110,743
272,250
151,355
3,352,307
APL Households w/o Sanitation
86,131
54,271
286,385
5,544,685
Baseline coverage
23%
33%
17%
20%
Households provided with sanitation facilities through TSC
54,803
301,654
212,776
4,201,099
BPL households provided
37,960
62,421
104,677
1,442,247
APL households adopted
16,843
239,233
108,099
2,758,852
Increase in coverage (compared to 2003 population)*
21%
62%
41%
38%
Number GPs having obtained NGP reward (end Nov 08)
73
791
180
6,131
Note: The increase of coverage is calculated against the population in 2003 as data on the population in 2008 was not available. The increase in APL adoption in Kolhapur may reflect improvement of existing latrines.
Households reported satisfaction with the facilities accessed as a result of the TSC. Women members were more vocal and emphatic in stating the advantages of having toilets in the house and took pride in their use and maintenance. Some reports of the older men resorting to open defecation were heard in the villages that are yet to achieve ODF status, but this was also reported as seasonal and temporary in nature. Village committee members were confident of getting the “elders to adopt acceptable practice,” once the campaign for keeping Panchayat ODF starts. The village visits indicated that the facilities were being used and where superstructures had previously been temporary in nature they had been built more permanently. C.4.2 Costs
There is a wide variance in unit costs for household sanitation adoption depending on the district and on the level of household income, as shown on Table C.6 see page 91. Total costs per APL household ranged from US$156 in Nashik to US$387 in Kolhapur, and total costs per BPL household ranged from US$94.2 in Nashik to US$117.4 in Kolhapur
90
The average cost of sanitation provision for an APL household was highest in the Kolhapur district. There are several potential reasons for this: Kolhapur is, on the whole, a richer district, so this would tend to push all materials costs higher. In addition, design preferences there were higher, helped by the availability of credit. Hardware costs represented the largest share of investments, with software costs accounting for only 7% of total costs in Maharashtra as a whole. In Nashik, the TSC program achieved significant results with a very small software cost mark-up (2% of total costs compared to 10% in Chandrapur). From the household point of view, APL households had to contribute between 11% and 26% of their income and BPL households between 19% and 25% (after receiving financial support for hardware and adapting latrine construction designs and material use), as detailed in Table C.7 see page 91. In Kolhapur, household investments represented the highest percentage of their incomes. It is likely that, given the wider availability of credit in that particular district, households have been able to commit higher investments than they would have done without access to credit. The fact that investments represent a high share of BPL households’ income in Kolhapur may also explain why, proportionally, BPL households did not benefit as much from the program, as discussed above.
Water and Sanitation Program