Soko la Samaki
SAHARE KASERA:
A FEMINISTIC FISH MARKET IN TANZANIA
thesis program by
LIISA MARIA MATILDA WICKSTRÖM Architecture and Extreme Environments The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture SPRING 2018
Liisa Maria Matilda WickstrĂśm stud. nr.: 160108 email: liisa.wickstrom@gmail.com phone: +358 40 7278230
References
tutor: Thomas Chevalier Bøjstrup program: Architecture and Extreme Environments institute: Architecture and Technology The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture
TABLE OF CONTENTS: preface
04
Course description Introduction Tanga/Tanzania
socio-environmental framework
14
Gender equality Feminism References Rain & climate change
tanzanian fish industry
24
Introduction Dagaa Women & fish Tanga landing sites
a feministic fish market
34
Sahare Kasera: proposal Sahare Kasera: currently Seascape/landscape Added programs References
rainwater harvesting & food
54
Initial studies Hydroponics
method
60
Methodologies + Scope of Submission References
appendix Initial studies Bibliography + Illustrations CV
66
4
preface what, why, how & where
5
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS “Architectural design that makes a difference. Through a site-specific approach, this Master programme aims to respond to present and future global challenges through research by design, fine-tuned site specific strategies and active expeditions to remote world locations where 1:1 architectural prototypes are put to the test to inform and innovate building design at home and abroad. 6
We mediate our presence in our environment via design and technology, often disregarding the environmental impact. It is our intention to investigate the artistic potential of working with technology not only as a performance orientated design parameter, but also as a process charged with aesthetic potential and cultural implications with sustainable aims, from building scale all the way to detail.� (from kadk.dk)
7
8
INTRODUCTION: WHAT The project is a remodelling of the Sahare Kasera hub for fisheries in Tanga in Tanzania. Additional programmes in the form of seaweed and oyster farming – as well as processing facilities – aims to add value to locally sourced produce, which would otherwise be sold off with minimal profit. The enhancement of this landing site is made from a woman’s perspective, with an aim to promote equality through professional and financial empowerment. This is an investigation of how the strive for gender equality could shape architecture and its program.
WHY In the Tanzanian fishing industry, women are to some extent already well represented in the fields of processing and trade at a smaller scale. Seaweed farming is generally also considered a female livelihood, which acts as a good basis for increased empowerment. The activities and processes associated with this will function as the main point of reference for the development of the architectural language and logic of the project. The intention is not to create a building for females alone but instead provide equal opportunities for everyone. However, as women obviously don’t have the same favourable privileges as men - especially in Tanzania - it is important to address it directly by encouraging sectors that in turn will strengthen women’s position within the local communities in rural areas. The UN has stated that empowerment of women is key for poverty reduction.
HOW The architectural proposal will be based on obtaining an understanding of the fishing industry and the landing site in Sahare Kasera itself, as well as Tanzanian gender roles. The aim is thereby to create a site-specific building that responds to the socio-economic context as well as its environmental context. The architecture itself collects rainwater and embraces the changing environment in the meeting point between the sea, mangroves and the beach. The seaweed and oyster farms create a natural, almost sensory extension of the building through its relation to the landscape and the routines of the fishermen and farmers that daily drift between the sea and land.
9
TANGA: Tanga city, the capital of Tanga Region, is an old colonial town located in the north-east Tanzania by the Indian ocean in the Sub-Saharan Africa. It is 70km south form the Kenyan boarder and has a hot and humid tropical climate. The city has a population of 273,332 and a population density of 510/km2 (2012). Tanga Region’s population is 2,045,205 of which 78% live in the rural areas. The annual population growth in the urban areas is 3.8%, compared with a rate of 1.8% in the rural settings. Tanga experiences two rainy seasons annually. The ‘the long rains’ are in April and May meanwhile ‘the short rains’ in November and December. The annual mean precipitation is 1327 mm.
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77% of the population in the Tanga region gets their livelihood from farming, meanwhile cement factories are the biggest economic income for the area. Tanga has also a port from where clinker, sisal, coffee, tea, and cotton are exported. The city’s railway station is only commercially used, mainly for transporting cement. In Tanga, like in Tanzania in general, one of the major issues within industries with generating economic growth is not the lack of raw materials but absence of value-adding processing. This is generally due to lack of inputs, skills and facilities. Key Indicators for Tanga Region, 2012 Census Households headed by female 33% average size 4.6 persons average size headed by female 7.2 persons Citizenship Tanzaniana 99.89% No birth certificate 90.1% Highest Level of Educational Attained Primary School 86.4 Secondary School 11% University and Others 1,2% Economic Acctivities Farmers 76.9% Fishermen 0,7% Crafts and Related workers 3.4% Small business managers 0.7% Main source for energy Firewood 77.1% Charcoal 19.2%
sub-saharan africa
tanzania
dodoma 11
TANGA
dar es salaam
deep sea
shipwrecks & dried fish
urithi tanga museum
12
uzunguni market
airport
gofu industry area
tangamano market
salt production
TAN
NGA proposal site: SAHARE KASERA landing site
2.5
km
13
seaweed farming
14
socio-environmental framework essential agendas
15
SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK: GENDER EQUALITY
Equality for women is progress for all! -Ban Ki-Moon, former UN Seceratry General
16
“Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. Therefore, gender equality and the empowerment of women are at the heart of UNDP’s development work and mandate (Gender Equality Strategy 2014-17). While Tanzania has achieved progress towards gender equality under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), women and girls continue to suffer violence and discrimination in access to employment, health services, education and decision making processes. This is reflected in the Gender Inequality Index, where Tanzania ranks 125 out of 155 countries with a rating of 0.547. Root causes for gender inequalities include historical and structural power imbalances between women and men and pervasive gender stereotypes. Some of the main challenges for gender equality in Tanzania are inequitable access to and ownership of land and resources, the low participation of women at all levels of decision making, gender based violence and women exclusion from the economy. These issues are augmented by the impacts of HIV/AIDS and high levels of income poverty among women. UNDP Tanzania supports national efforts to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment in close collaboration with the government, civil society, development partners and other UN agencies. UNDP promotes the economic empowerment of rural women by enhancing their livelihood and entrepreneurship skills and improving their access to information, finance and technology. UNDP also supports ministries and districts to integrate gender concerns into development policies, plans and budgets. UNDP builds the capacity of women in climate change adaptation and mitigation and supports interventions such as the introduction of energy saving stoves, solar energy and water harvesting techniques, which contribute to reduce the burden of women’s unpaid care work while at the same time promoting environmental conservation.” (From UNDP Tanzania)
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The aim is not to only work with the UN sustanable development goal 5, gender equality, as a parameter for the outcome of the project. Instead this is going to be an investigation into how gender equalities can be implemented in architecture as a fundamental pillar that shapes the functions and facilities.
SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK: FEMINISM ‘the advocacy of women’s rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes’ (Oxford Dictionary of English)
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The argument for having feminism as a driving force for my thesis is the aim to investigate how we can use feminist critique in the design of spaces that want to facilitate gender equality and empower women in this particular context. Combining the program of a fishery, that is generally a very male dominated profession, with something as opposing as feminism is a way for me to explore new ways and solutions. Within the context of Tanzanian fish markets and fisheries, women have already established niches for themselves, as they are often responsible for trade and processing in the smaller scale industries. The women play also an important role at the ‘landing sites’ where the fish boats arrive and the fish is auctioned. There they have small restaurants providing meals for the fishermen – on land at on the sea. A lot of women help also with carrying the catch from the boats to the market. The contemporary philosopher and feminist theoretician Rosi Braidotti talks about post-humanism and how knowledge in general is created from singular perspectives like the man or the nature. She states that in these post-humanistic times with growing economic disparities, technological advantages and climate change we cannot simplify and singularise the living complexities we are in. Instead we should embrace them. But to create new knowledge, as in feminism, we have to misidentify us from the familiar and unlearn our anthropological thoughts to make room for the new. To make space for cartography, which Braidotti explains as, “the materially embedded, theoretically driven, politicallyinformed reading of knowledge and of knowing subjects in the contemporary world”. This post-humanistic thinking of Braidotti will function as the starting point for my feministic exploration of the project. Even though, I am familiar with the term and its definition I recognise that there is a whole world with a lot of nuances to be discovered. Learning from feminism will be a part of the process in establishing the theoretical positioning of the project.
REFERENCES:
Like Agnes Denes’s work: ‘Wheatfield - A Confrontation: Battery Park Landfill, Downtown Manhattan’ from 1982 the aim with the project is to highlight an issue in the society and addres it with a built piece. Denes planted a wheatfield on a landfill on Manhattan. The projects and it’s paradoxically high costs was refering to mismanagement, waste, world hunger and ecological concerns.
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The Seaweed Center Zanzibar started by students from Chalmers School of Entrepreneurship and the School of Intellectual Capital Management is a great example of how to create gender equality for poverty reduction in Tanzania. The project provides work opportunities and possibilities for value addition for the local women using the already existing livelihood and resources. While this empowerment makes women independent it also improves the economic and social welfare of the whole community.
SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK: RAIN & CLIMATE CHANGE
1/3 of the world experiences water scarcity currently – either physical or economic, reports IFAD. Tanzania suffers of an economic scarcity, and by 2025 it is estimated to face physical water stress too due to population growth, increased consuming and climate change. UN has estimated that by 2025 two thirds of the world’s population will live under water stressed conditions and 1,8 billion people are living in countries or regions with absolute scarcity.
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Due to climate change and the increasing temperatures the rain patterns are changing. Research conducted by the Climate Research Lab at Oxford University predicts that as the temperature rise the rainfall will increase in Eastern Africa. The already heavy rains will become even heavier, causing problems like flooding. The rain seasons which phases the growing and the agricultural lifestyle will become more irregular. The increase of rain will be regional, meaning other regions will suffer of a great decrease in the amounts of precipitation. Maps produced by USGS and EROS (Earth Resources Observation and Science) shows how the amounts of precipitation in Tanga in 2017 (Nov-May) was ~140% more than the average rainfall of 30 years. It is particularly problematic as 80% of the Tanzanian people live out of agriculture. And if the rain seasons are not to be trusted, it causes huge loses in the crops and results in hunger and malnutrition.
Tanzania rainfall
Nov - May 2001-2014 Rainfall (mm)
Nov - May 2017 vs Average (1982-2011) % of Normal
seasonal precipitation anomalies
A representation of how rain patterns will change due to climate change. The figures show the anomalies according to different scenarios depending on how much the mean temperatures will rise, from 1°C to 4°C, and how it affects the various seasons.
21
SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK: RAIN & CLIMATE CHANGE
The 3% annual population growth is also greatly increasing the demand of food. The traditional way of living and cultivating land will not be as beneficial in the future and it can’t feed everyone. As the agricultural livelihood and traditional way of living is challenged by the weather it is expected to cause a great number of climatic refugees who move to bigger towns and cities in search of a better life and new ways of surviving. Therefore, new solutions for providing food security, agricultural resilience and initiating people’s livelihood has to be investigated.
22
It is crucial to be site specific and understand the context to be able to make the best out of the circumstances. As the rain is increasing in Tanga the project will asset this resource and investigate how to create a way of providing food for the community in this more urban context. The technical aspects of my research last semester focused on how to harvest rainwater in the public realm of Tanzania with local affordable materials. Read more on pages 56 & 68.
80% of the people in Tanzania live out of agriculture This is a corn field in Mpapayu. Corn is used for making ‘ugali’ - a primary food for many.
23
The Water Pavilion initial studies conducted last semester. The pavilion provides a direct water source for a community by harvesting rainwater in the public realm. With a 21m2 roof‘s footprint it can harvets 27m3 water annually. The annual mean precipitation in Tanga is 1327mm
24
tanzanian fish industry the project realm
25
TANZANIAN FISH INDUSTRY:
The fishing industry in Tanzania is well established and provides the primary livelihood for many coastal communities, as well as opportunities for economic growth and further development. But at the same time it is challenged by over exploited waters and lack of proper equipment.
26
Tanzania has fisheries resources from marine, freshwater, riverine and wetland species. By making use of these resources, the sector provides direct employment of about 183,800 fishermen. More than 4,000,000 people such as boat builders, fish processors, net and engine repairers are indirectly employed. It provides income for local people through export, food for coastal and inland communities and also contributes to GDP (2.4% in 2015). This makes the country one of the greatest fisheries nations in Africa, ranking in the top 10 in terms of total capture and fisheries production. The majority of the tanzanian fishermen are living of simple small scale artisanal fishing. The fishermen come from low-income communities with very low education levels. Therefore their aim is not to fish in the most sustainable way with a long-term environmental perspective, but rather to get an income to survive. The project’s intention is not to completely subvert the workings of this common livelihood, but instead to develop an understanding of the dynamics and inhabitants of the coastal communities to in order to generate an architectural proposal which aims to provide a framework for improvement and addition to these already established practices and activities in said community. As UN states female empoverment is key for poverty reduction, the project is going to be made with a strive for increasing the status of women and strengthening their economical position within this fishery sector.
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catch of the day from the fishing boats to be auctioned on the landing sites
TANZANIAN FISH INDUSTRY: DAGAA
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Dagaa, dried sardines, is the everyman’s fish. It is cheap and easily available, consumed by the local and regional market. Its nutritional value is high as the whole fish is being eaten Due to its small size it reproduces quickly and is a more sustainable than the large pelagic fish. The production process is challenged by the lack of inputs, currently it is mainly dried on grass or ground without drying racks. The current unhygienic circumstances and weather conditions, like rain, causes losses to both the harvest itself and its nutritional value. Currently the majority is produced by Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria, but the project wants to investigate the possibilities to produce sustainable Dagaa for the local market.
dagaa in food
dagaa drying on ground
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dagaa drying on rack
TANZANIAN FISH INDUSTRY: TANGA LANDING SITES The landing sites are formal but simple platforms for fishing vessels to discharge their catches, situated on the shore with easy acces from the sea. The landing sites also function as fish markets. There are four landing sites in Tanga: I) Sahare Kasera: ~1500 people - 2,5km from the city center II) Deep Sea: ~800 people - in the city center III) Tongoni: 3rd largest - 8km from city center IV) Mchukuni: smallest - 4km from city center
30
A landing site contains an auction house where the larger fish are sold. No piers exist, the fish is carried by hand to the beach, the distance varies depending to the tide. Landing sites are supervised by the city council that also collects taxes. There are no taxes on the small fish, as the profit is very low, but for larger catches the fishermen have to pay a tax on 5-10%. The policy was introduced when Magufuli became the president of Tanzania in 2015. When interviewing stakeholders on the Deep Sea landing site, it became clear that there is a lot of dissatisfaction with the tax system as fishing is a low-income profession and no direct benefits are visible for the the taxpayers. The landing sites are hubs that hosts the whole fishing community. It is the source for the social and professional context of their daily life.
TANZANIAN FISH INDUSTRY: TANGA LANDING SITES
City Director Head of Department CLFD: city livestock & fishery development officer livestock fisheries 31
Deep Sea 2
8km
4km
2,5km
0,2km
landing sites Tongoni Mchukuhuni 3 Kasera Sahare 4 1
I) Managing person II) Auction manager III) Tax collector
fishermen
TANZANIAN FISH INDUSTRY: WOMEN AND FISH In the Tanazanian fishery communities, like Sahare Kasera. there are already well established female positions. Women, called Mama Ntilie, run small restaurants which provide food for the fishermen who fish from 6 pm and 6 am. These restaurants also serve visitors and other operatives at the landing site. Small scale processing and selling is also conducted be women. Even though there are opportunities for female empolyment in the fish business in Tanzania, a lot of these positions are within the informal work sector meaning that women are concentrated in work associated with low and unstable earnings and with high risks of poverty.
32
Seaweed farming is a female dominated livelihood, but at the moment it is generally only sold as a raw product, without any value addition. Simple processing to e.g. soap can greatly increase the income. Instead of inventing a completely new female work sector and forcing a feminist agenda, the project takes its starting point in these existing activities. These activities are studied and integrated in the architectural proposal that is going to be informed by feminist thinking.
Mama Ntilie small restaurants driven by women. These kitchens are very primitive, the stoves are powered with charcoal or wood from the mangroves, wich is not sustainable and the smoke is a health hassard. But due to lack of knowledge and economic capacity not much is done for improvement
33
processing & trade Small scale processing and trade is done by women. A lot of these activities are done with minimun inputs and very simple strategies.
34
SAHARE KASERA: a feministic fish market the architectural propsal
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A FEMINISTIC FISH MARKET: PROJECT INTENSIONS The aim of this project is not to remodel Sahare Kasera landing site to an industrial fish market with maximum profit. But rather to create a fishery hub that strengthens, economically benefit and sustainably develop the existing local lower income coastal community. Sahare Kasera is Tanga’s biggest landing site and employs around 1500 people. The program takes a starting point in the existing activities, facilities and roles – and then aims to challenge them for enhancement. The main focus and method for the remodelling is to empower women, as it is a key element for poverty reduction, as well as gender equality is a human right.
36
As girls and women are needed to take care of the domestic life, they tend to be the second priority to get an education in the Tanzanian society. This project wants to offer people with no or low education, especially women, an opportunity to improve their careers, and climb to higher and more influential positions on the professional and social ladders of the local community. This is intentioned with a carefully planned programme of the fish market that provides a wide range of various tasks that are linked and informing each other. This integrated chain of activities will also function as a platform for encounters with different people where knowledge can be exchanged. Knowledge, information and networks are essential when striving for sustainable environmental and social change. The unpaid work of domestic duties, like cooking, laundry, washing is anthropologically and currently seen as female tasks, and are a major part of the gender role and -inequality in Tanzania. As the project aim is to move within realistic parameters, this domestic work will be strongly thought into the programme and process of female empowerment. The intension is to minimise the burden of these daily tasks to maximise the time for paid work and social activities.
Equal opportunities
Reef/ Sea
Value addition
Auction house/ Market
Safety for women + food
Restaurants/ Boat supply store/ Mosque
Mangroves/ Beach
Tidalzone/ Land
PRECEDENTS
Landing site/ Port / Boats
THEORY_FEMINISM
Improve existing fishmarket
CONTEXT_SOCIAL
CONTEXT_PHYSICAL
Poverty reduction
FACILITIES
Empower Women
PROGRAM_INTENTIONS
GENDER EQUALITY
PROJECT ATTRIBUTES:
Fishing community
Rosi Braidotti
The Seaweed Center, Zanzibar
Judith Butler
Agnes Denes, WheatfieldA Confrontation
Female roles in fishery
Tanzania gender roles
Tsukiji fish market, Tokyo
37
Female Indepency
Better communication
Seaweed-/ Oyster Farm
Environmental awareness
Processing facilities/ drying racks
Economic growth
Rain & rainseason
Education: access & importance
Female domestic duties Sub-tropical climate
Improve female status
Rainwater harvesting/ hydro ponics
Tanga: colonial coastal city
Increase in knowledge levels
Storage/ Refrigeration
Tue, Thur, Sat rural communities come to town to shop
SAHARE KASERA a feministic fishmarket
SAHARE SAHARE KASER
38
PROCESSING FACILITIES DRYING RACKS SEAWEED VALUE ADDITION PEARL PROCESSING STORAGE & PACKING
RA KASERA PROPOSAL:
SEA FARM SEAWEED & PEARL OYSTERS
39
FISH MARKET HYGIENIC MARKET STALLS FISH AUCTION REFRIGERATION STATION FISH WASTE TO FERTILIZER
RESTAURANTS SUSTAINABLE FOOD STALLS RAINWATER HARVESTING HYDROPONICS
SAHARE KASER
settlement of fishermen majority of them working at the Sahare Kasera live closeby from where they walk or bike to the landing site
mosque
coconut trees coconut fibers can be used as growing medium for plants in hydroponic systems
religion being a major part of the daily life of many, several landing sites has a mosque.
40
mama ntilie the mainly female driven restaurants to provide food for the fishermen - on land and on sea, the fishery community and visitors.
auction house fish trade and administartional facilities
RA_CURRENTLY:
parking / transportation
flooding / tidal zone
mainly bikes and motorcycles Occaissonally cars. Donkey carts and other combinations can also be found.
no existing road to the market. Paths in between sand, water and mangroves
rescue boat owned by the government
41
supply store selling material for building and restoring boats and fishing equipment
SAHARE KASER blast fishing & coral reefs over exploited coastal waters due to the bad condition of the boats and lack of inputs the fishermen cannot leave the coastal waters.
explosives are still used, illegally, by poor tanzanian fishermen to increase their catch. It is not only killing a waste quantities of fish but also distroying the sensitive coral reefs. The coral reefs, like mangroves, are extremely productive ecosystems and important for the diversity of species.
42
mangroves the protected halophytes in the tidal zone. -A generative ecosystem providing a habitat for various species. they function as nurseries for fish, affecting positively on the fish population on the reefs. -Due to the dense root system, the mangroves are important in their ability to stabilise the coastline and prevent erosion from waves and storms. -A valuable timber and plant material for coastal communities, used for construction and fuel.
shade small food vendors under shades, providing a shelter from the hot sun and heavy rains. Social gatherings happens usually in the shade where the termal comfort is more optimal.
RA_CURRENTLY:
from boat to auction depending on the tide, the carrying distance to the beach varies. A lot of females are employed in helping with the carrying. No piers exist.
fishing cycle mainly small boats with sails, some with motors. Fish from 6pm to 6am
43
fish market simple wooden tables with no shade or refrigeration. The supply varies daily depending on the catch. Bad hygiene rising the risk for diseases.
A FEMINISTIC FISH MARKET:
SEASCAPE/LANDSCAPE The aim is to embrace the ever-changing nature and to understand its cycle together with fishery and women. As the landing site is situated in between the sea and land, on the beach between the mangroves, the architecture has to adapt to it. The different attributes, social and environmental, have their own cycles that in a direct or indirect way affect eachother. 44
Similarly to the way we conceive of knowledge in a posthumanistic perspective - where society and environment is thought of as a layering of multiple complexities and conditions which can not be perceived from a singular point of view - I will argue that architecture can only be approached in a way that embraces these notions in its pursuit to develop socially and environmentally relevant proposals for the future. The exrecise of distributing the program and buildings in this changing cyclical landscape - both in terms of the environmental, as well as the theoretical - is going to be a part of the investigation on how we can use feminist critique in the design of spaces that want to facilitate gender equality and empower women.
CYCLES: flooding zone depending on the tides and rain, this transition area varies in depth and salinity. currently waters have to be crosssed when accessing the site.
fishing the fishermen fish from 6pm to 6am. The arrival of fresh fish is the busiest time at the market as it is when the fish auction happens.
tides Tanga has a semi-diurnal tide, which means there are two nearly equal high and low tides each day. The max tidal range in Tanga is 4.09m.
45
people A lot of the daily routines follow the cycle of the day and light. The age and lifecycle affect also the behaving and routines. Women have their own cycles that phases life.
seasons Tanga has two rainy seasons annually. The ‘the long rains’ are in April and May meanwhile ‘the short rains’ in November and December
climate change the climate change and the increase of temperature is changing the rain patterns and heating up the seas.
ADDED PROGRAM: SEAWEED
46
In the coastal communities seaweed cultivation is a common female livelihood. At the moment it is generally only sold as a raw product without any value addition. Simple processing to e.g. soap can greatly increase the income and improve the empowerment of women. The common way of farming seaweed in shallow water is challenged by the rising temperature of the sea and heavy rains, causing more diseases and lost harvests. Deep water cultivation on floating rafts, is an option - but difficult for women with no boats and knowledge how to swim. Therfore a part of the remodelling of Sahare Kasera is to investigate ways of deep water cultivation that is accessible for the women.
ADDED PROGRAM: PEARL OYSTERS
47
Pearl oyster farming has a great potential for creating livelihood and ecoomic growth for tanzanian costal communities, like Sahare Kasera, where exploitation of coastal and marine resources is the primary livelyhood. As the Tanzanian women have a long tradition of producing pearl jewellery, a furter processing of the oyster pearls to neckleses is a potential for further value addition. The pearl oysters, like the seaweed, are going to be cultivated on a platform that should be accessible for the females.
ADDED PROGRAM: PROCESSING FACILITIES
48
Processing within the Tanzanian fish industry in the non international exporting sector is largely operated by women. The value addition of the resources from Sahare Kasera will include drying fish and seaweed for creating simple products out of them, like dagaa and soap. It will become a female livelihood to empover them. The production will be made in a environmentally and socially sustainable way. The processing should not be complicated, but rather a provision of proper facilities and tools to make the simple tasks as easy and functional. When adressing and improving this female livelihood it is essential to do it with an understanding of the user to maximise the empoverment. The processing work for women should not make their current anthropological duty as household keepers hard but rather become an integrated part of the daily routines.
REFERENCES:
The activities conducted on site will be shaping the archiectural experience of the project. Drying fish, nets and seaweed will be a part of the simple but intriguing experience. The design shoud not be complex but instead the facilitate the simple life in an inspiring milieu.
49
Even though the Tsukiji Fish Market in Tokyo, Japan, has a compltely different scale, it has a lot of similarities with the proposal for Sahare Kasera. It is a place where fresh fish is sold in auction for sellers and export. The tuna fish is Tsukijis speciality while dagaa is going to be Sahare Kaseras. The place is a hub for professionals within fishery but also for locals where they can shop and go to restaurants providing food fresh from the sea. The site has a lot of different cycles keeping it constantly busy.
SAHARE KASERA CURRENTLY: HYGIENE
50
Currently, Sahare Kasera, like the other landing sites, are challenged by the hot climate and lack of inputs. The hygiene standards are low and does not fulfill international standards. Neither refridgerators nor freezers are available due to the high expenses and lack of electricity. Normally the fishing vessels have no cooling systems, even though they can be out on the sea for 12 hours at the time. The auction house is not cooled down either but provides a shade from the gazing sun. Plastic freezer boxes (price ca 150DKK), cooled down with ice blocks (price ca 1.5DKK), are used by the fish mongers, but this is not always good enough to keep the fish refrigerated. The market tables made of wood are sometimes shaded but often the fish just lays under the sun in +30°C. This is an issue that needs to be addressed to increase the health and safety.
BAD HYGIENE:
no refrideration from sea to auction to market
cold boxes price: 50 000 tsh store fish for the following day fish floating in melted water
51
flies potential disease carriers
ice cubes price: 500tsh refrideration duration: 2-12h good quality water needed
OTHER I
boats various small scale boats. some with motors other very basic with only a sail. a lot of them in poor conditions. dangerous if something happens at the sea. therefore can’t go faraway from the shores that are already overly exploited
52
children the landing sites also face social issues. the children of the non educated fishermen does not attend school as they rather stay at the fish market to learn the profession and earn some money. City council and police gives fines to the parents but as it is not working they are speculating if imprissoning the parents would be an option.
ISSUES:
better communication fishers and sellers feel that the city council is not supporting them, city council states that they want to help, but can’t help individuals. Instead fishers should create unions. Also, the newly introduced tax payment is causing dissatisfaction, as no affects are seen at the landing sites. Better communication needed.
auction house the place where fish trade happens , all existing building in bad condition and starting to fall apart
53
modern market tables project at the deep sea landing site started by city council over a year ago, not known when ready. The sellers are waiting for the projects to finish as they are wishing for better facilities to handle and store the fish.
80 million TZH budget of the city council to refurbish the 4 landing sites, aiming to start in summer 2018, main focus on Sahare Kasera
54
rainwater harvesting & food secondary but important project attributes
55
RAINWATER HARVESTING: INITIAL STUDIES
56
The Water Pavilion Built in the rural village Mpapayu, 30km west from Tanga, in December 2017 with 7 locals. The pavilion functions as a rainwater harvester and provides a direct water source for the small community living around it. The annual mean in Tanga is 1327mm. Therefore, with a roof with a footprint of 21m2 it can collect 27 867 liters annually. As the temperatures are rising there willl potentially be an increase in rain which means that even more water can be collected. By harvesting the rain you could eventually provide water when not raining, especially if the rain seasons are to become more irregular. Read more about the project and its social intentions on page 68.
AFFORDABLE RAINWATER HARVESTING WITH LOCAL MATERIALS in the publicharvesting realm in rural Tanzania affordable rainwater with local materials
PRICE OF PAVILION ROOF: reinforced tarpaulin price:
roof footprint
21m2
5,5 DKK/m2
(6x10m Monatrap, Silvan, DK)
amount:
25m2
total:
137,5 DKK
+
other future expense: sewing
duct tape price:
70 DKK
annual precipitation (Tanga)
(Den Grønne Hal, DK)
amount:
2
total:
140 DKK
1327 mm
ATTACHMENTS: hose clamps price: amount:
=
1 000 TSH (3 DKK)
(Husseini & Co., Tanga, Tanzania)
2
total: 6 DKK pipe price:
rainwater harvested/year
1 250 TSH/m (3,75 DKK)
27 867 L
(Husseini & Co., Tanga, Tanzania)
amount: 4m
total: 15 DKK connector to tank price:
8 000 TSH (24 DKK)
(Husseini & Co., Tanga, Tanzania)
amount:
1
total:
24 DKK
WATER COLLECTION: Kifaru tank, 500L price: amount:
PRICE OF WATER
95 000 TSH (285 DKK)
(Husseini & Co., Tanga, Tanzania)
1
total: 285 DKK tap & connection price:
LIFESPAN of PAVILION
18 000 TSH (54 DKK)
(Husseini & Co., Tanga, Tanzania)
amount:
1
total:
54 DKK
RAINWATER HARVESTED
STRUCTURE: bamboo price: amount:
LITRES
amount:
WATER PRICE
40 (132m + extra cut offs)
(PAVILION PRICE/LITRES) only materials
WATER PRICE
20 000 TSH/role (60 DKK)
(PAVILION PRICE/LITRES) materials+labour+transport
(Katani House, Tanga, Tanzania)
2
total: 120 DKK tiki tiki poles price:
PRICE COMPARISON pavilion (only materials) vs. bucket
6 000 TSH/pole (24 DKK)
(Magoda, Tanzania)
amount:
8
total: net
192 DKK
price:
V
X
27 867 L
55 734 L
139 335 L
278 670 L
57
14m
total:
420 DKK
nails 5000 TSH /kg (15DKK)
(Tanga, Tanzania)
amount:
1
total:
15 DKK
17 TSH/L
343 TSH/BUCKET
32 TSH/L
8,5 TSH/L
170 TSH/BUCKET
16 TSH/L
3,4 TSH/L
69 TSH/BUCKET
6,4 TSH/L
1,7 TSH/L
34 TSH/BUCKET
3,2 TSH/L
640 TSH/BUCKET
320 TSH/BUCKET
128 TSH/BUCKET
64 TSH/BUCKET
PAVILION WATER
PAVILION WATER
PAVILION WATER
PAVILION WATER
0,69
of bucket price
0,34
of bucket price
0,14
of bucket price
0,07
of bucket price
PAVILION IS AN AFFORDABLE OPTION FOR WATER SOURCE PRICE REDUCED IF THE PAVILION IS BUILT BY THE COMMUNITY AND THEREBY NO LABOUR EXPENSES. LOCATION -> TRANSPORTATION AFFECTS THE PRICE. IN THIS BUDGET SOME MATERIALS SOURCED FROM DENMARK, PROBABLY CHEAPER IF BOUGHT DIRECTLY IN TANZANIA. LIFESPAN FOR TANK LONGER THAN PAVILION THEREFORE REBUILDING IS CHEAPER IF SAME TANK IS USED. INVESTMENT IN BIGGER TANK WOULD BE THE NEXT STEP.
10 000 TSH /m (W:3m) (30DKK)
(Mlimani CityDar Es Salaam, Tanzania)
amount:
price:
II
200 TSH/pc (0,6 DKK)
(Msajin, Magoda, Tanzania)
total: 24 DKK sisal rope price:
I
(YEARS)
concrete blocks price:
1 200 TSH /pc (3,6 DKK)
(Muheza, Tanzania)
amount:
8
total:
28,8 DKK
CURRENT SITUATION
MATERIALS TOTAL: DKK: 1155 DKK + 277,5 DKK = 1432,5 DKK TSH: 385 000 TSH + 92 500 TSH = 477 500 TSH OTHER PAYMENTS: salary for local builders 3 x 65 000 + 2 x 40 000 + 45 000 = 320 000 TSH (960 DKK) transportation of materials 45 000 (tank)+ 30 000 (bamboo & cutting) + 3000 (poles) + 16 400 (concrete) = 94 400 TSH (283,2 DKK)
TOTAL: 477 500 TSH + 320 000 TSH + 94 400 TSH = 891
100 TSH (2675,7 DKK)
GUTTERS are the most common way of RWH in Tanzania but a building with a PROPER ROOF is NEEDED. To be able to do it in the PUBLIC REALM for a sizeable community the AMOUNT of public BUILDINGS is LIMITED and the price of the gutters is high. 20 L BUCKET costs 500 TSH (1,5 DKK) over 16 X the price of domestic tap water. As a consequence, low-income residents pay higher prices than their wealthy counterparts.
RAINWATER HARVESTING & FOOD: HYDROPONICS
58
In Tanzania the traditional agricultural way of living, which is the livelihood of 80% of the land, is challenged by a 3% annual population growth and the changing climate. The circumstances are getting harder and the demand is increasing, therefore new ways of providing food are needed. -Hydroponics - soilless vegetable growing where the plant is supported by a non-nutritive growing medium and getting its nutrions from water, is a potential alternative for food production. The system’s estimated savings of water is 70% and the vegetative growth twice as fast compared with traditional cultivation. -To strengthen the position of the females at Sahare Kasera, the hydroponic system is going to be implemented in the arcitecture, utilising the harvested rainwater and its potential energy when collected high aboveground.
women & food Women in Tanzania are anthropologically responsible for cooking, and also strongly involved in the agricultural growing process. Therefore when striving for empovering women should this, as the other unpaid domestic duties, be addressed.
coconut fibers the non-nutritive fibers that can be locally sourced functions well as a growing medium for plants in hydroponic systems.
fish waste the fish waste produced at the landing site could be turned into fertilizer for the plants
59
60
methodology
61
METHODOLOGIES:
-working and sketching through models and drawings. -using the UN global goal 5, gender equality, as a design method for the whole project and its architecture, rather than just a outcome and aim of the proposal. -drawings as the digital expressions of atmospheres and details -models as an explantaion of concepts and creating and undesrtanding of the connections and complexities -read feminist theory, explore feminsitic art and participate in feministic events to learn more and be aware of the current scene to be able to position myself and the project.
62
-feminism critique as a driving force theoretical positioning but also as a design tool for space configuration and the architectue in its physical and psycological form
PRELIMINARY SCOPE OF SUBMISSION Site plan 1:500 Masterplan 1:5000 Model of Context Cycles Detail model 1:50/1:20 Sections 1:100/1:50 Construction details 1:2/1:5 Plans 1:100/1:50 Investigation material will be presented in process logs
THEORY_FEMINISM
CONTEXT_SOCIAL
CONTEXT_PHYSICAL
FACILITIES
PROGRAM
GENDER EQUALITY
PROJECT ATTRIBUTES & THEIR RELATIONS
63
Equal opportunities
Female Indepency
Auction house/ Market
Safety for women + food
Restaurants/ Boat supply store/ Mosque
Better communication
Seaweed-/ Oyster Farm
Reef/ Sea
Mangroves/ Beach
Tidalzone/ Land
Rain & rainseason
PRECEDENTS
Landing site/ Port / Boats
Value addition
CONTEXT_PHYSICAL
PROGRAM_INTENTIONS Improve existing fishmarket
THEORY_FEMINISM
Poverty reduction
CONTEXT_SOCIAL
Empower Women
FACILITIES
GENDER EQUALITY
SAHARE KASERA a feministic fishmarket
Fishing community
Rosi Braidotti
The Seaweed Center, Zanzibar
Judith Butler
Agnes Denes, WheatfieldA Confrontation
Female roles in fishery
Tanzania gender roles
Education: access & importance
Environmental awareness
Processing facilities/ drying racks
Improve female status
Rainwater harvesting/ hydro ponics
Tanga: colonial coastal city
Increase in knowledge levels
Storage/ Refrigeration
Tue, Thur, Sat rural communities come to town to shop
Economic growth
Female domestic duties Sub-tropical climate
SAHARE KASERA a feministic fishmarket
Tsukiji fish market, Tokyo
The project attributes that configurates the architecture are the strive for gender equality and women empoverment, feminism, physical & social contex, program and its facilities. As a part of the methodology, these aspects are paralelly considered and worked when developping Sahare Kasera. The diagram on page 37 is about what the different attributes consist of and this diagram is about how the different attributes relate and affect each other
REFERENCES:
Scenes from the animation called Muumit Rivieralla (2014) by Xavier Picard functions as inspiration in the use of color and simple but very atmospheric ambience. Playfullness is a part of my methodology when dealing with realistic and serious issues. I believe it is important to generate arcitecture in a approchable and engaging manner, and that is the aim how to communicate the proposal for Sahare Kasera. 64
REFERENCES:
This diagram box model made by Aleksander Kongshaug, show cases the method of using the model as a tool for discovery. This model has moveable parts and can change in phases and appearance. I find it very intriguing to be able to tell a story with the model. A model has also the possibility to function as a test bed for concepts and configurations. A model like this can also works as a library for collecting and storing reasearch and documents relating to its subject. 65
Models are a representation of the architecture and concepts, but also a way to think and realise. My aim is not perfection but rather a method in sharing ideas in an appealing three dimensional manner, that forces to understand connections and complexities. I prefer to work fast and design while building. This is a sketch model by Le Corbusier that I like. It is also great in its way of showing several levels.
66
appendix
67
INITITAL STUDIES: THE WATER PAVILION: rainwater harvesting & gender equality The pavilion is an investigation into how the typical daily duties of women could be turned into social activities; while harvesting rainwater in the public realm of rural Tanzania. This is a project about gender equalities and its link to water, a key resource for life. The aim of the pavilion’s design is to also provide a new, more affordable way to harvest rain with locally sourced materials.
68
The pavilion is built of affordable local accessible materials for rainwater harvesting (RWH) in rural north-east Tanzania, in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim is to see how RWH could be done in the public realm in an alternative more affordable way as apposed to the expensive gutters that have to be implemented in a publicly- or privately-owned building. The research is conducted in Mpapayu, a small rural village 30km west from Tanga. A further intention of the project is to address the issue of women and children spending great amounts of time fetching for water. The intentions by providing a direct local source of water, is to increase the knowledge levels by getting more girls to attend school. At the same time a water source functions as a natural meeting point, public space, for the women. Public spaces are important because they provide a platform for unintentional meetings and knowledge exchange, they play a key role in building sustainable, socially equal cities. At the pavilion the daily duties can easily be conducted in community when water is directly provided and does not need to be fetched from far away. Due to climate change and the increasing temperatures the rain patterns are changing. Research predicts that as the temperature rise the rainfall will increase in Eastern Africa. The rainfall in Tanga in 2017 (Nov-May) was 140% more than the average rainfall of 30 years.
THE WATER PAVILION rainwater harvesting & gender equality
RAINWATER HARVESTING:
1327 mm
“Safe drinking water and adequate sanitation are crucial for poverty reduction, crucial for sustainable development and crucial for achieving any and every one of the Millenium Development Goals”
WOMEN & WATER: About 3/4 of households in sub-Saharan Africa fetch water from a source away from their home
-Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary General
annual percipitation (Tanga,TZ)
and upto 85% of the time, women are responsible for this task.
140%
increase in rainfall in Tanga Nov-May 2017 vs. average (1982-2011)
Households in rural Africa spend about
1/4 of their working day collecting water
21m2
pavilion roof footprint
Reducing the time it takes to fetch water from 30 to 15 minutes increased girls’ school attendance by
~27 867 L rainwater / year can be harvested
1/3
12%
of the world population experience physical or economic water scaricity
(UNICEF)
CLOSER WATER SUPPLIES NEEDED
CHEAPER & MORE ACCESSIBLE WATER SOURCES NEEDED
69
PUBLIC SPACE:
KNOWLEDGE shapes the TRUTHS that constructs the NORMS of how we live. (Foucault) therefore PUBLIC SPACES are very important, as they function as a platform for un-/ intententional
WATER USE:
KNOWLDEGE SHARING
50 L
80%
/day/person of water
of tanzanians live from agriculture
FOR PROGRESS AND SUSTAINABLE CHANGE IN THE WAY OF LIVING MORE KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED Jan Gehl & L. Gemzøe: New City Spaces (1991): “Although the pattern of usage has varied in the course of history, despite differences, subtle and otherwise, public space has always served as meeting place, marketplace and traffic space” S. Zukin: The Cultures of Cities (1995): “Public spaces are important because they are places where strangers mingle freely. But they are also important because they continually negotiate the boundaries and markers of human society”
LIVELIHOOD:
to ensure that most basic needs and avoid health concerns arise (UN)
26 540 L
/water/year provided by the pavilion
this traditional way of living is challenged by
UN SDGs:
MORE WATER NEEDED
& it’s change in rain patterns
3,1% annual population growth
20L /day the amount of water many humans in rural Africa must get along with
climate change
GENDER EQUALITY
& it’s increase in food demand CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
MORE WATER NEEDED
THE WATER
PUBLIC SPACE:
WATER USE:
KNOWLEDGE shapes the TRUTHS that constructs the NORMS of how we live. (Foucault)
/day/person of water
therefore PUBLIC SPACES are very important, as they function as a platform for un-/ intententional
KNOWLDEGE SHARING
to ensure that most basic needs and avoid health concerns arise (UN)
26 540 L
FOR PROGRESS AND SUSTAINABLE CHANGE IN THE WAY OF LIVING MORE KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED
/water/year provided by the pavilion
Jan Gehl & L. Gemzøe: New City Spaces (1991):
/day the amount of water many humans in rural Africa must get along with
“Although the pattern of usage has varied in the course of history, despite differences, subtle and otherwise, public space has always served as meeting place, marketplace and traffic space”
70
50 L
20L
MORE WATER NEEDED
S. Zukin: The Cultures of Cities (1995): “Public spaces are important because they are places where strangers mingle freely. But they are also important because they continually negotiate the boundaries and markers of human society”
LIVELIHOOD:
80% of tanzanians live from agriculture
this traditional way of living is challenged by
UN SDGs:
climate change & it’s change in rain patterns
GENDER EQUALITY
3,1% annual population growth & it’s increase in food demand CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
MORE WATER NEEDED
R PAVILION:
WOMEN & WATER: About 3/4 of households in sub-Saharan Africa fetch water from a source away from their home and upto 85% of the time, women are responsible for this task. Households in rural Africa spend about
1/4 of their working day collecting water Reducing the time it takes to fetch water from 30 to 15 minutes increased girls’ school attendance by
12% (UNICEF)
CLOSER WATER SUPPLIES NEEDED
RAINWATER HARVESTING:
1327 mm annual percipitation (Tanga,TZ)
140%
increase in rainfall in Tanga Nov-May 2017 vs. average (1982-2011)
21m2
pavilion roof footprint
~27 867 L rainwater / year can be harvested
1/3
of the world population experience physical or economic water scaricity CHEAPER & MORE ACCESSIBLE WATER SOURCES NEEDED
As a support to the theoretical positioning and technical aspects of the project, two papers have been produced. An essay, called ‘From Knowledge to Norms’, focuses and speculates on the social features of the project in terms of knowledge, gender equality, public space and on-site experiences in Tanzania. The other paper is a scientific report about ‘Affordable Rainwater Harvesting in the Public Realm in Rural Tanzania’
71
BIBLIOGRAPHY: BOOKS, REPORTS & ARTICLES Varna, G. (2014). Measuring public space, the star model, Georgiana Varna (Design and the built environment). Surrey, England Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.
UNDP Tanzania. (n.d.). Gender Equality. Retrieved February 07, 2018, from http:// www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/ourwork/genderequality/overview.html
Tyler, Speight, Henderson, & Manica. (2009). Evidence for a depth refuge effect in artisanal coral reef fisheries. Biological Conservation, 142(3), 652-667.
United Nations Tanzania - Equality for women is progress for all. (n.d.). Retrieved February 07, 2018, from http://tz.one.un.org/media-centre/ news-archive/106-equality-for-women-is-progress-for-all
Mbegani Fisheries Development Centre. (1982). Byggekunst, 7, 332-335. From fish to Finance, Conversion of Fish Market to Dealing House, Billingsgate, London. (1989). Architectural Review, 1112, 50-59.
James, R., & Washington, R. (2013). Changes in African temperature and precipitation associated with degrees of global warming (Rep.). Springer. doi:10.1007/ s10584-012-0581-7
F.O. Agbebi, & T.A. Fagbote. (2012). The role of middlemen in fish marketing in Igbokoda fish market, Ondo-state, south western Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 1(3), 880-888.
Agnes Denes, Wheatfield - A Confrontation: Battery Park Landfill, Downtown Manhattan. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2018, from http://agnesdenesstudio.com/ works7.html
Gianita Bleoju. (2011). Cluster Positioning on Fish Market Driving by Collaborative Chains. Risk in Contemporary Economy, 1, 285-288.
Center, Z. S. (n.d.). About the Seaweed Center Project. Retrieved February 11, 2018, from http://seaweedcenter.blogspot.dk/2010/01/about-seaweed-center-project. html
Svein Jentoft, Paul Onyango, & Mohammad Mahmudul Islam. (2010). Freedom and poverty in the fishery commons. International Journal of the Commons, 4(1), 345-366.
ARCHITECTURE & FEMINISMS. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2018, from http:// architecturefeminisms.org/
Billingsgate Fish Market, Refurbishment, London. (1989). Arup Journal, 2-7. 72
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF WATER, & WATER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. (2015). WATER SECTOR STATUS REPORT 2015 (pp. 1-82, Rep.). Wahaj, R. (2012). Gender and water - Securing water for improved rural livelihoods: The multiple-uses system approach (Rep.). International Fund for Agricultural Development. Harrison, P.J. (2010) Entrenching Livelihoods Enhancement and Diversification into Marine Protected Area Management Planning in Tanga, Tanzania. IUCN ESARO, Nairobi, Kenya. 95pp
Sickmeyer, B. (n.d.). Tanzania CHIRPS Rainfall Nov-May. Retrieved February 14, 2018, from https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/fews/product/286 Butler, J. (n.d.). What is Critique? An Essay on Foucault’s Virtue. Retrieved February 14, 2018, from http://eipcp.net/transversal/0806/butler/en WWF Mangrove importance. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2018, from http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/mangroves/ mangrove_importance/ Braidotti, R. (2017). Aspirations of a Posthumanist. Lecture presented at Posthuman, All Too Human in Whitney Humanities Center, Yale.
Anderson, J. (2004): Analysis of reef fisheries under co-management in Tanga, x + 51pp. The Tanzanian Fisheries Sector: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES (Rep.). (2016). UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES.
Gender Equality. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2018, from http://www.tz.undp.org/ content/tanzania/en/home/ourwork/genderequality/overview.html
R. U., Lee, & P., Namisi. (2016). BASELINE STUDY ON TANZANIA FISHERIES Draft Final Report (Rep.). Portugal: Megapesca Lda.
TANZANIA: Running Water Remains a Pipe Dream for Many. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2018, from http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/05/ tanzania-running-water-remains-a-pipe-dream-for-many/
Ward, A. (2016). Value-addition and SME’s: raison d’etre and lessons learnt (Rep.). IOC-SmartFish. Saidi, I., Johnston, B., & Southgate, P. C. (2017). Potential profitability of pearl culture in coastal communities in Tanzania. Retrieved February 05, 2018, from http://era.daf. qld.gov.au/id/eprint/5600/ Chen, M., Vanek, J., & Lund, F. (2005). Progress of the World’s Women 2005: Women, Work and Poverty (Publication). United Nations Development Fund for Women. Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment | Tanzania. (n.d.). Retrieved February 07, 2018, from https://www.usaid.gov/tanzania/our-work/ gender-equality-and-women%E2%80%99s-empowerment
Rainfall/ Precipitation in Tanga, Tanzania. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2018, from http://www.tanga.climatemps.com/precipitation.php
National Geographics. (2017, March 21). In Tanzania, a Horrific Fishing Tactic Destroys All Sea Life. Retrieved February 16, 2018, from https://news.nationalgeographic. com/2015/12/151230-Tanzania-blast-fishing-dynamite-coral-reefs/ Salazar, T. (1999). TANZANIAN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Spearheading Development in the Food Industry (Publication). United Nations Industrial Development Organization. https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2009-04/Tanzanian_women_ entrepreneurs_01_0.pd
ILLUSTARTIONS: IMAGES p. 1 Drone footage from Sahare Kasera by Mahamed Abdi. p. 7 Heavy rains in Mpapayu. Author’s own image. p. 8 Sahare Kasera landing site. Author’s own image. p. 11 Modified Google Earth. Credit Liisa Wickström. p. 12-13 Modified Google Earth. Credit Liisa Wickström. p. 17 UN sustainable global goal icon p. 17 Sahare Kasera landing site. Author’s own image. p. 19 fig. 1,2 Wheatfield - A Confrontation. Photographs by Agnes Denes p. 19 fig. 3,4 The Zanzibar Seaweed Center. Tripadvisor.com Traveler photo submitted by Brian B 2 p. 21 fig. 1,2 Sickmeyer, B. (n.d.). Tanzania CHIRPS Rainfall Nov-May. https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/fews/product/286 p. 21 fig. 3 R. James (*) : R. Washington, Changes in African temperature and precipitation associated with degrees of global warming, Climate Research Lab, Oxford University Centre for the Environment p. 22 Water tank for storing rain water. Author’s own image. p. 23 Fields in Mpapayu. Author’s own image. p. 23 The Water Pavilion. Author’s own image. p. 27 Fresh fish. Author’s own image. p. 28 Drying fish. Author’s own image. p. 29 fig. 1,2 Dagaa. Author’s own image. p. 29 fig. 3 Drying dagaa. Photograph by Xan Browne. p. 30 Drone footage from Deep Sea landing site by Dennis Andersson. p. 32-33 Women and fish at Sahare Kasera. Author’s own image. p. 38-39 Modified Google Earth. Credit Liisa Wickström. p. 40-43 Drone footage from Sahare Kasera by Mahamed Abdi. p. 45 Modified Google Earth. Credit Liisa Wickström. p. 46 fig. 1 Bottom monoline seaweed cultivation method. Photo Reuters. p. 46 fig. 2 Floating bamboo seaweed cultivation method. Photo from www.omicsonline.org p. 47 Pearlfarming in Asia. Photo from beadsnob.blogspot.dk p. 48 Drying fish at Agonda Beach on Goa. Photograph by Andrew Trotter p. 49 fig. 1 Drying fish on Lofoten. Image from www.rgbstock.com p. 49 fig. 2 Photograph by Audrey Walker p. 49 fig. 3 Frozen tuna at Tsukiji, Tokyo. Image from www.fstoppers.com p. 49 fig. 4 Tsukiji Fish Market. Image from www.holidaytravel.cc p. 50-51 Sahare Kasera landing site. Author’s own images. p. 52-53 Sahare Kasera & Deep Sea landing site. Author’s own images. p. 56 The Water Pavilion. Author’s own image. p. 58 Hydroponics. Image from www.auroras.eu p. 59 Author’s own images. p. 64 Scenes from Muumit Rivieralla (2014) by Xavier Picard p. 65 fig. 1,2 Diagram box model. Photographs by Aleksander Kongshaug. p. 65 fig. 3 Le Corbusier, an atlas of modern landscapes. Image from tumblr.com
73
CV
education
74
employment
sept. 2016 - (june 2018)
Sept. 2015 - july 2016
Master of Arts in Architecture The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture
Architectural Assistant Part I David Kohn Architects London, UK
Copenhagen, Denmark
may 207
sept. 2012 - june 2015
Modelbuilder Entasis
Bachelor of Arts in Architecture Aarhus School of Architecture
Copenhagen, Denmark
Aarhus, Denmark
Intern Arkitektfirmaet Gustin, Aarhus
jan. 2012 - june 2012
Product design & Architecture The Scandinavian Design College Randers, Denmark
sept. 2010 - june 2011
Furniture Design Novia University of Applied Science Turku, Finland
sept. 2007 - june 2010
Gymnasium (upper secondary school) Svenska Privatskolan i UleĂĽborg Oulu, Finland
sept. 1998 - june 2010
Visual art studies (fine arts, ceramics, animation) Oulun Taidekoulu Oulu, Finland
june 2015
may 2013 - february 2015 may 2013 - february 2015
Cleaning service Cafe’ Englen, Aarhus Aarhus, Denmark sept. 2011
Seasonal worker Le Petit Domaine de Gimios Saint Jean de Minervois, France
V:
extra curricular activities june 2015
Construction Northside Festival, Aarhus dec. 2013 - dec. 2014
Student Representative of the Study Board Aarhus School of Architecture
skills Rhino Vray Grasshopper Adobe CC Vectorworks Revit AutoCAD
Experienced Basics Basics Experienced Experienced Basics Basics
sept. 2013 - sept. 2014
Deputy Member of the Board
Various CAD-CAM techniques
sept. 2012 - sep. 2013
Incl.: lazer cutter, CNC milling, water jet, 3D printing, etc.
Board Member (documentation responsible) Arkibal (student events) Aarhus School of Architecture
75
Various model making and hand drawing techniques
nov. 2012 - may 2013
Organizer, Design Team and Construction Mejlgade for Magfoldighed (MFM)
Experienced 1:1 builder
(a culture festival embracing diversity)
Aarhus, Denmark 2012 - 2017
www.liisawickstrom.com Selling and exhibiting illustrations
languages Finnish Swedish English Danish French
Native Native Fluent Fluent Proficient