Delphian Course Study Guide by Libraries of Hope

READINGDELPHIANCOURSESTUDYGUIDE

DelphianReadingCourse StudyGuide

StudyGuide,byTheDelphianSociety,Chicago:TheDelphianSociety,(1911).

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TheDelphianCourse,byTheDelphianSociety,Chicago:TheDelphianSociety,(1913).

LibrariesofHope,Inc. Appomattox,Virginia24522

Compiledandadaptedfrom:

Cover Image: Apollo and the Muses on Mount Helicon (Parnassus) by Claude Lorrain, (1680).FromWikimediaCommons,thefreemediarepository.

support@librariesofhope.comPrintedinthe

3 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION:WHY‘DELPHIAN’ 6 VOLUMEI 9 VOLUMEII 43 VOLUMEIII..............................................................................................................................................................................................71 VOLUMEIV..............................................................................................................................................................................................95 VOLUMEV.............................................................................................................................................................................................121 VOLUMEVI 149 VOLUMEVII 165 VOLUMEVIII 181 VOLUMEIX 203 VOLUMEX.............................................................................................................................................................................................229 INDEXES.................................................................................................................................................................................................251 INDEXOFARTANDARCHITECTURE 253 INDEXOFDRAMAANDMUSIC 257 HISTORICALINDEX 261 INDEXOFLITERATURE 269 INDEXOFMYTHOLOGY.............................................................................................................................................................276 GENERALINDEX...........................................................................................................................................................................279 MONTHLYROTATIONSCHEDULE.............................................................................................................................................285

This painting was created by Claude Lorrain in 1680 and is called ‘Apollo and the Muses on Mount Helicon’ (Parnassus). In Greek mythology, the Muses were nine daughters of Zeus, brought to life to help forget the evils of the world and bring comfort from the sorrows of the past. Each Muse is over a particular gift in the arts and is said to inspire creation within her domain. According to the Greek poet, Pindar, to ‘carry a mousa’ is ‘to excel in the arts.’ Their teacher is Apollo, the god of music, art and poetry.

AbouttheCoverArt:

Why‘Delphian’

(TakenfromVolumeIoftheDelphianReadingCourse)

ThereisnodoubtbutthatimplicitfaithdirectedthefirstvisitorstoDelphi,andbeyond questionthisfaithtosomeextentsurvived.Thepeasantaccepted literally thepresence ofdeity,buttherehavebeeninallagesthediscerningwhohavedistinguishedbetween thesymbolandthatsymbolized,andcertainlythekeen,alertGreeksdidnotremainblind adherentsofantiquatedconceptions.ThewisdomoftheDelphianpriestswasrevered and their judgments accepted much in the same way as were those of the seers who taughtthechildrenofIsraelatthecitygates,sothattheOracleofDelphistillremained

PerhapsatfirstthoughtwefindtheinfluencewhichtheDelphianoracleexertedformore than a thousand years throughout Greece unaccountable, but upon reflection we perceivethatithelditspowerbecauseitwasthebestanswerthatepochcouldgiveto man’seternalneedforgreaterwisdomthanhisindividualexperiencecanprovide.Itmay fittingly be compared to the influence of the Church in the Middle Ages. To it were referredalikequestionsofinternationalpolicy,andtheprivateaffairsofhumblecitizens.

TwothousandyearsbeforethesightofanewworldburstupontheviewoftheGenoese mariner,thereexistedinnorth centralGreeceasanctuaryfamousinthreecontinents. LocatedinmountainousPhocis,inanaturalamphitheater,overhungbyfrowningrocks and reached only through mysterious caves, was the Oracle of Delphi. Here in remote timesApollowasbelievedtorevealhiswishestomenthroughthemediumofapriestess, speakingundertheinfluenceofvaporousbreathwhichrosefromayawningfissure.Her utteranceswerenotalwayscoherentandwereinterpretedtothoseseekingguidanceby Apollo’spriests.

Ancient writers have left us abundant accounts of journeyings made thither by potentates and kings, and have described at length the rich offerings left by them in gratitude.Thehumblewereseldommentionedbyearlywritersanditremainedforthe last few years to bring to light little leaden tablets valueless from the standpoint of plunderers, earth covered and revealed only by the excavator’s spade silent testimonialsofappealsmadetotheoraclebythecommonpeople.

Asitsfamespread,thenumberofvisitorstoDelphiincreased.Morepriestswereneeded to counsel and advise. Although the first blind faith in earlier deities lessened, the prestigeofDelphiwasneverthelesspreserved.Apollo’spriestsbecamebetterversedin theaffairsofGreeceandthesurroundingcountries;theirassistantsbecamefamiliarwith allvitalissues,andthusintelligentrepliesweregiventounceasinginquiries.Intimethe GreekdivinitieswerealmostforgottenandChristianitybecamethestatereligion,yetthe OracleofDelphicontinuedtodrawmenuntoituntilthefifthChristiancentury.

potent anamewithwhichtoconjure longafterthebeliefthatthedeityhimselfwas presenthadgivenplacetoanother.

Today, the number who ask “Whence cometh wisdom, and where is the place of understanding?”ismorethanallwhoeversouththeofficesofthepriestessonhertripod. Wehavelearnedthatnotgaseousexhalations,butathoroughunderstandingofthepast, will reveal the secrets of the future, and that these “oracles” are best interpreted by thoughtful groups, instead of by one frenzied prophetess. The name Delphian was chosenforthisnationaleducationalmovementbecausewetooareseekersofwisdom, andwewouldnotlosethespellofthestoriedpast,aswerenewtheage oldquest.

**Pleasenote:Thepagenumberingusedhereafterinthisstudyguide referstothe1913editionoftheDelphianReadingCourse.**

VOLUME I

“

Eachyearthenumberoftravelerstotheoldworldgrowslarger.Itwasonceunusualfor thetouristtomakehiswaytoEgypt theNilevalleylayoutsidetheregularbeatentrack. Thosewhoundertookthejourney, however, returnedwithsomuchtotellthat others wereinducedtofollowandtodaythemajorityofthosewhotravelextensivelyinclude theLandofthePyramidsasamatterofcourse.

Theamountofbenefitwederivefromtraveldependsverylargelyupontheamountof general knowledge and information we have gathered concerning the country visited. ThosewhoareunfamiliarwiththewonderfulcivilizationthatdevelopedinEgyptbefore thefirstbookoftheOldTestamentwaswritten,seehugepilesofstonestillretainingthe form of pyramids and heaps of ruined temples; they see wide reaches of desert and a river;Arabsinhabit thelandandtheidleextortmoneyfromthevisitor. These arethe mainfeaturesofthestory.Theonewhoknowssomethingofthisancientcountrysees muchmore.Hisfancyrepeoplesthevalleywithitsformerinhabitants.Ruinsriseagain and he reconstructs in his imagination temples and tombs. The intruding Arabs disappeartogetherwithEnglishofficials,andforabriefwhilehelivesinthepast.

LIFEANDLITERATUREOFEGYPT

The plainest row of books that cloth or paper ever covered is more significant of refinement than the most elaborately carved sideboard.” H.W.Beecher

Busiedwithcaresandresponsibilitiesorwithmanifoldinterests,themomentsarefew whereintheaveragepersoncanreviewandextendhisknowledgeofhistory,literature andart.Forthisreasonthefollowingoutlinedreadingisofferedwiththehopeofmeeting present dayconditions.Itisnotexpectedthatthewholesubjectshallbecoveredatonce; rather,foryearsonemayfinditabasisforcontinuedstudyandprofit.

It is suggested that study clubs and circles will find this a convenient foundation for satisfactorywork,andbeyondallquestionHighSchoolstudentswillbegreatlyaidedby themattercontainedinthetextbooksandbysuggestivequestionsintheoutlines.

THELANDOFTHEPYRAMIDS

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE VOLUME I

Introductory:PrehistoricMan

7. Whathavebeenthemotivesleadingtoadevelopmentofprimitiveart?5.

4. Towhatextenddidthediscoveryoffirecontributetothewelfareofman?xvi.

2. Notetheslowstagesofprogressmadeinthethreegeneralprehistoric ages.xiv.

1. Whatisthemeaningoftheterm prehistoric,andhowhavepeoplefoundoutabout conditionsexistingin prehistoric times?Pagexii

5. Note how the resources of countries have controlled the kinds of dwellings of mankindindifferentages.xviii.

VOLUMEI

3. Forwhatreasonshasitnearlyalwaysbeentruethatcivilizationhasdevelopedin thefirstplacealongstreamsandsea-coasts?xiv.

6. Whatconditionsfirstledtothecultivationofplants?2.

8. Hide pictures weremadeinwhatway?7

3. Whatisthesignificanceofthesaying:“EgyptisthegiftoftheNile?”24 26.

5. What isthemostvaluablesourceofpresent dayknowledgeconcerningancient Egypt?31.

9. Howwereprimitivemenledtoconceiveofafutureexistence?8.

13 VOLUMEI

2. Consult the map to see the location of Egypt and its position relative to other lands.

I.PoliticalLifeinEgypt

4. Is it true that the temperament of nations is influenced by geographical conditions?DidthisapplyinthecaseoftheEgyptians?27.

6. TowhatextentcanwedependuponthewritingsofHerodotus?31.

10. Whatheritagedidprehistoricagesleaveforfuturegenerations?10.

1. ComparetheantiquityofEgyptwiththatofotherlands.Pages20 22.

VOLUMEI

14. Whowerethegreatpharaohsofthelaterkingdom?72 77.

9. ReadHerodotus’descriptionoftheLabyrinth.48.

10. WhatconditionswithinEgyptmadeitpossibleforforeignchiefstoinvadeduring theFourteenthDynasty?51.

7. Howmanyacresofgroundarecoveredbythebase oftheGreatPyramid?Note howmanyproblemsareleftstillunsettledinregardtothesehugepiles.39.

8. WhywasThebesbetteradaptedthanMemphiswouldhavebeenforthecapitalof thelaterkingdom?43 45.

12. ReadoftheinterestingexpeditionundertakenbyQueenHatasu’ssubjectstothe landofPunt.ChapterVI.

13. WhydidthereligiouscrusadeattemptedbyAmenhotepIV.fail?Page68.

11. NotethatbytheexpulsionoftheHyksos,Egyptbecameamilitarypower.55.

2. WhatwerethepopularsportsamongtheEgyptians?96.

15 VOLUMEI

6. Didthesepeopleworshipthesun?120.

II.SocialLife

15. HowwerethepriestsofAmonfinallyabletoseizethethroneofEgypt?81.

1. Whatsimilaritiescanonefindbetweenmodernlifeandconditionsprevailingin ancientEgypt,asdescribedinpage85?

7. WhatwastheirtheoryabouttheApisbull?120.

4. Foranaccountofanold-timemarket,readpage106,andfollowing.

16. Whataboutthelaterfortunesofthecountry?83.

3. WhatlightissheduponthelifeoftheEgyptianfarmerbytombpictures?100.

5. WhatpracticalviewofeducationwasheldbytheNile dwellers?113.

12. Foranaccountofembalmingseepage138.

16 VOLUMEI

13. Whatpartdidmagicplayinthecareofthedead?139.

10. Didthepeoplehaveanypartintempleworship?128.

9. Forwhatreasonwasfoodplacedintombs?124.

14. TherewerethreeessentialpartstoanEgyptiantomb.Notetheusesofeach.140.

15. Whatwastheoriginalsignificanceofthescarab?141.

16. WhywerecemeteriesintheNilevalleyalwaysinfestedwithrobbers?143.

8. HowwasthespiritoftheNileappeased?123.

11. Note that a religion that became degraded was nevertheless capable of being givenanexaltedinterpretation.131.

2. Whatsubstituteswereusedinboat building,etc.,forwood,inalandwherewood wasscarce?103.

4. ReadthedescriptionofthewonderfultempleofKarnak.69.

7. ForwhatpurposewasthegreatSphinxprobablyconstructed?130.

6. ThegrottotempleofAbouSimbelisveryfamous.Notewhatissaidofitonpage 78.

5. Foritsappearancetoday,seedescriptiononpage159.

18. Readtheaccountsoftwoimportantdiscoveriesinrecentyears.146 148.

3. HowcanwereconstructthegeneralplanoftheEgyptiantempletoday?126.

III.ArtandArchitecture

1. Whatmaterialswereusedfortheconstructionofprivatedwellings?87.

17. WhenwereexcavationssystematicallybeguninEgypt?144.

17 VOLUMEI

1. WeretheEgyptiansasawholealiterarypeople?115.

2. Forwhatreasonareancientfolk songsinterestingandvaluabletoustoday?116.

18 VOLUMEI

9. Distinguishbetweentheconventionalandrealisticschoolsofart.133.

12. What special designs were characteristic of decorative work in the Nile valley? 135 137.

10. DidtheEgyptiansunderstandproportion?134.

11. Whatusesdidsculptureserve?135.

8. WhydidEgyptiandrawingremainsorigid?133.

IV.Literature

4. ReadselectionsfromitasrenderedinEnglish,page164,andfollowing.

3. Whatistheoldestbookintheworld?17.

7. Magic was firmly believed in by the ancient Egyptian. This is borne out by the TalesoftheMagicians,popularwiththeNile-dwellers.171.

3. Read The Praise of Learning,112.

5. Whatvocationslayopentotheyouthwhowasproficient?113.

19 VOLUMEI

5. TheBookoftheDeadwasimportanttothelivingandindispensabletothedead. Aportionofitisgiveninpage168,andfollowing.

6. ReadtheNegativeConfessionmadebythesoul,169.

8. TheSongoftheHarpergivesusanexampleofthesongfrequentlysungforthe entertainmentofpharaohsandnobles.179.

V.EducationinAntiquity

1. WhatverypracticalviewdidtheEgyptianholdastoeducationanditsvalue?113.

2. Aretherepeopletodaywhoseemtohavethesameattitudetowardthesubject? Aretheyfewormany?

4. Were the majority of Egyptian children given more than the most elementary training?

2. Whatwasthemostdegradingfeatureofthisreligion?120

20 VOLUMEI

VI.Religion

7. Whatpeculiarityinthematterofcomputingbyfractionshasbeennoted?

1. Ingeneral,whatwasthereligionofEgypt?119.

4. Was this religion capable of an exalted interpretation? 131. Compare the hymn quoted in 132, with similar Hebrew hymns. Do you think that the average congregationwoulddistinguishitfromthosefrequentlyreadduringservice?

5.AmenhotepIVattemptedareligiousreform. Whatwasthenatureofit? Theresult? 68.

6. Whatmadetheacquiringofaneducationtediouswork?114.

3. WhatmotivesledtheEgyptianstoworshiptheNile?123.

3. Why were children particularly desired? Was this true also of the ancient Hebrews? 93.

• AHistoryofEgypt,Breasted.Bestpoliticalwork.1volume.

2. WhatevidenceshavewethatchildreninancientEgyptweremuchlikethoseof today? 92.

21 VOLUMEI

1. WeretheyearsoftheEgyptianmotherbusilyfilled?91.

4. WhatissaidoftheclothingwornbywomeninancientEgypt?94

• Ancient Egypt, Rawlinson. Useful; not complete. Story of the Nation series. 1 volume.

6. WereEgyptianwomenfondofjewelry?

VII.Home Life

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

• A History of Egypt, Petrie. Compiled from evidences of tombs. Not useful for generalreader.6volumes.

• LifeinAncientEgypt,Erman.Excellentsocialhistory.1volume.

5. Whatfabricswereusedandbywhomweretheymade?

Within the last few years several novels have been given a setting in ancient Egypt. Seldomaretheytruetofactsasrevealedbyscientificstudy.

Thereareseveralworksofgreatmeritforthosewhowishtomakeanextendedstudyof Egyptianlife.Masperohaswrittenaworkofseveralvolumeswellillustratedfromfinds atpresentintheEgyptianmuseums.

VOLUMEI

GUIDEBOOKS

• Uarda,Ebers.

OTHERBOOKS

EGYPTIANSTORIES

PetriehasspentmanyyearsintheNilevalleyandhaswrittenseveralbooks.Wardwas awell illustratedvolumeontheScarab.

• ManualofEgyptianArchaeology,Maspero.Authoritative.Authorlongcuratorat CairoMuseum.

• AThousandMilesuptheNile,Edwards.Popularbookwrittensometimeago.

• PyramidsandProgress,Ward.Goodforpresentconditions.

• TheEgyptianPrincess,Ebers.EbersmadeathoroughstudyofEgyptianlifeand wroteseveralgoodstoriesofAncientEgypt.

“

I.PoliticalLife

2. What American university has carried on extensive excavations recently in the Tigris Euphratesvalleys?210.

BABYLONIAANDHERNEIGHBORS:ASSYRIANS,MEDES,PERSIANS,PHOENICIANS

Inviewofsuchevidencesofaculturesoremoteinpointoftime,themindsofmenhave beenstimulatedtofindoutwhowerethepeoplethusearlyenlightened,whatdidthey achieve and especially, what did they bequeath the posterity. Americans have been generous in making contributions to carry on this work of excavation and students of one of our leading universities have gone eagerly into the field and dug for hidden remains.Thoseofuswhoselivesfallindifferentwayscanatleastkeepabreastwiththe revelationsofourageandbymakingthemostofbriefperiodsofleisure,maybecome familiarwiththeresultsoftheseundertakings.

23 VOLUMEI

ThecivilizationsofMesopotamiaflourishedfourthousandyearsagoandhavelongsince disappeared. Shifting sand and desert wastes characterize the very sites of ancient BabylonandNineveh;eveninthedaysofGreekascendancy,travelerspassedoverthe region, and did not know that they were treating over heaps of buried cities. In comparativelyrecenttimesexcavatorshavesettoworktorecoverwhatevertheearth heldsecretconcerningthepastandtheirdiscoverieshaveastonishedtheworld.Royal palaces have been unearthed; colossal winged bulls, alabaster friezes and tiled floors. Moreinterestingstill,thelibraryofAsshur banipalwasfound,withitspricelesstablets.

BABYLONIAANDHERNEIGHBORS

Books are the first and the last, the most home felt, the most heart felt of all our enjoyments.” Hazlitt.

1. ComparetheantiquityofEgyptianandBabyloniancivilizations.Page202.

24 VOLUMEI

5. The first great king of Babylonia was Hammurabi. For an understanding of his achievements,seeChapterV,232;alsoChapterXI,276.

4. TowhichoneofourstatesmayancientBabyloniabelikenedinthematterofsoil, climate,etc.?Assyria?215 216.

7. TheAssyriansweregreatwarriors.Foraccountsoftheirrelentlessconquestssee 238 242.

3. HowhastheOldTestamentstimulatedeffortsmadefortherecoveryofforgotten cities?211.

8. WhatmeasuresdidAssyriankingstaketomaketheirconquestslasting?246.

9. ComparetheHebrewandAssyrianversionsofSennacherib’sfamousretreat.250 255.

10. WhatAssyriankingwasagreatbook collector?259.

6. Underwhatcircumstanceswerenationsplacedundertributeinantiquity?Page 241.

17. What inheritances did the Greeks receive from Babylonians, Assyrians and Persians?357.

12. What reasons prompted the Babylonians to destroy Jerusalem and take thousandsofHebrewsintocaptivity?266.

15. WhattrainingdidthePersiansvalue?334.

13. Whatkingpermittedthemtoreturnandrebuildtheircity?268.

11. WhatpeoplefinallydealtouttotheAssyriansthesamedestructionthattheyhad sooftenmetedouttoothers?262.

16. ComparethetreatmentofcaptivesbyPersiansandAssyrians.338.

18. HowdidtheverynatureofSyriadeterminethatitshouldneverbecomethehome ofaunitedpeople?372.

25 VOLUMEI

14. WhoweretheMedesandwheredidtheylive?328.

20. HowdidthecityofSidonreceiveitsname?380.

26 VOLUMEI

2. WhatpositionwasaccordedtowomeninBabylonia?274.

22. HowsuccessfullydidthepeopleofTyreresisttheattacksofAlexandertheGreat? 385 388.

1. ComparetheBabylonianandAssyrianinappearanceandcharacter.270.

II.SocialLife

19. Phoenicia Land of Palms lay north of Palestine. Note its appearance, size, climate,etc.378.

21. IsitprobablethatanysatisfactoryhistoryofthePhoenicianswilleverbewritten? 381.

3. ComparetheclothinginvogueinMesopotamiawiththatcommonlyseentoday. 293.

27 VOLUMEI

6. WhatwerethefavoriterecreationsofAssyriannobles?295.

7. In what particulars were the religions of early Hebrews and Assyrians similar? 310.

9. TheChaldeanswerefirmbelieversinmagic.Notesomeoftheircharms.314 316.

4. Forwhatreasondidmenweartinycylindersattachedtotheirwrists?Fromwhat werethesemade?294.

5. Thechiefarticlesoffoodwerewhat?295.

8. Aside from religious considerations, what role did the temple fill in Babylonia? 313.

11. Whatratesofinterestwerechargedhere?322.

10. WhatwastheconditionofslaveryinMesopotamia?317.

4. ReadtheChaldeanversionofthiswell knownstory.361.

13. HowdidthestandardsoflivingheldbyPersiansdifferfromthoseofthisage?346.

12. Whatpreventedtheprogressofmedicalscience?323.

3. NotethattheFloodlegendwascommontoallSemiticpeoples.209.

28 VOLUMEI

1. OfwhatgeneralsubjectsdidtheBabylonianliteraturetreat?283 287.

14. Fromwhatdoesourword damask come,andwhatwasitsoriginalsignificance? 377.

III.Literature

15. Howisit supposedthat thePhoenicianshappeneduponthediscoveryof glass making?401.

2. In what manner were written communications prepared and transmitted in Mesopotamia?290.

5. Zoroasterwasagreat religiousteacher.Readtheprayeralwaysincludedin the Parsiservice.371d.

6. DidliteratureflourishinPhoenicia?404.

29 VOLUMEI

IV.ArtandArchitecture

1. WhatbuildingmaterialswereavailableinMesopotamia?272.

5. WhatwasthesignificanceofthewingedbullsandlionssooftenfoundinAssyria? 303 304.

3. Whatpurposedidthezigguratserve?300.

7. Whatpartdidthesepeoplehaveintheearlydiffusionoflearning?404.

4. Inwhatwayswerepalacesmadebeautiful?301.

2. Afterwhatfashionwerehousesbuilt?273.

8. EnameledtileswereusedforwhatpurposeinBabylonianbuildings?320.

2. What evidences have we that a knowledge of writing was common in this country?

3. ReadthetwooldletterstranslatedfromAssyriantablets.289.

1. TowhatextentwaseducationgeneralinBabylonia?288.

30 VOLUMEI

5. WaseducationgivenprominencebythePhoenicians?404.

V.EducationinAntiquity

7. Whatweretheso calledHangingGardens?305.

4. Howweretheselettersconveyed?290.

6. ThewallsofBabylonwereamongthewondersoftheancientworld. Howwere theyconstructedaccordingtoHerodotus?304.

4. TheAssyrianreligionwassimilartothatofwhatotherancientpeople? 310.

6. WhatkindoftrainingwasconsideredessentialforPersianyouths?347.

2. DidtheBabyloniansworshipthesun?Canyouunderstandwhyallearlypeople haveworshippedthegreatilluminatingbody? TheAmericanIndiansgreetedthe risingsunwithahymn.

VI.Religion

1. NotethattheearlyinhabitantsofBabyloniawerenatureworshippers aswere allprimitivepeoples. 307

3. Contrast the religion of Assyria with that of Babylonia and account for the differences. 310

31 VOLUMEI

5. Was the worship of Mesopotamia conducive to high morality and noble ideals? 314.

6. Note that little is known of Zoroaster and probably in the first instance he was simplyamanwhowentaboutdoingandteachinggood. Itisnaturalformankind toexaltthepersonalitiesofitsseersuntilsometimestheyceasetoberegardedas human.350.

32 VOLUMEI

• HistoryofBabyloniaandAssyria,Robt.W.Rogers;Eaton&Mains.2volumes.

• BabylonianandAssyrianLaws,Contracts,etc.,C.H.W.Johns;Scribner.

• HistoryofBabyloniansandAssyrians,Goodspeed;Scribner.

HISTORICAL

• History,Prophecy,andtheMonuments,McCurdy.

7. WhattwospiritswererecognizedbyZoroaster’sfollowers?352.Rememberthese twoconflictingforceshavebeenfundamentalinallreligions.

2. WhatissaidofchildlifeinMesopotamia? 275.

• HistoryofAncientPeoples,Boughton.

VII.Home Life

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

1. WhatdegreeoffreedomwasenjoyedbyBabylonianwomen? Wasthistrueofall classes? 274.

8. Notethatwhileseveralcontemporarypeopleslookedwithabhorrenceuponthe humansacrificesofferedbyPhoenecians,eachhadpassedthroughthesamestage of development itself. 406. The study of comparative religions makes clear the truththatmenlivinginremotelandsandinageswidelyseparatedhavefeltthe sameneedsandhavemettheminsimilarwaysintheirupwardstrivings.

VOLUME

• LifeinAncientEgyptandAssyria,Maspero;Appleton.

• Assyria,itsPrinces,PriestsandPeople,Sayce.

SOCIALHISTORY

• BabyloniansandAssyrians LifeandCustons,Sayce;Scribner.

• StoriesofAncientPeoples,EmmaArnold;AmericanBook.

3. Whatsixdistinctlandfeaturesarefoundthere?409.

THEANCIENTHEBREWS:THEIRLIFEANDLITERATURE

HEBREWLIFEANDLITERATURE

I.PhysicalGeographyofPalestine

Aside from all religious considerations, in these days when travelers of all Christian nationsfindPalestineaccessibletothem,everywell informedreadershouldhavesome familiaritywiththiscelebratedlandandsomeknowledgeconcerningthepeculiarpeople whoonceinhabitedit.Thefollowingoutlinedreadingisofferedwiththehopeofaiding andstimulatingsuchadesire.

Solongasrecordsofthepastremainandpeoplereadthem,thewanderingsoftheearly Hebrews, their triumphs and back-slidings, their beautiful songs and poems, their prophecies, their wisdom, literature and their mysticism will fascinate the intelligent. Other ancient peoples were more successful in matters of conquest, government, industryandthefinearts,butnoneequaledtheminevolvingareligionofpurityandin settingforthreligioustruthsinaliteratureofgreatvariety.Itisafacttobelamentedthat while the literatures of several nations are frequently studied, the literature of the Hebrews is seldom in comparison appreciated. Even when rendered into English, wherein much of their beauty is lost, these writings of the Old Testament have a wonderfulimageryandforcefulness.

34 VOLUMEI

“It is nearly an axiom that people will never be better than the books they read.” Dr.AlonzoPotter

2. Howlargeisthiscelebratedland?Page408.

1. RefertothemapandgetthelocationofPalestineclearlyinyourmind.

8. Whatdoestheword Jordan mean?412.

4. Whatwasthemeaningoftheword Sharon?409.

9. WhatplacedoesitholdinHebrewhistory?413.

5. The“rosesofSharon”andthe“liliesofthevalley”areoftenmentionedintheBible. Whatflowersaremeant?409.

6. Whatstrikingcontrastsofclimatearecomprisedinthislimitedarea?416.

7. Isthesoilproductiveornot?Whatisitsnature?417.

10. WhatfactsarepeculiarabouttheDeadSea?413.

35 VOLUMEI

11. ReadthecontrastdrawninDeuteronomybetweenEgyptandCanaan.419.

6. HowfarhadtheHebrewsprogressedbeforethecloseoftheEraofJudges?448 453.

12. WhatchangeswerewroughtintheHebrewsbytheiroccupationofsuchaland? 420.

1. WhatsourceshaveweforastudyofHebrewhistory,asidefrombiblicalbooks? 426,433.

13. IsPalestinebeautifulornot,today?421.

36 VOLUMEI

2. The Hebrews found the Promised Land occupied by people whom they called Canaanites;thecountrytheycalledCanaan.434.

3. WhatpartdidMosestakeinguidingtheChildrenofIsraelthither?436.

4. Whatbiblicalbookgivesearliestpicturesofthesepeople?441.

II.PoliticalHistory

5. Threestoriesfromthisbookareretoldhere.443 447.TurntotheOldTestament andreadtheothers.

7. Whatmotivesledthemtochoosekingstoruleoverthem?453.

10. HowmuchwasaccomplishedbyDavidinweldingthenationtogether?461.

11. CompareSolomonwithIsrael’searlierkings.463.

12. TounderstandthepeculiarwisdomforwhichSolomonwasfamed,readthelittle poementitled King Solomon and the Bees.465.

15. ReadconcerningthefallofSamariaandJudaea.475.

8. ReadthestoryofSaul.454 459. Thisstoryhasbeenthethemeforgreatpoems andmusicalcompositions.

37 VOLUMEI

9. InwhatsensewasJerusalemtrulythe City of David?460.

13. Whatcausedthedivisionofthekingdom?469.

14. Comparetheresourcesofthetwodivisions.470.

III.MannersandCustoms

2. ComparetheearliestcommandmentsgiventotheHebrewswiththosecommonly known.450.

1. HowwasHebrewliteratureaffectedbythephysicalnatureofPalestine?423.

V.Religion

1. DidtheHebrewsonceworshipmanygods? 448.

IV.Literature

4. WhenwastheTalmudwrittenandwhatdoesitcontain?431.

1. Whatweretheteraphim?448.

38 VOLUMEI

2. Whatwell knownpsalmsplainlyillustratethis?423 425.

3. Whatisthemeaningoftheword Bible?428.

NOTE: It should be remembered that the Hebrews, starting with the same primitive beginningsinthematterofworship,graduallyevolvedapureandexaltedfaithwhichfar transcendedthereligiousbeliefsoftheircontemporaries.

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

4. What is the significance of the phrase frequently found in the Old Testament: “AndtheChildrenofIsraelpassedthroughthefire”? 450.

5. WhatmessagedidAmosbringhispeople? 472.

HISTORICAL

• HistoricalGeographyoftheHolyLand,Geo.AdamsSmith;Amstrong.

• HistoryofthePeopleofIsrael,Cornill;OpenCourtPub.

39 VOLUMEI

2. What made the Hebrews a peculiar people, in the opinion of certain modern scholars? 449.

3. Compare the earliest Roman commandments of the Hebrews with the ten commonlyknown. 450.Thiscomparisonenablesonetosomewhatappreciatethe greatchangesthroughwhichthispeople,likeothers,passed.

6. Who taught that Jehovah was God of the whole world not merely of the Hebrews? 473.

• ModernReader’sBible,includingallbiblicalbooks,Ed.Moulton.

OTHERBOOKS

• HistoryoftheHebrewPeople,Kent;Scribner.2volumes.

VOLUMEI

• Out of DoorsintheHolyLand,HenryVanDyke.

• LifeandLiteratureoftheAncientHebrews,LymanAbbottHoughton,Mifflin.

HEBREWLITERATURE

• ShortHistoryoftheHebrews,Ottley;Macmillan.

• WhatisChristianity?AdolphHarnack;Putnam.

• LiteraryStudyoftheBible,RichardMoulton;Heath.

• HistoryofApostolicChurch,OliverThatcher;Houghton,Mifflin.

• ShortIntro.toLiteratureoftheBible,RichardMoulton;Heath.

SOCIAL

• SocialLifeoftheHebrews,EdwardDay;Scribner.

NOTES

VOLUME II

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE

“Twogreatcurrentsofthoughtandinfluenceflowoutofthepast. United,theydetermine to a great extent the character of that which today is called ‘civilization.’ Hellenism contributedtheelementsofphilosophy,artandpoliticalorganization,andthecanonsof scientific thought; but this fair stream, abounding in so much that stimulated human progress was pitiably destitute in that which is the basis of higher good. This was religion. RisingfartherbackinhumanhistorytherecamefromthebarrenhillsofCanaan thatothercurrentwhichfurnishedthoseabsoluteessentialstothehighestcivilization religion,ethics,andtheelementsofthelawswhichregulatetherelationsofmantoman andtohisGod.

1. Certain benefits befell the Hebrews through contact with the Canaanites. What werethey?Page7.

PALESTINE

VOLUME II

2. Underwhatcircumstancesdidthesimplicityofearlyyearsgivewaytoluxury?8.

“. . . The Hebrews first taught man that the supreme goal of life is righteousness. Consequentlytheyarethegreatethicalteachersofhumanity. Handinhandwithethics went its objective expression law. Today the elements of Hebrew legislation have becometheboneandmarrowoftheworld’sgreatestlegalsystems. Ingrapplingwiththe social problems of their age, the enlightened Hebrew prophets, priests and wise men deduced social laws which are as applicable today as they were twenty five hundred yearsago. Thereforeforthestudentofreligion,lawandsocialscienceHebrewhistory possesses pre eminence with no other. It also furnishes the historical background withoutwhichtheliteratureandthoughtoftheOldTestamentisonlyhalfintelligible.” Kent

3. WeretheHebrewsbuilders?9.

I. HebrewMannersandCustoms

46 VOLUMEII

4. Whobuilttheirfamoustemple?

1. WhatHebrewwritingsareknowntohavebeenlost? 12.

TherewasbutoneconnectiveinHebrew,vav,anditsmeaningwasquiteindefinite,says Gardiner in The Bible as English Literature: “In the King James Version it is translated indifferently,and,but,orso,andsometimesincorrectly,when. Thuswegettheconstant successionofandswhicharesofamiliaracharacteristicofBiblicalstyle.”

These were but two tenses in the Hebrew verb, and these did not express time. One indicated action going on, whether in the past, present or future, and the other representedactioncompletedinthepast,presentorfuture. Therewerenopotentialor subjunctivemoods. These limitations oflanguageresultin alimitationoflogic. While few literatures express single ideas with greater emotional and imaginative force than the Hebrew, there is an almost complete absence of the philosophical writing which connectsoneideawithanother.

5. Whatadditionallighthasbeenthrownupontheirhistorybyrecentexcavation?46.

Thegreatliteratureoftheworldallhavetheirdistinctivecharacter,andthecomparison oftheirdifferencesaddsgreatlytoone’senjoymentofthem.Eventhemostcasualreader recognizes that the Old Testament has a style which is different from that of English literature. A discerningreader will see a differencebetweentheOld Testament books andthoseoftheNewTestament. Apartialexplanationofthisdifferenceisfoundinthe Hebrewlanguage.

6. ReadWhittier’sbeautifulpoemonPalestine.viii. II.HebrewLiterature

9. TheBookofRuthisanexquisiteidyll.Readwhatissaidofit,p.35,andthenturnto p.48andreadtheentirestory.

8. Whatbiblicalbookcontainsmuchfolklore?32.

5. Whatdoesitteach?22.

7. Whatwell knownmusicalproductiontellspartofthestory?

47 VOLUMEII

10. ForwhatpurposewastheBookofJonahprobablywritten?36.

3. Many kinds of odes, elegies, songs, etc. are included in the Psalms. Note some of them.16.

4. WastheSongofSolomonwrittenbyhim? 21,61.

6. TheBookofJobisadrama.ReadwhatissaidofitinChapterXVI,page23.

2. InwhatwaymayHebrewpoetrybeclassified?13.

• LiteraryStudyoftheBiblebyRichardMoulton

• SemiticOriginsbyBarton

• HebrewReligiontotheEstablishmentofJudaismbyAddis

• ModernReader’sBiblebyEdMoulton

• TheReligionoftheOldTestamentbyKarlMarti

12. ComparetheessayonFriendship,containedinEcclesiasticus,41,withessaysby Bacon,CiceroandEmersononthesametheme.

• ShortIntroductiontoLiteratureoftheBiblebyRichardMoulton

• ShortHistoryoftheHebrewbyOttley

BOOKSFORADDITIONALREADING

• HistoryoftheHebrewPeoplebyKent(2volumes)

• StudyofChildLifebyWashburne

11. WhatismeantbyWisdomliterature?39.

• LifeandLiteratureoftheAncientHebrewsbyLymanAbbottHoughton

• Out-of-DoorsintheHolyLandbyHenryVanDyke

• AdamsSmithArmstrong

• SocialLifeoftheHebrewsbyEdwardDay

48 VOLUMEII

• HistoryofthePeopleofIsraelbyCornill

• HomeLifeinAllLandsbyMorris

• TheHousebyBrevier

• HistoricalGeographyoftheHolyLandbyGeorge

49 VOLUMEII

Thewholebodyoflegendswhichtheseearlypeopledevelopedtoaccountfortheorigin and the progress of the world, with all the lore which came to gather around their divinities, wecallmythology. Thestorieswhichwecallmyths, andwhichmakeupthe literature we call mythology, were not the imaginings of poets and dreamers, but they were the explanations devised by grown people, in the childhood age of the world, to accountforthemysteriesofnature. Asagespassed,andtherealsignificanceofnatural phenomenawasbettercomprehended,storiesexpandedtomeettheexpandingideas,or thestoriestoldinthesamewaymeantmoretothosewhotoldthem.

I.GREECEGreekMythology

Greek mythology is of more interest tous than that of any other nation because ofthe beautyofthestoriesthemselves;becausethese storieshavebeentheinspirationofso muchofourliteratureandart;andbecausetheyhavebeenapotentinfluenceinshaping theverylanguagewespeak.

For our practical age, when even the studies of our children are closely scrutinized to makesurethattheywillprovedirectlyusefulinfutureyears,perhapsthereisnothing moreurgentlyneededthansomethingwhichshallliftusoutofthesordidworldinwhich weliveandstimulateourimaginations. Astudyofthebeautifulisthesurestmeansof accomplishingthisend whetherthebeautifulinart,literatureornature.Ifweseekthe beautifulinthoughtandfancy,wecandonobetterthantowanderwiththeearlyGreeks in the realm of nature myths, where each moving branch or flower suggested the presence of divinity. After all, it was not an unwholesome notion that every fountain containedanymphwhomightoverhearanythingamissthatwassaid;thateachtreewas the home of a dryad and so should not ruthlessly be destroyed. Ancient Greece was a beautifullandandtheGreekslovedbeauty. Theydevelopedthemostbeautifullanguage the world has known, and their fancies were clothed in this beautiful language. The beauty of nature laid strong hold of them, while for the most part discordant aspects passed by, unheeded. It is well for those of us who are taxed by the strenuous life of moderns to turn aside now and then, and wander with the child like Greeks in their simpleworldoffancy.Restedbytheirsimplicity,refreshedbytheirgloriousconceptions, wecannot failtobringbacksomeofthebeauty,someofthesimplicitytoenhanceour ownsurroundingsandmakekeenerourperceptionsofnature’svariedmoods.

1. How can we explain the nature myths that grew up among the Greeks in early times?78 82.

3. Isittruethatpeopletodayneedtohavetheirimaginationsstimulated?

VOLUME

6. TheearlyGreekslookedbacktoaGoldenAge;weoftodaylookforwardtoone. CompareourconceptionsofaGoldenAgewiththeirs. 92.

7. WhyhasthestoryofPrometheusappealedtopoetsofallages?95.

8. ReadLongfellow’sbeautifulpoem.98.

9. Compare the Greek version of the Deluge myth with that of the Hebrews and Babylonians.99.

4. MemorizeifpossiblethequotationfromRuskinon84 85. Itcontainswholesome truthsforusall.

5. HowdidtheGreeksaccountfortheexistenceoftheworld?86.

2. For what reasons is some acquaintance with Greek Mythology essential for all educatedpeople? 82.

2. ReadthestoryofIris,whosepresencewasmadeknownbytherainbowinthesky. 110.

51 VOLUMEII

II. GreekDeities

4. Whywastheowlsupposedtobesacredtoher?121.

6. What was the mythical origin of the hyacinth? 124. The laurel? 125. The sunflower?126.Themyrrhtree?125.

5. Comparethetwoexplanationsofferedforthechangingoftheseasons.124,159.

1. WhatwastheattitudeoftheearlyGreekstowardtheirdivinities?100.

7. WhatwastheoracleofDelphi? 128.FindDelphionthemap.

3. Athena, Goddess of Wisdom, was the most perfect conceptionof Greek divinity. Readwhatissaidofher.115.

8. What is the story of Artemis, Diana and Endymion? 132. Keats and other poets haveimmortalizedthetheme.

10.Vulcanpossessedgreatskillinmetalwork.Readthedescriptionoftheshieldhe wasaccreditedofhavingmadeforAchilles,relatedbyHomer.

12.WhatisthesymbolicmeaningofthePsychemyth?147.

52 VOLUMEII

14.WhoweretheFates?157.

9. HowcameitaboutthatacertainhillinAthenswascalledtheAreopagus?136.

16.WhatwastheoriginoftheGreekdrama?167.

13.WhattruthdoesLowell’s“FindingoftheLyre”convey?153.

15.HowdidtheHellenesaccountfortheirmythicalcreatures,thedolphins?164.

11.HowdidtheearlyHellenesaccountfortheoriginofAphrodite,GoddessofBeauty? Remember the story when the spray gleams some day on the rocks and catch somefaintconceptionofthesubtleGreekimagination.

17.NotehowwellKeatscarriesoutthespiritofthefestivalscelebratedinhonorof thewine godinhispoem.167.

22.Ourwordtantalizehadwhatorigin?192.

25.WhowastheOldManoftheSea?220.

24.WhatdowemeanbyNemesis? 204.

20.Comparethespiritofthepoem“TotheWinds”withthestoriesofthewinddeities. 182.

19.Readthemythsofthesirens,176,andseehownaturallytheyaroseintheearly days.

53 VOLUMEII

21.Howdidtheexpression,“thehalycondays,”comeintobeing?187.

23.Whowasthegreatestmusicianofmythicallore?195.

18.ReadthedescriptionofPoseidon’s(Neptune’s)dwellingintheseaandnotethat itwasnomorewonderful–notverydifferent–thanthegrottoesandoceancaves seentodayinmarinegardens,forexample,offthePacificcoast.

III. StoriesforChildren

Note:Mostchildrenloveimaginativestoriesandenjoymythologicaltalesaswellasfairy stories. It is urged that they be made familiar with old Greek myths in early years, in whichcasetheywillgenerallyretainthemforfutureremembrance.

9. TheBagofWinds,185.

7. PerseusandtheGorgons,178.

5. TheGoldenTouch,164.

1. TheGoldenAge,91.

8. AuroraandTithonus,183.

26.WherearetheAtlasMountains? ThestoryofAtlasistold221,180.

2. TheStoryofEcho,106.

3. ArachnetheSpinner,118.

Manyotherstoriesareavailableandmorecaneasilybeadaptedtoyounglisteners. They will bear repeating again and again and will soon become popular if not at first appreciated.

6. PanandApollo,169.

54 VOLUMEII

10. AllstoriesofHercules,206.

4. TheAppleofDiscord,141.

5. ThereareseveralconceptionsoftheFatesinpainting.Trytofindthem.

55 VOLUMEII

7. HowdidtheGreeksrepresentSleep?178.

3. StudythePsychemythinconnectionwiththebeautifulmodernpainting,“Psyche atNature’sMirror.”144.

1. HowwasZeusrepresentedinGreekArt?104.

6. WhowasAuroraandhowisshegenerallyrepresented?183.

IV. MythologyinArt

2. WhywasCupidgiventheformsowellknowntous?144.

4. Hermes Mercuryisawell knownfigureinbronze. Whyishethusshown?148.

8. Itismosthelpfultoaccumulatecopiesoftheoldmythologicalbeings. Theyare available in inexpensive prints which are useful indeed. Some familiarity with famousstatuesandpaintingsacquiredinthiswaywillmakevisitstoartgalleries farmorepleasurable.

V. GreekLiterature

7. Who was Pindar, and why did Alexander the Great spare his home in the destructionofThebes?478.

6. WhatwasthetruecharacteroftheGreekSappho?475.

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING:

1. Whichformofliterature,proseorpoetry,asarule,findsfirstexpressionamonga people?429.

• MythsofGreeceandRomebyGuerber

3. ForwhataudiencedidHesiodwrite?464.

• ClassicMythsbyGayley

VOLUME

2. Whatwasthefunctionoftheearlybards?429.Whydotheynolongersurvive?

4. Whatismeantbylyricpoetry?469.

5. WhatservicewasrenderedmelicpoetrybyTerpander? 475.

• ManualofMythologybyMurray

57 VOLUMEII

• WonderBookbyHawthorne

VI. PoliticalandSocialLifeofGreece

• MythologyinMarblebyBell

• TheMythologyofGreeceandRomebyFairbanksAppleton

• ClassicMythsinArtbyAddison

• ClassicalMythologybyD’Ooge

• GodsandHeroesbyFrancillon

TheearlyGreekspossessedaquickappreciationofbeautyandararesenseofproportion qualitiesstimulatedbynatureofthelandwhereintheydwelt.Becausetheywerethus gifted, the people as a whole attained more nearly to perfection in whatever they attemptedthanhaveothernations. ThemostperfectlanguagesofarevolvedistheGreek language;thenoblestliterature,theGreekliterature. Thefinestspecimensofsculpture arethosewhichremaintousofGreekexecution;thegreatestphilosopherstheworldhas yetproducedhavebeenGreekphilosophers. InthedomainofcivillifetheGreeksstrove

• TanglewoodTalesbyHawthorne

For you must know that of all the peoples that have ever lived the Greeks were the greatest, thekeenestwitted, themost intelligent, themost artistic. There was nothing they did notseetoknow,oriftheydidnotknowittheydivinedit. Theyhadthenoblest andmostperfectlanguageeverinventedbyanynation;andnotonlythat:theyhadthe most to say, and said it better than any other race of men that ever lived. Others took lumpsofstoneandmodelledandchippedandhammeredthemintorudelikenessesof human figures and faces; the Greeks took the snowy marble and made it live, filling it withheavenlygrace,chargedeverylimbwithmysteriousforce,anddideverythingbut makethemarbletalk.Othersbuiltgreatpyramidsandlabyrinthsandsystemsofartificial irrigation,orfilledtheirlandwithmummiesandsphinxes;theGreekswiththewandof enchantment made their glorious shrines and dwelling places for their gods, their porticoesandmarketplaces,theirtheatresandcolonnades,riseallovertheircitiesand filledthemwithavariedthrongoffolkeagertoinquire,tolearn,tostudypoliticallife,to buyandsell,toteachandtoworship. FinallytheGreeksgavetheworldthemostperfect poemsanddramas,...andthemosteloquentdiscoursesthatwecaneverhopetohave.”

• FavoriteGreekMythsbyHyde

Prof.Jas.A.Harrison

• GreekGods,HeroesandMenbyHarding

58 VOLUMEII

SincethecivilizationwepossesshasbeeninheritedlargelyfromtheGreeks,andourdebt tothemisgreaterthantoanyotherpeople,itisnaturalthatweshouldwishtoknowby what successive steps these children of the Aryan race, these first scientific inquirers aftertruth,cameintoanunderstandingoftheworldaroundthem;howtheyorganized themselvesintolittlestates,andattainedtoasuperiordegreeofcivilization. Wecanonly hopetoconsiderthegeneraldevelopmentoftheirrace,establishingcertainlandmarks which shall serve to guide all our subsequent study of this ancient people. The importanceofoursubject,however,cannotbetoooftencalledtomind,forwithoutsome understanding of Greek history it is not possible to comprehend modern civilization. AmongtheGreeksmoderncivilizationhaditsbeginnings.

forequality,andtheytriedmanyexperimentsingovernmentwhichwemaystillstudy withprofit.

TheLandofGreece

The early people whom we call Greeks never called themselves by that name. They believed that they were descended from an illustrious ancestor Hellen, and taking his name, theycalledthemselvesHellenesandtheircountryHellas. Bythetimeauthentic historybeginstheywereestablishednotonlyinthelittlecountryweknowasGreece,but upontheislandsoftheAegeanSea,alongthewesterncoastofAsiaMinorandtheshores ofItaly. WhereverHelleneslivedtherewasHelas,andalthoughcontinentalGreecemay beregardedastheirespecialhome,theysetnolimitstotheirterritory.

“Theyhadfaultsinabundance,andagreatpartoftheirhistoryisthehistoryofdiscord and violence. But in the midst of these evils we shall meet with instances of the most strikinggoodness;andwhilethevicesoftheGreeksbelongedtootherancientnations, theirgoodpointsraisedtheminmanyrespectsabovealltherestofmankind. Noother raceeverdidsomanydifferentthingsaswellastheGreeks. Theywerethefirstpeople whothoughtoffindingoutthetruthandthereasonineverything. Busymeninourown daytakepleasureinwhatremainsofGreekpoetryandhistory,andartistsknowthatthey cannevermakeanythingmorebeautifulthanwhatisleftofGreeksculpture. Menwill alwaysbeinterestedinancientGreece,notonlybecausetheGreeksweresobrightand socleverthemselves,butbecausesomanythingswhichwevaluemostinourownlife, suchasthedesireforknowledge,thepowerofspeakingeloquently,andtheartsofmusic andpainting,havecomedowntousfromtheGreeks.”

VII. PrehistoricGreece

7. WhatarmorwaswornbyaHomerichero?252.

6. WhatisthegeneralthemeoftheIliad? TheOdyssey?248.

1. StudythemapofGreeceuntilitsprincipaldivisionsareclearlyinmind. Noteits generaltopographyanditsisland-dottedseas.

2. What noted German in recent times discovered what is supposed tohave been thesiteofancientTroy?236.

59 VOLUMEII

3. For what reason has the prehistoric civilization of Greece become known as Mycenaeancivilization?241.

4. Whatmotivespromptedearlypeoplestosettleonhilltops?241.

The following outlined reading has been prepared to aid the general reader and the beginnerinhistoricalstudytoacquirereadilysomefamiliaritywiththeseancientpeople andthecivilizationtheyevolved.

5. WhatisnowbelievedastotheoriginoftheIliadandtheOdyssey?88,247.

11.TheOdysseyrecountsthevariousexperiencesofUlyssesinhishomewardvoyage fromTroy.Howdidheandhisfollowerspassthesirens?455.

VIII. PoliticalLifeinGreece

Note:TheIliadandOdysseyareperhapsthegreatestofallliteraryproductions.Theyare available today in both prose and poetical English versions. Some acquaintance with them will prove very enjoyable. It is especially urged that children be encouraged to browseamongtheirstore housesoftalesatwill.

8. Howwerewomenoccupiedinthisremoteage?260.

9. ReadofthequarrelbetweenAchillesandAgememnon.440.

12.Read the selection in which the interview between Nausicaa and Ulysses is recounted.456.

2. Whatsourceshaveweforknowledgeofthesepeople?262.

60 VOLUMEII

1. WhyshouldthehistoryoftheancientGreeksappealparticularlytoustoday? 227 28.

10.The parting between Hector and Andromache is one of the most beautiful passagesinallliterature.446.

8. HowdoyouaccountforthevictoryofMarathon?295.

7. Physical conditions tended to separate the Greeks. What tended to unify them? 289.

11.Note that Athens was at its greatest during the truce that preceded the PeloponnesianWar.318.

61 VOLUMEII

10.WhatwerePericles’hopesforAthens?305.

3. WhatwastheSpartanideaofastate? HowcloselydidtheSpartansadheretothis conception?272.

5. Whatdidthewordtyrantsignifyoriginally?285.

9. WhydoesthestoryofthedefenseofThermopylaeinspireusevenyet?297.

6. WhywasitimpossiblefortheGreekstodeveloplargestates?288.

4. DoyouunderstandwhatwastheacropolisofAthens?275.

13.WhatwasPericles’policyfortheconductofthewar?332.

15.Read what is quoted from Pericles’ speech at the Memorial Services held at the closeofthefirstyearofthewar.333.Portionsofthismayfittinglybecompared toLincoln’sspeechatGettysburg.

19.Alexander the Great is one of the foremost characters in all history. Note how muchheaccomplishedbeforehisdeathatthirty threeyearsofage. 366.

62 VOLUMEII

20.BytheHellenizingoftheEastismeantthediffusionofGreeklearningandculture, made possible by Alexander’s conquests. This was their most important result. 369.

12.WhatbroughtaboutthisgreatcivilwarinGreece?322.

16.WhatwastheSicilianExpedition?339.ReadThucydides’masterlydescriptionof itsfate.342.

17.NotethatwiththefailureofthisExpedition,Athensfellrapidlyfrompower.344

18.WhatdidPhilipofMacedondoforGreece?356.

14.How can we account for the Great Plague that broke out in Athens in 438 B.C.? 334.

63 VOLUMEII

4. WherewastherealhomeoftheGreek?376.

1. CompareourcitiesoftodaywiththoseinancientGreece.375.

6. Whatdidtheyuseinplaceofbutter?Inplaceofsugar?387.

9. DescribeaGreekwedding.396.

7. Howweremealsserved?387.

IX. SocialLife

8. ComparethepositionofwomeninHomerictimesandlater.394.

5. WhatgarmentswereworngenerallybytheHellenes?382.

2. Whichwereregardedasofgreaterimportance:publicorprivatebuildings?377.

3. HowwereGreekhouseslighted?378.

1. SolonwasthefirstgreatAthenianstatesmanofwhomwehaveknowledge. Whatdidheaccomplishforhiscountry?280.

13.WhatwastheGreekattitudetowarddailytoil?414.

2. NotethatLycurguswasthetraditionallawgiverofSparta.

3. CompareAristidesandThemistoclesinpointsofcharacter,policiesandidealsfor Athens.309.

12.WhatwastheSymposium? Haveweanythingthatcorrespondstoittoday?412.

14.CompareSpartanandAthenianlife.426.

10.WhatcareerslayopentoaGreekyouth.406.

64 VOLUMEII

X. GreatStatesmen

11.Werethesepeoplefondofamusements?410.

5. PericleswasforyearsregardedinAthensinmuchthesamelightasthatinwhich Washingtonwasregardedinourearlyrepublic. Readconcerninghispolicy,etc. 314.

4. Washome life,asweunderstandtheterm,possibleinSparta? Spartawashome, motherandcountry.426.

65 VOLUMEII

XII.1.ChildhoodDidtheGreeks

3. Whatfreedomwasaccordedmarriedwomen?398.

XI. WomeninAntiquity

welcomelittleonesintotheirfamilies?401.

4. WhatpartdidCimonplayinAthensafterthedefeatofPersia?313.

6. SinceAthenswasademocracy,whydoyouthinksomuchpowerwasleftinthe handsofPericles?

1. NotethatwomenwerethecompanionsoftheirhusbandsinHomerictimes.394.

2. DidthesameholdtrueinlaterGreece?396.

XIII.DressandCostume

1.ReligionNoteone

2. TowhatextentweretheGreekdivinitiesboundupinGreeklife?

3. Whatceremoniesbelongingtothehomeandfamilyhadareligioussignificance? 422.

Bothinearlyandlatertimes,Greekwomenwovetheirownfabricswiththeirmaidens.

XIV.

66 VOLUMEII

5. Certain festivals were observed by those who tilled the soil. What were these? 423.Hadtheyareligiousaspect?

4. WhereceremoniesdidtheStateconductpreparatorytogreatundertakings?423.

TheGreeksseldomwenttoanextreme.“Donothingtoomuch”waswiththemafavorite maxim. No people have ever better appreciated the “golden mean.” This characteristic heldtrueoftheirdress.382.

2. Whatgamesdidtheyenjoyinchildhoodyears?402.

particular in which the attitude of the Greek toward his religion differedfromthegeneralattitudeofpeopletoday.421.

7. WhatwastheGreekideal?

bywhomwerethechildrentraineduntilsevenyearsofage?402.

6. WhatoccasioninHellenichistorywascommemoratedbythePanathenaea?425.

3. Whatexercisesandactivitiesfilledtheirboyhooddays?403.

6. Afteracompletion ofschoollife, howmighta youthpursuehisstudiesfurther? 404.

4. Whywasmusicdeemedessential?

67 VOLUMEII

2. Whattrainingdidtheboysreceivethereafter?

XV.1.EducationInGreece,

5. Didthestateexerciseanysupervisionoverthiselementaryeducation?403.

8. Didthegirlsordinarilyreceivetheeducationoftheirbrothers?402.

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

• ProgressofHellenisminAlexander’sEmpirebyMahaffy

• GreekHistorybyZimmern

ForYoungReaders

• LifeoftheAncientGreeksbyGulick

• SocialLifeinGreecebyMahaffy

• StoryoftheGreeksbyGuerber

68 VOLUMEII

• SourceBookofGreekHistorybyFling

• HistoryoftheOrientandGreecebyBotsford

• TheGreekViewofLifebyDickinson

• TheHistoryofGreece,4volumesbyHolm

• HistoryofGreecebyBurg

NOTES

VOLUME III

“There is in human nature a tendency to reproduce and communicate to others the impressions received from the surrounding world; indeed, the manifestation of such impressionsisthebasisofeverykindofart....Ineveryhumanbeingthereisaprimitive capacityforartisticproduction;everybodyiscapabletoacertaindegreeofreceivingand reproducing impressions, and it is this universal innate gift that lends art its greatest importance.”

Havinglearnedtoreproducethemovementsandnoisesoffamiliaranimals,intime,man, growingoutoftheearlystagesofsavagery,triestoportraysomeofhisdailyoccupations inthedance. Fishingdancesareevolvedwhereinmovementsofthebodycalltominda boatrockingonthewateroranetcastoutbythefisherman. Wardancescomequickly intobeing,andamongourIndians,inacertainscalpdance,motionceasednowandthen toallowsomeonetorecounttheexploitsofarecentbattle.

ORIGINOFTHEDRAMA

Langford

VOLUME III

“

A wise man will select his books, for he would not wish to call them all under the sacred name of friends. Some can be accepted only as acquaintances. The best books of all kinds are taken to the heart, and cherished as his most precious possessions. Others to be chatted with, and laid aside, but not forgotten.”

The dramatic instinct is inherent in man and has found similar expression among primitivepeopleswidelyseparatedin point oftimeandlocality. Forexample, wefind that the dramatic attempts of the early Greeks, the American Indians, and the present SouthSeaIslanderspresentstrikingcharacteristicsincommon. Ofthefourmediumsof dramaticexpression dancing,music,actingandrecitation dancingisfirstdevelopedby thesavage.Thisappearstobeanaturalandspontaneousmanifestationofjoy,employed firstforreligiousworship. Indeed,dancinghasbeenlackingonlyamongsuchpeoplesas have not yet developed a religion. Gradually there comes an impulse to imitate well known birds and animals, and soon that is followed by attempts to imitate the appearance of such creatures. Feathers are assumed for these dances or the heads of animalsworn. Itwillreadilybeseenthatthesemeagereffortsarebutsteppingstonesto afinaldramaticart.

THEDRAMA

KarlMantzius:HistoryofTheatricalArt

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE

5. MentiononeparticularinwhichGreekaudiencesdifferedfromthoseoftoday. 4.

3. WhatwastheattitudeoftheAthenianstowardamusement?2.

1. InwhatcelebrationsdidtheGreekdramaoriginate?Page1.

I.TheGreekDrama

A. GreekTragedy

6. HowdidAeschylustreatthefamiliarstoryofPrometheus?5.

74 VOLUMEIII

Varioussemi savagenationsattainedthisstageindramaticdevelopmentbutprogressed nofurther.ItremainedfortheGreekstoexceedthelimitsheldbyearlierpeoplesandto originateadramawhichisstillwonderfultoustoday. However,itshouldbe bornein minethatinmanyparticularsthebeginningsoftheirartwereinsomerespectsidentical withthoseoftheirpredecessors,withourIndiansandwithsemi barbaroustribestoday thesamehumansacrifice,changedafterwardsfortheofferingofagoat; thesamesecret societies with mystery surrounding them; similar dances and music and the same associationwithreligiousworship.

2. WhattwoimportantfestivalswerecelebratedinAthenseachyear?1.

4. Fromwhatdoesourword‘tragedy’come,andwhatwasitsearlysignificance? 4.

9. BabesexposedbyparentsfordifferentreasonsinGreecewereoftenrescued andbroughtupunderthecareofthetemples.Ionhadbeensobroughtupfrom infancy.Notehowbeautifulisthesonghesingsastheplaybearinghisname opens.41.

75 VOLUMEIII

8. Antigone is one of the most charming productions in all literature. It is sometimes presented today by student bodies. Some knowledge of it will provegratifyingtoallreaders. 30.

B. GreekComedy

1. WheredowefindthebeginningsofGreekcomedy?62.

12.WhatprecautiondidtheAthenianstaketoinsureaccuraterenderingsoftheir plays?84.

7. HowmanyplaysisSophoclesbelievedtohavewritten?29.

11.WhatmenwereknownastheThreeTragicPoets?84.

10.CompareEuripideswithotherGreekdramatists.43.

13.AfterthedeclineofAthens,whatcitybecamethecenterofculture?85.

76 VOLUMEIII

• Aeschylus,trans.Plumptre

• Aristophanes,trans.Frere

• Euripides,trans.Coleridge

• Sophocles,trans.Coleridge

6. WhowerewritersofthelaterGreekcomedy?63.

5. TheCloudsandTheBirdshavebothbeenoccasionallyreproduced.Whatdid eachridicule?63.

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING:

• TheAncientClassicalDrama,byMoulton

2. WhatwholesomeinfluencedidcomedyoftenexerciseinAthens?62.

4. OnewoulddowelltobecomefamiliarwithoneofAristophanes’comedies.38.

3. Whowasthegreatestwriterofcomedy?62.

2. WhyhaveAesop’sFablesremainedpopularsolong?Aretheystillwidelyread?

I.DevelopmentofGreekLiterature

1. WhatisofferedasapossibleexplanationoftheriseoftheFable?45.

3. WhowerenotedamongGreekhistorians?149-158.

4. The Anabasis is read today in schools where Greek is taught. Who wrote the Anabasisandofwhatdoesittreat?159.

1. Tyrtaeus’spiritedsongsspurredmenontovictory.Wetodaycanfeelsomething ofthecouragetheyinspired.ReadCourageandPatriotism,219,alsoToSpartan Youths,221.

2. SimonidesofAmorgos wishedtomarryawidowofhisacquaintance.Whenshe spurnedhissuit,hewassochagrinedthathewrotesuchavindictivesatireagainst woman kindashasneverbeenexceeded.Thisisgivenin228.

3. The Greeks generally regarded life upon earth as infinitely more desirable than existenceafterdeath.Pindar,however,expressedothersentiments.233.

II.MasterpiecesofGreekPoetry

77 VOLUMEIII

GREEKLITERATUREANDART

8. SeehowdelicatelyCupidasaGuestiswritten,245;alsoTheGrasshopper,249.

10.GreektragedyisconsideredinconnectionwithTheDrama.However,someofthe mostpowerfulpassagesofpoetryaretobefoundinthem.84.

NOTE:Allpoetrylosesmuchbytranslationintoanothertongue;especiallyisthistrueof Greekpoetry,fortheGreeklanguageadmittedoffargreatersubtletiesofmeaningthan doesourstoday.However,itispossibletoacquireafairunderstandingofGreekthought andliteraturethroughEnglishversions,anditisrecommendedthatthegeneralreader wander at will through the writings of various authors until a taste for them may be cultivatedorincreased. Awideselectionisofferedhereforthispurpose.

6. WhatisanAnthology?300.

7. LucianwroteaseriesofDialoguesoftheDead.Oneisgivenin311.

5. Theocrituswrotemanyidylls.ReadTheSyracusanWomen.254.

78 VOLUMEIII

4. NotehowcleverlyPindarinterwovethe story ofHerculesandtheserpentsinto hisNemeanOde.235.

9. InhisIsLifeWorthLiving?,whodoesMenanderconsiderfortunate?83.

7. ReadAeschines’AttackonDemosthenes,203,andthelatter’sreply,214.

2. XenophantellsofthejoyoftheTenThousandGreekswhenatlasttheybeheldthe sea after their long march through Asia. Thenceforth the route was easily followed.174.

1. BywhatstageswastheGreektempleevolved?341.

79 VOLUMEIII

3. Aesop’sFablesarealwaysentertaining. Readthosegivenin146.

4. Someofthemhavebeenrenderedintoverse.

5. The death of Socrates impressed men as his teachings never could have done. ReadTheFarewellofSocrates.134.

8. NopastoralisprettierthantheonefromwhichDephnisandChloeisherequoted. 333.

IV.GreekArchitectureandArt

1. Herodotus’storyofPythiustheLydianiswellknown.149.

III.MasterpiecesofGreekProse

6. Forsometime,DemosthenestriedtostiruptheAthenianstocheckthegradual approachofPhilipofMacedon.ReadthefirstofthePhilippics,211.

80 VOLUMEIII

4. Look at the picture of the Temple of Wingless Victory for a perfect specimen of Ionicstyle.321.

7. WhathasbeenthefateoftheParthenon?349.

6. Whatsignificancehadthepediments?349.

9. WhatareoursourcesforastudyofGreekarttoday?346.

3. WhatareknownofthethreeOrdersofGreekarchitecture?342.

5. Whatfestivalwascommemoratedbyitsmagnificentfrieze?350.

8. WherearetheElginmarbles,andwhyaretheysocalled?349.

NOTE:ThesespecimensofGreekmasterpiecesinmarblehavehadamarkedeffect uponthosewhonevertravelledinGreece.Forexample,seeKeats’sonnettothem, andfindouthowdeeplytheyinfluencedhim.

2. WhatbuildingmaterialswereavailableinGreece?342.

• StudiesinGreekpoets,Symonds

11.OfwhatmaterialsdidtheGreeksmaketheirstatues?347.

13.WhatGreekcitywasanotedartcenterinantiquity?348.

• HistoryofGreekLiterature,Fowler

GreekLiterature

• MasterpiecesofGreekLiterature,ed.Wright

• GreekLiterature,R.C.Jebbs

• HistoryofGreekLiterature,Mahaffy

81 VOLUMEIII

14.WhatadditionstotheremainsofGreekartresultedfromtheexcavationsmadeat Olympia?356.

10.Whatarevotives?346.

12.Howdidthesedifferinappearancefromthoseseentoday?347.

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING:

• AncientGreekLiterature,Murray

• GreekAnthology,R.C.Jebbs

NOTE: It is generally conceded that one gainsa more comprehensiveidea of Greek art from a single specimen actually seen than from years of study upon the subject. Nevertheless,somefamiliaritywiththesubjectismostessentialforthosewhoexpectto enjoytheadvantageofforeigntravel.

GreekArt

• GrammarofGreekArt,PercyGardner

• ArtoftheGreeks,Walter

• HandbookofGreekSculpture,E.A.Gardner

VOLUMEIII

• HistoryofGreekArt,F.B.Tarbell

7. WasSocratesoneoftheirnumber?95.

4. WhatdidEmpedoclessubstituteforoneworldmaterial?93.

1. How did Thales answer the question: What isthe ultimatereality ofthe world? 92. 2. Whatotheranswersweremadebymaterialisticphilosophers?

83 VOLUMEIII

3. ContrastthetheoriesofHeracleitusandParmenides.92 3.

5. HowdidAnaxagorasabusethepatienceofhiscountrymen?93.

EDUCATION

1. ReadAristotle’streatiseonEducation,112. GREEKPHILOSOPHY

6. CanyouexplainwhyitwasthattheSophistsfellintodisrepute?94.

84 VOLUMEIII

11.WhatwasNeo Platonism?108.

8. HowdidSocratestreattheproblemofaworldmaterial?95.

9. IsittruethatSocrates’influencewasincreasedandhispowerenhancedbecause hewasputtodeath?Wouldyouexpectthistobethecase?

15.WheredidtheStoicsgettheirname?Whatwastheirattitudetowardlife?140.

10.WhatismeantbyPlatonicidea?106.

14.Arepeoplestillasking:Inwhatliesthegreatestgood?

12.ComparethethreegreatestphilosophersofGreece Socrates,PlatoandAristotle intheirlivesandinheritances.106.

13.What schoolsofphilosophywerebasedupon someaspectofSocraticteaching? 106.

Philosophy has expanded to meet the new conditions of each generation, and for conveniencesakewedivideitintodistinctperiods,asthePhilosophyoftheMiddleAges, Modern Philosophy, etc. It is far beyond the scope of the present course to give any adequateconsiderationtothisbranchofhumaninterest,butsomethinghasbeendone to arouse the attention of the reader to the introductory portion of the story Greek philosophy. Abundant material is available on every hand for as comprehensive investigationasonemaydesire.

85 VOLUMEIII

Whentheoldmythsnolongersatisfied,earliestGreekphilosophersattemptedtoanswer theinquiry:Whatwastheoriginoftheworld? Thisquestionwasparamountuntilthe timeofSocrates,whosaidthat mencouldnothopetosatisfactorilyanswerit that the study for mankind was man, his relations to the world in which he lived the aims and purposesoflife,andaboveall,todeterminewhatforhimconstitutedthehighestgood.

HistoryofPhilosophy

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING:

NOTE:Philosophyistheprofoundeststudywithwhichthehumanmindoccupiesitself. Itattemptstoformulatetheuniverse tofindtheexplanationofuniversallawsandtruths. ItiscustomarytobeginanyinvestigationofthesubjectwiththephilosophyoftheGreeks, forfromthemwehavereceivedinthemainourgeneralstructureofthoughtandideas andthen,too,byapproachingthematterfromtheirstandpoint,wecanthemoreeasily growintoit.

• TheGreekPhilosophers,Benn

• ShortHistoryofGreekPhilosophy,Marshall

• OutlinesofGreekPhilosophy,Zeller

16.TheEpicureansheldpleasuretobethechiefendandaim.Aretherepeopletoday whoclingtothesameidea?141.

• HistoryofPhilosophy,Weber

POLITICALANDSOCIALLIFEOFROME

2. WhatistheprobablemeaningofthewordRome?383.

I. PrehistoricRome

ModerncivilizationshaveforthemostpartdescendeddirectlyfromRome.Ourcodeof laws,andthoseobtaininginallenlightenedlands,arebasedonRomanlaws;manyofour ideasofgovernmentandsocialorganizationcomefromRome.DuringtheMiddleAges Roman conceptions lived on. The Germanic peoples who conquered Italy were themselvesconqueredbyItaliancivilization. TheyadoptedRomancustomsandspoke the Roman tongue. When out of the Middle Ages modern nationalities had their birth, theyinturnwerelargelyfoundeduponprinciplesinculcatedbytheRomans.

1. Consult the map of Italy and note its position relative to other Mediterranean lands.Studyitfreelyinconnectionwith378.

It is a well known fact that in many cases when a man engaged in some business all his life suddenly gives up his work and retires to enjoy his old age, the change kills him. He has nothing to fall back on, no resources within himself. He has ceased to make money, to buy and sell; he has no interest in life, and dies from sheer ennui. But the man whose mind is enriched with knowledge, who loves books, who delights in collecting rare editions or choice prints may have no fear of such a fate; he may retire from active business at any time, and still in his retirement be as happy and busy as ever.” BitsfromanOldBookshop

“

Whileitisoftenforgotten,itisneverthelesstrue thatourdailylifeatpresenthasbeen largely shaped and modeled after that of Rome. Upon the firm basis she built, modern peoples have continued to build. Roman vices are frequently spoken of with the scorn theydeserve;Romanvirtuesareseldommentionedatall.WhileinlaterRometherewas anupperscumthatwasutterlydegenerateandwhichtendedtocorruptthewhole,we should remember that in our land there is also an upper scum whose doings are comparablein manyparticularswiththat ofclassicfame. InancientRometherewasa substantial middle class whose life was wholesome throughout; this was to be found away from the capital. Today there is a great social body whose life is pure and wholesome.InRomeithappenedthattheadministrationofgovernmentpassedwholly into the hands of the demoralized element; it remains to be seen whether or not our governmentistobesavedfromtheunprincipledclasswhichstrivesconstantlybysubtle meanstocontrolit.

86 VOLUMEIII

10.On what occasion did the Romans erect a temple to Woman’s Fortune in the Forum?413.

87 VOLUMEIII

7. WhoweresomeofthedeitiesnativewithearlyItalians?397.

5. WhatvaluehaveoldRomanlegendsforus?386.

4. How did it happen that Rome, rather than some other settlement, became the greatcityofItaly?385.

6. WhatweretheLares?396.

8. UnderwhatcircumstancesweretheRomanlawswrittendown?402.

3. Whencecomestheexpression‘oldasthehills,’andwhathillsaremeant? 383.

9. Compare the laws quoted from the Twelve Tables, 404, with the Code of Hammurabi,VolumeI.

12.Macaulay’sHoratiussetsforthadmirablyanoldRomanlegend.416.

13.OnwhatoccasionwasatempleerectedtoCastorandPolluxintheForum?412.

14.ThisisalsorelatedinMacaulay’sBattleofLakeRegillus,422.

1. WhatthreeclassesmadeupthesocialbodyofRome?395.

II.PoliticalLifeandGrowth

2. Whatwasthepoliticalstatusofeach?

4. HowdidRomeacquireherwideempire byconqueringnearorremotepeoples? 410 426.

3. Bywhatstepsdidtheplebeianswinpoliticalequality?399-404.

88 VOLUMEIII

11.ItwasthesterlingworthofmenlikeCincinnatusthatpermittedRometobecome supreme.413

7. WhatpowershadtheSenate?Ofhowmanymemberswasitcomposed?435.

5. Howdidshebindnewterritoriestoherown?430.

8. WerepoliticalorindustrialreasonsatthebasisoftheconflictbetweenRomeand Carthage?438.

11.Upon what occasion was the wailing of Roman women so deafening that the Senatecouldscarcelyproceedwithstateaffairs?451.

12.WhatreallycausedHannibal’sdefeat?453.

10.Hannibal was one of the greatest military leaders the world has ever known. FollowhiscourseintheSecondPunicwar.448.

89 VOLUMEIII

6. Inearlytimes,whatwastheformofgovernmentinRome?432.

9. What were the comparative resources of each country on the eve ofhostilities? 441.

19.WasthedeathofCaesaradvantageousornottothewelfareofthepeople?481.

15.WhatpartwasplayedbytheGracchiinthelatterrepublic?468-72.

20.Diditresultastheconspiratorshadexpected?

13.Whatwasthefinaloutcomeofthisprotractedstruggle?457 459.

90 VOLUMEIII

16.Whatwerethecuruleoffices,andwhyweretheysocalled?461.

18.ForwhatobjectwastheSocialWarwaged?Whatwasitsresult?473.

17.WhatfourclassesofsocietydowefindinRomeinthelaterrepublic?468.

14.Was it fortunate or unfortunate that Rome won? With which side are our sympathies?

3. ComparethegodsoftheearlyRomansandtheGreeks.397.

• HistoryofRome,Mommsen,5volumes

91 VOLUMEIII

ForChildren:StoryoftheRomans,Guerber

Histories

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING:

• GreatnessandDeclineofRome,Ferrero

RELIGIONAMONGTHEROMANS

1. IsmuchknowntodayconcerningtheearlyreligionoftheRomans?396.

2. WhatweretheLaresandwhereweretheyworshipped?

• HistoryofRome,HowandLeigh

4. WhowasJanus? Terminus? Saturnus?

NOTES

VOLUME IV

2. Forafairunderstandingofideasandidealsprevalentatthistime,readTheDeeds ofAugustus.7.

4. WhydidthegovernmentofRomegraduallydecline?27.

POLITICALANDSOCIALLIFEOFROME

1. WhydomodernhistorianspreferthenamePrincipate tothat ofEmpireforthe governmentinstitutedbyOctaviusCaesar? Page1.

VOLUME

3. WhatkindofrulersweretheJulianprinces?15.

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE IV

6. UnderwhatcircumstancesdidtheforcesofRomesuffertotaldefeat?49.

5. ForwhatreasonsdidConstantinedecidetofoundanewcapital?37.

7. WhydidRomefall?53.

I. ThePrincipate

6. WhataboutthefurnishmentofRomanhomes?69.

VOLUME

4. Does Pliny’s letter, 63, indicate that marriages resulted from romantic love or fromconvenience?63.

II. SocialLifeandCustom

3. DescribeaRomanwedding.62.

5. WasRomanlifepureornotinearlytimes?65.

1. ComparetheRomanandtheAmericanfamily.59.

7. Werethevillasattractiveornot?71.

8. Whenandbywhomwasthetogaworn?73.Thepalla?75.

2. Whatpositionwasaccordedthewoman?60.

17.Nopeoplehaveevercarriedthematterofpublicbathstogreaterlengthsthanthe Romans.100.

11.WereRomanbanquetsmoreorlesscostlythanthosegiventoday?80.

13.ForthetrainingofRomanchildren,see87.

10.ComparethearticlesoffoodcommoninourcountrywiththoseofancientItaly. 77.

15.Howdidthecustomofgivinggladiatorialexhibitionsarise?98.

16.Seetheillustrationofanancientgladiatorialschoolinruins.

18.Howwerecopiesofbooksobtained?104.

99 VOLUMEIV

14.WhatsportswereinfavoramongRomans?93.

12.ReadTheBanquetofTrimalchio.348.

9. WhatpreciousstoneswerepopularamongtheRomans?76.

20.Howdidthesystemofslaveryarise? Whatwasitscondition?116.

• HistoryofRome,Mommsen,5volumes

• ForChildren:StoryoftheRomans,Guerber

22.WhydidtheeconomicreformsattemptedbyDiocletianfail?36.

24.DidtheRomansplacemoreorlessstressupontheirtombsthanmodernnations?

• GreatnessandDeclineofRome,Ferraro5volumes

19.WhatprofessionsweresoughtbyRomanyouths?106.

23.WhatwastheconditionofthecommonsoldierintheRomanarmy?122.

100 VOLUMEIV

21.WhatweretheSumptuaryLawsestablishedbyAugustus?

BOOKS125.FOR

FURTHERREADING

Histories

• HistoryofRome,HowandLeigh,1volume

SocialLife

• PrivateLifeoftheRomans,Johnston

• DaysNearRome,Hare

101 VOLUMEIV

• RomanLifeUndertheCaesars,Thomas

• RomanLifeinPliny’sTime,Pellison

BooksofTravel

• WalksinRome,Hare

• RomeofYesterdayandToday,Dennie

102 VOLUMEIV

“

The first thing naturally when one enters a scholar’s study or library, is to look at his books. One gets a notion very speedily of his tastes and the range of his pursuits by a glance around his bookshelves.” OliverWendellHolmes

ROMANLITERATUREANDART

“Roman literature, while it lacks the brilliant originality and the delicate beauty which characterizetheworksofthegreatGreekwriters,isstilloneofthegreatliteraturesof theworld,anditpossessesanimportanceforuswhichisevengreaterthanitsintrinsic merits(greatastheyare)wouldnaturallygiveit. Inthefirstplace,Romanliteraturehas preservedtous,inLatintranslationsandadaptations,manyimportantremainsofGreek literaturewhich would otherwise havebeenlost, andin thesecondplace, thepolitical power of the Romans, embracing nearly the whole known world, made the Latin languagethemostwidelyspreadofalllanguages,andthuscausedLatinliteraturetobe readinalllands,andtoinfluencetheliterarydevelopmentofallpeoplesofEurope.

I. DevelopmentofLatinLiterature

1. IstheremuchremainingofearlyLatinliterature?Forwhatreason?130.

2. WhoweretheArvalbrothers?130,163.

Dr.H.N.Fowler:HistoryofRomanLiterature

“The Romans were a practical race, not gifted with much poetic imagination, but with great ability to organize their state and their army and to accomplish whatever they determinedtodo....TheirlanguageisakintoGreek,andlikeGreekisoneoftheIndo Europeanfamilyoflanguages,towhichEnglishandtheothermostimportantlanguages ofEuropebelong. ItstartedwiththesamematerialasGreek,butwhileGreekdeveloped constantly more variety, more delicacy, more flexibility, Latin is fixed and rigid, a language adapted to laws and commands rather than to the lighter and more graceful kinds of utterance. Circumstances, aided no doubt by the natural bent of their minds, tendedtomaketheRomanspolitical,military,andpractical,ratherthanartistic.”

7. VirgilhadwhatobjectinwritingtheGeorgics?233.

8. OfwhatdoestheAeniedtreat?235.

103 VOLUMEIV

4. ThewritingsofCatallushavemuchtocommendthem.135.

Note:ThiswastheageinwhichAugustuswasdoingallinhispowertorestoreconditions whichhadprevailedinRomeintheearlyrepublic.

3. OfwhatsubjectsdideveryRomanliteraturetreat?132.

5. Cicero’swritingsfallintowhatclasses?181.

9. HowdothewritingsofHoracerank?236,261.

6. Whatdidhedofortheliteratureofhiscountry?185.

10.Ovid’slifepresentsstrongcontrasts.236.

II. MasterpiecesofLatinPoetry

1. Lucretius has influenced several modern writers. Read his Invocation to Venus; alsohispoemonEpicurus,aGreekphilosopher.187,189.

3. Virgil’sversionofOrpheusandEurydiceisinteresting.249;alsoLaocoon,251.

11.HowmuchofLivy’shistoricalwritingremainstous?238.

13.What Latin writer wrote extensively of the Germans little known then to the Romans?271.

4. ReadaselectionfromtheAenied,259,whichisillustrativeofhisstyle.

14.WeretheGreeksorRomansmoreprolificinliteraryproduction?

12.ThelifeofSenecawasinmanyrespectsapatheticone.Ofwhatmadeemperor’s capricewashevictim?269.

104 VOLUMEIV

2. CatullushasbeenconsideredRome’sgreatestlyricpoet.Theshortpoemwritten uponhisreturnhomeisattractive.204.

105 VOLUMEIV

8. WhatwerethethreechiefperiodsofLatinsatire?323.

6. OtherillustrativetextsareDailyLifeinRomeandTheLiteraryBore,264,266.

9. TheSlothfulPupilmaybenotedinthisconnection,326.

11.The Romans used the art of writing as a medium of expressing their ideas of politicalandgovernmentalaffairsratherthanforthedevelopmentofaliterature pleasurable for itself alone. In this respect they stand in strong contrast to the Greeks.Noteforexamplethesubjectsoftheirpoems.LucanwritesontheRivalry betweenPompeyandCaesar page338 insteadofuponsomenobletheme.This maybeparalleledbymanyillustrations.

10.ThesatiresofJuvenalarewellknown. Seepage368.

5. Horacerepeatedlysangofthepleasuresofthesimplelife,aslivedbythepeasant orsmallfarmer.Readtheodequotedonpage262.

7. Ovidrelatedmanystoriesofmythology.NotehisNiobeandBaucisandPhilemon, 277,286.

12.The epigram was given a point a shaft of wit, by Martial. Read some of his epigrams,363 4.

3. EachyearstudentsofLatinaresettoreadCaesar’sCommentarieswhichrecount his campaigns in Gaul. Their direct and lucid style renders them comparatively easyreading.SeeCaeser’saccountofthisexpeditionintoBritain,223.

1. Cicero’s I am a Roman Citizen illustrateswellthisgreatorator’spowers.194.

7. SenecawasaStoic.Foronewholivedinthetroubloustimesinwhichhiscareer fell, it was well that Stoicism could lend some comfort. The nature of this philosophyissomewhatindicatedbyAngerandItsRemedies,330.

2. Sallust’sstyleisexemplifiedbyhisselectionentitledJugurthaatRoma,216.

III. MasterpiecesofLatinProse

4. Livy compiled and wrote extensively concerning Roman history. Read his treatmentofBrutusandHisSons,297.

8. Greatest of Roman writers on Natural History was Pliny the Elder. We read his writings today for their general style rather than for their scientific value. However,duringtheMiddleAgeshisscientifictreatiseswerehighlyvalued.355, 357.

106 VOLUMEIV

5. Very interesting indeed may we find an old Roman Debate on Women’s Rights, 305.

6. ForanillustrationofTacitus’writing,see317.

3. WhatbuildingswerelocatedintheForum?380.

107 VOLUMEIV

2. WhatbuildingmaterialswereavailableinRome?68.

NOTE:Formanyyears thefineartswerenotdevelopedbytheRomans, whoweretoo absorbedinmaintainingthemselvesagainsttheirneighborsandingradualexpansionto findopportunityforsuchrefinements.LackingtheartistictemperamentoftheGreeks, artandarchitecturewereonlyvaluedduringthelaterrepublicandtheprincipate.Tobe sure this is only relatively true, public buildings were constructed and were adorned perhaps from early times. However, efforts along these lines were only partially successful. As the cultural influence were imported into Italy from the East, more attentionwasgiventhemandahighervalueplaceduponart. Romanarchitecturewas givenagreatimpetusbyAugustus,andwasencouragedbymanyoftheprinces;Roman sculpturelikewisebelongsproperlytotheprincipate.

5. Whatusesdidthebasilicaserve?383.

9. SuetoniuswroteconcerningtheLivesoftheCaesars.Readextractsgivenfromthe livesofTitusandCaligula.375,377.

4. TheCloacaMaxima,Rome’sgreatsewer,maystillbeseen.382.

IV. RomanArtandArchitecture

1. WhatwasthegeneralstyleoftheRomanhouse?67.

• GreekandRomanSculpture,Perry

• HistoryofRomanLiterature,H.N.Fowler

• AncientRome,Lanciani

• DestructionofAncientRome,Lanciani

8. Whatpurposedidthetriumphalarchesserve?

• ArchitectureofGreeceandRome,Anderson&Spiers

• Pompeii,itsLifeandArt,Mau

• ArchitecturalHistoryofRome,Parker

108 VOLUMEIV

6. WhyistheresolittleremainingtodayofRomanarchitecture?385.

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

• TranslationsofallimportantLatinwriters

RomanArtandArchitecture

• RomanSculpture,Mrs.ArthurStrong

• LatinPoetry,Tyrell

• RomanandMediaevalArt,W.H.Goodyear

7. WereRomancontributionsinthisfieldequaltothoseinothers?

• LatinLiterature,J.W.Mackail

V.ReligionAmongtheRomans

1. WhatissaidofanearlystatuemadeofSaturnus? WhowasJanus?Terminus?

12.

The ofChiefWritings CharacteristicsasaWriter LiteraryStyle ContemporaryWriters so

2.1.ManPortraitsPersonalappearance 3. Comments 4. TopicalStudyofLife 5. Home 6. Friends 7. Personalcharacter LiteraryCareer 8. Works 9. Studies

2. WhenAugustuswishedtorestoretheearlyreligionoftheRomansanddiscourage theworshipofforeigngods,whatmeasuresdidhetaketoaccomplishthis?5.Can youtellwhy?

SUGGESTEDOUTLINEFORSTUDYOFANYAUTHOR

109 VOLUMEIV

10.

11.

13.Book

reference

d. WherewasthefirstGhetto?42.

f. Whatconditionsmadetherapidspreadofthenewfaithpossible?

3. EarlyChristianity

a. WhatdeterminedthatChristianityshouldbeuniversalratherthanlocal? 40.

b. Whatismeantbythewaitingage?41.

c. Howdoyouaccountfortheseparationwhichgraduallygrewupbetween clergyandlaity?41.

110 VOLUMEIV

g. WhatchangetookplacewhenChristianityspreadtotheupperclasses?43.

e. TowhatclassofsocietydidChristianityfirstappeal?Why?43.

h. ViewedfromthestandpointoftheRomans,whatjustificationwasthere fortheearlypersecutions?43.

p. WhatdoesourpresentcivilizationowetothemonksoftheMiddleAges?424.

l. Note how the credulity of the age made possible the introduction of the miraculousintothenewfaith. 420.

k. WhenwastolerationextendedtotheChristians?419.

VOLUME

j. Inthebeginning,hadtheChristianChurchanorganizedform?418.

m. TheRomans,GreeksandHebrewscontributedmuchtothefaithintheyears when it was taking definite form. Many of the forms and ceremonies incorporatedintoitwereborrowedfromantiquity.420.

111

i. Whoconvertedareligionofpeaceintooneofwar?44.

n. How did it develop that the bishop of Rome became head of the Universal Church?421.

o. AccountfortheriseofmonasticismintheearlyChristianChurch.422.

112 VOLUMEIV

VI.

2. WhattrainingdidtheRomanyouthreceivetofithimformanhood?88.

q. Howdoyouaccountforthechangethatconvertedareligionofpeaceintoone thatsummonedthefaithfultothewarsoftheCrusades?451.

3. TheRomandaughterswereeducatedalongwhatlines?89.

r. Whatwasthetheoryofthetrialbyordeal?451.

5. Whatopportunitieswereopentothefavoredfew?90.

s. Why were pilgrimages undertaken by pious Christians in the Middle ages? 453.Aresuchexcursionsstillmadetoday?

Education1.

Whatwastheearlyconceptionofone’sdutytothestate,inRome?87.

4. WiththeinfluxofGreekideas,howwereRomanconditionsmodified?

6. Travelplayedwhatpart?92.Istheretodayanygreatermeansofbroadeningthe mind?

EducationintheMiddleAges

7. Whatstepswerefinallytakentoprovideauniformityineducation? IV:92

1. WerethereschoolsinthefirstcenturiesafterthefallofRome?469.

2. WhatwastheattitudeoftheChurchtowardlearning?

4. Howdidlearninghappentosurviveatall?470.

5. Inwhatwayswasfreedomofthoughthampered?

113 VOLUMEIV

6. WhatsubjectsweretaughtintheMediaevalschools?470.

3. HowdidSt.Augustinehelptosaveclassicallearning?

9. WhowasthecelebratedteacherofthePalaceschool?472.

15.Whatissaidofstudentlife? 475.

114 VOLUMEIV

7. NotethatCharlemagnedidallthathecouldtofosterandencouragelearning.471.

10.WhatdidAlcuindoforeducation?

13.WhatwasAbelard’sfavoritesaying?

8. Inviewofalettersenttoabbotsby thegreatCharles,whatcanwejudgeofthe conditionsofthetimes?

12.Whichhadgreaterinfluence?

11.ComparetheteachingsofAbelardandSt.BernardofClairvaux.473.

14.Foronewhowouldenterauniversity,whatweretherequirements?474.

115 VOLUMEIV

LIFEDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES

VII. TheMiddleAges

2. ForanaccountoftheinvasionofItalybytheTeutons,see49.

That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.” Alcott

GeorgeBurtonAdams:CivilizationDuringtheMiddleAges

1. WhatisthestoryKingsleywroteoftheTroll-garden,andwhatdoesitmean?398.

3. Why have the centuries following the fall of Rome been called the time of the WanderingsoftheNations?51.

Mediaevalhistoryopenswiththeintroductionofanewandusefulraceuponthestage aracedestinedtotakeuptheworkoftheancientworldandtocarryiton.Buttheyare at the beginning upon a far lower stage ofcivilizationthanantiquityhadreached.In ordertocomprehenditsworkandcontinueit,theymustbebroughtuptothatlevel. This is necessarily a long and slow process, accompanied with much apparent loss of civilization, much ignorance and anarchy, and many merely makeshifts in ideas and institutions.Butgraduallyimprovementbegins,thenewsocietycomestocomprehend moreandmoreclearlytheworkithastodoandtheresultsgainedbyitspredecessors, itbeginstoaddnewachievementstotheoldones,andtheperiodcloseswhenatlastthe newnations,infairlycompletepossessionoftheworkoftheancientworldinliterature, science,philosophy,andreligion,openwiththegreatestenergyandvigoranewageof progress. Thisismediaevalhistory,thefirstpartofit the‘darkages,’ifitisrighttocall them by that name when ancient civilization fell a prey to savage violence and superstition; the last part of it, the recovery of that civilization, with some important additions,bythenowtransformedbarbarians theperiodwhichwecall,whenithasfully opened,theageoftheRenaissance.”

“

9. Whatweresomeoftheadvantagesandsomeofthedisadvantagesofthissystem? 449 50.

11.WhatmotivesledmentoundertaketheCrusades?452.

6. Read Einhard’s description of Charlemagne, IV:414. This is valued particularly becauseEinhardwasacontemporaryofthegreatCharles.

5. Charlemagne was the hero of the Middle Ages. What did he accomplish for Europe?411.

7. Politicalandsociallife waslong foundedupon feudalism. What ismeantbythe Feudalsystem?442.

10.WhatwasthePeaceofGod?TheTruceofGod?452.

116 VOLUMEIV

4. WhichoftheseearlyGermantribessoonbecamestrongest?409.

8. Theparticularcasecited,444,willhelptomakethematterplainer.

117 VOLUMEIV

12.HowcanyouexplaintheChildren’sCrusade?Wouldsuchamovementbepossible inourage?456.

14.TheGermansbroughtthecustomoftrialbyordealintoSouthernEurope.Readan accountofatrialbytheordealofhotwater,464.

13.Howdidthechildrenspendthedaysonthemarch?459.

118

NOTES

119

NOTES

120

VOLUME V

121

122

123

6. Isittruethatmenaremorechivalrousinthesouththaninthenorth?Ifso,how canthisbeexplained?

2. Whatpreparatorytrainingdidknightsreceive?1-2.

7. Read the accounts of knightly contests which are quoted from Froissart’s Chronicles,5.

5. Is the spirit of chivalry wide spread today? How do you account for such evidencesasonestillseesdaily?Howdoyouaccountforsuchalackofchivalrous actionsasmaystillbenoted?

4. CanwestillfindresultsofMediaevalknighthoodintheworld?3.

3. Whatwerethevowstakenbytheknights?

I. SocialLifeintheMiddleAges

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE VOLUME

1. Chivalrywasanoutgrowthofwhatsystem?Page1.

4. ThestoryofAucassinandNicoleteisperhapstheprettiestthatremainstousfrom theseyears.Itwaspopularinthetwelfthcentury.201.Notethecriticismuponthe churchmen, and remember that at this time satire was frequently poured out uponthosewhohadbecomeunworthyspiritualguides.

II.FrenchLiteratureintheMiddleAges

2. Distinguishbetweenthetroubadoursandthetrouveres,101.

1. For several centuries the speech of northern France differed from that of the south.ThelatterisknownasProvencal.Thatofthenorthprevailedandbecame theFrenchlanguage.100.

9. WhereisAssisi,andwhydotravelersfrommanylandsvisitthelittletowneach year?

8. WhileanoutgrowthoftheChurchandChristianity,theworkofSt.Francismaybe consideredfromthestandpointofsociety.14.

124 VOLUMEV

10.InwhatsensewerethefollowersofSt.Francisandtheirnobleleaderforerunners ofthemodernsettlementmovement?20.

3. The Chansons de Geste Songs of Deeds were developed in northern France, a region settled by Normans who loved fighting and brave warriors. The Song of Rolandwasknowninmanylands,originatinghere.93.

6. Whatformsofpoetrywerecommonamongthetroubadours?105.

125 VOLUMEV

8. TheMediaevalpoemFlamencaishererenderedintoprove,113.Ithasacertain interestinthisconnection.

2. Certainportionsofthispoemarequoted,131andpagesfollowing.Thestorywas toldwithmanyvariationsforcenturies.

5. TheworthofthecommonpersonwassunginthelatterpartoftheMiddleAges.

4. WemayfindsimilaritiesinthecareersofAlfredtheGreatandAlfonsoXofCastile. 128.

7. TheCodeofLovehasitsinterest,inviewoftheidealsandideasofthisage.110.

III.SpanishLiteratureintheMiddleAges

1. WhatwasthefirstgreatliteraryproductionofSpain?128.

3. OfthedifferentSpanishdialects,whichbecamethenationaltongue?127.

• Source bookofMediaevalHistory,Thatcher&McNeil

• Alcuin,West

Histories

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

SourceBooks

• UniversitiesofMediaevalEurope,Rashdall

• MediaevalEurope,BemontandMonod

• HistoryofMediaevalEducation,G.L.Williams

• HistoricalDocumentsoftheMiddleAges,Henderson

126 VOLUMEV

OtherBooks

• ReadingsinEuropeanHistory,Robinson

• ClassicalHeritageoftheMiddleAges,Taylor

• CloseoftheMiddleAges,Lodge

• MediaevalEurope,Emerton

• TheChildren’sCrusades,G.Z.Gray

• HistoryoftheMiddleAges,Munro

The place that does contain my books, the best companions, is to me a glorious court, where hourly I converse with the old sages and philosophers; And sometimes, for variety, I confer with kings and emperors, and weigh their counsels.” BeaumontandFletcher

“TheGermansbeforetheinvasionswerebynomansabarbaricorsavagepeople,butthe warfare, pillage, and marauding of the warrior caste lowered their morals when their homes became unsettled. As northerners and as Germans, unused tothe luxuries and refinementsofRomanlifeandtheclimateofsoutherncountries,theirmannersbecame morelaxandtheirnaturesweredeterioratedaftertheinvasions,asisalwaysthecase whenaruderpeopleisthrownincontactwithonemorehighlycivilized. Thereisthen anundeniableelementofsemi barbarisminthecultureandthereforeintheartofthe earlierMiddleAges....

“InthemainthehistoryoftheartoftheMiddleAgesisthehistoryofthecivilizationin theGermanicorGermanizedcountriesofEurope,withtheall importantmodifications carriedbytheChristianreligion...

.Onthewholethereisthroughouttheperiodagradualincrease,bothinthevolumeand inthequalityofhistoricalproduction. ThetimeofCharlemagneisinsomewaysareal renaissance,thatis,itshowsplainlytheturningofmendirectlytotheoriginalsourcesof classicalliteraturefortheirexamplesinthoughtaswellasinstyle. Afterthattimethere isanevidentfallingoffanditisnotuntilthetenthcenturythatweperceiveanewimpulse whichhenceforthisneverlost.

InthewholeperiodoftheMiddleAgestheliteraryimpulseiscomparativelyweak,and thatforveryevidentreasons.Menwereoccupiedwithotherthings:withthemakingof states, the evolution of laws, the struggle for existence, the balancing of great unconscioussocialforces. Pureliteraturedidnotfindtheconditionsofavigorouslife..

127 VOLUMEV

“

LITERATUREANDARTINTHEMIDDLEAGES

Emerton

“Of the entire Middle Ages, however, it must be said that much which appears to us barbarousintheirdesignismerelytheresultoftheearlyChristianprejudiceagainstthe studyofnaturalformandtheearlyChristianindifferencetonaturalbeauty.”

–Goodyear:MediaevalArt

II. GermanLiteratureintheMiddleAges

3. Can you imagine why Gudrun naturally appealed to people in the Middle Ages? 160.

I.EnglishLiteratureintheMiddleAges

2. Beowulf’sFight,63,isillustrativeofthegeneraltoneofthepoem.

1. WhoweretheMinnesingersandwhyaretheyremembered?163.

1. Beowulf is conceded to be the first great literary product of the English people. Whatstorydoesitrecount? 61.

3. ThelegendofCaedmon’slifewasafavorite.Inthisageitwasbelievedthatsimple menwerefrequentlyinspiredtowrite.73.

2. TheNibelungenliedhassuppliedthethemesofseveralwell knownoperas.What wastheoriginalstory?146.Readtheportionsquoted.

128 VOLUMEV

• TheComingoftheFriars,Jessopp

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

• PopularTreatiseoftheMiddleAges,Wright

129 VOLUMEV

• ChristianSchoolsandColleges,Drain

• HistoryofMediaevalUniversities,Rashdall

• HistoryofFrenchLiterature,Dowden

• StudiesinMediaevalLifeandLiterature,McLaughlin

• StudentLifefromSermons,Haskins

MUSIC

“This is the luxury of music. It touches every key of memory and stirs all the hidden springsofsorrowandjoy. Iloveitforwhatitmakesmeforgetandforwhatitmakesme remember.”

I.MacfarrenEarlyChurchMusic

2. WeareoftenledtosupposethattheHebrewshadahighlydevelopedmusic. Was thisthecase?225.

4. Why did the Christian religion demand a different kind of music than had been employedbytheAncients?226.

1. Whyhasmusicdevelopedmoreslowlythantheotherarts?225.

3. Towhatpeoplecanwetracetheoriginofourpresent dayscalesystem?226.

Musicisthepoeticalmediumofexpressionforwhatisnotintheprovinceofliterature, of sculpture, of painting, of acting, or of architecture. Whereas literature, whether in prose or verse, describes or states emotions or perceptions or impressions; whereas sculptureimitatestheoutwardformsofanimatedbeings;....whereaspaintingvitalizes with color the forms of sculpture; . . . and whereas acting adds speech to the written wordsofthedramatist,musicembodiestheinwardfeelingsofwhichalltheseotherarts canbutexhibittheeffect.”

130 VOLUMEV

12.What were the two main changes in the service of the Reformed church that differentiateditfromthatoftheCatholic?248.

131 VOLUMEV

6. WhatplacedidmusicalinstrumentsholdinChristianworship?229.

7. Note the separationofthe Eastern and Western branches of the Church, as this hasgreatlyaffecteditsmusic.229.

5. Trace the development of Church government, noting especially the decline of congregationalsinging.228.

9. NoticethedistinctionbetweentheofficeofMassandthemusicalformknownby thatname.231.

11.NotecarefullyhowthespiritoftheReformationwasreflectedinthemusicofthe Lutheranchurch.248.

10.WhatisaGregorianPlain song?234.

8. OfwhatistheCatholicliturgycomposed? 230.

15.Read Carlyle’s translation of “Ein’ feste Burg,” one of the finest chorales in existence.250.

20.WhatarethethreewaysofperformingserviceintheEpiscopalchurch?253.

13.LutherwasthefatherofProtestantcongregationalsinging. Howdidhefosterthe knowledgeofmusic?248.

14.WhatarethesourcesoftheGermanchorale,andwhatmaybesaidofthegeneral characterofthishymn tune? 249.

19.ComparetheAnglicanandCatholicliturgies.252.

16.Whatissaidtohavebeentheeffectofthesereligioushymnsuponcongregations? 250.

132 VOLUMEV

18.WheremaytheliturgyoftheEnglishEpiscopalchurchbefound?

17.TracethecoursewhichtheReformationtookinEngland.251.

II.Opera1.

2. ReadconcerningtheworkofMonteverdeandScarlatti.319.

Whatwasthepurposeofthe“Bardicircle”andwhatdiditaccomplish?317.

4. ContrastItalianandFrenchgrandoperaofthe18th century.333.

7. TowhatdidthevisitofanItalianbuffacompanyinParislead?334.

133 VOLUMEV

3. Whatismeantbyoperabuffaandoperaseria?318.

21.Whatisananthem?253.

6. TracethedevelopmentoftheFrenchoperacomique.334.

5. WhatissaidofthelifeandworkofJeanBaptistedeLully?334.

11.WhatwasthecharacterofRossini’swork? Nameseveralofhisoperas.322.

14.ReadthestoryofIlTrovatore.Towhatisitspresentpopularitydue?326.

15.Note Verdi’s remarkable development, as displayed in his later operas Aida, OthelloandFalstaff.327.

9. Briefly, whatwereGluck’sreformsandwhydidheexperiencesuchdifficultyin gainingpopularfavor?335.

10.WhydidItalianoperadeclineinthe19th century?321.

16.WhatissaidofthenationaltraitsexhibitedbyVerdiandWagner?327.

8. ReadthesketchofGluck’slife.335.

13.Whatisthestyleofhisearlyoperas?

134 VOLUMEV

12.ReadthelifeofVerdi.325.

135 VOLUMEV

5. ComparethelifeofHandelwiththatofhiscontemporary,Bach.261.

2. What is a cantata? Read carefully concerning the origin and development of Passionmusic.260.

III.TheClassicalComposers

6. WhatwasHandel’ssuccessasanoperawriterandmanager?263.

1. Secure several biographies of Bach and read them carefully. You cannot understand the purpose and style of this great composer without a clear knowledgeofhislifehistory. 255.

3. Bach was the greatestorgan composer the world has ever produced. What was thegeneralstyleofhisorganworks?258.

4. In what general classes do Bach’s compositions fall? What is his rank as a composer?261.

7. Explainthedifferencebetweenanoperaandanoratorio.Whatismeantbychurch music?265.

8. Handelwasinnowayareformer.Whatwasthegeneraltoneofhiswork?265.

10.Whatismeantbymusicalform,andinwhatformsdidHaydnwrite?270.

13.AtwhatagedidMozartbegintocompose?Whatcanyoutellofhisearlyconcert tours?272.

15.DidMozart’ssufferingsaffectthegeneraltoneofhiswork?274.

14.ReadconcerningthelifeinSalzburgandthevicissitudesthatfollowed.274.

9. WhenwasHaydnbornandwhatisthestoryofhisboyhood?268.

11.Whatisasonata?Asymphony?Aconcerto?270 271.

12.If possible read the texts of The Seasons and the Creation. Note how the public receivedtheseoratorios.271.

136 VOLUMEV

137 VOLUMEV

17.When was Beethoven born and what were the circumstances of his early life? Whatissaidofhispersonalappearanceandhabits?279.

2. HowisWeber’searlytrainingreflectedinhiscompositions?290.

1. WhatwastheRomanticmovementinmusic?289.

16.TowhatthreeoperasisMozart’sfamechieflydue?TellthestoryofTheMarriage ofFigaro.276.

19.Doesthestyleofhislatercompositionsdifferfromthat ofhisearliestwritings? Whathashehimselfsaidofhismannerofcomposing?284.

18.HowdidBeethoven’sdeafnessaffecthislifeandhiswork?282.

20.ReadthestoryofFidelio.286.

IV. TheRomanticComposers

10.HowdidhismarriagewithClaraWieckaffecthiswork?299.

7. Howwouldyoucharacterizehispianocompositions?

138 VOLUMEV

6. Namesomeofhismostbeautifulsongs.296.

8. By whom was the piano invented and from what characteristic did it take its name? Notehowitsdevelopmenthasaffectedpianomusic.296.

3. WhichofWeber’soperasaremostfrequentlyheardtoday?291.

4. ReadthestoryofhisoperaDerFreischutz.291.

9. ReadtheaccountofSchumann’sstruggleforamusicaleducation.298.

5. WhatisaGermanLiedandwhatwasSchubert’ssuccessasawriterinthisform? 293.

13.ThestoryofMendelssohn’slifeisoneofgreatcontrasttothatofmostcomposers. Wastheeventenorofhislifereflectedinhismusic?302.

12.NotethatSchumannwasfamousasacriticaswellasacomposer.301.

15.Note that his fame today depends upon his oratorios and not upon his piano music.

11.What accident led to his adopting composition as his life work? What is the generalcharacterofhispianopieces?299.

16.WhatisthestoryofChopin’slife?305.

17.ForanunbiaseddiscussionofChopin’srelationtoGeorgeSand,consultHadow’s StudiesinModernMusic.

14.WhichofhisSongsWithoutWordshavestoodthetestoftime?304.

18.Poland’stragicstruggleforindependenceisstronglyreflectedinthecompositions ofthiszealouspatriot.306.

139 VOLUMEV

1. Whatismeantbyprogrammemusic,or“musicwithapoeticbasis?”308.

140 VOLUMEV

2. Whowasthemostoriginalcomposeroftheprogrammeschoolofmusic?309.

4. Whichofhisworksmaybesaidtomakethebeginningoftheprogrammeidea? 310.

6. WhatwasLiszt’searlysuccessasapianist?313.

V. ProgrammeMusic

20.Howwouldyoudistinguishclassicfromromanticmusic?

19.Whatisapolonaise? Amazurka?307.

5. Whatisan“odesymphony?”311.

3. HowdidBerliozdisplayhisloveofthebizarreinhiscompositions?309.

9. ReadthebeautifulprogrammeofhisPreludes.315.

141 VOLUMEV

8. Intowhattwodivisionsdohiscompositionsfall?314.

12.Readthebriefsketchofhislife.357.

14.Howdidhereformtheopera?Distinguishbetweenoperaandmusicdrama.361.

13.WhywasWagnerforcedtofleetoSwitzerland?358.

10.HowwouldyoucharacterizeLiszttheman?

7. Notehowoneofhispupilsdescribedhisplaying.313.

11.Why is Richard Wagner the most difficult composer for the musical student to understand?357.

WagnerandHisMusicDramas

16.Whatismeantby“endlessmelody?”359.

142 VOLUMEV

15.WhatwasWagner’spurposeinestablishingahomeoftheoperaatBayreuth?358.

18.Note that Wagner never permitted his actors to destroy the dramatic effect by respondingtoapplause.361.

20.ReadtheplotsofLohengrin,andTristanandIsolde.362,363.

17.Whatareleadingmotives,andwhatwasWagner’sintentioninemployingthem? 359.

19.WhichisthelongestandmostcomplexofWagner’smusicdramas?361.

CONDUCTOFLIFE

Wecannotmakebargainsforblisses, Norcatchthemlikefishesinnets; Andsometimesthethingourlifemisses Helpsmorethanthethingswhichitgets. Forgoodliethnotinpursuing, Noringainingofgreatorofsmall, Butjustinthedoinganddoing Aswewouldbedoneby that’sall.

I. OurRelationstoOthers

In our hearts we most of us agree with the Eastern proverb, “One great deed is easier than a thousand small ones.’ But the great opportunity that we should doubtless so promptlyandbrilliantlyembrace,doesnotcometousall;andinsteadoflettingsomuch potential heroism run to waste, we had better employ it in the countless daily

PhoebeCary

“Butitiswhatwearedoingthatmattersmorethanwhatweshalldo. Andaboveall,still morethanwhatwearedoing,whatwearebeing.”

143 VOLUMEV

Wegetbackourmeteaswemeasure Wecannotdowrongandfeelright, Norcanwegivepainandfeelpleasure, Forjusticeavengeseachslight. Theairforthewingoftheswallow, Thebushfortherobinandwren, Butalwaystheroadthatisnarrowandstraight Forthechildrenofmen.

“Trueworthisinbeing notseeming; Indoingeachdaythatgoesby Somelittlegood notindreaming Ofgreatthingstodoby and by. Forwhatevermensayintheirblindness, Andinspiteofthefanciesofyouth, Thereisnothingsokinglyaskindness, Andnothingsoroyalastruth.

Wagner1.Whether our lives are simple or filled with complexities, would we willingly changeplaceswithanother?

Under all the forms in which life vests itself, in all social positions, at the top as at the bottom of the ladder, there are people who live simply, and others who do not . . . . Simplicityisastateofmind. Itdwellsinthemainintentionofourlives. Amanissimple whenhischiefcareisthewishtobewhatheoughttobe,thatis,honestlyandnaturally human. Andthisisneithersoeasynorsoimpossibleasonemightthink. Atbottom,it consistsinputtingouractsandaspirationsinaccordancewiththelawofourbeing,and consequently with the Eternal Intention which willed that we should be at all. Let a flowerbeaflower,aswallowaswallow,arockarock,andletamanbeaman,andnota fox,ahare,ahog,orabirdofprey:thisisthesumofthewholematter.”

II.TheSimpleLife

OliverWendellHolmes

opportunitiesthatweallhaveofwiningbytheveriesttrifles,orofputtingawayfromus, asthecasemaybe,thegoodwillofourfellow creatures.”

Don’t flatter yourself that friendship authorizes you to say disagreeable things to your intimates. Theneareryoucomeintorelationwithaperson,themorenecessarytotact andcourtesybecome. Exceptincasesofnecessity,whicharerare,leaveyourfriendto learnunpleasantthingsfromhisenemies;theyarereadyenoughtotellthem.

144 VOLUMEV

III. Friendship

TheMinorMoralist

1. Doone’sfriendscomeunsought?

5. It has been well said that before a person deserves to have a friend he should himselfbeabletoproveafriendtoanother. Howdoyouaccountforthefrequent disappointmentattendantuponfriendships?

4. Many writers seem to agree that heartfelt conversations are hardly possible amongthreepersons. Doyouagreewiththis? Why?

2. Whydoourfriendshipsoften“hurrytoshortandpoorconclusions?”

145 VOLUMEV

NOTE:OurwordsincerecomesfromtwoLatinwords,sine,meaningwithout,andceres, wax. InthedaysofRomanprosperity,jarsandvasesmadeofclaywereingreatdemand. Some of these were beautifully made and very costly. Frequently a vase would be accidentally cracked in the making, whereupon zealous potters would fill up the crack withwaxandglazethewhole,thusconcealingtheflaw. Crackedjarswereeasilybroken and to protect the public against this fraud the government sent out inspectors who rappedeachjarlightly. Ifitgaveforthaclearringitwasmarked“sineceres” without wax. Henceourwordsincere. Therearesincerefriendshipsandthosethatareinsincere, andtheliteraldistinctionisnotfartoseek.

3. What two fundamental elements are required for the life and growth of this humanrelationship?

146 VOLUMEV

The plain duty is the near duty. A very common weakness keeps many people from findingwhatisneartheminteresting;theyseeonlyonitspaltryside. Thedistant,onthe contrary, draws and fascinates them. In this way a fabulous amount of good will is wasted. People burnwithardorforhumanity, forthepublicgood, forrighting distant wrongs;theywalkthroughlife,theireyesfixedonmarveloussightsalongthehorizon, treading meanwhile on the feet of passers-by or jostling them without being aware of theirWagnerexistence.1.

IV. DutyandtheGospelofWork

“Letuslearntobecontentwithwhatwehave. Letusgetridofourfalseestimates,set upallthehigherideals aquiethome;vinesofourownplanting;afewbooksfullofthe inspirationofgenius;afewfriendsworthyofbeinglovedandabletolove usinturn;a hundredinnocentpleasuresthatbringnopainorsorrow;adevotiontotherightthatwill neverswerve;asimplereligionemptyofallbigotry,fulloftrustandhopeandlove and tosuchaphilosophythisworldwillgiveupalltheemptyjoyithas.”

Dopeoplefrequentlylaborforthat“whichprofitethnot?”

DavidSwing

147

NOTES

148

VOLUME VI

149

150

2. WheredidtheRenaissancehaveitsbeginnings?Why?10.

I. TheRenaissance

151

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE VI

“IntheworkoftheRenaissanceallthegreatnationsofEuropeshare. Butitmustnever beforgottenthat,asamatterofhistory,thetrueRenaissancebeganinItaly. Itwasthere that the essential qualities which distinguish the modern from the ancient and the mediaevalworldweredeveloped. Italycreatedthatnewspiritualatmosphereofculture andofintellectualfreedomwhichhasbeenthelife-breathoftheEuropeanraces. Asthe JewsarecalledthechosenandpeculiarpeopleofDivinerevelation,somaytheItalians becalledthechosenandpeculiarvesselsoftheprophecyoftheRenaissance. Inart,in scholarship, in science, in the mediation between antique culture and the modern intellect,theytookthelead,handingtoGermanyandFranceandEnglandtherestored humanitiescomplete. SpainandEnglandhavesincedonemorefortheexplorationand colonizationoftheworld. GermanachievedthelaborfotheReformationalmostsingle handed. France has collected, centralized, and diffused intelligence with irresistible energy. But, ifwereturntothefirstoriginsoftheRenaissance, wefindthat, atatime when the rest of Europe was inert, Italy had already begun to organize the various elements of the modern spirit, and to set the fashion whereby the other great nations shouldlearnandlive.”

1. Whatisthemeaningofthewordrenaissance?Whatdoesitmeanwhenappliedto acertainperiodofhistory?10.

VOLUME

“It is chiefly through books that we enjoy intercourse with superior minds, and these invaluablemeansofcommunicationareinthereachofall. Inthebestbooks,greatmen talktous,giveustheirmostpreciousthoughts,andpourtheirsoulsintoours.”

INITALY LIFEANDLITERATURE

Symonds:RenaissanceinItaly

THEChanningRENAISSANCE

11.WhatwastheGoldenBook? 27.

6. ThecourseofpoliticalaffairsinFlorence,oneoftheprominentItaliancitiesinthe MiddleAges,givesafairideaoftheconditionsprevailinginItalyasawhole.15.

9. Whowasthegreatestoftheirname?22.

VOLUME

4. DidtheCrusadesgiveimpetustothemovement?13.

152

5. Whatpartwastakenbythetradeguilds?16.

3. WhatwasthesignificanceoftheGuelfparty? TheGhibellineparty?11.

8. HowdidtheMedicihousebecomepowerful?21.

10.WhatwastheearlycourseofaffairsinVenice?24.

7. WhatwastheCondottierisystem?19.

1. InwhatparticularsdidDantebelongtothepast? Tothefuture?30.

III. EarlyRenaissanceWriters

5. InwhatsenseisDante’smasterpieceacomedy?Intowhatpartsdoesitfall?40.

II.Dante,ForerunnerofRenaissanceWriters

4. ForwhatreasonwasDanteexiled?30.

6. SeveralfinepassagesaregivenfromtheDivineComedy.42.

7. WhatdidDantedoforItalianliterature?33.

1. ForanaccountofPetrarch’slife,seep.58.

2. Whatisknownofhislife?31.

3. TheVitaNuovatellsofwhat?Whatdoesthetitlemean?31.

153 VOLUMEVI

6. WhatisthenatureoftheDecameron?68.

2. NotePetrarch’sletterstodeadauthors.Hasanymodernwriterofconcededability followedasimilarplan?61.

3. ForwhatwritingsisPetrarchchieflyrememberedtoday?63.

8. ReadTheLordofMilanandtheMiller,100.

9. FiorentinowrotemanystoriesinimitationofBoccaccio.Oneoftheseisgivenon 103. IV. LaterRenaissanceWriters

4. Readhisbeautifulsonnets.64.

1. WhatwasthecharacteroflaterRenaissanceliteratureinItaly?107.

154 VOLUMEVI

7. WhohasbeencalledtheFatheroftheModernNovel?68.

5. CompareBoccacciowithearlierItalianwriters.67.

155 VOLUMEVI

8. WhatworkofVasari’sismostfrequentlyreadtoday?132.

2. Machiavelli’snameisoneofthegreatestofthisage.Whatistoldofhislife?108.

9. Cellini’sautobiographyisoneofthemostvaluablesourcesforknowledgeofsocial conditionsduringhislife.Someaccountofhimisgiven.135.

7. Michelangeloisrememberedforhisbeautifulsonnetsaswellashisgreatworks inart. Severalofthesearegivenonp.129.

6. ForwhatisVittoriaColonnachieflyremembered?126.

5. WheredidShakespearefindhisplotforRomeoandJuliet?122.

3. Didhehold, in ThePrince, thatPrincesshouldorshouldnot befaithfultotheir engagements?109.

4. Castiglione’s The Courtier isveryfamous.Ofwhatdoesittreat?121.

3. WhatplacedoesRabelaisholdinFrenchliterature?193.

VOLUME

“No matter what his rank or position may be, the lover of books is the richest and the happiestofthechildrenofmen.” Langford

1. WhatwasthestoryoftheRomanceoftheRose?171.

“BeginningasthehandmaidoftheChurch,andstimulatedbytheenthusiasmofthetwo greatpopularmonasticorders,paintingwasatfirstdevotedtoembodyingthethoughts ofmediaevalChristianity. Inproportionasthepaintersfortifiedthemselvesbystudyof thenaturalworld,theirartbecamemoresecular. Abouttheyear1440thisprocessof secularizationwashastenedbytheinfluenceoftheclassicalrevival,renewinganinterest inthepastlifeofhumanity,andstirringazealforscience.

156

LITERATUREOFTHERENAISSANCE

Symonds:ItalianRenaissance

“WemaystillrecallthestoryofCimabue’spicture,visitedbyCharlesofAnjouandborn in triumphthroughthestreetsofS. MariaNovella;forthiswasthebirthdayfestivalof nothinglessthanwhattheworldnowvaluesasItalianpainting. Inthispublicactofjoy thepeopleofFlorencerecognizedandpaidenthusiastichonortotheartarisenamong themfromthedead.”

I. LiteratureofFrance

2. ThetaleofAmisandAmile,adaptedfromanoldFrenchchanson,waspopularin theMiddleAges.174.

NOTE:Whilemuchofthefollowingliteraturedoesnotpulsatewiththenewthrobsoflife which were permeating Italian writings, nevertheless it was produced while Dante, PetrachandBoccacciowerewritingtheirimmortalmasterpieces.

4. ReadMontaigne’sessayontheForceofCustom.214.

2. WhydidtheMoorsforbidthesingingoftheballadWoeisMe,Alhama?227.

III.Italy1.At

II.SpanishLiterature

157 VOLUMEVI

2. Note that the struggle between emperors and popes gave opportunity for the citiesofItalytoriserapidly.

whattimedidtheNormanscomeintotheItalianpeninsula?365.

3. WhatconditionswereimposedbythePeaceofConstance?366.

4. WhatissaidofFrederickIIofSicily?367.

5. WhowasthelyricpoetoftheFrenchRenaissance?219.

1. NotethatthepoliticalconditionsinSpaininthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies were not favorably suited to the development of a spontaneous literature. Nevertheless,farmorewasforthcomingthanmighthavebeenexpected.

8. WithwhathopedidDantewritehisDeMonarchia?368.

6. BywhomwastheJubileeof1300celebrated?367.

5. UnderwhatcircumstancesdidCharlesofAnjoucometothethroneoftheSicilies? 367.

7. WhydidthepoperemovetoAvignon? WhatwastheresultforItaly?

158

9. WhydidRienzi’sattempttouniteItalyfail?370.

10.WithwhatobjectdidtheCarbonaricomeintoexistence?372.

VOLUME

12.Whatcitiescontestedforbecomingthecapitalofthenewkingdom?374.

13.Whatdifferencegraduallygrewupbetweenthepeopleofnorthernandsouthern Italy?376.

11.WhatstatebecametheleaderinthestruggleforItalianunity?373.

15.WhoarethepresentrulersofItalyandinwhatconnectionistheQueenfrequently mentioned?378.

159 VOLUMEVI

14.WhatgaverisetotheMafia? Whydothesesocietiescontinuetoliveon?376.

MinorMoralist

2. InwhichoneofShakespeare’splaysdoeshesay:“Hervoicewasalwayssoftand low anexcellentthinginawoman”?

THEARTOFCONVERSATION

160 VOLUMEVI

4. Whilemodernsocietyseemsfrequentlytodisapprovethestatement,itshouldbe rememberedthattoconversewell,itisnecessarytohavesomethingtosay. Even though trifling matters be touched upon, it is soon possible to discern the well informedfromthosebadlyinformed.

1. The Greeks regarded harsh voices as indicative of poor breeding. Would you expectthemtoadmirepleasant,wellmodulatedvoices?331.

Mostyoungpeopleknowinthesedaysthatagolfplayermustnotstrikehisballfromthe teeuntiltheplayerinfrontofhimistwostrokesahead. Thatrule,amongstothers,isput uponeverygoldground. Buttheydonotknow,sinceitisnotputupineverydrawing room,thatverymuchthesameruleshouldbeobservedinconversation. Agolfplayer wouldnotthinkofstandingquiteclosetotheteefromwhichsomeoneelseisdrivingoff, withhisclubraisetostrikebeforetheotherhaswellplayed. Butwhenheisplayingthe game of conversation, he thinks nothing of standing impatiently with his mouth open whiletheotherplayerisspeaking,obviouslynotlistening,butwaitingtospeakhimself themomenttheothershallhavedone.

3. DoyourememberwhatcelebratedGreekovercameanimpedimentofspeechand becameagreatorator?

NOTE:Sinceeverybookandpoem,everyfactinhistory,everydiscoveryinscience,every person, place or object in the universe may very possibly become the topic of conversation,referencestothetextarenotgivendirectlyinthisconnection,butseveral suggestionsarenotedwiththehopethattheymayprovehelpful.

161 VOLUMEVI

11.Inordertolearntowalk,onemustwalk;todance,hemustdance,andtoconverse well,hemustconverseconstantly,alwaysrememberingthatonemustknowhow tolistenaswellashowtotalk.

5. Manywellknownmenhavesaidthattheygained farmoreinsightintothepast andpresentfromconversationthanfromstudy.DanielWebster,forexample.

7. Sheridan, the English playwright, was a noted conversationalist. His comedies mightgiveindicationofthis.

8. Conversation is sometimes made tedious by the constant repetition of a few words;lovely,charming,beautiful,forexample,areusedtodescribemanywidely differentthings.Itiswelltotrytoaddanewwordtoone’svocabularyeachday. Thusourdescriptionsmayberenderedlessmonotonous.

10.AstudyofAddison,RuskinandEmersonwillbefoundveryhelpfulinacquiringa gooduseofEnglish.Amongrecentwriters,JamesLaneAllenmaybenotedinthis specialconnection.

6. Socratestaughtbyconversationalone.Byclosequestioninghetriedtodrawtheir opinions out of men and to lead them farther into a subject. This kind of instructioniscalledSocraticteaching.Certainsuccessfulteachersuseittodayand alluseitsosomeextent.

9. It does not follow that matters frequently discussed need therefore seem dull; someofthemostmasterlypiecesofliteraturehavethemostfamiliarsubjects.

162

NOTES

163

NOTES

164

VOLUME VII

165

166

“Awisemanwillselecthisbooks,forhewouldnotwishtocallthemallunderthesacred nameoffriends. Somecanbeacceptedonlyasacquaintances. Thebestbooksofallkinds are taken to the heart, and cherished as his most precious possessions. Others to be chattedwith,andlaidaside,butnotforgotten.”

OriginoftheDrama

167

Langford

The dramatic instinct is inherent in man and has found similar expression among primitivepeopleswidelyseparatedinpoint oftimeandlocality. Froexample, wefind that the dramatic attempts of the early Greeks, the America Indians, and the present SouthSeaIslandersprsentstrikingcharacteristicsincommon. Ofthefourmediumsof dramaticexpression dancing,music,actingandrecitation dancingisfirstdevelopedby thesavage. Thisappearstobeanaturalandspontaneousmanifestationofjoy,employed firstforreligiousworship. Indeed,dancinghasbeenlackingonlyamongsuchpeoplesas have not yet developed a religion. Gradually there comes an impulse to imitate well known birds and animals, and soon that is followed by attempts to imitate the appearance of such creatures. Feathers are assumed for these dances or the heads of animalsworn. Itwillreadilybeseenthatthesemeagereffortsarebutsteppingstonesto afinaldramaticart.

--KarlMantzius:HistoryofTheatricalArt

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE VOLUME VII

“There is in human nature a tendency to reproduce and communicate to others the impressions received from the surrounding world; indeed, the manifestations of such impressionsisthebasisofeverykindofart....Ineveryhumanbeingthereisaprimitive capacityforartisticproduction;everybodyiscapabletoacertaindegreeofreceivingand reproducing impressions, and it is this universal innate gift that lends art its greatest importance.”

THEDRAMA

“The mediaeval drama is popular poetry written by authors and performed by actors sprungfromthepeople;apopularamusementgrowingoutofthedeepestinterestand concernofmen’smindsinthosetimes religion;ithadnothingtodowithlearnedstudies ofancientformsofart,whichcouldonlybeappreciatedbythefew.

boatrockingonthewateroranetcastoutbythefishermen. Wardancescomequickly intobeing,andamongourIndians,inacertainscalpdance,motionceasednowandthen toallowsomeonetorecounttheexploitsofarecentbattle.

I. DramaintheMiddleAges

Varioussemi savagenationsattainedthisstageindramaticdevelopmentbutprogressed no further. It remained for the Greekstoexceedthelimitsheldbyearlierpeoplesand tooriginateadramawhichisstillwonderfultoustoday. However,itshouldbebornein mindthatinmanyparticularsthebeginningsoftheirartwereinsomerespectsidentical withthoseoftheirpredecessors,withourIndiansandwithsemi barbaroustribestoday thesamehumansacrifice,changedafterwardsfortheofferingofagoat;thesamesecret societies with mystery surrounding them; similar dances and music and the same associationwithreligiousworship.

2. WhydidtheChurchfinallybringthemagainintoexistence?20.

1. WhydidtheearlyChristianscondemnplays?17.

168 VOLUMEVII

“Not even the old ideas of tragedy and comedy are retained; the very words acquire a newmeaning. IntheMiddleAgesatragedymeansapoetictalewithasadissue,acomedy onewithahappyissue.”

3. WhatBiblicalstorieslentthemselvesreadilytodramatization?20.

8. WithwhatsubjectsdidtheMoralitieshavetodo?44.

9. DistinguishbetweenInterludesandMasks.44,55.

7. Wouldplaysofthisnaturebeappreciatedtoday?

4. Wherewerethesedemonstrationsfirstgiven?20 22.

5. InwhatmannerdidtheGuildsconducttheMiracleplays?23.

“Shakespeareisofnoage. Hespeaksalanguagewhichthrillsinourbloodinspiteofthe separationoftwohundredyears. Histhoughts,passions,feelings,strainsoffancy,allare ofthisdayastheywereofhisown;andhisgeniusmaybecontemporarywiththemind ofeverygenerationforathousandyearstocome.”

6. Whatismeantbythewordpageant?24.

II. ShakespeareanDrama

169 VOLUMEVII

8. Englishmen were just coming to feel a sense of their growing nationality. In a series of historical plays, Shakespeare literally taught his countrymen their history.Whatissaidoftheseplays?110.

2. Marlowe’sgreatestproductionwashisDoctorFaustus. 338,97.

170 VOLUMEVII

3. ItshouldberememberedthatGoetheappropriatedthisstoryandgaveitanew form Faust.340.

6. Howwouldyoucharacterizethetimeinwhichhelived?110.

5. WhattrainingdidtheboyShakespearehaveforhislaterworks?108.

4. WhenandwherewasShakespeareborn?108.

7. It should always be remembered that in these years men were expressing themselves in plays. Had he lived in another age, Shakespeare’s writings would probablyhavetakenadifferentform.

1. WhomdidSwinburnecallthefatherofEnglishtragedy?339.

2. ComparethecareersofCongreveandOtway.168.

III. EnglishDramaSinceShakespeare

3. WhatchangesoffortunemarkedthecourseofSheridan’slife?177.

NOTE: The strong influence of the Puritans, who condemned plays as instruments of Satan,ledin1648totheclosingofalltheaters. WiththeRestorationin1660theywere again revived. However, instead of the heavy Shakespearean dramas, light, frivolous plays were produced which reflected the life of the court. French influence was very pronounced.1.WhatissaidoftherestorationofthedramaunderCharlesII?166.

171 VOLUMEVII

9. TheMerchantofVeniceandRomeoandJulietareamonghisearlierplays.110.

11.The Tempest should be studied as a creation of the times. A new world had recently been explored and the wildest rumors were afloat concerning it. Shakespearegavehisimaginationfreereinandthiswastheresult.Readtheplay asgivenonp.137.

10.HamletwaswrittenafterthedeathofShakespeare’sson.Itembracessomeofhis maturereflections.Hamletisthemanwhocanthinkbutcannotact.110.

5. Inrecenttimes,novelsofallkindshavebeendramatizedforthestage.Thusthe storiesofHallCaine,Barrie,andmanyothers,havebeenadaptedforpresentation. Thisbringsanewelementintodramatichistory.

172 VOLUMEVII

4. ReadBobAcres’Duel,fromtheRivals.178.

NOTE:Lovers of drama mayeasilycontinuethisstudy, takingupthe dramaof France, Spain,Germany,etc.Forsuchinvestigation,considerablematerialisincludedinthetext.

Andhewanderedawayandaway WithNature,thedearoldnurse, Whosangtohimnightandday Therhymesoftheuniverse.

I.NaturePoems

1. Apoet,ifhebeatruepoet,putsintowordswhatotherscanbutfeel.Toadequately describeasunset,aflowerymeadow,amurmuringbrook,oraregionheldinsleep andbathedinmoon light,defiestheabilityofmost;butapoetseesoneofthese wondersandpaintsapenpicturethatlivesthroughtheages.ReadWordsworth’s Daffodilsandyouwillhavegainedalastingimpression.434.

LongfellowtoAgassiz

173 VOLUMEVII

NATURESTUDY

‘Come,wanderwithme,’shesaid, ‘Intoregionsyetuntrod; Andreadwhatisstillunread InthemanuscriptsofGod.’

AndNature,theoldnurse,took Thechilduponherknee, Saying:‘Hereisastory-book Theyfatherhaswrittenforthee.’

Flowerinthecranniedwall, Ipluckyououtofthecrannies; Holdyouhere,rootandall,inmyhand, Littleflower butifIcouldunderstand Whatyouare,rootandall,andallinall, IshouldknowwhatGodandmanis.

Tennyson

Andwheneverthewayseemedlong, Orhisheartbegantofail, Shewouldsingamorewonderfulsong, Ortellamoremarveloustale.

2. Chaucer loved nature and constantly introduced into his verses phrases that provedhiscloseobservation.Robeswere“broideredlikeaflowerymead”andthe day’seye,asthedaisywasoncecalled,washisfavoriteflower.Readafewpages fromanyofhispoemsandnotethefrequentreferencestonature.

II.DescriptionsinProse

foremost among those who have interpreted nature, in her many moodsandaspects,tothelessthoughtfulandobserving. 396.

174 VOLUMEVII

2. Howimportantdidheregardmountainstoalandscape?403.

3. Thereisacertainpleasuretobegainedfromcullingouttheflowersmentionedin Shakespeare’s plays and noting what is said of them. This is not a study of Shakespeare so much as of flower lore. Behind the old house where this great geniuswasborninStratford,agardenisfilledwiththewell-knownflowersand plantsthatarementionedintheplays.

The1.MountainsRuskinranks

3. Would you expect people in mountainous regions to develop differently from thoseoftheplains? Hasthisbeenborneoutbyhistory?404.

4. What color effects does Ruskin find in mountainous regions as compared with thoseoftheplains?405.

7. Inthematteroffoliage,whichisricher,themountainsorthevalleys?407.

6. Themountainstreams,ontheotherhand,hurryalongincascadesandcataracts. 406.

NOTE:ItshouldberememberedthatmanyofRuskin’swritingsandthewritings ofotherloversofnaturemightprofitablybestudiedinthisway.

175 VOLUMEVII

8. Are your sympathies throughout with this treatment of the subject or do you preferadifferentaspectofnature?

“Forthewealthofpathlessforestswhereonnoaxemayfall; Forthewindsthathauntthebranches,theyoungbird’stimidcall; Fortheredleavesdroppedlikerubiesuponthedarkgreensod; Forthewavingoftheforests Wethankthee,OourGod!

5. Howdothefloraofhighlandsandlowlandscompare?406.

9. In Daphnis and Chloe, we have a beautiful Greek idyll. While treating of the awakeningoflovein shepherdandshepherdess, thedescriptionsmakethetale attractive.

Fortheliftingupofmountainsinbrightnessandindread; Forthepeakswheresnowandsunshinealonehavedaredtotread; Forthedarkofsilentgorgeswhencethemightycedarsnod; Forthemajestyofmountains wethankthee,OourGod!”

3. Whatsurroundingshadhethere?

4. DidThoreaufindthesolitudedepressing?488.

6. Howisnightdifferentunderanopenskythaninside?

7. WhatdoesStevensonmeanby“nightlyresurrection”?

1. Men in different ages have tried to find themselves in solitude. Thoreau’s experiencesareinageneralwaycommonlyknown,butthereismuchpleasureto bederivedfromathoroughreadingofhisbooks.483.

8. Notehisdescriptionofbreakingday.Book8:419

2. Whydoeshesayhewenttoliveinthewoods?

176 VOLUMEVII

“The outer world, from which we cower into our houses, seemed after all a gentle, habitableplace;andnightafternightaman’sbed,itseemed,waslaidandwaitingforhim inthefields,whereGodkeepsanopenhouse.” Stevenson

III.LifeOutofDoors

5. It will be remembered that Robert Louis Stevenson prolonged his life by years spentpracticallyout of doors.ReadhisTravelswithaDonkey.415.

2. Dothebirdsfindtheowlcompanionable?

1. WhatleadsBurroughstotheconclusionthatallbirdsknowtheirenemies?426.

4. Whataresomeofthedangersthatbesetthelifeofbirds?

8. Whatissaidofthebarbarouscustomofwearingbirds?

3. Whatissaidofthesilenceofbirdswhichsecrettheirnests?

7. Notethatthiscelebratednaturalisturgesthat averyconsiderableacquaintance canbemadewithoutkillingthebirds.Theaveragepersonwouldperhapsliketo knowenoughofthebirdstonamethemandunderstandsomethingoftheirhabits. Certainly it is more interesting for such a knowledge to study a live bird than a deadone.

6. Whatdetermineswhetherornoteggandbirdcollectingisjustifiable?

IV.BirdsandTheirEnemies

5. WhatdoesBurroughsthinkoftheso calledcollectors?430.

177 VOLUMEVII

9. Itmaybenotedinthisconnectionthatwhilemanywomenstillgoaboutwithso manyfeathersupontheirheadsthataprimitiveIndian,suddenlyreturningtolife, wouldfindastrangefamiliarityabouthim,neverthelessmuchofsuchdecoration is now manufactured from the feathers of domestic fowls. Audubon societies in variouspartsofthecountryhavedonemuchtolessenthisastoundingevil.

178 VOLUMEVII

179

NOTES

180

VOLUME VIII

181

182

2. 2.

3. 3.

II. EarlyHistory

“There is an art of reading, as well as an art of thinking, and an art of writing.” Disraeli

1. IsitbelievedtheEnglandwasalwaysanisland? WhatisknownofPrehistoricBritain? WhatdidtheRomanconquestamountto,fromthestandpointofEnglishhistory?

JamesLincoln

183

OEngland,noblandcloud-shipintheblue, Butroughoak,plungingono’erperilousjars Ofreefandice,ourfaithwillfollowyou Themorefortempestroarthatstrainsyourspars Andsplitsyourcanvas,beyourhelmbuttrue, Yourcoursesshapenbytheeternalstars.”

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE VOLUME VIII

ENGLISHHISTORY

“WhowouldtrustEngland,lethimlifthiseyes ToNelson,columnedo’erTrafalgarSquare, Herhieroglyphofduty,writtenwhere Theroaroftraffichushestotheskies; Ormark,whilePaul’svastshadowsoftlylies OnGordon’sstatuedsleep,howpraiseandprayer Flushthroughthefrankyoungfacesclusteringthere ToconthatkindredruneofSacrifice.

7. ReadcertainextractsfromKingAlfred’sCodeofLaws.9.

10.WhatweresomeoftheresultsoftheNormanconquest?14.

5. NorsemeninvadedthegreaterpartofEuropeintheMiddleAges.Whendidthey visitEngland?11.

II. RiseoftheEnglishNationality

4. WhencecomesthenameEngland?6.

8. WhatpossibleclaimdidWilliamtheNormanhavetotheEnglishthrone?12.

6. WhichoftheSaxonrulersaccomplishedmostforthecountry?8.

1. WhatweretheConstitutionofClarendonandwhattroubledidtheyentail?17.

9. Whatbenefitsdidheconferuponhissubjects?Whatinjuries?12-13.

184 VOLUMEVIII

2. OnwhatpretextwastheHundredYearsWaropened?20.

6. ShowhowShakespeare’splay,TheTempest,wasaproductofitstimes.28.

185 VOLUMEVIII

3. CanthepartplayedbyJoanofArcbeexplained?21.

8. AccountfortheCivilWarwhichbrokeoutunderCharlesI.32.

4. TracetheincidentsleadingtotheseparationofEnglandfromtheChurchofRome. 24.

5. What effectdidthedefeat oftheSpanishArmadahaveuponcolonizationin the NewWorld?27.

9. Explain why the revolution of 1688 is frequently spoken of as the “bloodless revolution.”

7. WhatwasthetheoryoftheDivineRightofKings?29.

5. Manyreformshavebeeneffectedinrecentyears. Whataresomeofthese?

2. Whatcausedapanicduringhisreign?37.

4. Whatindustrialchangegraduallycameaboutinthiscountry?40.

186 VOLUMEVIII

10.Werethepeopleorthekingsfinallysuccessfulinthestruggleforpower?

1. What important change came into the administration of government with the accessionofGeorgeI?37.

3. TowhatextentdidtheNapoleonicwarsaffectEngland?39.

II. LaterEnglishHistory

6. WhatpoetarousedpublicsentimentinfavorofChildLaborlaws?42.

7. Whenwasthefirstinternationalexpositionheld?83.

• HistoryoftheEnglishPeople,Green

• ShortHistoryofEngland,Cheyney

EnglishHistories

• HistoryofEngland,Oman

8. Howmanyhavebeenheldsince?

187 VOLUMEVIII

• IndustrialandSocialHistoryofEngland,Cheyney

• SourceBookofEnglishHistory,Kendall

• EnglishHistory,Bright4volumes

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

ENGLISHLITERATURE

“Inthebestbooks,greatmentalktous,withus,andgiveustheirmostpreciousthoughts. Boksarethevoicesofthedistantandthedead. Booksarethetruelevelers. Theygiveto allwhowillfaithfullyusethemthesocietyandthepresenceofthegreatestofourrace.” Channing

188 VOLUMEVIII

1. What stories were included in the Legends of King Arthur? See Volume V, page

117.Whatmodernpoethassetthemforthinnewform?VolumeVIII,page278.

II. EnglishLiteratureBeforeShakespeare

English literature is the expression in memorable poetry and prose of the life and character of the English people. In English history we see the character of the people revealedthroughaction. TheEnglishpeopleestablishagreatnation:theEnglishnation founds a great colonial empire. The English extend their language to the ends of the earth: they build up one of the noblest and richest literatures known to history. How havetheybeenabletoproducethisliterature? Notbecausetheywerenaturallyfondof talking,liketheGauls;notbecausetheyhadanypeculiartalentformakingverses,orany especialturnforsayinggracefulorprettythings. Englishliterature,likeEnglishhistory, ismemorableandinspiringbecauseitisthegenuineexpressionofagreatrace. Whena brave, earnest man, who has felt, and seen, and done much, tells you his innermost thoughts,heisworthlisteningto;andwhenanationliketheEnglishspeakstousoutof itsheartthroughitsbooks,itsbooksareworthreading. Formorethanfourteenhundred years,generationaftergenerationofEnglishmenhastriedtoputsomethingofitslifeinto words. At first the attempts were crude and imperfect; the nation struggled to speak throughtheroughsongofsomeheroicdeedorthebriefchronicleof historicalevents; butastimewenton,thesoulofthepeoplefoundareadierandfullerutteranceinballad anddrama,andepicandnovel,inbooksonreligion,orhistory,orphilosophy. Sothatat lastinthatlongsuccessionofbookswhichmakeupEnglishliterature,wehavetherecord oftheinnerlifeofthepeople,ofthelovesandhatreds,doubtsandfears,hopesandbeliefs ofeachsucceedinggeneration;thestoryofthenation,toldbythenationitselfforthose whocanreadandunderstand.”

Pancoast:HistoryofEnglishLiterature

9. Foranexampleofhisexquisiteuseoflanguage,readTheEpithalamion.111.

10.TheFaeryQueeneisanallegory. Whatismeantbythetermallegory?116.

2. WhohasbeencalledtheFatherofEnglishpoetry? Whatpoemsdidhewrite?57.

3. WhatwastheplanoftheCanterburyTalesandwhencecametheirtitle?61.

4. TrytoreadthePrologueonp.62.Ifunwillingtomaketheefforttoreadtheold English, read instead The Knight’s Tale, which has been thrown into modern English.75.

5. William Langland was one of Chaucer’s contemporaries. For an account of his writings,seep.87.

6. Towardthecloseofthefifteenthcentury,balladswereverypopularinEngland. TheseballadsarethemostimportantcontributionbetweenthetimeofChaucer andSpenser.SomesangofRobinHoodandhisboldfollowers.ChevyChaseisas famousasany.

7. NotethattheintroductionofprintingintoEnglandwroughtgreatchangesinthe literaryworld.

8. SpenserhasbeencalledthePoet’sPoet.Canyouimaginewhy?106.

189 VOLUMEVIII

190 VOLUMEVIII

3. WhatvaluedidBaconplaceupontravelasaneducationalfactor?373.

4. ForanaccountofMilton’slife,see127.

5. One who finds Milton’s style somewhat difficult to enjoy should first study his moremusicalpoems.Forexample,readL’Allegro.130.

6. While Paradise Lost is one of the world’s great productions, it is probably read lesstodaythanitwasonehundredyearsago.Canyouaccountforthis?

11.ReadthefirstcantooftheFaeryQueene.117.

12.Whatpoetdoyouenjoybetter,ChaucerorSpenser? Canyoutellwhy?

II.FromShakespearetoScott

2. WhatapplicationdidhemakeoftheoldstoryofAtalantaandHippomenas?372.

1. WhatconflictingelementsmanifestedthemselvesinthelifeofBacon?366.

NOTE:ShakespeareanliteratureisconsideredinconnectionwithTheDrama.

11.ThedeCoverlypapersareamongthedelightfullyquaintwritingsinourliterature. ReadACountrySunday,384.SirRogerinLove,386.

10.WhatpapersdidSteeleandAddisonedit?376.

14.WhatisknownofGoldsmith’slife?189.

8. NotethathismanygiftspreventedDrydenfrombecomingoneoftheworld’sbest writers.WithwhatmotivedidhewriteAbsalomandAchitophel?154.

13.The story of Heloise and Abelard is famous in history. Read the poem entitled “EloisatoAbelard.”166.

9. Alexander’s Feast will be appreciated by many who care little for other productionsofDryden.159.

7. Under what circumstances was Pilgrim’s Progress written? Fifty years ago this bookwasmoregenerallyknownthantoday.Doyouknowwhy?360.

12.AgainstwhatdifficultiesdidPopehavetostruggle?165.

191 VOLUMEVIII

15.ReadTheDesertedVillage.191

III. FromBurnstotheVictorianEra

4. ChildeHaroldbroughtByronimmediatefame.Readthedescriptionoftheocean given.213.

1. ItisconvenienttoconsiderthepoetryofRobertBurnsatthistime,although,to besure,hewasanativeofScotland.Whatissaidofhislife?196.

3. LordByronwasagreatgenius. Whatisknownofhislife?208.

6. ThomasMoore’smelodioussongsarefamiliarinmanyhouseholds.Someofthem aregiven.249.

192 VOLUMEVIII

16.DoyouenjoyGoldsmith’sprosewritings?

7. Byron,Moore,andShelleywerefriendswithcloseassociations. Contrastthelives ofShelleyandByron.225.

2. ReadTheCotter’sSaturdayNightandTamO’Shanter.

5. HowdidByronmeethisdeath?211.

14.ReadhisOdetoImmortality;alsoTheWorldisTooMuchWithUs.268.

11.TheElginmarblesinspiredseveralofhispoems.RefertoGreekarchitecturefor anaccountofthem.

8. Shelley’sOdetotheSkylarkisunsurpassed.227.

15.WithwhomdidColeridgefirstpublishhispoems?255.

16.Whatwell-knownpoemdidhewrite?256.

10.Keats died at the age of twenty five, and yet had produced poems which will endure. While not causing his death, unquestionably harsh verdicts of English criticsdidsomethingtohastenit.236.

9. In The Sensitive Plant, Shelley is believed to have half revealed his own personality.227.

193 VOLUMEVIII

13.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey are known as the Lake poets, from the circumstanceoftheirhavinglivedintheLakedistrictofEngland.Whatissaidof Wordsworth,hislifeandworks?263.

12.LeighHuntwasafriendofKeatsandwasacontemporarywriter.Itwouldbewell foronetomemorizehisAbouBenAdhem.245.

4. WhatlifeexperienceimpelledhimtowriteInMemoriam?278.

NOTE:Itiswelltogetinmindsomeoftheinfluenceswhichhaveshaped,toagreateror lessdegree,theliteraryexpressionofthisimportantera.

5. Certainpoemsbringvividpicturesbeforetheeyesofthereader forexample,read Wordsworth’s Daffodils,andTenyson’s Break, Break, Break.292.

3. ProbablyTennysonhadinmindthefavoranddisfavorofhisownstylewhenhe wroteTheFlower.285.

2. CouldonewhohaddweltonlyincitiesappreciateThePoet’sSong?

6. Tennyson often voiced the feelings and social unrest of his age. Read Locksley Hall;forconflictingreligiousideas, readTheTwoVoices;concerning thehigher educationofwomen,ThePrincess,etc.

194 VOLUMEVIII

1. Tennyson is the representative poet of the period. What is said of his life and literarycareer?276.

17.HowdothewritingsofSoutheycomparewiththoseoftheselasttwopoets?255.

IV. VictorianLiterature

195 VOLUMEVIII

10.ReadhisHumanLife.Whatdoesitimply?323.

12.TheCavalierTunesreadilylendthemselvestomusic.309.

7. ThebeautifullifeandcourtshipofElizabethBarrettandRobertBrowningiswell known.NotewhatissaidofMrs.Browning’searlyyears.294,331.

8. Foroneunfamiliarwithherwritings,itisgoodtoreadsomeoftheshorterones first.APortrait,332.TheSwan’sNest,335.TheCryoftheChildrenwasinfluential inbringingaboutamuch neededreform.338.

13.Pippa’s Song is taken from Pippa Passes, a dramatic poem which throws into strong relief the effect of one life upon another, even though the influence is unconsciously exercised. Pippa, a poor factory girl, goes out to enjoy her one yearlyholiday.Forherowndiversionshefanciesherselfnowone,nowanotherof thenotablepersonagesinhertown.Herhappysongsfloatintoseveralgroupsof people,inspiringthemtotrueraction.Thewholepoemshouldbereadfrequently. SeeVolumeV,page477.

9. MuchofMatthewArnold’spoetrybearswitnesstohisunhappyconditionwhen, havinglefthisfather’spioushousehold,hewasplungedintothereactionaryspirit ofagreatuniversity.Suchaperiodprecededthedawnofliberalreligiousthought. Forsomecommentuponhislife,see320.

11.It is no longer the custom to find Browning a sealed book. For the student first makinghisacquaintanceofhiswonderfulproductions,someofthesimplerones arecited.ForacertainlyricaleffectreadLoveAmongtheRuins.312.

17.NowriterhaspossessedamoremasterlycommandofEnglishthanRuskin. Read whathesaysofMountainGlory,403.

15.Swinburneisperhapsnotyetcorrectlyestimated.Notewhatissaidofhim.315.

18.Withinacertainlimitedscope,JeanIngelowwrotepoemswhicharewellknown. HerSongsofSevenareamongherbestefforts.341.

19.Henley’s poems are favorite with many. They are self explanatory and need no comment.346.

14.Browningistheoptimist,whoseversesringclearwithaconfidenceofalifewhich conquers death. In this respect they may be contrasted with the heart torn lamentsofArnoldandeventhefaithwhichholdsoninspiteofdoubtinTennyson.

196 VOLUMEVIII

16.During the early part of the Victorian Era, Carlyle was uttering many a needed message.ReadhiswholesomeessayonWork,394.

8. WhatissaidofthecourseoftheReformationinFrance?436.

3. Whatfourimportanteventstendedtoweldthekingdomtogether?433.

5. WhatweretherealcausesoftheHundredYearsWar?434.

197 VOLUMEVIII

2. InwhatsensewasHughCapetkingofFrance?432.

1. DidtheincomingFrankscrushouttheearlierLatincivilizationinFrance?431.

4. WhatbenefitdidthekingsrealizefromthedestructionoftheTemplars?434.

6. WhatwilddreamhadCharlesVIIIforFrance?435.

I.ReviewofFrenchHistory

7. WhydidmanyrulersopposetheReformationmovement?436.

10.ReadthewordsofLouisXIVregardingtheDivineRightofkings.438.

14.ForwhatpurposehadtheBastillebeenused,andwhywasitattacked?447.

11.WhatfarreachingcausesledultimatelytotheFrenchRevolution?442.

198 VOLUMEVIII

13.WhywastheTennisCourtOathimportant?446.

15.WhatfourdistinctelementswererepresentedintheNationalAssembly?Forwhat dideachstand?449.

12.UpontheassemblingofthethreeOrders,whatcomplicationsarose?444.

16.WhatinfluencedidtheJacobinClubhave?450.

9. WhatreasonsareapparentforthefailureofFrancetoholdextensivepossessions intheNewWorld?440.

II.Germany1.Note

2. WhatneededreformswereenactedunderStein’sleadership?468.

21.IsitpossibletoexplainthecareerofNapoleon?461.

20.Howcanweexplaintherapidspreadofthisrevolutiontoothercountries?455.

17.Wastheflightofthekingjustifiable?451.

199 VOLUMEVIII

therapidriseofPrussia.ThisisoneofthemostremarkablefactsinGermany history.466.

22.WhatwastheresultoftheFranco PrussianWar?464.

18.Canyoucompareittoanyrecentcircumstance?

19.Why should one distinguish between the Reign of Terror and the French Revolution?452.

8. WhatissaidofBismarck’swithdrawalfrompubliclife?473.

3. WhatwasthepolicyofMetternich?469.

7. WhydidBismarckexactsuchheavytermsinthetreaty?472.

200 VOLUMEVIII

5. Note that by the Treaty of Prague, Austria was forced out of the Confederation. 470.

4. WhatissaidofthecharacterofBismarckandthepolicythatheinaugurated?470.

6. WhatcausesledtotheFranco PrussianWar?472.

201

NOTES

202

NOTES

VOLUME IX

203

204

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE VOLUME

1. WherecanwefindearliestexamplesofChristianart?9.

7. InwhatwaysdidtheChurchhamperearlyChristianart?

205

3. ExplainwhyearlyChristianartsocloselyresembledRomanart.10.

5. Howweremosaicsmadeandwhatpurposedidtheyserve?17.

4. WhydidtheChristianssoonbegintousesymbolstoexpresstheirmeanings?10.

“Artis anditwillalwaysbesomoreandmore oneofthegreatestpowerswhichwork atthedestructionofthosebarrierswhichhavebeenerectedagainsthumanintercourse bynationaldistinctions.” Wolkonsky

2. Whatdoyouunderstandbythecatacombs?

I. MediaevalArt

6. Howdoyouaccountforthenewconceptionsofart,setforthfirstbytheByzantine school?20.

9. Doesoneseethiskindofdecorationtoday?

• StoryoftheCatacombs,Hedges

206 VOLUMEIX

• MonumentsoftheEarlyChurch,WalterLowrie

• ArtsandCraftsintheMiddleAges,JuliaAddison

II.EarlyItalianPainters

1. WhohasbeencalledtheFatherofItalianPainting?22.

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

• ChristianArt,WalterLowrie

2. InwhatrespectsdidhisMadonnasurpassthoseofearlierartists?22.

4. Whatisacampanile?24.

EarlyChristianArt

3. WheremaymuchofGiotto’sworkbeseentoday?23.

8. StudythemissalscontainedinthevolumesoftheDelphianCourseinconnection withthematterofilluminatedtexts.101.

12.IsBotticelli’sstylepopulartodayornot?30.

9. Thetermrealisticmeanswhat?29.

207 VOLUMEIX

10.NotethewonderfulcareerofLeonardodaVinci.30.

7. WhatmessagedidMasacciogivetheworld?26.

5. CharacterizethepaintingofFraAngelico.25.

6. Howwasheesteemedbyhisacquaintances?26.

13.Studyinconnectionwiththeseartiststhereproductionoftheirvariouspaintings, asshowninthesebooks.

8. ComparetheworkofFilippoLippiwiththatdonebyFraAngelico.27.

11.Whatwerehismasterpieces?32.

8. Titian’slifewaslongandeventful.Notesuchfactsasarementioned.41.

5. WhatweretheSistinetapestries?38.

4. Some consider the Sistine Madonna the most wonderful painting in the world. CompareitwiththeMadonnaoftheChair.38.

6. WhereinliesthecharmofCorreggio’spainting?40.

3. ContrastAngelo’slifewiththatofRaphael.37.

1. WhowasthegreatsculptoroftheRenaissance?33.

III.LaterRenaissanceArt

2. Whatcelebratedpaintingdidheundertake?35.

208 VOLUMEIX

7. WhatisperhapsthemostwonderfulChristmaspictureeverexecuted?41.

• FrescoesoftheSistineChapel,Philips

• ArtofItalianRenaissanc,Wolfflin

• CharacterofRenaissance,CharlesMoore

• PicturesandTheirPainters,L.M.Bryant. Veryusefulforbeginners.

• RenaissanceinItalianArt,Brinton

• HowtoStudyPictures,CharlesCafin

• MichelAngelo,Grimm2vol.

• HistoryofPainting,Muther

• PaintinginItaly,CroweandCavalcaselle,6volumes

10.WhomdoyouconsiderthegreatestpainterinItalyoftheRenaissance?Whichone doyouenjoythemost?

• PaintersoftheRenaissance,Berenson

OTHERBOOKSOFRENAISSANCEART

9. WhateffectdidsojourninVeniceseemtohaveuponhisstyle?43.

BOOKSONINDIVIDUALARTISTS

ARCHITECTURE

• MasterpiecesinColor,ed.T.L.Hare

• TheArtGalleriesofEurope,Potter

209 VOLUMEIX

• PaintingsofFlorence,JuliaCartwright

Corotisthefatherofmodernlandscape. Thereisnotonelandscapist,whetherheknows itornot,butproceedsfromhim,butwhatimitateshim. Ihaveneverseenapictureof Corot’s that was not beautiful, a line that not something . . . . Among modern painters, Corot is the one who, in color as in other things, has the most points analogous to Rembrandt. Theshadesaregoldenwithoneandgreywiththeother,butbothusethe samemeanstoprocurethelightandshowofatone.” ConstantDutilleux.

5. WhatkindofpicturesdidClaudeLorrainpaint?81.

MODERNPAINTING

3. HowmayweaccountforthestrongFlemishinfluencefeltintheearlyseventeenth centuryinFrance?80.

4. HowhasHazlittcharacterizedthePoussinesquelandscape?81.

210 VOLUMEIX

1. WhattwoearlycentersofartwerethereinFrance?79. 2. Twowell knownItalianartistswereinducedtocometoFrance.Whowerethey? 79.

I. FrenchArt

6. WhatissaidoftheartfosteredbyLouisXIV?81.

10.ReadCorot’sdescriptionofdawn.87.

7. ContrastthepicturesbyWatteauandthosedonebyChardin.82.

13.Doyouenjoyhispictures?

15.OftheseveralFrenchartistshaveconsidered,whichappealstoyoumost?

11.WhatwasRousseau’sfeelingabouttrees?88.

8. Note that other countries were robbed of art treasures for the glory of France duringtheNapoleonicwars.

12.Milletpaintedpoemsoflabor.Readwhatissaidofhislifeandwork.88.

14.WhataregreatestamongRosaBonheur’spaintings?92.

211 VOLUMEIX

9. WhoweretheBarbizonpaintersandwhyso called?85.

Van Dyckheightensthe staturesthat Rubens madetoostout; heindicateslessmuscle, less relief, fewer bones, and not so much blood. He is less turbulent, never brutal; his expressions are less gross; he laughs but little, has often a vein of tenderness, but he knows not the strong sob of violent men. He never startles; he often corrects the roughnessofhismaster;heiseasybecausehistalentisprodigiouslynaturalandfacile; heisfreeandalert,butheisnevercarriedaway...

“In every case he has, more than his master, a feeling for draperies well put on, for fashion;hehasatasteforsilkystuffs,forsatins,forribbons,forpoints,forplumesand ornamentalswords.”

II.ArtintheLowCountries

Fromentin

1. WhyisitnecessarytoconsiderDutchandFlemishartseparately?46.

2. WhatindicationsaretherethattheFlemishpeoplewerenaturallyfondofgaiety, luxury,etc?47.

4. WhowasthetruefounderofFlemishart?50.

5. HowwouldyoudescribeRubens’peculiargenius?Dohispaintingpleaseyou?

6. ComparehisworkwiththatofVanDyck.51.

212 VOLUMEIX

3. It is interesting to read “The Cloister and the Hearth” when studying the Van Dycks.50,

11.IsRembrandtpopulartoday?

7. HowhasthegeneralnatureofthecountryaffectedDutchart?53.

9. WhyisitsaidthatRembrandtbelongstonotimeorplace?56.

Hardlyanymasterhasscatteredwithsolavishahandallthatthesoulhasconceivedof fervidfeelingorpathos,allthatthoughthasgraspedofwhatisstrongorsublime,allthat theimaginationhasconceivedofpoeticwealth;innoonehasthedepthandpowerofthe Germangeniusbeensogloriouslyrevealedasinhim.”

III. PaintinginGermany

213 VOLUMEIX

10.What was his unhappy experience with the painting popularly known as The NightWatch?58.

Lubke

1. WhatwasthefirstartcenterinGermany?64.

8. FranzHalswasaremarkablepainter.Notewhatissaidofhim.55

12.Howdohispaintingsrank?

214 VOLUMEIX

IV. SpanishArt

4. Whatcityiscloselyassociatedwithhim?66.

1. To what extent did the Moors permanently affect Spanish art and architecture? 71. 2. WhathamperedthedevelopmentofearlySpanishart?71.

DeAmicis

5. WhatgreatItalianpainterdidDurermeetonhisvisittoVenice?67.

2. Whofoundedaschoolhere?64.

3. WhowasthegreatestofGermanpainters?68.

7. HowdoyouaccountfortheunusualdetailinhisGeorgeGisze?65.

6. CompareHolbeinandDurer.

“Velasquez is in art an eagle; Murillo is an angel. One admires Velasquez and adores Murillo. Byhiscanvasesweknowhimasifhehadlivedamongus. Hewashandsome, good and virtuous. Envy knew not where to attack him; around his crown of glory he boreahalooflove. Hewasborntopaintthesky.”

215 VOLUMEIX

8. ContrasthislifewiththatofMurillo.75.

6. WhateffectdidRuben’svisittoSpainhaveuponhim?74.

5. NotetheversatilityofVelasquez.74.

7. NotethatVelasquezisoneofthefewgreatworldpainters.74.

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

9. Many of Murillo’s pictures of street children are among the general favorites today.75.

• MasterPaintersofBritain,White

3. WhatwasthenatureofRibera’swork?73.

10.DoyouconsiderMurillooneofthegreatestpainters?

4. WhoarethegreatpaintersofSpain?73.

• StoryofDutchPainting,Caffin

• PaintingsoftheLouve,Mahler

• Murillo,Calvert

• RoyalPalacesofSpain,Calvert

• ArtGalleriesofEurope,Potter

• HowtoStudyPictures,Caffin

• Velasquez,Breal

• ModernFrenchMasters,VanVorst

• MilletandtheBarbizonSchool,ArthurTomson

• Rembrandt,Hurll

• Rembrandt,Breal

• StoryofAmericanPainting,Caffin

216 VOLUMEIX

• FrenchArt,Brownell

• StoryofSpanishPainting,Caffin

• ThePrado,Calvert

• HistoryofFrenchPainting,Stranahan

“FormerlyIwitnessedthephenomenaoflifewithoutthinkingwhencetheycame,orwhy Iwitnessedthem.

I.RussianLiterature

“ItisastonishinghowIcouldformerlyfailtoseetheindubitabletruth,thatbehindthis worldandourlifein it,issomeone,something, that knowswhythisworldexists, and whyweinit,likebubblesinboilingwater,rise,burstanddisappear.

RUSSIANHISTORYANDLITERATURE

“SubsequentlyIrealizedthatallIseeistheoutcomeoflight,whichisunderstanding. And I was so glad to have brought everything into harmony, that I was quite satisfied in acknowledgingtheunderstandingalonetobethesourceofeverything.

“Thissamesourceoflightthatenlightensme asourceIdonotknow,buttheexistenceof whichIdoknow isGod,”....

“ButafterthatIsawthattheunderstandingisalightwhichreachesmethroughakindof dimglass. Iseethelight,butitssourceIdonotknow. YetIknowthatthesourceexists.

“Itiscertainthatsomethingisbeingdoneinthisworld,andthatbyalllivingbeings;being donebyme,bymylife.

Tolstoi:ThoughtsonGod

1. WhatthreeRussiannovelistshavebecomeworld famous?476.

“Otherwise, this sun, those seasons, and above all wherefore the three year old child, frenziedwith superabundanceoflife;that old woman who hasoutlivedher reason, or yonderlunatic? Theseseparatebeings,whichinmyeyesevidentlyhavenomeaning,and whichareyetlivingsovigorously,aresotenaciousoflife,andinwhomlifeissofreely planted, those beings more than anything convince me that they are wanted for some purposethatiswiseandgood,andinaccessibletome.”

217 VOLUMEIX

8. AfinedescriptionofRussiaisgivenbyoneofherloyalsons.487.

218 VOLUMEIX

4. NotehowstrongwastheinfluenceofFranceduringthereignofCatherineII.479.

2. HowcanweaccountforthelateliterarydevelopmentofRussia?476.

7. See howstrongarethepicturesintheshortcitations:TheCossackMother,and TheCossackFather484,485.

3. WherearethebeginningsofRussianliteraturetobefound?477.

6. HowdoesPushkinrankamongRussianwriters?481.

5. Whatbroughtareactioninthisregard?480.

10.Count Tolstoi towers far above his contemporaries, and will be regarded in all probability as the most remarkable character in the late nineteenth and early twentiethcenturies.510.

9. Turgenieffiswellknowninmanylands.488.

• RussianLiterature,Waliszewski

• RussiaandTurkeyinNineteenthCentury

• Russia,George

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

219 VOLUMEIX

• Russia:StoryoftheNationsSeries

• LiteraryHistoryofRussia,Bruckner

• Russia,Wallace

11.Whyhasthewholeworldpaidhomagetothisman?

Andguestswhoweartheirheartsconcealed, Whoshroudthemselvesinsilencegrim, Revealtohimtheirsecretshrines Andshowtheirinmostsoulstohim. Hefindsthem;andtheycannothide, Foreverymanhemeetshisplan Is,togoforthfromouthimself Andstraightwaytobecomethatman.

Andtotheworld innofhisheart, Thatstandsbesidetheworld’shighway, Theythrongfromalltheroadsandlanes Andcomeandenternightandday. Hisheartislikenolonelypeak, Nocloud robed,thunder blastedcrest; Hisheartislikeawaysideinn Whereeverytravellercanrest.

220 VOLUMEIX

THEENGLISHNOVEL

SamWalterFoss

Theloftygreatamonghisguests Withplacidposeignorethesmall, Th’unnotedsmallavoidthegreat, Buthe,theirlandlord,greetsthemall. Helivestherewherethecross-roadsmeet Theturnpikeroad,thatstretchesfar; Hegreetsthewanderersoftheworld Whocomefromundereverystar.

Hisheartislikenolonelypeak, Nocloud robed,thunder blastedcrest; Hisheartislikeawaysideinn Whereeverytravellercanrest. Theycomefromfarandover-sea, FromNorthandSouth heletsthemin Hisdoorswingswideformenofgrace, Heshakesthehandsofmenofsin.

TheNovelist

1. WhatfamoustaleisknownasthefirstEnglishnovel?186.

3. Notewhatissaidoftheauthor.187.

2. Whatisthecharacterofthisstory?186.

4. Under what circumstances did Samuel Richardson write “Pamela; or Virture Rewarded”?196.

221 VOLUMEIX

6. WhatissaidoftheauthoroftheVicarofWakefield?

5. Whatchangemaywenoteinpublicopinioninconnectionwithit?197.

1. JustaswemaysaythatFieldingwasthe“FatheroftheEnglishNovel,”although earlier English novels had been written, so we may say that Scott created the historical romance, notwithstanding that attempts in this field had been previouslyattempted.

I.BeginningsoftheEnglishNovel

II.TheHistoricalNovel Scott

222 VOLUMEIX

• European QuentinDurward,AnneofGeierstein,CountRobertofParis

3. Bywhatnamewerehisnovelslongknown?227.

5. ReadthecitationfromIvanhoe,229.ThisstorypertainstothetimeofRichardthe Lion hearted whenSaxonandNormanweregraduallybeingweldedintoaunited nation, when Robin Hood and his men sallied forth from Sherwood Forest to avengewrongsdonetothecommonpeople.

6. TheBrideofLammermoorisnotnecessarilyclassifiedwiththehistoricalnovels, althoughcontainingcertainhistoricalfacts.

4. NotethatwithmuchthesamespiritashadoncepromptedShakespearetoteach theEnglishpeoplethecourseoftheirpasthistorybyaseriesofhistoricalplays, so Scott set to work to picture life of seven centuries for his countrymen. The WaverlyNovelsextendpracticallyfromthetimeofWilliamRufustothedawnof thenineteenthcentury.

Historical

• Scotch Waverley,LegendofMontrose,OldMortality,TheMonastery,Abbot,Fair MaidofPerth,CastleDangerous

• English Ivanhoe,Kenilworth, ForthunesofNigel,PeverilofthePeak,Betrothed, Talisman,Woodstock.

7. ThethrillingaccountofQueenElizabeth’svisittoKenilworthmaybereadon237.

TABLEOFSCOTT’SNOVELS

8. ScottlovedtowritestoriesofScotlandandtheScottishclans,fromoneofwhich hewasdirectlydescended.RobRoyissuchastory.

2. NotewhatissaidofthelifeofScott.227.

6. Vanity Fair has been dramatized in part. Who has frequently played “Becky Sharp”?271.

1. Dickensremainsamasterinthefieldoffiction.Notetheriseofhispopularity.250.

• Guy Mannering, Antiquary, Redgauntlet, Pirate, Rob Roy, Two Drovers, Black Dwarf,HighlandWidow,St.Ronan’sWell,Surgeon’sDaughter

4. IsDickensaspopularnowasformerly?Doesthisproveanythingconcerningthe abilityofcontemporariestojudgeawritercorrectly?

223 VOLUMEIX

Personal

III.LaterNineteenthCenturyNovelists

2. WhichofDickens’storieshaveyouread?Whichdoyoubestenjoy?

7. For an example of Thackeray’s splendid satire, read the sketch from “The Newcomes.”275

5. TowhatextentdidThackereyrevealhimselfinhisbooks? Comparehiminthis respectwithDickens.269.

3. PickwickPapersisavolumefulloffun,andinthisrespect,Dickensnevercreated anythinggreater.253.

2. ForanaccountofGeorgeEliot’slife,see283.

9. PutYourselfinHisPlaceisoneofhisstrongestbooks.311.

IV. ThePsychologicalNovel GeorgeEliot

5. OneshouldbyallmeansreadTheMillontheFloss. Fromcertainviewpoints,this andAdamBedearehertruestcreations.

3. Silas Marner is a masterpiece. It concerns the middle class of rural England of whomGeorgeEliotwrotesocharmingly.287.

1. This is by no means an absolute classification. George Eliot was a realist who wrote in the latter part of the nineteenth century. This classification is made to placeparticularemphasisuponthefactthatthiswriterdweltsolargelyuponthe developmentofcharacter,thementalexpansion.Inanalysisofhumanmotiveshe surpassed any earlier novelist and remains the equal of any who have written since.Thisshouldbenotedfromtimetotimeasonereadsherstories.

224 VOLUMEIX

8. Charles Reade made himself a factor in “the movement for recognition of the sociallyunfitandthoseunfairlytreated.”Someofhisstoriesaretodayregarded asplainlymelodramatic.308.

6. Romolawastheresultoftheauthor’sattempttotransplantherpowerstoanother country and a distant age. It is another study of human motive, but into it are woven many historical facts. The portion here selected has particular interest. 291.

4. As you read this portion, see how repeatedly the writer lays stress upon the motive.297.

• TheEnglishNovel,SidneyLanier

• DevelopmentoftheEnglishNovel,Cross

• MastersoftheEnglishNovel,Burton

• TheEnglishNovelattheTimeofShakespeare,Jusserand

• LivesofAllEnglishNovelistsandTheirWritings

“Whileherpoorlittleheartwasbeingcrushedunderaweighttooheavyforit,nature was keeping on her calm, inexorable way unmoved and with terrible beauty. The stars were rushing in their eternal courses! The tides rose tothe level of the most expectantweed. Thebrilliantsunwasmakingbusydayontheothersideofthisswift earth. Everywherethetideofhumanthoughtanddeedwashurryingandbroadening onward. Theastronomerwasathistelescope;thegreatshipswerelaboringoverthe waves. Thetoilingeagernessofcommerce,thefiercespiritofrevolution,wereonly ebbingforabriefrest.Thesleeplessstatesmanwasdreamingofthepossiblecrisisof the morrow. What were our little Tina and her troubles in this mighty torrent, rushingonfromoneawfulunknowntoanother? Lighterthanthesmallestcenterof quiveringlifeinawater drop;hiddenanduncaredforasthepulseofanguishinthe breastofthetiniestbirdthathasfluttereddowntoitsnestwiththelong soughtfood andhasfoundthatnesttornandempty.”

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

• IntroductiontotheStudyofEnglishFiction,Simonds

225 VOLUMEIX

7. Criticsholdthattheseearlierworkspossessmeritoverthelaterones FelixHolt and Daniel Deronda although Middlemarch is by many conceded to be George Eliot’sfineststory.

8. Whilemuchismadeofmotiveanalysis,itshouldnotbeforgottenthatthiswriter wasoftenmagnificentinherdescription. Noteforexample,thefollowing:

226

NOTES

227

NOTES

228

VOLUME X

229

230

Nearer to our times, more closely connected with our fates, and therefore still more interesting to our feelings and affections, is the settlement of our own country by colonists from England. We cherish every memorial of these worthy ancestors; we celebratetheirpatienceandfortitude;weadmiretheirdaringenterprise;weteachour childrentoveneratetheirpiety;andwearejustlyproudofbeingdescendedfrommen whohavesettheworldanexampleoffoundingcivilinstitutionsonthegreatandunited principlesofhumanfreedomandhumanknowledge. Tous,theirchildren,thestoryof theirlaborsandsufferingscanneverbewithoutinterest. Weshallnotstandunmoved ontheshoreofPlymouth,whiletheseacontinuestowashit....Novigorofyouth,no maturity of manhood, will lead the nation to forget the spots where its infancy was cradledanddefended....

The great trust now descends to new hands. Let us apply ourselves to that which is presentedtous,asourappropriateobject....Ourproperbusinessisimprovement. Let ouragebeanageofimprovement. Inadayofpeace,letusadvancetheartsofpeaceand theworksofpeace. Letusdeveloptheresourcesofourland,callforthitspowers,build upitsinstitutions,promoteallitsgreatinterests,andseewhetherwealso,inourdayand generation,maynotperformsomethingworthytoberemembered.

DanielWebster:BunkerHillOration

DELPHIAN READING COURSE STUDY GUIDE

Ourhistoryandourcondition,allthatisgonebeforeus,andallthatsurrounds,authorize the belief that popular governments, though subject to occasional variations, in form perhapsnotalwaysforthebetter,mayyet,intheirgeneralcharacter,beasdurableand permanent as other systems. We know, indeed, that in our country any other is impossible. TheprincipleoffreegovernmentadherestotheAmericansoil. Itisbedded init,immovableasitsmountains.

231

VOLUME X

We do not read even ofthe discovery of this continent, without feeling something of a personalinterestintheevent;withoutbeingremindedhowmuchithasaffectedourown fortunesandourownexistence. Itwouldbestillmoreunnaturalforus,therefore,than for others, to contemplate with unaffected minds that interesting, I may say that most touchingandpatheticscene,whenthegreatdiscovererofAmericastoodonthedeckof hisshatteredbark,theshadesofnightfallingonthesea,yetnomansleeping;tossedon thebillowsofanunknownocean,yetthestrongerbillowsofalternatehopeanddespair tossing his own troubled thoughts: extending forward his harassed frame, straining westwardhisanxiousandeagereyes,tillHeavenatlastgrantedhimamomentofrapture andecstasy,inblessinghisvisionwiththesightoftheunknownworld.

AMERICANHISTORY

2. Whatwritingsgavezesttothedesire?3. 3. WithwhatconvictiondidColumbussetsailfromSpain?3.

7. Whatmotivespromptedthis?6.

4. 5. WasthetruesituationconcerningtheNewWorldunderstoodatonce?4.

4. HowdoyouaccountfortheneglectwhichovertookColumbusbeforehisdeath?

8. WhatpartsofthepresentUnitedStatesdidSpaniardsexplore?6.

I.AgeofDiscovery

1. Whatconditionsinthefifteenthcenturymadeitdesirabletofindanewrouteto theOrient?Page2.

6. WhatpartdidSpaintakeinexploringthenewcontinent?5.

232 VOLUMEX

4. What was the general character of those who were sent out by the London CompanytopeopleVirginia?10.

5. In what respects was the political organization of Virginia a result of natural conditionsprevailingthere?10.

1. Whatwerethefirstpermanentsettlementstobemadeinourcountry?8.

3. Did the defeat of the Spanish Armada have any effect in the part England afterwardsplayedinAmerica?9.

2. DidSpaincontinuetoholdherown?8.

II.AgeofSettlement

233 VOLUMEX

9. TheFrenchattemptedexplorationwhere?6.TheEnglish?7.

10.Howhappeneditthatourcontinentwascalledbyitspresentname?7.

6. WhenwasthefirstlegislativeassemblyeverconvenedinAmerica?

9. WhatothernationsplantedcoloniesintheNewWorld?12.

1. OnwhatoccasionsdidEuropeanwarsleadtowarsinAmerica?15.Isitplainwhy thiscameabout?

8. What was the situation in England in the seventeenth century when so many EnglishflockedtotheNewEnglandshores?12.

A.ColonialTimes

3. Note that the French and Indian War was a keen struggle between France and Englandforpredominance.16.

7. ComparethesettlementofPlymouthandVirginia.11.

234 VOLUMEX

III.TheBeginningsofaNation

2. Is it true that struggles between colonists and Indians fill many a page in our history?15.

4. Whatdifferencesincolonialpolicyisnotedwithregardtoeithercountry?16.

8. What were the glaring defects of the government under the Articles of Confederation?22.

6. Wasitwellthatthestateshaving“sea to sea”grantswererequiredtocedelands westofthemountainstothegeneralgovernment?21.

7. HowdoyouaccountforthefactthatforyearsfeelingintheUnitedStateswaslocal ratherthangeneral?22.

10.WhatwastheattitudeofforeignpowerstowardtheyoungRepublic?23.

B.TheArticlesofConfederation

9. Whatwastherealsituationhereatthetime?23.Doyouunderstandwhythisis knownasthecriticalperiodofUnitedStateshistory?

235 VOLUMEX

5. HowweretheEnglishcolonieshamperedbytraderestrictions?Whywerethese imposed?18.

3. ForwhatreasondidtheKentuckyResolutionscausealarm?29.

236 VOLUMEX

IV.AftertheAdoptionoftheConstitution

2. WhydidtheSeditionlawcallforthsuchopposition?29.

11.WhatdifficultproblemsconfrontedtheConstitutionConvention?24.

12.Whydidmanypatrioticmen,suchasHenryandSamuelAdams,opposethenew constitution?25.

1. In what ways was it fortunate that Washington could remain at the head of the newgovernmentforeightyears?26.Wouldithavebeenwellforhimtohavestaid longer?

4. HowextensivewasthelandincludedintheLouisianaPurchase?30.

5. WhatwasthesituationunderwhichtheMonroedoctrinewaspromulgated?31. Haveweourselvescontinuedtoholdtoit?

6. WhydoyouthinkitwasthattheSpoilsSystemfellgraduallyintodisfavor?33.

9. WhywasLincoln’sdeathaseriousblowtotheSouth?39.Wasthisunderstoodat thetimeasitistoday?

• HistoryoftheAmericanPeople,5vol.WoodrowWilson

237 VOLUMEX

• HistoryoftheUnitedStates,1801 1817,HenryAdams

• AmericanHistorySeries,1492-1875

• EnglishColoniesinAmerica,5vol.Doyle

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

• HistoryoftheUnitedStates,Hildreth

8. NotetheriseandprogressoftheslaveryquestioninAmerica,35.

7. WhyhavetariffbillsinthiscountryfrequentlybeenhardupontheSouth?34.

• AmericanHistoryToldbyContemporaries,ed.Hart

• HistoryofthePeopleoftheU.S.,McMaster

• DiscoverofAmerica,etc.11vol.JohnFiske

• AmericanCommonwealths,statesindividually,ed.Scudder

• RiseofRepublicofUnitedStates,Frothingham

• TheAmericanNation AHistory,ed.Hart

10.NotetheunparalleledindustrialprogressintheUnitedStatesduringthelastforty years. 43

PROSELITERATUREINAMERICA

238 VOLUMEX

“Aswegobackinhistory,languagebecomesmorepicturesque,untilitsinfancy,whenit isallpoetry;orallspiritualfactsarerepresentedbynaturalsymbols. Thesamesymbols arefoundtomaketheoriginalelementsofalllanguages. Ithasmoreoverbeenobserved thattheidiomsofalllanguagesapproacheachotherinpassagesofthegreatesteloquence andpower. Andasthisisthefirstlanguage,soisitthelast. Thisimmediatedependence of language upon nature, this conversion of an outward phenomenon into a type of somewhat in human life, never loses its power to affect us. It is this which gives that piquancy to the conversation of a strong natured farmer or backwoodsman which all menrelish.

“Thepoet,theorator,bredinthewoods,whosesenseshavebeennourishedbytheirfair andappeasingchangesyearafteryear,withoutdesignandwithoutheed,shallnotlose theirlessonaltogetherintheroarofcitiesorthebroilofpolitics. Longhereafter,amidst agitationandterrorinnationalcouncils,inthehourofrevolution,thesesolemnimages shallreappearintheirmorninglustreasfitsymbolsandwordsofthethoughtswhichthe passingeventshallawaken. Atthecallofanoblesentiment,againthewoodssave,the pinesmurmur, theriverrolls andshines, and thecattlelowuponthe mountainsashe sawandheardtheminhisinfancy. Andwiththeseforms,thespellsofpersuasion,the keysofpowerareputintohishands.”

“Aman’spowertoconnecthisthoughtswithitspropersymbol,andsotoutterit,depends on the simplicity of his character; that is, upon his love of truth and his desire to communicate it without loss. The corruption of man is followed by the corruption of language. Whensimplicityofcharacterandthesovereigntyofideasisbrokenupbythe prevalenceofsecondarydesires,thedesireofriches,ofpleasure,ofpower,andofpraise theduplicityandfalsehoodtakestheplaceofsimplicityandtruth,thepoweroverNature, asaninterpreterofthewill,isinadegreelost;newimageryceasestobecreatedandold words are perverted to stand for things which are not; a paper currency is employed whenthereisnobullioninthevaults. Induetimethefraudismanifest,andwordslose allpowertostimulatetheunderstandingortheaffections. Hundredsofwritersmaybe found in every long civilized nation, who for a short time believe, and make others believe,thattheyseeanduttertruths,whodonotofthemselvesclotheonethoughtinits natural garment, but who feed unconsciously on the language created by the primary writersofthecountry,those,namely,whoholdprimarilyonNature....

Language:Emerson

239 VOLUMEX

3. Cotton Mather belonged to a strong, intellectual family. He wrote many pamphlets.256,265.

1. It should be noted that the exigencies of early years in America precluded any chance for literature, properly so-called, to develop. A certain degree of leisure andrelieffromcuremustprecedeliteraryeffort. Suchwritingsassurvivewere letters sent to friends in England describing life in the New World; diaries, whereinwerechronicledeventsofinterest;pamphlets,etc.255.

B. RevolutionaryWriters

6. Notethatwritingsnowtooktheformofprintedorations,politicalpamphlets,etc. 268.

7. Whowasthegreatestwriterofthisperiod?248,270.

4. Whoweresomeofthereligiouswritersofthisepoch?256.

I. BeginningsofAmericanLiterature

5. Would we regard the literature of this age as absorbing if we were obliged to dependlargelyuponitfordiversiontoday?

2. NotethatCaptainJohnSmithwroteahistoryofVirginia.255,259.

A. ColonialWritings

8. HowdoyouaccountforthepopularityofPoorRichard’sAlmanac?272.

240 VOLUMEX

A. WashingtonIrving

4. ThestoryofRipVanWinklewillbelongafavorite asithasbeenforyearspast. 286.

9. DoyouenjoyreadingFranklin’swritings?

2. Whatissaidofhislife?283.

II.FirstHalfoftheNineteenthCentury

3. NotethatheoncerepresentedourcountryinSpain–thissojournleadinghimto writeTheAlhambra.284.

10.Itmightbenotedinpassingthattogreatarmiesofschoolchildrenwhohavebeen compelled to read his Autobiography in school, the very name of Benjamin Franklinstandsformuchthatisdryanduninteresting.

1. WashingtonIrvingisrememberedtodayasanessayistandwriterofdescriptions andsketches.Whilehealsowrotehistoriesandbiographies,thesearelittleread atthepresenttime.279.

8. Like Irving, Cooper was a loyal patriot, but he had a less happy way with men, makingplentyofenemiesathomeandabroad.Hebecameinvolvedinbroilsthat embitteredhislifeandwereofsmallimportanceafterall.

11.TheDeerslayerturnslargelyuponthedeathofanIndianchief.306.

9. TowhatEuropeanwriterhashebeencompared?305.

6. AretherestilltobefoundschoolhousesliketheoneIrvingdescribesonp.300?

241 VOLUMEX

5. Whoimmortalizedthisplayonthestage?

12.Hawthorne’s private life was delightful. However, he never moved with ease amongmen.322.

C.NathanielHawthorne

10.ThePilotisoneofCooper’sbeststories.304.

7. Cooper was the novelist of adventure. He practically created the sea tale, and neverwasmoreateasethanwhendescribingashipinthestorm.304.

B.JamesFenimoreCooper

16.TheMarbleFaunisastorycenteringaroundtheFaunoftheVaticanandonewho wasthoughttoresembleit.323.

18.WhatissaidofRalphWaldoEmerson? 348.

• AmericanLiteraryMasters,Vincent

13.Fortheprincipaleventsofhislife,seep.322.

• Bryant, Cooper, Curtis, Emerson, Franklin, Irving, Poe, Taylor, Thoreau, Hawthorne,Longfellow,Parkman,Prescott,Whittier.

• AmericanLiterature,Bronson

242 VOLUMEX

17.Tanglewood Tales and the Wonder Book remain special favorites among young readers. In them Hawthorne relates stories of Greek gods and heroes most charmingly.

• HistoryofAmericanLiterature,Trent

15.The Scarlet Letter is one of the most extraordinary books ever produced in America. Ithasbeentranslatedintomanyforeignlanguages.

• LiteraryHistoryofAmerica,Wendell

• AmericanMenofLetters,ed.Warner

14.Whatbooksdidhewrite?323.

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

Alisteningear;

Thenlateatnight,whenbyhisfire Thetravellersits, Watchingtheflamegrowbrighter,higher, Thesweetsongflits

Onleaflessboughwillmakehimsigh, ‘Ahme!Lastspring

Tohelphimrest;

Thecommonairhasgenerouswings, Songsmaketheirway. Nomessengertorunbefore, Devisingplan;

Holmes

Toanyman;

Bysnatchesthroughhiswearybrain

JusthereIheard,inpassingby, Thatrarebirdsing!’

Heisthepoetwhocanstooptoread Thesecrethiddeninawaysideweed; WhomJune’swarmbreathwithchild-likerapturefills, Whosespirit‘danceswiththedaffodils.’

Whennexthegoesthatroadagian, Anemptynest

Nomentionoftheplaceorhour

243 VOLUMEX

TheWaytoSing

Nowaitingtillsomesoundbetrays

‘Whatbirdisthat?Itssongisgood.’ Andeagereyes Gopeeringthroughtheduskywood, Ingladsurprise.

AMERICANPOETSANDPOETRY

Thebirdsmustknow.Whowiselysings Willsingasthey;

Nodifferentvoice,nonewdelays, Ifstepsdrawnear.

2. Ingeneral,whatwasthetrendofhislife?364.

“Allgoodpoets,epic,aswellaslyric,composetheirbeautifulpoems,notasworksofart, butbecausetheyareinspiredorpossessed.” Plato

I.EarlyWritersofVerse

244 VOLUMEX

HelenHuntJackson

3. Thanatopsis was written before he was eighteen, but it should be remembered thatonlyayouthwithhisenvironmentandinheritancescouldthushavewritten. 365.

1. BryantgrewupinwesternMassachusettswherethesceneryisnotunlikethatof the Lake district in England. Unquestionably, he was influenced by the general picturesquesurroundingsamidwhichhelived.363.

4. Whatfrequentlysuppliedthethemeofhispoems?365.

Butwhilehesighs,remembering Howsweetthesong, Thelittlebirdontirelesswing, Isbornealong Inotherair,andothermen Withwearyfeet, Onotherroads,thesimplestrain Arefindingsweet. Thebirdsmustknow.Whowiselysings Willsingasthey; Thecommonairhasgenerouswings, Songsmaketheirway.

NotetheprincipaleventsinLongfellow’slife.372.

WhatdoyouknowofLowell’slife? 396.

7. Whatgeneralqualitiesmaybefoundinhispoems? 396.

II. BestKnownAmericanPoets

245 VOLUMEX

3. Inwhatfieldwashemostathome?372.

4. SeewhatapicturehepaintsinhisTwilight.382.

A.Longfellow1.

2. Whyishesometimescalledthepeople’spoet?372.

5. Severalofhisshorterpoemsareheregiven.374.

B. Lowell6.

11.Doyoufeelthatthispoemhasapurpose? Ifso,whatisit?

9. Whatpoliticalissuescalledforthmanyofhispoems?396.

Holmes13.WhatdoyouknowofHolmes’life?408.

16.ThequietfunofContentmentischaracteristicofHolmes.411.

15.Thispoemshouldbememorizedbyall.

14.Itisdifficulttograsp thefullsignificanceoftheChamberedNautilusunlessone hasseenthenautilusshell.410.

8. WhyhasLowellbeencalledour“representativewriter”?396.

10.TheVisionofSirLaunfalisoneofthemostbeautifulofAmericanproductions.It repaysoneforcarefulstudy.398.

246 VOLUMEX

12.Whichofitsseveraldescriptionsseemstoyoumostremarkable?

6. TowhatsectionofourlanddomostofJoaquinMiller’spoemsbelong?450.

7. PerhapsheneverwroteanythingnoblerthanhisColumbus.450.

Carlyle

5. LittleBoyBlueandWynken,BlynkenandNodaregreatfavorites.448,449.

1. BydifferentpeopleWaltWhitmanisdifferentlyestimated.Manyaredevotedto him;othersdonotfindhimtolerable.452.

3. Democracy, the brotherhood of man and fraternal spirit inspired many of Whitman’spoems.Sciencefascinatedhim,buthewaspronetodragintothefull lightofdaywhateverthemehetouchedupon forgettingthattwilight,dawnand evenpitchdarknessfilleachapurpose.453.

“Amusicalthoughtisonespokenbyamindthathaspenetratedintotheinmostheartof thething;detectedtheinmostmysteryofit,namedthemelodythatlieshiddeninit,the inwardharmonyofcoherencewhichisitssoul, wherebyitexists andhasarighttobe hereintheworld.”

2. NotethatWhitmanservedasahospitalnurseduringtheCivilWarandunderthe strainlosthishealth,whichheneverrecovered.453.

III.LaterAmericanPoets

4. WhatkindofpoemsdidFieldwrite?447.

247 VOLUMEX

• HomesofAmericanAuthors,Curtis

• IntroductiontoAmericanLiterature,Matthews

• MenandLetters,Scudder

• AmericanLiterature,Bronson

• BuildersofAmericanLiterature,Underwood

• PenPicturesofModernAuthors,Walsh

• PoemsofAmericanHistory,Stevenson

• AmericanAnthology,Stedman

• StudyofEnglishandAmericanPoets,Clark

248 VOLUMEX

BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING

• PoetsofAmerica,Stedman

249

NOTES

250

251

INDEXES

252

Kells,ix.104. OfDurrow,ix.104. OfHours,ix.107. Boecklin,ix.154,156. Bordone,ix.133. Botticelli,ix.29,113. Boucher,ix.161. Bruges,Artof,ix.46. Brussels,Artof,ix.48. Burne Jones,ix.174;x.219. ByzantineArt,ix.15.

253

SeeExpositions,General. EarlyAmericanPainters,x.207. RecentAmericanPainters,x.214.

ArtGalleries,European(cont.) NetherlandsTheHagueRoyalMuseum,ix.142. Rotterdam,ix.144. Amsterdam,ix.145. Spain

AntiquitiesEgyptian,ix.184. Classical,ix.184. ApolloBelvedere,ix.128.

Abbey,EdwinA.,x,223,237. AdorationoftheMysticLamb,ix.48. Alexander,JohnW.,x.240. AmericanArt

ArtBeginnings,i.225. OfAncients,i.15. Hebrew,ii.9. ArtGalleries, PennsylvaniaMetropolitan,Americanx.225.Academy,x.227.

AnatomyLesson,Rembrandt,ix.58. AndalusianArt,ix.72. Angelico,Fra,ix.25,112,115. Angelus,Millet,ix.90. Angelo,Michael,ii.157;ix.32,122. Antwerp,Atof,ix.49. ArchitectureBabylonian,i.300. Greek,iii.341. Roman,iv.380.

BookOf

Bachelier,ix.82. BarbizonSchool,ix.85. Basilica,ix.16. Bellini,ix.129. BiblicalPictures,ix.12,23,122. Blashfield,x.240. Bol,Ferdinand,ix.143. Bouheur,Rosa,ix.92.

ii.47.

BostonMuseum,x.230. Corcoran,x.231. Chicago,x.234. ArtGalleries,European FlorenceAcademy,ix.110 Uffizi,ix.112. PittiPalace,ix.117. Rome Vatican,ix.120. VeniceAcademy,ix.129. Milan Brera,ix.136.

INDEX OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE

MuralPainting,x.235. Galleries,x.225. AmericanArtCenters NewYork,x. AmericanWashington,Philadelphia,225.x.227.x.231.Boston,x.230.Chicago,x.234.InstitutesofArchaeology

BelgiumBrugesAcademy,ix.138. AntwerpGallery,ix.139.

Prado,ix.147. Seville,ix.150. GermanyDresden,ix.151. Berlin,ix.154. Munich,ix.156. FranceLouvre,ix.158. LondonNational,ix.169. Tate,ix.173. AssumptionoftheVirgin,ix.45. Aurora,ii.84,126.

Calumny,Botticelli,ix.30. Capanna,Puccio,ix.24. CarnegieInstitute,x.241. CarraraMarble,ix.34. Carpaccio,ix.130. CastilianArt,ix.72. CatacombPictures,ix.10. CathedralofGhent,ix.10. CelticIllumination,ix.104. Chardin,ix.82,162. Chase,WilliamM.,x.224. Chiaroscuro,ix.39. Churches,Early,ix.16.

254

OfSantaMarieNovella,ix.119. OftheSepulcher,ii.61. OftheNativity,ii.65. ChristianArt,ix.9. ChristianSymbols,ix.10. Cimabue,ix.22. Claude(Lorrain),ix.80. ClassicalArt,ix.81. Clouet,Jean,ix.80.

IconoclasticMovement,ix.18. Illumination,ix.46,101. Ingres,ix.163. Inness,x.212. Interior

EgyptianArt,i.42. Eglin,Marbles,iii.349;ix.184. ElGreco,ix.73,147. Exultet,ix.108.

Fappa,Vincenzo,ix.136. FilippoLippi,ix.27,112. FlemishArt,ix.46. Flora,Titian,ix. Goya,GleGiorgione,Giottino,Giottoesques,Giotto,Ghirlandajo,GermanGenreGainsborough,Gaddi,FrenchFrenchForeshortening,44.ix.39.Academy,ix.80.Art,ix.79.Modern,ix.85.Taddeo,ix.24.ix.96,171.Painting,ix.59.Art,ix.64,153.ix.3.ix.22.ix.24.ix.24.ix.118.aners,The,ix.90.ix.77,150.

OfSantaCroce,ix.119.

OfSt.Bavon,ix.48.

DanceofDeath,ix.65. Daubigny,ix.165. David,Gheeraert,ix.49. David,JeanLouis,ix.83. DecorativeArt,Egypt,i.135. DeHoogh,ix.59. Delacroix,ix.85. Diaz,ix.92,165. DomeoftheRock,ii.61. Doughty,Thomas,x.211. DoricArchitecture,iii.342. DouGerard,ix.59. DucalPalace,ix.134. Duomo,Florence,ix.24. Dupre,ix.92,165. DutchArt,ix.62,153. Durer,ix.44,66,115.

LeonardoLeighton,Lebrun,Lebrun,LasLastLaocoon,LandscapeLandseer,LaKells,Israels,ItalianIonicAssyrian,Babylonian,Decorationi.302.i.321.Column,iii.342.Art,ix.22.Joseph,ix.63,146.Bookof,ix.104.Farge,x.218,235,244.ix.98,175.Painting,ix.61.ix.128.Judgment,Angelo,ix.36.tSupper,Leonardo,ix.31.Charles,ix.81.Madame,ix.83.ix.175.daVinci,ix.30,34,79,136.

ChurchOfAssisi,ix.23.

OfSt.ApollinareNuove,ix.19.

HalsFrans,ix.55,145. Harley,Robert,ix.179. Heene,Davidde,ix.63. Hermes,Praxiteles,iii.357,368. Herrera,ix.72. HidePictures,i.27. Historyof PleasureArtofArtStudy,ix.1. EarlyChristian,ix.9. Byzantine,ix.15. Mosaics,ix.17. EarlyItalianPainting,ix.22. Angelico,ix.25. FilippoLippi,ix.27. Realistic,ix.29. Botticelli,ix.29. Angelo,ix.33. Correggio,ix.39. Titian,ix.41. Flemish,ix.46. Dutch,ix.53. German,ix.64. Spanish,ix.70. French,ix.79. English,ix. Illumination,94.ix.101. American,x.207. Hobberna,ix.62,144. Hogarth,ix.94,169. Holbein,ix.64,94. HomerWinslow,x.216. HorseFair,The,ix.93. House seeGeneral. HudsonRiverSchool,x.211.

MuralPainting(cont.)

Delphi,iii.373.

Pacheco,ix.72,148. PaintingEgyptian,i.133. Greek,iii.347,351. Parthenon,ii.121,319;iii.343,349. Peal,CharlesW.,x.210. Pearce,Chas.S.,x.239. Pediments,iii.349. Perugimo,ix.37,112. Phidias,ii.104,110,121,233,307,319;iii.348. PhysicianofParma,Titian,ix.44. PittiPalace,ix.117. Polyclitus,ii.110. Polynotas,iii.352. Pompey’sPillar,i.182. PortraitPainters,ix.55,65,95. Potter,Paul,ix.62,143. Pottery,Egyptian,i.105. Poussin,iv.80,161. Prado,The,ix.147. Praxiteles,ix.28;iii.350;iv.392 Pre Raphaelites,ix.99. PresentationintheTemple,ix.44,131. PuisdeChavannes,x.236. Pyle,Howard,x.244.

Athens,iii.371. Berlin,ii.240;ix.154. British,i.187,207;ii.277;iii.379;ix.179. Cairo,i.146, Constantinople,185.i.210;ii.373.

Museums MuseumsSeville,Palermo,(cont.)iv.389.ix.150.AmericanBoston,ix.98.Metropolitan,i.187;ix.93;x.225. UniversityofPennsylvania,i.210. MycenaeanArt,iii.348.

Leyden,Lucasvan,ix.54. LionGate,iii.348.

LottiLorenzo,ix.119. LouisXIV,Artof,ix.80. LouisXV,Artof,ix.82. Luini,ix.136.

255 LeSueur,ix.161.

PoncedeLeonHotel,x.243. CapitolofMinnesota,x.244. Murillo,ix.74,159.

MuralBostonPaintingMuseum,x.236.

MediciCosimode,ix.27,112.

MadonasCimabue,ix.21. Angelico,ix.25. FilippoLippi,ix.27. Raphael,ix.37,117,151. Correggio,ix.39. Dutch,ix,55. German,ix.64. Spanish,ix.72. Magi,ix. Manuscripts115.Illuminated,ix.102,182. Mars,Nicholas,ix.59. Masaccio,ix.26,112. Massys,Quentin,ix.49. Mauve,ix.63,146. McEwen,Walter,x.240.

CongressionalLibrary,x.239. CarnegieInstitute,x.240. AppellatesCourts,x.243.

Louvre,i.187;ii.143;ix.158,184. Naples,iv.391. Olympian,iii.368.

OxenPloughing,ix.93.

Mabuse,ix.49.

NativityCorregio,ix.41,151. Ghirlandajo,ix.3. Nave,ix.16,19. NapoleonicArt,ix.83,158,163. NightWatch,ix.58. Nimbus,ix.13.

Lorenzode,ix.33. Mariede,ix.80. MesiterWilhelm,ix.64. MelonEaters,Murillo,ix.76. Memline,ix.49,139. Millet,ix.85,88,166. Millet,F.D.,x.243. Millais,ix.99,173. Miniatures,ix.46. MonaLisa,ix.32,166. Mosaics,ii.46;ix.17.

MuseumsAlexandria,i.181.

Raphael,ix.34,37,113. Raphael,Loggie,ix.126. RaphaelStanze,ix.127. Ravenna,Mosaicso,ix.19. Rembrandt,ix.42,56,143. Reynolds,ix.94,171. Ribalta,ix.73,147. Ribera,ix.73,147. Romano,ix.119. Romney,ix.171. Rossetti,ix.99,175;x.219. Rousseau,ix.88,164. RoyalAcademy,ix.96.

256

Ziggurats,i.300. Solomon’s,ii.9,61.

VanDyck,ix.51,94. VanEyck,ix.47. VanGoyen,ix.61. VanderVelde,ix.62. VanderWeyden,ix.48,139. Varges,Luisde,ix.72. VasePainting,ii.385. Vasari.,ix.116. Vatican,ix.34,120. Vedder,Elihu,x.214,240. Velasquez,ix.4,72,73,148. VenusdeMilo,ii.84,143. VerMeer,ix.160,143. Veronese,Paul,ix.132,134,159. Volk,Douglas,x.244. Votives,iii.346. Vulgate,ix.104.

SculptureEgyptian,i.134. Greek,ii.422;iii.346,356. Siddons,Sarah,ix.95. SistineChapel,ix.35,38,121. SistineTapestries,ix.124. SixCollection,ix.146. SlaveShip,ix.98. Sloane,SirHans,ix.180. SpanishArt,ix.70. Spring,Botticelli,ix.30,110. St.Catherine,ix.40. St.Paul’s,viii.34. St.Ursula,ix.64,137. Steen,Jan,ix,60,144. Stuart,Gilbert,x.210.

StatuaryDavid,Angelo,ix.34,110. Moses,Angelo,ix.35. DayandNight,ix.36. TwilightandDawn,ix.36. ApolloBelvedere,ix.128. Laocoon,ix.128. SleepingEndymion,ix.185. SurrenderofBreda,ix.148. SwabianArt,ix.64. Symbolism,Christian,ix.10.

Rubens,ix.3,50,73,141. Ruisdael,ix.62,144.

ScrollsEgyptian,i.135.

TemplesKarnak,i.69,159. AbuSimbel,i.78. Egyptian,i. Babylonian,125.i.300,312.

Temples(cont.) Jupiter’s,ii.105. Artemis,ii.133. Greek,ii.422;iii.341. ThreeAgesofMan,ix.44. Tintoretto,ix.74,132. Titian,ix.41,67,114,130,153. TombPictures,i.100,133. TributeMoney,Titian,ix.43. Trojan,ix.165. Trumbull,x.211,235. Turner,ix.97,172.

UffiziGallery,ix.112.

Walker,HenryO.,x.239. Watteau,ix.82,161. Watts,Geo.F.,ix.174. Weenix,Jan,ix.174. West,Benjamin,x.207. WestphalianArt,ix.64. Whistler,JamesMcNeill,x.220. WhiteMountainSchool,x.211. Wilson,Richard,ix.172. Woodcuts,ix.65,67. Wren,SirChristopher,viii.34. Wyant,x.

Zurbara,Ziggurats,210.i.300.ix.72.

TabernacleMadonna,ix.25. Tadema,LaurenceAlma ,ix.52. TapestryWeavers,ix.149. Temaraire,ix.98,175.

SanMarco,ix.25,112,119 SargentJohnSinger,x.223,238. Sarto,Andreadel,ix.29,79,114. Schongauer,ix.64.

Ajax,iii. Alchemist,29.The,vii.150. Andromache,iii.45. Annunzio,vii.284.

Chorale,v.249. Chorus,vii.16. Cid,The,vii.219. CittaMorta,La,vii.285. Clouds,The,iii.63,70. Cockpit,The,vii.69. Comedy,Greek,iii.62. Comedy,Italian,vii.39. ComedyofErrors,vii.110. Commediadell’Arte,vii.468;vii.29. Composers,Musical EarlyGerman,v.255. Classical,v.255. Romantic,v.289. Congreve,vii.168. Corneille,vii.215,217. CorpusChristi,Play,vii.28. Counterpoint,v.238. Curtain,The,vii.68. CyranodeBergerac,vii.275.

DramaHebrew,ii.23. Greek,ii.315;iii.1;vii.12. Greek,declineof,iii.84. Roman,iv.94,145;vii.15. GeneralSurvey,vii.1. Beginningsof,vii.9. Mediaeval,vii.20. Interludes,vii.44. Masques,vii.55. Elizabethan,vii.73. Shakespearean,vii.107. Restoration,vii.166. RecentEnglish,vii.195. French,vii.215. French,modern,vii.266. Italian,vii. Norwegian,283.vii.297.German,vii.317.

Campaspe,Playof,vii.75. Cantata,v.260. Carmen,v.347. CavalleriaRusticana,v.328. Chanticleer,vii.274. ChantsGregorian,v.233. Anglican,v.253. Cherubini,v.337.

DasRheingold,v.366. DavidandBethsabe,vii.91. DerFreischutz,v.291. DieWalkure,v.369. DieZauberflote,v.351. Dionysia,Greater,ii.425;iii.1;vii.13. Dionysia,Lesser,ii.425;iii.2;vii.13. Doll’sHouse,The,vii.297. DonGiovanni,v.276. DoubleDealer,vii.169.

ActorsWomen,vii.25,43.

INDEX OF DRAMA AND MUSIC

AnthemOrigin,v.253. Antigone,iii. Aristophanes,29.ii.265. Playsof,iii.63. ArraignmentofParis,vii.91. Bacchae,iii.45. Bach,JohannSebastian Life,v. Compositions,255.v.257. Ballads,v.307. BarberofSeville,opera,v.323. Bayreuth,v.358. BeaumontandFletcher,vii.154. Beethoven,LudwigVan Life,v.279. Opera,v.286. Sonatas,v. Betterton,BeforeSymphonies,284.v.285.Dawn,vii.380.Thomas,vii.189.

257

EarlyEnglish,vii.68,188. EarlyEnglishactresses,vii.191. Aeschylus,ii.265,299;iii.4,29,84;vii.12. Agamemnon,iii.5. Aida,v.327.

Berlioz,Hector Life,v.309. Symphonies,v.311. Birds,The,iii.63. Bizet,George,v.347. Blackfriars,vii.68. BlueBird,vii.269. Brocco,Robt.,vii.286. Burbage,James,vii.68. Burbage,Richard,vii.68,188. Buskins,vii.15.

Choephori,iii.5. Chopin,Frederic Life,v. Compositions,305.v.307.

Haydn,Joseph Life,v. HenrySonatas,268.v.271.IVandV.,vii.

JewofMalta,vii.98. Job,Bookof,vii.340. JoyofLiving,play,vii.374. Jonson,Ben,Masques,vii.56,149. JuliusCaesar,vii.3.

Kean,actor,vii.193. Kemble,actor,vii.193. Kennedy,vii.212. KingJohn,vii.110. KingLear,vii.112. Kiyd,vii.74.

Hamlet,vii.3. Handel,GeorgeFrederic Life,v. HanselOratorios,Operas,261.v.263.v.265.andGretel,v.

Harmony,v. Hauptmann,239.vii.371,380.

HermanandDorothea,vii.334. Heywood,John,vii.47. Hippolytus,iii.45. Huguenots,Leo,v.339.

40. Instruments,musical EarlyChurch,v.229. Interludes,vii.44. Ion,play,iii.45. Iphigenia,iii.56. Irving,Henry,vii.193.

Garrick,vii.190. GettingMarried,play,vii.206. Gioconda,La,vii.285. Globe,The,vii.68,71. Gluck, Goetz,Goethe,Operas,Life,Christophv.335.v.336.vii.331.Herman,v.352. Goldmark,Karl,v.352. Gounod,Charles,v.341. Greene,Playwright,vii.74,83. Guilds,Playsgivenby,vii.24. GuillaumeTell,v.323.

LaTosca,opera,v.329. Lenaea,Theiii.2,62;vii.13. Lessing,vii.317. Leid German,v.293. Liszt,ConcertLife,Franzv.312.work,v.313.

MagicFlute,v.276. Manon,opera,v.348. Mansfield,Richard,vii.193. Marlowe,vii.74,97,338.

258 DramaGerman,(cont.)recent,vii.371.

Bach,v.260. Haydn,v.271. Mozart,v.276.

Egmont,vii.333. Electra,iii.29,45. Elijah,oratoria,v.303. Eumenides,ii.265;iii.41. Plays,iii.45,84;vii13. Euryanthe,v.291. EveryManinhisHumor,vii.149.

MarriageofFigaro,v.276. Masks,Greek,vii.14. Masques,vii.55. Mass,v.229,231.

Drolls,vii.166. Dryden,vii.168.

Compositions,v.314. LiturgicalMusic,v.229. WesternChurch,v.230. Anglican,v.252. Lohengrin,opera,v.362. Love’sLaborLost,vii.110. Lyly,playwright,vii.75.

Humperdinck,Ingelbert,v.354. HymnsOrigin,v. ImprovisedIlIbsen,Protestant,248.v.249.vii.297.Trovatore,v.326.comedy,vii.

354.

Macklin,vii.191. Madrigal,v. Maeterlinck,237,vii.263,267.

Faust,opera,v.342;vii.341. Faust,play,vii.337. Faustus,Dr.,vii.97. Fidelio,opera,v.286. Fletcher,vii.154. FlyingDutchman,opera,v.361. Folkmusic,v.219,240. German,v.247. Fortune,The,vii.68. FourP’s,vii.47. FrancescadaRimini,vii.284. Freischutz,Der,v.291. FriarBaconandFriarBungay,vii.84.

110.

Opera OrpheusOrchestra,OratorioWagner,Italian,OriginWeber,(cont.)v.291.of,v.317.Grand,v.318.Comique,v.318.v.319,321.French,v.351.German,v.355.v.357.Origin,v.265.Handel,v.265.Mendelssohnv.303.vii.69.andEurydice,v.335. Othello,vii.3.

MoralityPlays,vii.27. Motifs,musical,v.359. Mozart,Wolfgang Life,v. Concert272.work,v.273. Operas,v.275. Requiemmass,v.276.

OperaOedipusOedipusOberon,Notation,NewNellNathanProgramme,Romantic,Protestant,239.v.248.v.289.v.308.MusicDramas,v.357MysteryPlays,vii.20.derWeise,vii.317.Gwynne,actress,vii.189.BachSociety,v.260.Musical,v.236.opera.V.291.theKing,iii.29,34.atColunus,iii.29.Handel,v.263Beethoven,v.286.Romantic,v.289.

Mendelssohn,Felix Life,v. Compositions,301.v.303;vii.317.

Racine,vii.215,227. RedBull,vii. RestorationReformation68.Puritan,ii.31.Drama,

MusicEgyptian,i.98. Greek,ii.403. Originof,v.218,225. Ancient,v.225,234;ii.277. EarlyChurch,v.230. Catholic,v.228. EasternChurch,v.230. Medieaval,v.236. Dutch,v.

Master singers,v.241. Nuremberg,v.361. Massenet,Jules,v.348. Mazurka,v.307. Medea,iii.45,51. Melody,v. Menander,236.iii.63,82.

MerryWivesofWindsor,vii.3. MerchantofVenice,vii.122. Meyerbeer,v.338. Mignon,opera,v.345.

QueenofSheba,opera,v.352.

vii.166. RichardIII.,vii.110. Rienze,opera,v.361. Rimini,Francescada,vii.287. Ring,TheNibelung,v.361. Rivals,The,vii.168,178.

MiraclePlays,vii.20,73. Moliere,vii.215,238. Montevede,v.319.

Pageants,vii.24. Pantomines,vii.15. Parsifal,opera,v.361. Passion,Origin,Musicv.260.

Saint SaensCamile,v.343. SamsonandDelila,v.344. Scale system,v.226.

259

RomanticSchoolofMusic,v.289. Rose,The,vii.68. Rossini,v.322. Rostand,vii.274.

MidsummerNight’sDream,vii.73,110. MinnavonBarnhelm,vii.318. Mimes,vii. Minnesingers,15.v.241. Minstrels,ii.430;v.101,241.

Bach’s,v.261. Peele,vii.74,91. Persians,The,iii,5. Philaster’sJealousy,vii.156. Philemon,iii.63,83. Piano,v.296. Pinero,vii.197. Plain song,v.233. Plautus,iv.146;vii.15,74. Playwrights,Italian,vi.468. Polonaise,v.307. ProgrammeMusic,v.308,315. PrometheusBound,iii.5,20. Proserpine,opera,v.343. PuritanOppositiontoPlays,vii.67.

Scenery,Theatrical,vii.26. Scherzo,v.307.

Symphony(cont.) Haydn,v. Theatre,Terence,Tempest,Tell,Tannhauser,Tamburlaine,Schumann,Beethoven,270.v.285.v.300.Berlioz,v.310.vii.97.v.361.Wilhelm,vii.364.The,vii.3,137.iv.173;vii.15,74.The,vii.68.Roman,iv.94;vii.16.Greek,vii.14.Elizabethan,vii.64.

260 Scarlatti,v.320.

Schiller,vii.331,354. SchoolforScandal,vii.168. Schubert,v.293. Songs,v.295. Schumann,Robert Life,v. Compo298.sitions,v.299.

Scribe,vii.216. Seneca,vii.74.

SevenagainstThebes,iii.5. ShakespeareForerunnersof,vii.73. Life,vii.108. Plays,vii.110. Shaw,Bernard,vii.204. SheStoopstoConquer,vii.168;viii.190. Sheridan,vii.176. Siddons,vii.192. Siegfried,v.375. SingingSchools,v.235. Singspiel,V.351. SirThomasMoore,play,vii.44. SonataFormof,v.270. Haydn,v. Sophocles,Songspiel,Beethoven,271.v.284.v.291.ii.265;iii.3,28,34,43,84;vii.13. SpanishTragedy,vii.110. Stage,Greek,vii.16. Stage,English,vii.16. St.Paul,oratorio,v.303. Strauss,Richard,v.355. Sudermann,vii.371. SunkenBell,The,vii.380. Suppliants,The,ii.5,45. Swan,The,vii.68. Symbolism,vii.267. SymphonyFormof,v.270.

Theatredel’Opera comique,v.334. Thespis,iii.2. Thomas,CharlesA.,v.345 Operas,v.346. ThreeMaries,The,vii.32. TitusAndronicus,vii.110. Transcriptions,v.314. TristanandIsolde,v.361. Troubadours,v.241. TwilightoftheGods,v.379. TwoGentlemenofVerona,vii.110.

Verdi, Wager,Operas,Life,Giuseppev.325.v.326.RichardLife,v.357.Writings,v.358,384.

Orchestraleader,v.360. Operas,v.361. Wasps,The,iii.63. WaterCarriers,opera,v.338. Weavers,The,vii.380. Weber,Carlvon,v.290. Wilhelm,Meister,opera,v.345. Woffington,Peg,vii.191.

Acropolis,ii.307,375;iii.348,371. Actium,iii.485.

AmericaDiscoveryof,i.18. Explorationof,x.30. Colonial,x. Independence39.of,x.40.

HISTORICAL INDEX

Amon,Priestsof,i.81. AmphictyonicLeague,iii.101. AncusMartius,iii.390. Angles,iv.56;viii.6. AnneBoleyn,viii.25. Anne,Queen,viii.35. Anti Federalists,x.27.

AmenemhetIII.,i.47. AmenhotopIV,i.68.

AssyriansReligionof,i.310. Palaces,i.321. Influence,i.359. Astyages,i.336. Athens,ii. Constitution,275.ii.277,345.

Babylon,i. Conquest232.of,i.250. Rebuilding,i.256. Wondersof,i.267. Fallof,i.269. Wallsof,i.304. HangingGardens,i.305.

AetolianLeague,iii.456. Agamemnon,ii.247. Ages,Rough,SmoothStone,i.xvii. Agincourt,viii.21. Agora,ii.376;iv.380. Agricola,iv.26;viii.5. Ahmos,i.54. Alaric,iv.50. AlaskaPurchase,x.42,196. Albigenses,v.105. Alcibiades,ii.338. Alcuin,iv. Alexander412.theGreat,i.181,345,351;ii.3,358, 366;iii.455.

AssyriaSettlement,i.226. ConquersBabylonia,i.241. Fallof,i.330.

Abelard,iv.473;vi.13. Abraham,i.434. Academy,ii.406. Achaea,ii.233. AchaeanLeague,iii.456. Achilles,ii.247.

BabyloniaAntiquityof,i.202. Excavations,i.205. Languageof,i.207. Physiography,i.212. Products,i.216. City states,i.227. AssyrianConquestof,i.241. Revoltof,i.260. Peopleof,i.270. BabyloniaSocialLife Houses,i.272. FamilyLife,i.274. Literature,i.283. Learning,i.287. Dress,i. Temples,Religion,293.i.307.i.312.

261

AntoninusPius,iv.31. Anthony,Mark,iii.482. Apella,ii.271. AppianWay,iv.394. Arcadia,ii. Areopagus,232.ii.136,305. Aristides,ii.296,309. Aristotle,ii.262. Argolis,ii.232.

Empire,ii. Beautifying302.of,ii.318. Fallof,ii.337. Modern,iii.370. Attila,iv.51. Attica,ii. AugustineAugustine,232.v.67.inBritain,viii.7. Augustus,iv.1;Deedsof,iv.7. Aurelius,Marcus,iv.31. AustrianSuccession,viii.38. Austro PrussianWar,viii.470.

AmericanColonies,x.12. AmericanSchoolofArchaeology,ii.47. Ammonites,i.435,446.

Adams,John,x.28. Adams,JohnQuincy,x.32. Adrianople,iv.49.

Artaxerxes,ii.306. ArticlesofConfederation,x.21. Aryans,ii.267. AsiaMinor,ii. Asshurbanipal,234.i.259.Library,i.208,283,291,324.

AlfredtheGreat,v.70,79;viii.8. AlienandSeditionLaws,x.29. Alpheus,ii. Amenemhet233.I.,i.46.

Religion,i.219. Empireof,i.264.

262

Brazil,x. Bucephalus,7.ii.366. Burgundians,iv.56. Byzantine SeeLiteratureandArt. Byzantium,iv.37.

ChartersHenryI,viii.13. MagnaCharta,viii.19. Chivalry,v. Christianity,1.Early,iv.40,47,418;ix.10. Christ,birthof,ii.4;iv.40. Christians,iv.45. ChurchoftheSepulchre,ii.61. Cinon,ii.303,313.

CircusMaximum,ix.95,112. CivilWarinAmerica,x.38. Claudius,iv.19;viii.5. Clarendon,viii.17. Cleon,ii. Cleopatra,337.iii.484. Cleveland,Grover,x.33. Clisthenes,ii.286. ClothofGold,viii.24. Clovis,iv.56. Cnidus,ii.347. Cnut,viii.9. Codrus,ii.277,348. Colbert,viii.439. Colonna,Vittoria,ix.36. Commons,Houseof,viii.21. Columba,St.,viii.7. Columbus,i.18;ii.79;viii.23;ix.43;x.3. Condottieri,vi.13. ConfederacyofDelos,ii.302. CongressofVienna,iv.372;viii.462,468;x.31. Conon,ii. Constantine,347.iv.35;ix.15. Constantius,iv.34. ConstitutionsofClarendon,viii.17. ConstitutionConvention,x.21. ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,x.25. Corcyra,ii. CouncilCortez,Corinth,Coriolanus,323.iii.412.ii.323;iii.456.x.5.OfConstantinople,ix.

Calhoun,x.29,34. Caligula,iv.18. Cambyses,i.340,385. Canaanites,i.437;ii.7. Canterbury,Bishopof,viii.17. Campagna,iii.382. Campus,Martius,ii.136. Capet,Houseof,viii.434. Capitoline,iii.384. Carbinari,vi.372. Carthage,i.340,391;iii.438. Cartier,x. Cassander,6.ii.371.

Charlemagne,iv.55,411,414;v.91;vi.365;viii. 432;ix.104.

CourtsEcclesiastical,viii.16.

14.

BabyloniaSocialLife(cont.) Labor,i. Influence,Professions,317.i.322.MilitaryLife,i.324.i.357.HistoricalSourcesfor,i.211. Balboa,x. Bathsheba,6.i.463.

CatholicEmancipation,viii.47. Celts,viii. Chalcidice,4.ii.326. Chaldea,i. Prehistoric,201.i.218.

StarChamber,viii.23. Crassus,ii.3,292;iii.477. Crecy,viii.20. Croesus,i.337. Cromwell,viii.33. Crusades,ii.60;iv.451;iv.456;v.105.

OfNicaea,ix.18.

Bastile,Fallof,viii.446. Becket,Thomasa,viii.17. Belshazzar,i.268,319. Bethlehem,ii.4.

CharlesMartel,iv.57,409;ix.70. CharlesI,viii.31;ix.50. CharlesII,viii.33. CharlesVI,viii.21. CharlesVII,viii.21.

BernardofClairvaux,iv.423. Boetia,ii.232,331. Berosus,Priest,i.211. Bismarck,viii.470. BlackPlague,viii.20. Boadicea,Queen,viii.5. Boule,ii. Braddock,407.Gen.,x.17.

Catacombs,iv.394;ix.9. Catiline,iv.181. Cavour,vi.373. Caxton,ix.41.

Cabot,John,viii.23;x.7. Cabot,Sebastian,viii.23;x.7. Caesar,Julius,ii.3;iii,400,480;iv.121;viii,4. Caesar,Octavius,iii.483. Cairo,i.182. Calais,viii. Caledonians,20.viii.5.

EgyptianResearchAccount,i.145. EleusinianMysteries,iii.371. Elis,ii. Elizabeth,233.Queen,vii.26. EnglishPrehistoric,Historyviii.3. RomanPeriod,viii.4. NormanConquest,viii.11. EnglishNationality,viii.16. Tudors,viii.23. Stuarts,viii.29. CivilWar,viii.33. Restoration,viii.34. HanoverKings,viii.37. Epidanmus,ii.322. Epaminondas,ii.349. Epirus,ii.231. Eretria,ii. ExcavationsEtruscans,Esarhaddon,294.i.256.iii.381.Egyptian,i.144,149;

DescentofIshtar,i.287. Diocletian,i.182;iv.34.

Dionysia SeeDramaIndex. DistrictofColumbia,x.26. Dodona,ii.102,232. Doge,vi.26.

CyrustheGreat,i.335;ii.2,292.

Darius,i.342;ii.293,296. David,i.455;ii.19. Deborah,i.442. Delphi,oracle,i.337;ii.93,128,135,348;iii.372. Demosthenes,ii.265,361.

EdwardEdwardEdEdwardEdwardEdwardEdomites,EdictDutchDrusus,Druids,Roman,Greek,Babylonian,93.i.293.ii.382.iv.73.viii.4.iv.4.Colonies,x.13.ofNantes,viii.439.i.435.I,viii.19.II,viii.20.III,viii.20.wardVI,viii.25.VII,viii.43.theConfessor,viii.

Damascus,i.376;ii.58. Danes,viii.7.

DomeoftheRock,ii.61. Domitian,iv.25. Dorians,ii.270,292. Draco,ii.279.

15,147.

Egypt,i. Antiquity15.of,i.20. Physiographyof,i.23. Topographyof,i.26. Prehistoric,i.28. Unificationof,i.37. Descriptionsof,i.153. Modern,i.181. Egyptian EgypNewShepherdOldPyramidSourcesHistoryof,i.31.Age,i.37.Empire,i.37.MiddleEmpire,i.44.Kings,i.51.Empire,i.54.EarliestQueen,i.57.ExpeditiontoPunt,i.59.tiansSocialLifeofHouses,i.86.

Egyptians SocialLifeof(cont.) Gardens,i.88. Furniture,i.90. Food,i.90. FamilyLife,i.91. Dress,i.93. Sports,i. ReligiousReligion,Occupation,Banquets,96.i.98.i.100.Crafts,i.103.Markets,i.106.MilitaryService,i.108.Education,i.113.Literature,i.115;v.31.i.119.Ceremonies,i.

263

ix.169;i.150. Babylonian,i.204. Assyrian,i.208. Susa,i. Palestine,Nippur,276.i.301.i.432,ii.45. Troy,ii. Florence,Florence,FeudalFayoum,Delphi,Marathon,Corinth,Elis,Mycenae,238.ii.241.iii.356.iii.366.iii.372.iii.373.i.48,149.System,iv.442.Modern,iv.395.Descriptionsof,vi.

DressPrimitive,i.24. Egyptian,i.

128. Art,i. EgyptianTombs,133.i.138.Burials,i.139.ExplorationFund,i.145.

Custer,Gen.,x.43. Cynaxa,ii.346.

Boston’sPlaceinHistory,x.48. Hayne WebsterDebate,x.51. GettysburgSpeech,x.73. Lincoln’sSecondInauguralAddress,x.74.

Franco PrussianWar,viii.472. Franks,iv.56;viii.431.

FredericWilliamI,viii.466. FredericktheGreat,viii.466. FrenchFormationHistoryofFrance,viii.431.

Hastings,battleof,viii.11. Hatshepsut,i.58,70. Hayne,x.35,51. HebrewsTaboos,i.29. Exodus,i.453. Hebrew HellenizingHellas,HelenHebrewKingdom,SourcesHistoryof,i.426.EraofJudges,i.441.Morality,i.448.i.453.BabylonianExile,ii.1.LaterHistory,ii.3.SocialLife,ii.7.ofTroy,ii.142.ii.87.ofAncientWorld,ii.370. Hengist,viii.6. HenryI,viii.13. HenryII,viii.16. HenryIII,viii19. HenryVII,viii.23. HenryVIII,viii.24. Henry,Patrick,x.19,45. Heracleopolis,i.44. Herculaneum,iv.25,391. Herod,ii. Herodotus,3.i.22,31,34,200,212,262,328,336, 341;iii.149. Hesiod,ii.86. Hezekiah,i.248,479. Hipparchus,ii.286. Hippias,ii.286. Hiram,i. Historical382.AddressesCalltoArms,x.45.

HouseofValois,viii.434. HouseofBourbon,viii.438. Revolution,x.28;viii.442,448. TheDirectory,viii.455. FrenchinAmerica,x.13. FrenchandIndianWar,x.27.

264

GreekHistory(cont.) SpartanSupremacy,ii.345. ThebanSupremacy,ii.347. GregorytheGreat,v.67. Guelfs,vi.11. Guilds,vi.16;vii.25. GunpowderPlot,viii.30.

Forum,Roman,iv.28,112,380,392.

Galba,iv.20. Galileo,ii.79. Garibaldi,vi.372. Genet,x.28. GeorgeI,viii.37. GeorgeII,viii.38. GeorgeIII,viii.39;x.19. GeorgeIV,viii,40. GeorgeV,viii.43.

GermanPalestineSociety,ii.45. GermanUnity,viii.466. GermanicPeoples,iv.49. Gerousia,ii.271. Ghibillines,vi.11. GodfreyofBouillon,iv.454. GoldenBook,vi.27. Goths,iv.49. Gracchi,iii.468. Greece,ii.229. Greece SocialLife Cities,ii.375. Houses,ii.377. Dress,ii.382. Food,ii. Position387.ofWomen,ii.394. Education,ii.396,401. CivicTraining,ii.406. Sports,ii.410. Occupations,ii.414. Religion,ii.421. SpartanLife,ii.426. Festivals,iii.357. GreekChurch,ix.21. GreekCities,revoltof,i.343. GreekSourcesHistoryof,ii.262. Migrations,ii.265. Sparta,ii.269. Athens,ii.275. City States,ii.288. PersianWar,ii.292. AthenianEmpire,ii.302. PelopennesianWar,ii.322. FallofAthens,ii.337.

Hadrian,iv. Halicarnassus,30.ii.262. HallofPillars,i.70. Hamilton,Alexander,x.24. Hammurabi,i.232. Codeof,i.276,317. Hamilcar,iii.445. Hannibal,i.392;iii.446. Hapi,i. Harold,123.viii.11.

TheNewSouth,x.79.

265

Hittites,i. Hohenstaufen374.Rulers,vi.367. Holstein,viii.470. Homer,ii.86,94. HomericWomen,ii.395. Honorious,iv.50. Horatius,iii.411.

Laconians,ii.325. LakeRegillus,iii.422. Lancaster,Houseof,viii.16. LarsPorsena,iii.410. Laurium,ii.310. LeagueofAugsburg,viii.439. Lebanon,i.379. LegionofHonor,ix.93. LeoX,ix.35. Lepidus,iii.476,482. Leonidas,ii.297. Leuctra,ii.349. Lincoln,Abraham,x.37,73. Lombards,iv.56;vi.363. London,viii.42. Lotus,i.136. LouisXIII,viii.438. LouisXIV,viii.439. LouisXV,viii.440. LouisXVI,viii.444. LouisPhilippe,viii.463. Louisiana,x.16. LouisianaPurchase,x.30,160. Luxor,i. MagnaMafia,MacedoniaMaccabees,Lysander,Lydia,Lycurgus,Lyceum,73.ii.406.ii.270.i.292,337.ii.346.ii.3.Riseof,ii.354.Phalanx,ii.357.vi.376.Graecia,iii.429. MamertinePrison,iv.392. Manetho,i.32,37. Marathon,ii.295,310;iii.154,372. MarcoPolo,v.21. Marius,iii.472. Matilda,Countess,vi.15. Matilda,Queen,viii.14. MarieAntoinette,viii.450. Mary,Queen,viii.26. Maryland,x.12. Maximilian,ix.67. Mayflower,x.11. Mazarin,viii.439. Mecca,i.184;ii.62;ix.56.

TheMartyrPresident,x.76.

HorizonofSolarDisk,i.146,235. Horsa,viii.6. Horsea,i. Huguenots,473.viii.436,439.

Humanists,vi.8;ix.65.

HundredYearsWar,v.2;viii.16,20,434. Huns,iv. Iconoclasm,51.vi.364;ix.18.

Jackson,Andrew,x.33. Jacobius,viii.450. Jahweh,i.436. JamesI,viii.29. JamesII,viii.34. Jamestown,x.10,184. Janiculum,iii.390. Jay,John,x.28. Jefferson,Thomas,x.24,30. Jephthah,i.446;ii.14. Jericho,i. Jerusalem,437.siegeof,i.266,460,477. Fallof,i.481. Rebuilt,ii. Destruction,2.ii.4. Jews,ii.6. JoanofArc,viii.20. John,King,viii.18. Jonathan,i.455. Joppa,ii.60. Jordan,i.412. Joseph,storyof,i.20. Judah,Revolt,i.247. Judea,i.411. Julius,ii.9,34. JuliantheApostate,iv.47.

Indians,i.18,25;x.15. Ionians,ii.233. IonicCities,ii.294. Irene,iv.58.

IsabellaofCastile,x.3. Isocrates,ii.359. Italy,iii.378;iv.387;vi.363,370.

Justinian,iv.54. Jutes,iv.56. Karnak,i.69,159.

HistoricalAddresses(cont.)

KentuckyResolutions,x.29. Khufu,i.39. KingGeorge’sWar,x.15. KingWilliam’sWar,x.15. Knighthood SeeChivalry. KnightsTemplars,viii.434. Koran,i. Labyrinth,181.i.48,151.

OrnamentsEgyptian,i. Ostrogoths,Ostracism,Roman,Prehistoric,104.i.25.Greek,ii.383.iv.75.ii.312.iv.49,56;vi.363.

PhilipIIofMacedonia,ii.355;iii.211. PhiliptheFair,vi.368;viii.433. Philippii,iii.484. Philistines,i.250,437,453;ii.7. Phoenicia,i.341,378.

Nullification,x.29,34. NumaPompilius,iii.390;iv.381.

Odeam,ii.320. Olympiangames,i.32;ii.105,290;iii.347,356, Ordeals,369.iv.451,464.

Religion,i.405. Learning,ii.293. PhoenicianShips,viii.2. Picts,viii.4. Pilgrimages,iv.453. Pippin,vi.365;viii.482. Piraeus,ii.320,375;iii.362. Pisa,vi.20.

PalestineExplorationFund,ii.45. Papacy,iv.420. Papyrus,Harris,i.81. Paris,ii. Parliament,141.viii.19.

266

Palatine,iii.384. PaleolithicAge,i.16. Palestine,i.408. Modern,ii.58.

121,232,307,319;iii.384.

MedesHistory,i.328. Palaces,i.329. Religion,i.331. Megaron,ii.377. Melos,ii. Memphis338.Founding,i. MerovingianMenes,Menelaus,Description,37.i.161.ii.142.i.37;i.38.Kings,viii.432. Mesopotamia,i.202,214. Metternick,viii.462,469. MiddleAges,iv.408. Institutionsof,iv.476. Chivalry,v.1. Storiesof,v.61. Midaianites,i.436. Miltiades,ii.295. MissouriCompromise,x.36. Mithridates,iii.475;iv.183. Moabites,i.435,446. Mohammed,iv.56. Monasteries,ix.21. Monasticism,iv.422. Mohammedans,ix.70. Montfort,Simonde,viii.19. MonroeDoctrine,x.31. Monroe,James,x.31. Moors,v.126;ix.70;x.5. Moses,i.80,436,452. MountofOlives,ii.59. Mycenae,ii.233,238.

Worshipof,i.121. Nineveh,i.203. NormanConquest,viii.11,14.

Nabapolasser,i.265. Napoleon,vi.372;viii.39,455;x.161. Defeatof,viii.462. NationalAssembly,viii.445. Naxos,ii. Nebuchadnezzar,305.i.236,306,384,481;ii.1. Neccho,i.399. Necker,viii.444. Necropolis,i.82,139. Nelson,viii.39. Nemea,ii.233. Neolithic,i.17. Nero,GoldenHouseof,iv.71,269. Nerva,iv.27. NewEngland,x.11. NewForestLaws,viii.12. NewFrance,x16. Nicias,ii.338. Nile,i. Rise23.of,i.25.

Parthenon,ii.121,319;iii.349. Parthians,iv.30. Parsis,i.352.

PaterFamilias,iv.59. Patricians,iii.395. Pausanians,ii.233,264,303. PeaceofGod,iv.452. Pelasgians,ii.354. Pelopidus,ii. PelopennesianPeloponnesus,349.ii.232.War,ii.263,322.

Perdiccas,ii.355,369. Pericles,ii.305,314,399. Perioeci,ii.304. Persia,i. Phidias,Peru,PersianReligion,History,332.i.333.i.350.War,ii.292.x.8.ii.104,110,

RamesestheGreat,i.74. RamesesIII,i.80. RaymondofToulouse,iv.455. Reformation,ii.31;viii.24,436;ix.53. Rehoboam,i.469. Renaissance,vi.1. Italian,vi.10.

Rome,SocialLifeof Family,iv. Toys,Weddings,59.iv.61.Houses,iv.66.Dress,iv.73.Meals,iv.77.Childhood,iv.83.iv.85.Education,iv.87.

Principate,iv.1. Prussia,viii.466. Ptolemy,ii.3,370;iii.480. Pyramids,i.39. Pyramids,Battleof,viii.456.

Scipio,iii. Schliemann,452.ii.236;iii.365. Segesta,ii.341. Sejanus,iv.17. Seleucidae,ii.370. Seleucus,ii.369. SemiticInvasions,i.52,224. Sennacherib,i.249. Palaceof,i.302,477. Servius,Tullius,iii.391. Seti,i.70. SevenYearsWar,viii.39. Sharon,Plainof,i.409,446. Shay’sRebellion,x.21. SicilianExpedition,ii.339. Sicily,iv.389. Sidon,i.380. Sixtus,ix.121. Slavery,x.35. Smerdis,i.341. Smith,John,x.4,10. SolarDisk,i.68. Solomon,i.382,463. Solon,ii.277. SouthSeaCompany,viii.37. Spain,x.4,8. SpanishArmada,viii.27. Sparta,ii.233,269,304,323,337,345,348. Modern,iii.369. Spartans,i.343;ii.426. Sphinx,i.130. SpoilSystem,x.33. SpuriusCassius,iii.402. St.Benedict,iv.434. St.Bernard,viii.394;ix.26. St.Bruno,ix.161. St.Francis,x.14;vii.394;ix.23. St.Mark,vi.26. St.Peter,iv.393;vi.26. St.Theodore,vi.26.

RobertofNormandy,iv.454. Rome,Historyof Foundingof,iii.383. Kingdom,iii.386. Republic,iii.399. Decemvirs,iii.403. Laws,iii. ConquestConquest404.of,410.ofItaly,iii.426, Government,iii.432. PunicWars,iii.438. EasternConquests,iii.455. SocialWar,iii.473. Principate,iv.1. DeclineofPrincipate,iv.27. Fallof,iv.47.

Pisistratus,ii.284. Plantagenets,viii.16. Plataea,ii.295,299,331,337. Plebeians,iii.395. PlinytheElder,i.400. Poitiers,viii.20. Polo,Marco,x.3.

Revolution,French,viii.442. Revolution,American,x.20. RichardtheLion Hearted,vii.18;x.2. Richelieu,viii.338. Rienzi,vi.370. Roanoke,x.9.

267

Pompadour,Madame,ix.161. Pompey,ii.3;iii.476. PoncedeLeon,x.6. Potidaea,ii.326.

Rome,SocialLifeof(cont.) Literature,iv.102. Occupations,iv.106. Slavery,iv.103. Army,iv.121. BurialCustoms,iv.125. Roses,Warof,viii.12,21.

PrehistoricMan,i.28. PrehistoricPeriod,i.14. PretorianGuards,iv.17,22,30, 34.

Salamis,i.343;ii.298. Samaria,i.411. Samuel,i.454. Sardis,ii.294. Sargon,i.230. Saul,i. Savonarola,454.ix.25. Saxons,iv.56;viii.6. Scarabs,i. Schleswig,141.viii.470.

GrandCanal,vi.156. Vespasian,ii.4. Vespucci,Amerigo,x.7. Vesuvius,Eruptionof,iv.25. ViaSacra,ii.6;iv.112,381. VictorEmmanuel,vi.373. Victoria,viii.40. Virginia,x.10. VirginianResolutions,x.29. Visigoths,iv.49,56.

Xenophon,i.328,336;ii.263,346,415;iii.159, Xerxes,174.i.343;iii.296.

Taboo,i.29,312. Tel elAmarnaLetters,i.145,202,235,373;ii.47.

FromJacksontoLincoln,x.33. CivilWar,x. Reconstruction38.Period,x.39. Utica,i.390. UrDynasty,i.230.

Valens,iv.49. Valois,Houseof,viii.434. Vandals,iv.51,56. Vatican,iv.393;ix.34,120. Venice,vi. Description,24.vi.156.

StateSovereignty,x.29,34. StatesGeneral,viii.444. Stephen,viii.14. Stilicho,iv.50. StoneAge,i.17. Strabo,i.48,264. SuezCanal,i.187. Sulla,iii.473. Syria,i.372.

Tiy,Queen,i.67. Tournament SeeChivalry. Tours,iv.57;v.3;ix.70. Trafalgar,viii.39. Trajan,iv.27.

StampAct,x.18.

TemplesEgyptian,i.125. Solomon’s,ii.9. Teutons,iv.409. Texas,x.36. Thebes,i.45;ii.330. Description,i.70. Ascendency,ii.347. Supremacy,ii.348. Themistocles,ii.296,303,309. Theodoric,iv.54. Theodorius,iv.49. Thermopylae,i.343;ii.297. Thessaly,ii.231. ThirtyTyrants,ii.346. ThirtyYearTruce,ii.318. Thucydides,ii.263,273,322,327,340. ThutmoseI,i.55. ThutmoseIII,i.62,237. Tiber,iii.387. Tiberius,iv.4,15. TiglathPileserI,i.238. TiglathPileserIII,i.245,475. Tiryus,ii.258. Titus,ii.6.

TullusHostilius,iii.390;iv.382. Turgot,viii.444. Tyler,Wat,viii.22. Tyre,Siegeof,i.257,380;i.403.

Ulysses,ii.176,185,259. UnitedStates,ii.304. UnitedStatesHistory DiscoveryandExploration,x.2. AgeofSettlement,x.8. Colonies,x.12.

BeginningsofaNation,x.15. ArticlesofConfederation,x.21. AdoptionofConstitution,x.24. TheRepublic,x.26. Warof1812,x.30.

York,viii. Zoroaster,16.i.341.

268

TreatiesWedmore,v.67,81;viii.8. AixlaChapelle,viii.38. TruceofGod,iv.452. Tudor,Houseof,viii.23. Tuileries,viii.451.

Walpole,viii.38. Washington,George,x.17,26. Waterloo,viii.39. Webster,Daniel,x.35,59. WilliamIV,viii.40. WilliamtheNorman,viii.11,433. WilliamofOrange,viii.35. WilliamIofPrussia,viii.470. WilliamRufus,viii.13. Witan,viii.9,12.

AmericanWilliamPoetryCullenBryant,x.363.

Achitophel,viii.156. Addison,viii.382.

269

Aristotle,ii.227,285;iii.111. Arnold,Mathew,viii.320. AtNijnii Novgorod,x.439. Atys,iv. Aucassin211.etNicolete,v.5,201.

INDEX OF LITERATURE

Bacchae,play,iii.45. Bacon,Francis,viii.366. Balaam,Storyof,ii.14. Balder,Deathof,v.194. BalladofEastandWest,viii.352. Ballads,viii.99. Balzac,ix.443. Bandello,vi.430. BardiCircle,vi.447. Barker’sLuck,x.489. Beaumont,vii.154. BeautyofLife,viii.408. Bede,TheVenerable,v.69. Beowulf,ii.431;v.61. Berkeley,Bishop,x.266. Berkeley,Robert,x.255. Bible,i.426;ii.12. Bion,iii.259. BlessedDamozel,The,viii.325. Boccaccio,vi.7,67. Boiardo,vi.112. BookoftheDead,i.115,142,168. Bostonians,The,x.482. Bradstreet,Mrs.Anne,x.256,262. Break,Break,Break,xiii.292. Brotherhood,x.446. Browning,Elizabeth,viii.331. Browning,Robt.,viii.294;v.477. Bryant,x.250,363.

Aesop,poem,iii.148. Agamemnon,play,iii.11. Alcaeus,ii.477;iii.225. Aldrich,Thos.B.,x.438. Alexander’sFeast,viii.159. Alfieri,vi.479.

HenryW.Longfellow,x.372. JamesRussellLowell,x.396. OliverWendellHolmes,x.408. EdgarAllenPoe,x.412. JohnG.Whittier,x.421. Thos.BaileyAldrich,x.438. BayardTaylor,x.441. EdwinMarkham,x.445. EugeneField,x.447. JoaquinMiller,x.450. WaltWhitman,x.452. E.ClarenceStedman,x.458. SidneyLanier,x.460. JamesWhitcombRiley,x.462. SamWellerFoss,x.463.

Aurelius,Marcus,iii.318;iv.31. AuroraLeigh,viii.331. Austen,Jane,ix.225. Autumn,viii.179.

Aeschylus,ii.265,299;iii.2. Aesop,iii.145.

AmandisdiGaula,vi.233. AmbitiousGuest,The,x.324. AmericanFiction BretHarte,x.489. CharlesDudleyWarner,x.473. HelenHuntJackson,x.498. HenryJames,x.482. JamesFenimoreCooper,x.304. NathanielHawthorne,x.322. WashingtonIrving,x.279. W.D.Howells,x.466. AmericanGeneralLiteratureSurvey,x.247. ColonialLiterature,x.255. BenjaminFranklin,x.270. WashingtonIrving,x.279. JamesFenimoreCooper,x.279. NathanielHawthorne,x.322. RalphWaldoEmerson,x.348. AmericanFiction,x.466. AmericanPoetry,x.363.

AmericanPoetry(cont.) EmilyDickinson,x.465. AmisandAmile,vi.174. Amos,i.472;ii.43. Anabasis,iii.159. Anacreon,ii.477;iii.243. AncientMariner,viii.257,263. Angelo,Michael,vi.128. Anglo Saxon,v.67. Annunzio,vii.284. Apocalypse,ix.19. ApocryphalBooks,ii.39. Archilochus,ii.474. Areopagitica,viii.34. Ariosto,vi. Aristopheus,380.ii.265;iii.63.

AdventuresoftheExileSanehat,i.171. Aeneid,iv.234,255. Aeschines,iii.202.

AbouBenAdhem,viii.248.

ALittleJourneyintheWorld,x.473. Allegories,v.103.

DaphnisandChloe,v.49. Darwin,vii.443. David’sLament,i.457. DeathoftheFlowers,The,x.367. Decameron,vi.78.

270

Caedmon,v.69. Caesar,iv.185,222. Callimachus,iii.265. Callinus,poet,ii.470. CanadianBoatSong,viii.252, CanterburyTales,viii.61. Captive,The,iv.146. Carlyle,viii.389. Castiglione,vi.121;vii.55. Catullus,iv.182,204. CavalierTunes,viii.309. Cellini,vi.135,145. CentennialHymn,x.99. Centennial,The,x.90. Cervantes,vi.240.

Dante,vi.5,30,368.

ChamberedNautilus,x.410. ChantoftheArvalBrothers,iv.137,143. ChansondeRoland,v.93. ChansonsdeGeste,v.93. Chaucer,viii.14,22,57. Chaucer,poem,x.377. Chesterfield,Lord,v.402. ChevyChase,viii.99. Chiabrera,vi.448. ChildeHarold,viii.209. Cicero,iv.183,191. Cid,The,v.128,131. Cinthio,vi.397.

ClarissaHarlowe,ix.197. Cleanthes,iii.277. CloisterandtheHearth,ix.47,309. Cloud,The,apoem,viii.230. Clouds,The,play,iii.70. Coleridge,viii.255. Colonna,Vittoria,vi.126. ColumbianOde,x.100. Comus,ii.126;viii.137. Congreve,vii.168. Contentment,x.411. Cooper,JamesF.,x.249,304. Corneille,vii.215.

DeerSlayer,The,x.306. DeFoe,viii.34;ix.186. Deluge,ChaldeanAcc.of,i.284,291,361. DeMonarchi,vi.368. Demosthenes,ii.265,361;iii.161,209. Derelict,The,viii.351. DescentofIshtar,i.287. DesertedVillage,viii.191. DestructionofSennacherib,i.478. DianaoftheCrossways,ix.335. Dickens,Charles,ix.250. Dickinson,Emily,x.465. DiniasandDercyllis,v.49. DivineComedy,vi.21,40. DonQuixote,vi.240. Doni,vi. Dostoievsky,441.ix.502. DrinkingSong,ii.165. Dryden,vii.153,168. Dumas,ix. Ecclesiasticus,431.ii.41. Eclogues,iv.233,244. Eddas,v.177,187. Edgeworth,Maria,ix.225. Edwards,Jonathan,x.257. EgyptianLiterature,i.117;v.31. EgyptianPrincess,An,i.154,156. ElegyinaCountryChurchyard,viii.185. Eliot,George,ix.283. Emerson,RalphW.,v.440;x.348. Endymion,ii.133. EnglishGeneralLiteratureSurvey,viii.49. Chaucer,viii.57. Spenser,viii.106. Milton,viii.127. Dryden,viii.153. Pope,viii. Swinburne,Tennyson,Wordsworth,Keats,Shelley,Thomson,164.viii.173.Goldsmith,viii.189.Byron,viii.208.viii.225.viii.236.Coleridge,viii.255.viii.263.viii.276.Browning,viii.294.viii.315.Arnold,viii.320.Minor18thCenturyPoets,

Bulwer Lytton,ix.318. Bunyan,viii.34,360. Burdette,Robt.,x.246. Burns,viii.196. Butterfly,The,x.446. Byron,viii.208. BytheBalboaSeas,x.451.

Cotter’sSaturdayNight,viii.200. Courtier,The,vi.121. CourtsofLove,v.110. CrossingtheBar,viii.293. CryoftheChildren,viii.338. CyclopeanWalls,poem,ii.246. Cynewulf,v.78.

viii.331. ProseWriters,viii.360. LaterProseWriters,viii.360.

Fiction,Fiction,18Fiction,Stevenson,345.ix.363.French,v.100.Beginningsof,ix.375.thCenturyPrevost,ix.382.Voltaire,ix.393.Rousseau,ix.403.Hugo,ix.409.Dumas,ix.431.Balzac,ix.443.Greek,v.49.PolishEarlyPolishFiction,ix.

Fletcher,vii.154. Folk lore,ii.32. ForestChildren,iv.398. Foscalo,vi.496. Foss,SamWeller,x.463.

GardenofPersephone,ii.189. GardenofRoses,The,v.161. GaskellElizabeth,ix.310. GermanLiterature,viii.474. Georgics,The,iv.233. GilBlas,ix.375. GilgamishEpic,i.361. GoblinLaLaugh,The,x.447. GodsofGreece,poem,ii.74. Goethe,vii.331. Gogol,ix.482. Goldoni,vi.468. Goldsmith,viii.189;ix.197. Gower,viii.96. Gracchi,iv.140. Gravebythelake,x.424. Gray,viii.184. Grecianurn,viii.237. GreekBeginningLiteratureof,ii.429. Homeric,ii.437. Lyric,ii.469. EarlyProse,iii.145. LaterProse,iii.159. Orations,iii.197. Byzantine,iii.324. Romances,iii.327. Greene,Robert,vii.83. Gudron,v.160. Gulliver’sTravels,ix.187. GygesandAsshurbanipal,i.372.

Hardy,Thos.,ix.345. HarpthatOncethroughTara’sHall,viii.252. Harte,Bret,x.489. Hauptmann,vii.371,380. Hawthorne,x.322. Hebe,poem,ii.113. HebrewDrama,ii.23. HebrewFiction,ii.30. HebrewPhilosophy,ii.39. HebrewPoetry,ii.12. Heine,viii.485. HelenattheLoom,iii.359. Heliodorus,v.49. Hellas,poem,ii.374. Henley,viii.346.

FoundingofThebes,ii.351. FraLippoLippi,viii.298. Franklin,Benjamin,x.248,269,270. FrenchRevolution,viii.392. Froissart,v.2,13,216;vi.184.

EnniusQuintus,iv.139,143. Epicurus,iv.189. Epictetus,iii.316. EssayonMan,viii.171. Essays,Bacon,viii.373. Esther,ii.36. Eupheus,vii.75. Euripides,ii.265,399. Evangeline,x.384. Ezekiel,i.393.

FindingoftheLyre,ii.153. Fiorentino,vi.103. FishingParty,The,x.461. Flamenca,v.113.

461.

Fabliaux,v.117. FaerieQueene,viii.116,173. Faust,vii. Federalist,337.The,x.269.

Fiction,Egyptian,v.31. Fiction,BeginningEnglishof,ix.186. Richardson,ix.196. Fielding,ix.206. Austen,ix.225. HistoricalNovel,ix.226. 19thDickens,Centuryix.249. Thackeray,ix.269. Eliot,ix.283. Reade,ix.308. RecentMeredith,Fictionix.334. Hardy,ix.

271

Sienkiewicz,ix.463. Fiction,Renaissance,vi.67. Fiction,Russian 19thCentury,ix.476. Gogol,ix. Turgenieff,482.ix.488.

Tolstoy,ix.510. Fiction,Spanish,vi.231. Field,Eugene,x.447. Fielding,ix.196,206. Filicaja,vi.454.

Henry,Patrick,x.269. Hermesianax,iii.279. Herondas,iii.281. Hesiod,ii.262,384,431,464. Heywood,vii.47. Holmes,OliverW.,x.90,408. HolyGrail,v.117.

HouseofSevenGables,x.332. Howells,WilliamD.,x.466. Hugo,Victor,ix.409. HumanLife,viii.323.

Keats,viii. Kenilworth,236.ix.228,237.

IlPenseroso,viii.127.

Ibsen,vii.297.

L’Allegro,viii.127,130. Langland,viii.87. Lanier,Sidney,x.460. LastDaysofPompeii,ix.319. L’Envoi,v.497. LeGallienne,ix.371. LeSage,ix.375. Lessing,vii.317. LesMiserables,ix.409. Libanius,iii.337.

LostLeader,The,viii.297. LoveAmongtheRuins,viii.312. LowellJamesR.,vii.424;x.396. LouisXIV,Ageof,vii.237.

InAll,Myself,x.453. Ingelow,Jean,viii.341.

InMemoriam,viii.287.

HomericPoems,ii.247,387,437. Horace,iv.236,242,261. Horatius,poem,iii.416.

Jackson,HelenHunt,x.498. James,Henry,x.482. Jasher,i.438;ii.13. JerusalemDelivered,vi.416. Job,Bookof,ii.23. Jonah,ii.36. Jonson,Ben,vii.56,149. Josephus,i.431,453;ii.4;iii.287. Joshua,Bookof,ii.12. Judges,Bookof,i.441. Judith,v.70. Juvenal,iv.272,367.

LallaRookh,viii.251.

Love’sYoungDream,viii.250. Lucan,iv.337. Lucian,iii.310. Lucilius,iv.140. Lucretius,iv.141,186. Lyly,John,vii.75. Lyric,ii. Machiavelli,469.vi.107. Maeterlinck,vii.268. Maffei,vi. Mandelay,459.viii.352. Manzoni,vi.503. Marlowe,vii.97,338. MarriageofCupidandPsyche,ii.147. Martial,iv.270,361. MartinChuzzlewit,ix.258. Mather,Cotton,x.256,265. Medea,play,iii.51. Medea,Seneca,iv.332. Meleager,iii. Memorabilia,298.iii.160,190.

HundredAncientTales,vi.71. Hunt,Leigh,viii.245. HymnofApollo,ii.123.

272

InPoppyFields,x.447. IntimationsofImmortality,viii.268. Iphigenia,iii.56. Iris,poem,ii.111. IrishMelodies,viii.249. Irving,Washington,x.249,279,283. Ishtar’sDescenttoHades,i.367. IslesoftheBlest,ii.194. Isocrates,ii.359;iii.161,197. ItalianLiterature,Modern,vi.379. Ivanhoe,ix.229.

IStoodTipToeUponaHill,viii.239. Iliad,ii.136,236,247,387,431,440.

Menander,iii.63,82. Meredith,George,ix.334. Metamorphoses,iv.237. Metastasio,vi.461. Miller,Joaquin,x.450. MillontheFloss,ix.285. Milton,John,ii.126,137;viii.34,127. Mimnermus,ii.472. Minnesingers,v.163. Miracles,poem,x.463. Moliere,vii.215,238. MonkasaCivilizer,iv.425. Monroe,Harriet,x.102. Montaigne,vi.210. Moore,Thomas,viii.249. MoorishBallads,vi.226. Morot,vi.219.

LittleBoyBlue,x.448. Livy,iii.386;iv.238,296. Longfellow,x.372. Longus,v.49. Lorelei,ii.177.

KingArthur,Legendsof,v.117;viii.278. Kingsley,iv.398,425;ix.310. Kipling,Rudyard,v.497;viii.1,350;ix.364. Knight’sTale,viii.74.

Naevius,iv.139. NapoleonatGotha,poem,x.442. Narcissus,poem,ii.107. NewAtlantis,viii.370. Newcomes,The,ix.275. NewEngland,poem,x.261.

OdiumTheolgicum,x.462. Odyssey,ii.185,236,247,387,431,454;iii.362; iv. Oedipus138.theKing,play,iii.34. Oh,Captain!MyCaptain!x.457. OldCuriosityShop,ix.264. OldTestament,ii.12. One’sSelfISing,poem,x.456. OpenWindow,The,x.374. OriginoftheHarp,viii.259. Orlando,vi.383. Ovid,iv.236,275.

French,vi.170. Spanish,vi.222. Republic,The,iii.116. Republic,The,iv.200. ReynardtheFox,v.125. Richardson,ix.196. Richter,viii.474. Riley,JamesWhitcomb,x.462. RipVanWinkle,x.286. RiseofSilasLapham,x.466. RobinsonCrusoe,ix.187. Roland,Songof,x.3,91. RomanceoftheRose,v.103;vi.171. RomanceoftheSwan’sNest,viii.335. Romances,Greek,b.49. Romans,iv.130. Early,iv.137. AgeofCicero,iv.183. AgeofAugustine,iv.233. LaterWritings,iv.269. Rome,poem,iii.377. Romolo,ix.284,291. Romona,x.498. Rossetti,viii.325. Rostand,vii.274. Rousseau,viii.443;ix.403. Rubaiyat,x.215. Ruskin,ii.171,175;viii.396.

Pioneers,The,x.304.

MountainGlory,viii.403. Muller,viii.493. MyLostYouth,x.375.

Pindar,ii.264,478;iii.233.

PiersPlowman,viii.87.

PippaPasses,v.477. Plautus,iv.139,160. Plato,ii.415;iii.95,106.

Rabelais,vi.193. Racine,vii.215,227. RapeoftheLock,viii.167. Reade,Charles,ix.308.311. Recessional,The,viii.359.

RenaissanceItalian,vi.30.

Portrait,A,viii.265. Portrait,The,poem,viii.332. PraiseofFamousMen,ii.54. PreceptsofPtah hotep,i.117,164. Princess,The,viii.279. PrisonerofChillon,viii.215. Prometheus,ii.98;iii.6. Propertius,iv.236,294. Prophets,Hebrew,ii.42. Provost,ix.382. Psalms,ii.16. PutYourselfinHisPlace,ix.311.

PlinytheElder,iv.71,103,271,354. PlinytheYounger,iv.271,365. Plowman’sCreed,The,viii.95. Plutarch,ii.263;iii.305. Poet’sSong,The,viii.285. Polybius,ii.263;iii.456. Pope,Alexander,viii.164. Porto,vi.122.

Pentaur’sPoem,i.75. Pericles,ii.333;iii.166. Persephone,poem,ii.160. Petrarch,vi.6,58. Petronius,iv.345. Phaedon,iii.134. Phaedrus,iv.322. PhidiastoPericles,iii.353. Philemon,iii.63,83. Philosophy,Greek,iii.87. PickwickPapers,ix.253. Pictor,QuintusFabius,iv.140.

PaeanofJoy,poem,x.454. Palestine,poem,ii.8. Pamela,ix.196. ParadiseLost,viii.127,132. Parcival,v.121. Parini,vi.476. PaulRevere’sRide,x.378. Peele,George,vii.91. Pellico,vi.499.

QueenoftheAir,ii.116.

PierreVidal,v.111. Pilgrim’sProgress,viii.361. Pilot,The,x.304.

OdetoaGrecianUrn,viii.237. Odes,Horace,iv.264.

273 Morris,William,viii.408. Moschus,iii.262.

Vanityfair,ix.271. Vasari,vi.132.

Sacchetti,vi.97. Sallust,iv.216. Sand,George,ix.423. Sappho,ii.475;iv.182. SaxonChronicle,v.84. SayingsoftheSeer,ii.40. Schiller,vii.331,354. Scott,SirWalter,ix.26. Seafarer,The,v.65. SeaLimits,The,viii.329. Seasons,The,viii.173. Seneca,iv.269,328;v.411;vi.353. SensitivePlant,viii.233. Septuagint,ii.3. Shakespeare,vii.108. Shelley,viii.225. Shepherd’sCalendar,viii.106. Sheridan,vii.176. SheStoopstoConquer,viii.190. Siegfried,v. SilasSienkiewicz,151.ix.463.Marner,ix.287,297.

TwoBrothers,The,x.32,39. TwoMoods,x.438. Tyrtaeus,ii.471;iii.219.

UndiscoveredCountry,The Aldrich,x.440. UndiscoveredCountry Stedman,x.458.

Tacitus,iv.271,313. TalesoftheMagicians,v.31,34. Talmud,i.431.

VicarofWakefield,viii.190;ix.197. VisionofSirLaunfal,x.398.

Symposium,Symphony,Symbolism,Swinburne,Swift,Sunflower,Summer,Suetonnies,Sudermann,Straparola,Stevenson,197.ix.363.vi.405.vii.371.iv.374.poem,viii.177.The,ii.129.Dean,ix.187.viii.315.vii.267.The,x.459.iii.122.

274 Ruth,ii.35,48.

Simonides,ii.474. SimonidesofCeos,iii.232. Skylark,Toa,viii.227. Smith,John,x.255,258. Smollett,ix.196. Snow Bound,x.427. Socrates,iii.95,134. SolomonandtheBees,poem,i.465. SongoftheFlowers,vii.481. SongoftheHarper,i.179. SongofRoland,v.3,91. SongofSolomon,ii.21,55. SongoftheSirens,ii.177. SongofSeven,viii.341. Sonnets,Milton,viii.136. Sonnets,The,vi.63.

Sophocles,ii.365;iii.2,28. SpanishLiterature,v.126. Spectator,The,viii.377. Spring,viii.174. Stedman,Clarence.X.458. Steele,Richard,viii.376. Sterne,ix.

Tamo’Shanter,viii.303. Tantalos,poem,ii.192. Tasso,vi.379,412. Tassoni,vi.451.

Taylor,Bayard,x.441. Tears,IdleTears,viii.280. Tempest,play,viii.28. Tennyson,viii.276. Terence,iv.139,173. Tertullian,vii.17. TessoftheD’Urbervilles,ix.345. Thackeray,ix.269. Thanatopsis,x.365. TheagenesandChariclea,v.49. TheAmbitiousScholar,x.350. TheBattlefield,poem,x.370. TheBells,x.414. TheRaven,x.417. Theocritus,iii.251. Theogony,ii.432. Theognis,iii.226. TheSeasons,viii.174. Thespis,iii.2. TheRain,x.461.

ThereWasaChild,poem,x.454. Thomson,viii.173. Thoreau,vii.483. Thucydides,ii.322,327,340;iii.152. Tibullus,iv.291. Tieck,viii.482.

TinternAbbey,viii.272. ‘TisSweettoThink,viii.253. ToaGreekGirl,Poem,iii.376. Tolstoy,ix.510.

TomJones,ix.206. TotheWinds,ii.182. ToujoursAmour,x.458. Trollope,ix.309,310. Troubadours,v.104. Turgenieff,ix.488. Twilight,x.382.

VitaNuova,vi.31,34. Voltaire,viii.443;ix.393. WaitingbytheGate,x.368.

WolframvonEschenback,v.168. Wordsworth,viii.263. Worksanddays,ii.262,432. WorshipofNature,x.423.

WaltervonderVogelweid,v.166;x.380. Warner,CharlesD.,x.473. WaverleyNovels,ix.227. WelcometoAlexandria,viii.286. Whitman,Walt,x.251,452. Whittier,JohnG.,x.99,421. Wigglesworth,x.256,264. WilliamofPoitiers,v.106. Winter,viii.182.

275

Zenda Vesta,i.351. Zoroaster’sPrayer,i.371. Zola,ix.453.

Dagon,PhilistineGod,i.453. Danae,ii.103,178. Daphne,ii.125. DelugeLegend,i.209,287,291. Demeter,GoddessofHarvest,ii.92,158. Deucalion,ii.99. Diana,seeArtemis. DianaofEphesus,ii.133. Diomedes,ii.214. Dionysus,GodofWine,ii.163;festivalsof,iii.10. Discord,ii.141;appleof,141. Dolphins,ii.164.

ii.78.

276

Acheron,ii.190. Achilles,ii.247. Adonis,ii.142. Aeacus,ii.190. Aeneas,ii.191;iii.387. Aeolus,GodofWind,ii.183. Aether,ii. Agamemnon,88.ii.247.

Ea,i. Echo,308.Storyof,ii.106. EgyptianMyths,i.116. ElysianFields,ii.143,191. Endymion,ii.132. Epimetheus,ii.91. Erebus,ii.88. Eros,ii. Erymanthian88.Boar,ii.211. Eurus,ii. GreekGreyGorgons,GoldenGoldenGilgamesh,Geryon,Gaea,Gades,Flora,Fates,Eurystheus,Eurydice,185.ii.196.ii.207.The,ii.156.ii.185,398.ii.217.ii.88.ii.217.i.287.Fleece,ii.175.Touch,ii.164.ii.87,178.Sisters,ii.179.MythologyGreekattitudetoward,

Artemis,GoddessoftheChase,ii.124,130. Artemisia,Festivalof,ii.133. Asshur,i.310.

INDEX OF MYTHOLOGY

Cadmus,ii.348. Caduceus,ii.150. Calliope,MuseofPoetry,ii.156,195. CaveofSleep,ii.197. Cecrops,ii.276. Centaurs,ii.212. Cerberus,ii.188. Ceres,seeDemeter.

CreationLegends,i.285. CretanBulls,ii.214. Crocodile Myth,i.116. Cronus,Ageof,ii.91. Cupid,ii.143. Cyclops,ii.91,241.

Astoreth,Moon Goddess,i.405. Athena,GoddessofWisdom,ii.115. ContestwithArachne,ii.118. ContestwithPoseidon,ii.116. Atlas,ii.180,221. Atropos,ii.157. Anchises,ii.191. AugeanStables,ii.213. Aura,ii.185. Aurora,GoddessofDawn,ii.183.

Amazons,ii.215. Amphitrite,ii.174. Ana,Chaldeandeity,i.219. Anu,i. Anthaeus,309.ii.221.

Anthiope,ii.103. Aphrodite,ii.140,247. Apollo,ii.124,148. Aquilo,ii.185. ArcadianStag,ii.209. Areopagus,ii.136. Ares,GodofWar,ii.135. Argo,ii.175,196. Argus,ii.104,151,175. Ariadne,ii.166. Arion,ii.175.

Babylonian,Deities,i.227. Bacchus,seeDionysus. Bael,GodofSun,i.405. BagofWinds,ii.185. BattleoftheGiants,ii.93. Bel,i. Beowulf,308.ii.225. Boreas,ii.185.

Ceyx,ii.187,201. Chaos,ii.88. Chiron,ii.212. Chloris,seeFlora. Clio,MuseofHistory,ii.156. Clotho,ii.157. Clytie,ii.125. Cocytus,ii.191. Corus,ii.185.

SabineWomen,iii.380. Samele,ii.163.

Narcissus,ii.107. Nemeanlion,ii.208. Nemesis,ii.204. Nereides,ii.176. Nereus,ii.196,220. Niobe,storyof,ii.131,204. Noah,ii.99.

GoldenAge,ii.91. SilverAge,ii.93.

NorseMythology,v.267,278,293. Nox,ii.88,198. Nut,i. Nymphs,116.ii.219.

Maia,ii. Marduk,148.BabylonianGod,i.236,237,247. Mars,seeAres. Mat,i. Menelaus,Memnon,Medusa,Medea,120.ii.175.ii.178.ii.184.King,ii.142,247. Mercury,seeHermes. Mermer,Wind God,i.220.

Perseus,ii.178. Phaeton,ii. Poseidon,Poppies,Pontus,Pomona,Phlegethus,126.ii.191.iii.298.ii.88.ii.198.GodofOcean,

Hera,QueenofHeaven,ii.92,105,163. Hera,The,ii.110. Hercules,Laborsof,ii.206,208. Hermes,Messengerofgods,ii.95,148. Hesperides,ii.87. Applesof,ii.218. Hestia,GoddessofHeart,ii.92,154;iv.157. Hippolyte,ii.215. Horus,i.116,120. Hyacinthus,ii.124. Hydra,Lernean,ii.208. Hyperboreans,ii.87,124.

Hades,ii. Halcyone,188.ii.187,201.

Io,ii.103,151. Iris,ii.110,201. Ishtar,i.309. IslesoftheBlessed,ii.87. Isis,i. Janus,116.iii.397;

Pygmalion,ii.140. Pygmies,ii.87,221. Pyrrha,ii.99. PythianGames,ii.128.

Muses,ii. Mythology,156.Greek,ii.78.

Qeb,i.120.

GreekMythology(cont.)

Hapi,i.123. Harpies,ii.87,186. Hebe,ii.113,224.

iv.157. Jason,ii.175,196. Jove,seeZeus. Juno,seeHera.

Lachesis,ii.157. Lethe,i.190. Leto,ii.124,131. Liber,GodofWine,iii,398. Lorelei,ii.177. Luna,seeArtemis.

ii.92,136,173.

Ra,i. Rhadamanthus,120.ii.190. Rhea,ii. Romulus92.andRemus,ii.136,388.

Naturemyths,ii.80. InEnglishLiterature,ii.82. InArt,ii.84.

Midas,King,ii.164,170. Minerva,ii.122. Mines,ii.190. Minos,King,ii.165. Minotaur,i.407. Morpheus,ii.199. Mors,ii.197.

277

HebrewMyths,ii.33. Hecate,ii.203. HelenofTroy,ii.247. Helicon,Mount,ii.156. Hephaestus,ii.137.

Oannes,Man Fish,i.285. Oceanus,ii.86. Olympus,ii.94,173. Oracles,ofDodona,ii.102. Oreads,ii.171. Orion,ii. Pan,Osiris,Orpheus,Orithyria,131.ii.185.ii.177,195.i.116.GodofNature,ii.169. Panathenaea,the,ii.121,138. Pandora,ii.95,138. Paris,ii. Persephone,141.ii.158.

Uranus,ii.88.

Tithonus,ii.183. Titans,ii.88. Triton,ii.174. Troy,Wallsof,ii.174. Tun,i. Ulysses,120.ii.176,185.

Venus,seeAphrodite. VenusdeMilo,ii.143. Vesta,seeHestia. Vulcan,seeHephaestus.

Zephyrus,ii.185. Zeus,RulerofHeaven,ii.92,100. Powersof,ii.101. LoveAffairsof,ii.103. InArt,ii.104.

Samson,ii.225. Saturn,iv.157. Saturnus,iii.397. Seb,i.116. Set,i. Selene,116.seeArtemis. Shamash,i.309. Silenus,ii.163. Sirens,ii.87,176. Somnus,ii. Stymphalian197.Birds,ii.214. Styx,ii.191. Syrinx,ii.169.

Tamman,i.309. Tartarus,ii.89,191. Terminus,iii.398. Theophane,ii.175. Theseus,i.407;ii.165,276. Thetis,ii.141.

278

Canaanites,seeHistorical. CapeofGoodHope,i.182. Capri,iv.391. CarnegieInstitute,x.241. Caravans,i.394. Carrara,ix.34. Carthage,i.240,391;iv.113. Catacombs,i.182;iv.394;ix.9. Cathay,x.3. Caxton,ix. Centennial,41.The,x.91.

Anti SlaverySociety,x.36. Anthony,SusanB.,x.112. Antwerp,ix.49. Anulets,i.141. ApisBall,i.120,341. Aqueducts,iv.19,69. Aristippus,iii.138. Assisi,Churchof,ix.23. Assyria,seeHistorical. Australia,Tribesof,i.xxx.

Babel,Towerof,i.201. Babylonia,seeHistorical. Balboa,Panama,x.205. Basle,ix.65. Beecher,HenryWard,x.76. BellTelephone,x.94. Belshazzar,i.268,319. Beyreuth,v.358. Bible,i.426;ii.12. Biremes,i.397. Bismarck,viii.470. Blashfield,Edwin,x.240. BlueBird,The,vii.269. Boecklin,ix.154,156. BookoftheDead,i.115,142. BookofKells,ix.104. BookofDurrow,ix.104. BookofHours,ix.107. Books,iv.102;ix.101. Booth,MaudeBallington,x.113,138. BostonLibrary,x.236. Botta,i.205.

279

Abbey,Edwin,A.,x.223,237. Abraham,i.434. Academy,ii.406. Acropolis,seeHistorical. Actors,seeDrama. Addams,MissJane,x.113,134. AgricultureinEgypt,i.100. Almond,origin,i.xxiii. AlaskaPurchase,x.42,196.

BritishIsles,seeHistorical. BritishMuseum,ix.179;alsoseeArt. Buffalo,x. Burroughs,153.John,vii.425. Buskius,vii.15.

Cabbage,originof,i.xxiii. Cadore,ix.42. Caesar,Julius,ii.3. Cairo,i. Campagna,182.iv.391.

CentralPark,ii.58. Chanticleer,vii.274. ChagresRiver,x.204. ChariotRaces,ix.96. Charters,seeHistorical. Christmas,v.470. Cities,Greek,ii.375. CivilService,x.34. CoalMines,English,viii.44. Co education,v.391. CodeofAlfred,viii.9. CodeofHammurabi,viii.9. Cologne,ix.64. Colon,x. Colonna,203.Vittoria,ix.36. Columbus,viii.23. Comedy,seeDrama. ConductofLife,v.390. Manners,v.393,400,407. GoodBreeding,v.402. Happiness,v.410,416,418. Tact,v. Friendship,428.v.433. SimpleLife,v.455. Simplicity,v.463. RightLiving,v.468. CongressofWomen,x.112. Congresses,World,x.111. CongressionalLibrary,x.216. Contracts,Babylonian,i.277,290. ConventLaRabida,x.109. ConversationArtof,vi.329.

GENERAL INDEX

Alaska YukonExposition,x.196. AlexandertheGreat,i.345,351;ii.3,358,366;iii.

Amalfi,iv.391. AmericanFlag,x.1. AmericanSchoolofArchaeology,ii.47. AmericanSchoolofClassicalStudies,iii.366. Ammonites,i.435,446. Amon,i.59,69,81. Amsterdam,ix.57. Annunzio,vii.284.

Alexandria,455.i.181.

Easter,ii.65. Edomites,i.435. Education,Historyof Egyptian,i. Education,Roman,Persians,Medes,Babylonian,113.i.288.i.330.i.334,347.Greece,ii.396,401.Aristotleon,iii.112.iv.87.MiddleAges,iv.469.vi.269.PresentDay,vi.271.SchoolsandEducation,

Education(cont.)

TheCommonSchool,vi.285. PhysicalEducation,vi.286. CitizenshipandSchools,vi.288. DemocraticSocietyandtheSchool,vi.295. EthicsinSchools,vi.310. EfficiencyofSchools,vi.310. CreativeEducation,vi.314. DramaandEducation,vi.323. EducatedWomen,x.113 Elgin,Lord,i.185. ElginMarbles,iii.349;ix.184. Embalming,i.138. Empedocles,iii.93. England,seeHistorical. Epicurus,iii.141. Esdraelon,i.414. Euphrates,i.202,214. Excavations,seeHistorical.

CrystalPalace,x.84. ColumbianExposition,x.103. CulebraCut,x.204. Cuneiformwriting,i.208. Curfew,viii.13. Custer,General,x.43. Cynics,iii. CyrusCyrenaics,139.iii.138.theGreat,i.335;ii.2,292.

School,iii.373. Friendship,v.440,443,451.

280

ExpositionsEarlyFairs,x.83. London1853,x.84. Paris1867,x.86. Vienna1873,x.88. Centennial,x.91. Columbian,x.103. Pan American,x.152. LouisianaPurchase,x.160. LewisandClark,x.168. Jamestown,x.184. Alaska Yukon,x.196. Panama Pacific,x.viii,201. FactoryLaws,viii.41. Fairs,Early,x.83. Fayoum,i.48,149. Fella,inEgypt,i.90. Festivals,Greek,iii.357. Field,CyrusW.,x.88. Field,Marshall,x.110. FieldMuseum,x.110. Fire,Discoveryof,i.xviii. Flag,The,x.1. Florence,iv.395;alsoseeHistorical;seeArt. FlowersinEgypt,i.88,136. FlowersinPalestine,i.409. Flowers,MythicalOriginsof,ii.124. FoodofPrimitivePeople,i.xxi. Egyptians,i. FrenchRomans,Greeks,Babylonians,90.i.295.ii.387.iv.77.Archaeological

Conversation(cont.)

Garnsey,ElmerE.,x.236. Garrick,vii.190. GatunDam,x.204. GatunLake,x.203.

DemoticWriting,i.33. DistrictofColumbia,x.26. Doll’sHouse,The,vii.297. DomeoftheRock,ii.61. DomesticService,x.134. Dreams,i.xxviii. Dress,Historyof,seeHistorical. Druids,viii.4. Duomo,Florence,ix.24.

Damascus,i.376. Danes,viii.7. Darwin,i.xv;vii.443. David,seeHistorical. DeadSea,i.413. Delphi,i.337;ii.93,128,135,348;iii.372. Democritus,iii.94.

Principlesof,vi.330. IfYouCanTalkWell,vi.342. CulturebyConversation,vi.348. RulesforConversation,vi.350. ReflectionsonConversation,vi.350. HappinessthroughConversation,vi.355. ConversationandCourtesy,vi.361. Corfu,iii.362. Corinth,iii.366. Cox,Kenyon,x.241. Crocodile,Worshipof,i.121. Crusades,seeHistorical. Croesus,i.337.

vi.273. EducationandDevelopment,vi.276. Child’sEducation,vi.280. EducationinLife,vi.282.

GladiatorialCombats,iv.97. GlobeTheatre,vii.68,71. Gondolas,ix.43.

Maspero,Masks,Marriage,Marlowe,Markets,Mariette,MarcoMarathon,Mansfield,Madrid,Madonas,Maccabees,Lydia,Luxor,Lucippus,Lotus,Loftus,Vatican,Roman,Asshurbanipal,283.i.291.iv.102.ix.120.BostonPublic,ix.98.BritishMuseum,ix.179.Congressional,x.216.i.207.i.136.iii.94.i.73.i.337.ii.3.seeArt.ix.73.Richard,vii.193.seeHistorical.Polo,v.21.i.185.Egyptian,i.106.Julia,x.112.x.131.Greek,vii.14.i.106,147,186,231,296.

JacksonPark,x.106. JamestownExposition,x.184. Jerusalem,seeHistorical. Jews,seeHistorical. Joppa,ii.60. Jordan,i. Josephus,412.i.431,453;ii.4. Judaea,i.411. JustinianCode,iv.55.

HallofPillars,seeHistorical. HamptonRoads,x.184. HangingGardens,i.305. Hannibal,i.392. Harley,Robert,ix.179. Hauptmann,vii.371,380. Heracleistus,iii.92. Heracleopolis,i.44. Herculaneum,iv.391. Herod,ii. Herodotus,3.i.32,34,328,336,341. Hieroglyphics,i.33. Hittites,i.374. Houses,Primitive,i.xx. African,i.xxi. Egyptian,i. Howe,RoGreek,Babylonian,86.i.272.ii.377.man,iv.66.JuliaWard,x.112,129.

McCormickHarvester,x.88. McEwen,Water,x.240. Mecca,i.184;ii.62;ix.56. Medes,seeHistorical. Memphis,see MoabitMilitaryMidwayMesopotamia,Historical.seeHistorical.Plaisance,x.109.Life,i.108.Babylonian,i.324.Persian,i.346.Roman,iv.121.es,i.435,446.

Ibsen,vii.297. Incest,i.91. IonaMonastery,viii.7. IonianIslands,iii.362. Irrigation,i.xxii. Irving,Henry,vii.193. Ismail,i.182. Ithaca,iii.365,

GatunLocks,x.203. Genre,seeArt. Geology,i.xiv. Genoa,iv.397.

LibrariesAlexandrian,i.181;ii.372. Babylonian,i.

Labyrinth,Egyptian,i.48,151. Laplander,Housesof,i.xxi. Laws,Babylonian,i.276,317. Roman,iii. Sumptuary,404.iv.4,237.

Haarlem,ix.55. Hale,EdwardEverett,x.48. Half Moon,x.12.

281

Grains,Cultivationof,i.xxix. Greece,seeHistorical. GreekArchaeologicalSociety,iii.371. GreekChurch,ix.21.

Hudson FultonCelebration,x.12. Hudson,Henry,x.12.

GermanArchaeologicalInstitute,iii.368. Glaciers,vii.407.

JustinianCode,iv.55. Layard,i.206. Lebanon,i.378. LegionofHonor,ix.93. Lepers,v.17. Letters,iv.103. LewisandClarkExposition,x.168.

Kells,Bookof,ix.104. KellsMonastery,ix.104. Kennedy,Charles,vii.212. Kindergarten,x.94,115. Koran,i.181. KuKluxKlan,x.41.

NewBackSociety,v.260. NewYorkFair,x.92. NiagaraFalls,x.155. Nijnii Novgorod,x.83. Nile,i.22,24,121. Nilometer,i.25. Nina,x.3. Nuremberg,ix.66.

Panama PacificExposition,x.viii,201. PanamaRepublic,x.202.

Parma,ix.39. Parsis,i. Peach,Patroons,352.x.13.Originof,i.xxiii.

Palestine,i.408;ii.58. Palmer,Mrs.Potter,x.113. PanamaCanal,x.201.

Modena,ix.39.

Naples,iv.389. NatureStudy,vii.393. Forests,vii.398. FountainsandStreams,vii.402. Glaciers,vii.407. Winter,vii.415. Birds,vii.426. Herbs,vii.434. WildFlowers,vii.435. Deserts,vii.457. TheSea,vii.466. TheSky,vii.469. PondLife,vii.477. Solitude,vii.488. NaturalSelection,vii.443. Nebuchadnezzar,i.236,306,384,481;ii.1. Necropolis,i.82,139. Neith,Feastof,i.154. Neo Platonists,iv.47. Nero,iv.20.

Pan AmericanExposition,x.152. Papyrus,Harris,i.81,118. ParisExpositionof1867,x.86.

Philosophy,seeLiterature. Phoenicia,seeHistorical. Pinta,x.3. Pisa,iv. Plants,Plague,Plato,Pittsburg,394.x.242.iii.95,106.ii.334.Cultivationof,i.xxii. PlinytheElder,ix.400. PointToro,x.203. PolishWomen,x.144. Polygamy,i.91,451;iv.60;v.391. Pompeii,iv.99,391. Pompey’sPillar,i.182. Portland,x.171. Potato,Originof,i.xxiii. Pottery,x.142. PreciousStones,i.104. PrisonReform,viii.41. Psychologists,i.13. Pyle,Howard,x.244. Pyramids,i.39. Pythagoras,i.xxix.

Pearce,CharlesS.,x.239. PedroMiguelLocks,x.205. Persecution,seeChristians,inHistoricalIndex. PetertheGreat,ix.479. Petrie,i. Philadelphia,145.x.12,92.

Modjeska,Madame,x.112,144. MohametAli,i. Mohammedans,182.i.40;seeHistory. Morgan,J.Pierpoint,x.225. Morris,Clara,x.112. Mosaics,ii.46;ix.17. Moses,i.80,436,452.

282

Ramadan,Feastof,i.184. RamesestheGreat,i.74. Ravenna,ix.19. Religion,Pre historic,i.xxviii. AncestralWorship,i.xxix. SolarDisk,i.68. Egyptian,i. Samaria,SalvationSalamis,Said,Sahara,Rubaiyat,Rotterdam,Rostand,RosettaRoosevelt,Rome,Jahweh,Phoenicians,Persians,Median,Babylonian,119.i.307.i.331.i.350.i.405.i.436.seeHistorical.x.195.Stone,i.33,208.vii.274.ix.56.x.215.i.25;ii.128.Viceroy,i.182,187.i.343.Army,x.138.seeHistorical.

OldTestament,ii.12. OlympianGames,i.32;ii.105,290;iii.347,356, Opera,369.seeMusic. Oratorio,seeMusic.

MountAthosMonastery,ix.20. MountVernon,x.28. Muir,John,vii.297. Mummies,i.103. Museums,seeArtIndex. Music,seeMusicIndex.

Zeno,iii. Zoroaster,94.i.341.

SistineChapel,ix.35. Slavery,iv.113;x.35. Socrates,iii.95,134. Solomon,i.382,463. Sophists,iii.94. Smith,George,i.209. Sparta,seeHistorical. Sphinx,i.130. SpoilsSystem,x.33. SportsEgyptian,i. Persian,Babylonian,96.i.295.i.349.Greek,ii.128,410;iii.357. Roman,iv.93. Stadium,iii.358. Stage,The,anditsWomen,x.140. Stanton,ElizabethCady,x.112,121. Stoicism,iii.140;iv.31,269. StoreCities,i.21. Strabo,i. Sudermann,48.viii.371.

Sidon,i.380,403. Siena,iv.394.

Wager,Richard,seeDrama. Walker,HenryO.,x.239. Weavers,The,vii.380. Weimar,vii.331. Whitehall,ix.50. Willard,Frances,x.112. Woman’sSuffrage,x.120,123,125.

SanMarco,ix.25,112,119.

SuezCanal,i.187,191. SunkenBell,The,vii.380. Symposium,ii.410;iii.122. Syria,seeHistorical.

Thermopylae,i.343. Thoreau,vii.483. Tiber,seeHistorical. Tigris,i.202,214. Titus,ii.6;iv.25. Tombs,Egyptian,i.124,138,140. Tombs,Roman,iv.125. Totem,i.xxx. Toys,Egyptian,i.92,152. Toys,Greek,ii.402. Toys,Roman,iv.85. Trans AtlanticCable,x.38. Triremes,i. Troubadours,397.v.101,241. Tyre,i.380,403.

Yosemite,vii.402. Yuma,x.172.

283 Samuel,i.454.

Tablets,i.209,283. Taboos,i.xxix,312. Talmud,i. Telautograph,431.x.116.

Telegraphone,x.167. Temples,Egyptian,i.125;seeArt. Thales,iii.92. Theaters,seeDrama. Thebes,i.45,73. Thermae,iv.101.

UnionJack,viii.35. UnitedStates,seeHistorical.

Vatican,ix.34. VaticanLibrary,ix.120. Vegetables,Cultivationof,i.xxix. Venice,iv.396;ix.41. Vespasian,iv.22. ViennaExpositionof1873,x.88. Volk,Douglas,x.244.

SantaMaria,x.3. Saul,i. Savonarola,454.ix.25. Scarabs,i. Shaw,Shaw,Sennacherib,Seneca,Seattle,Schliemann,141.ii.236.x.197.iii.141.i.302.Anna,x.131.GeorgeBernard,vii.204.

WomenEducatedWomen,x.113. WomenandPolitics,x.118. WomenandMoralInitiative,x.129. WomenandMarriage,x.131. WomenandtheStage,x.140. PolishWomen,x.144. WomeninSpain,x.147 World’sFairCongresses,x.111.

284

MONTHLYSCHEDULEROTATION

285

IV RomanPrincipate1 58

IX Flemish,DutchArt46 63

MONTHLYROTATIONSCHEDULE

III GreekDrama1 86

IX ArtofIllumination101 109

V MarcoPolo’sTravels21 30 Scandinavia:

Greece:

V GreekFiction49 60

VII NorwegianDrama297 316

IX Pleasure/BenefitofArtStudy1 8

Spain:

IX BritishWriters186 374

IX ArtGalleriesofItaly110 136

VI LifeDuringtheRenaissance145 169

V NorseStories177 200

VI SpanishLit.ofRenaissance222 268

V SpanishLiterature ElCid126 145

IX ThePrado ArtGalleryofSpain147 150

GreatBritain:

VII EnglishDrama44 214

II StoryofGreece227 374

VI ItalianRenaissance1 29

IV RomanArch.Wonders380 386

VIII EnglishHistory2 48

III StoryofRome387 486

IX EarlyChristianArt9 21

VIII EnglishPoets49 349

IX EnglishArtandArtists94 100

Mother’s University:

II GreekMythology69 226

II GreekSocialLife375 428

II GreekLiterature429 480

III GreekPhil/Poetry/Lit/Art87 377

IX BelgiumArtGalleries137 141

IV LatininLiterature130 379

China:

VII NatureStudy393 494

MONTH 3

Italy:

VI Lit.oftheRenaissance30-144

286

V HistoryofMusic218 389

VII ItalianDrama39 43

V EarlyEnglishLiterature61 90

VIII EnglishProse350 423

MONTH 4

MONTH 1

IX BritishArtGalleries169 185

Mother’s University:

MONTH 2

Netherlands/Belgium:

IV SocialLifeinRome59 129

IX EarlyItalianPainters22 45

IX ArtGalleriesofHolland142 146

VI Education269-328

VII ModernItalianDrama283 296

VI ModernItalianHistory/Lit.363 510

Mother’s University:

X TheWomen’sMovement113 151

V LegendsofKingArthur117 125

Rome:

X AmericanPainting207 246

Mother’s University:

IV ItalyofToday387 397

V St.FrancisofAssisi14 20

Organizedbythe12 MonthRotationScheduleUsedintheWell EducatedHeart

VIII HistoryofFrance431 465

X SurveyofAmericanLit.247 362

IX GermanArtGalleries151 157

AmericanHistoryOverview:

V AucassinandNicolete201 217

I HistoryandSocialLife13 192

MONTH 6

HolyLand:

MONTH 7

V EgyptianLiterature31 48

VII GermanDrama317 392

IX PaintingsinGermany64 78

V EarlyFrenchLiterature91 116

Russia/Poland:

I Babylon,Assyria,Persia193 371

287

I HebrewHistory/Neighbors372 483

MONTH 11

WorldHistoryOverviews:

I PrehistoricManxiv-xxxi

V Chivalry:Tournaments1 13

VII SurveyofDrama1 38

France:

VI ArtofConversation329 362

II HebrewLiterature1 68

MONTH 10 Germany:

V Wagner/RingofNibelung357-383

IV MiddleAgesOverview(Teutons, Charlemagne,EarlyChurch,Feudal System,Schools,Institutions)408 484

X AmericanHistoryOverview2 82

Mother’s University:JOY

V TheConductofLife390-476

V FrenchOpera333 350

X Am.LifeinAm.Fiction466 511

MONTH 5

IX FrenchArt79-93

AmericanFrontier:

IX RussianFiction/Writers477 521

IX PolishFiction/Writers461 476

VIII GeneralSurveyofWesternEurope History424-430

VI FrenchLit.oftheRenaissance170 221

MONTH 8 Egypt:

Mother’s University:

VII FrenchDrama215 282

MONTH 12

V EarlyGer.Lit./Minnesingers146 176

VIII ModernGermanLit.474 500

AncientCivilizations:

Mother’s University:

IX ArtintheLouvre158 168

V GermanOpera351 356

MONTH 9

X AmericanPoetry363 458

IX FrenchFiction375 460

VIII GermanyUnity466 473

Mother’s University:

288